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The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications Volume 109 oi.uchicago.edu THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS VOLUME 109 Thomas A. Holland • Editor with the assistance of Richard M. Schoen oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS VOLUME 109 TOWN AND COUNTRY IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA VOL. I: SETTLEMENT AND LAND USE AT KURBAN HOYUK AND OTHER SITES IN THE LOWER KARABABA BASIN T. J. WILKINSON with contributions by David Gurney, Mary M. A. McDonald, and Naomi F. Miller THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CHICAGO • ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-61729 ISBN: 0-918986-64-8 ISSN: 0069-3367 The Oriental Institute ©1990 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1990. Printed in the United States of America. oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF PLATES xv LIST OF TABLES xvii INTRODUCTION 1 Summary 2 L KURB AN HOYUK WITHIN ITS REGIONAL SETTING 5 A. Physical Geography and Communications of the Urfa-Adiyaman Area 5 B. Land Systems of the Urfa-Adiyaman Area 8 C. Climate 11 D. Geomorphology and Soils: The Development of the Physical Landscape 13 E., The Development of Soils and Terrain Types During the Holocene Period 16 F. Selected Soil and Sediment Sections 21 G. Description of Soils Exposed in Pits and Stream Cuts 23 H. Slope Erosion and Valley Aggradation 26 I. Water Resources 29 J. The Present-Day Vegetation of the Kurban Hoyiik Area, Naomi F. Miller 33 2. THE RURAL SETTLEMENT AND AGRARIAN ECONOMY OF THE URFA REGION 39 A. The Settlement Hierarchy 39 B. Agricultural Trends in the Urfa Region During the Twentieth Century 42 C. Spatial Variations in Land Use 46 D. Cumcume: Its Territory and Land Use 51 3. TECHNIQUES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY 61 A. Site Definition 63 B. 'Background Noise' 65 C. Other Features 66 D. Site Visibility 67 E. Sampling Techniques 68 F. The Recognition and Recording of Zones of Ancient Intensive Cultivation 69 G. Discussion 77 H. Conclusions 78 4. THE DEVELOPING SETTLEMENT PATTERN: SIXTH TO LATE THIRD MILLENNIA B.C. 81 A. The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Environment 81 Period A: Neolithic (Eighth to Early Sixth Millennia B.C.) 85 Period B: Halaf (Kurban Hoyiik Period VIII; Late Sixth-Early Fifth Millennia B.C.) .... 88 Period C: Middle Chalcolithic (Mid-Fifth-Early Fourth Millennia B.C.; Includes Kurban Hoyiik Period VII) 90 Periods D and E: Late Chalcolithic (Kurban Hoyiik Period VI: Fourth Millennium B.C.) 91 B. The Early Bronze Age Environment 94 Period F: Early EB (Early Third Millennium B.C.; Kurban Hoyiik Period V) 94 v oi.uchicago.edu vi TOWN AND COUNTRY IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA Period G: Mid-Late EB (CA. Mid-Late Third Millennium B.C.; Kurban Hoyiik Period IV) . 97 Periods H and I: Early Bronze-Middle Bronze Age Transition (Late Third-Early Second Millennia B.C.; Kurban Hoyiik Period III) 102 C. Discussion 105 5. SETTLEMENT DISCONTINUITY AND CHANGE: MID-SECOND MILLENNIUM B.C. TO THE PRESENT DAY 109 A. Environmental Change Since the Early Bronze Age 109 Period J: Late Bronze Age and Iron Age (Late Second-Early First Millennia B.C.) .... 110 Period K: Seleucid-Hellenistic and Roman-Parthian (Late Fourth Century B.C. to Late Third Century A.D.) 114 Period L: Late Roman-Early Byzantine (Late Third to Early Seventh Centuries A.D.) . 117 Period M: Early Islamic (Seventh to Tenth Centuries A.D.) 126 Period N: Medieval (Eleventh to Thirteenth Centuries A.D.) 129 B. Discussion 129 6. THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL SETTLEMENT AND LAND USE 135 APPENDIX A. SITE CATALOG 149 Site 2 (Hoyiik Mevkii) 149 Site 3 149 Site 4 151 Site 5 (Kulluk Tepe) 151 Site 6 (Degirmen Harabesi) 152 Site 7 (§a§kan Kiigiiktepe) 154 Site 8 (§a§kan Biiyiiktepe) 157 Site 9 159 Site 10 160 Site 11 161 Site 12 163 Site 13 (Ku§tepe) 163 Site 14 (Dokuzkoy Harabesi) 164 Site 15 165 Site 16 (Eskihayman Tepe) 165 Site 17 (Arikok Hoyiik) ' 167 Site 18 (Yaslica HOyiik) 168 Site 19 (Kaya Tepe) 168 Site 20 170 Site 21 (Birecik Hoyiik) 172 Site 22 (Tellan Harabesi) 172 Site 23 173 Site 24 173 Site 25 174 Site 26 175 Site 27A-D (Ciimciime Koy) 175 Site 28 (Kumartepe) 176 Site 29 (Tatarhoyiik) 181 Site 30 182 Site 31 182 Site 32 183 Site 33 (§a§kan water mill) 183 Site 34 (Harabe Kasim) 184 Site 35 184 Site 36 186 Site 37 (Akpinar Koy) 186 Site 38 (Kogtarlasi [Gungtepe]) 187 Site 39 (Beyaz Kaya Mevkii) 187 oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS vii Site 40 ... 187 Site 41 189 Site 42 189 Site 43 (Titri§ Hoyiik) 189 Site 44 (Bozova Hoyiik) 190 Site 45 (Sogat Tarlasi) 191 Site 46 191 Site 47 . 