Hellenistic Period
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Advisory Board: Hillel Geva, Israel Exploration Society Alan Paris, Israel Exploration Society Contributing Authors: Itzhaq Beit-Arieh, Tel Aviv University Amnon Ben-Tor, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Andrea M. Berlin, Boston University Piotr Bienkowski, Cultural Heritage Museums, Lancaster, UK Trude Dothan, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Liora Freud, Tel Aviv University Ayelet Gilboa, Haifa University Seymour Gitin, W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research Larry G. Herr, Burman University Zeºev Herzog, Tel Aviv University Gunnar Lehmann, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Amihai Mazar, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Eliezer D. Oren, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Renate Rosenthal-Heginbottom, Tel Dor Excavation Project Lily Singer-Avitz, Tel Aviv University Ephraim Stern, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Ron E. Tappy, Pittsburgh Theological Seminary Jane C. Waldbaum, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Anabel Zarzecki-Peleg, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Alexander Zukerman, W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research Copyright © 2015 Israel Exploration Society ISBN 978-965-221-102-6 (Set) ISBN 978-965-221-104-0 (Vol. 2) Layout: Avraham Pladot Typesetting: Marzel A.S. — Jerusalem Printing: Old City Press Ltd. Jerusalem PUBLICATION OF THIS VOLUME WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE GENEROUS CONTRIBUTIONS OF Lila Gruber Research Foundation Dorot Foundation Museum of the Bible John Camp Richard Elman Shelby White P.E. MacAllister Richard J. Scheuer Foundation David and Jemima Jeselsohn Jeannette and Jonathan Rosen Leon Levy Bequest allocated by Shelby White and Elizabeth Moynihan George Blumenthal Samuel H. Kress Foundation Joukowsky Family Foundation Paige Patterson, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary Judy and Michael Steinhardt David Rosenstein Contents Preface...................................................1 Editor’s Notes ................................................3 Seymour Gitin Volume 1 CHAPTER 1.1 Iron Age I: Northern Coastal Plain, Galilee, Samaria, Jezreel Valley, Judah, and Negev