192 APPENDIX B. THE FINDS 193 Site 28 (Kumartepe): Neolithic Period 195 Pottery 195 Ground Stone Artifacts 195 Chipped Stone Tools, Mary M. A. McDonald 196 Kumartepe Pottery and Stone Catalog (fig. B.l) 196 Sites 20,27C, and 42: Halaf and Related Wares 199 Site 20—Pottery Catalog (figs. B.2: 1-35; B.3: 1-9) 200 Site 27C—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.3: 10-14) 201 Site 42—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.3: 15-21) 202 Sites 11 and 25: Middle Chalcolithic 205 Site 11—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.4: 1-16) 206 Site 25—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.4: 17-40) 206 Site 18 (Yaslica): Late Chalcolithic B 209 Site 18—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.5) 210 Site 15: Late Chalcolithic A 212 Site 15—Pottery and Flint Catalog (fig. B.6) 212 Site 24: Early EB 214 Site 24—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.7) 215 Site 17: Mid-Late EB 218 Site 17—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.8) 218 Sites 16 and 41: Final EB or EB-MB Transition 221 Site 16—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.9: 1-37) 222 Site 41—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.9: 38-46) 223 Site 13: EB-MB Transition and Early MB 225 Site 13—Pottery and Small Find Catalog (fig. B.10) 225 Sites 5, 31,40, and 47: Late Second and Early First Millennia B.C 228 Site 31—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.l 1: 1-34) 230 Site 40—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.ll: 35-55) 231 Site 5—Pottery Catalog (fig. B. 12: 1-31) 231 Site 47—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.12: 32-35) 232 Site 27A: Seleucid-Hellenistic 235 Site 27A—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.13) 235 Sites 9, 10, 19, and 36: Seleucid-Hellenistic 237 Site 19—Hellenistic Pottery Catalog (fig. B.14: 1-33) 238 Site 9—Hellenistic Pottery Catalog (fig. B.14: 34-45) 238 Site 10—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.14: 46-51) 239 Site 36—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.14: 52-53) 239 Sites 12 and 14: Late Roman-Early Byzantine 241 Site 12—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.15: 1-14) 242 Site 14—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.15: 15-44) 243 Sites 3,26, 32, and 37: Late Roman-Early Byzantine 245 Site 3—Pottery Catalog (fig. B. 16: 1-3) 245 Site 26—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.16: 4-8) 245 Site 32—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.16: 9-27) 246 Site 37—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.16: 28-52) 246 Site 6: Late Roman-Early Byzantine and Early Islamic 248 Site 6—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.l7) 249 oi.uchicago.edu viii TOWN AND COUNTRY IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA Sites 23 and 35: Medieval (Twelfth-Thirteenth Centuries A.D.) 252 Site 23—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.18: 1-16) 252 Site 35—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.18: 17-24) 253 Sites 2, 7, 8, 18, 39, and 44: Multiperiod 255 Site 2 255 Site 2—Pottery Catalog (fig. B. 19) 255 Site 7 257 Site 7—Pottery and Small Find Catalogs (figs. B.20-22) 258 Site 8 267 Site 8—Pottery Catalogs (figs. B.23-25) 268 Site 39 276 Site 39—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.26: 1-47) 276 Sites 18 and 44: Early and Middle Chalcolithic (Painted Wares) 278 Site 18—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.26: 48-67) 278 Site 44—Pottery Catalog (fig. B.26: 68-69) 278 Additional Ceramic Groups from Multiperiod Sites 17,18,29,43, and 44 . 280 Miscellaneous Pottery and Small Find Catalog 280 Site 43: Mid-Late EB Pottery (fig. B.27: 1-21) 280 Sites 43 and 44: Figurines (fig. B.27: 22, 23) 281 Site 17: Late EB Hama J Cup (fig. B.27: 24) 281 Sites 29,43, and 44: Selected Possible MB Forms (fig. B.27: 25-35) 281 Site 18: Ceramics of the Ninth-Tenth Centuries A.D. (fig. B.27: 36-42) 281 Ceramic Phases of Multiperiod Sites (tabs. B.2-B.6) 283 APPENDIX C. TABLE C.l: RESULTS OF THE ARTIFACT AND PHOSPHATE SAMPLING PROGRAMS 293 BIBLIOGRAPHY 303 oi.uchicago.edu LIST OF FIGURES Ch./Fig. 1.1a Location of the Urfa-Adiyaman Region Within Turkey 5 1.1b Topography and Selected Ancient Routes of the Urfa-Adiyaman Region. Detailed Study Area Surrounding Kurban Hoyiik (fig. 1.6) is within frame. Key: A = Ank Koy; Ad = Adiyaman; B = Bozova; Bk = Birecik; C = Ciimcume; EH = Eski Hissar; H = Harran; L = Lidar; S? = Saru?; Sm - Samsat; T - Tille; U = Urfa; Uz = Uzunburc; Y = Yaslica; and Z = Ancient Zeugma 6 1.2 Land Systems of the Urfa-Adiyaman Area. Areas of Mixed Land Use on Varied Terrain have been left Blank 7 1.3 Mean Monthly Temperature and Mean Monthly Rainfall for Selected Settlements in the Urfa-Adiyaman Area. Mean Monthly Flow for Kahta £ay and the Euphrates River 12 1.4 Terrace Geomorphology of the Kurban Hoyiik Area 14 1.5a Section Across the Euphrates Terrace near the Karababa Dam.
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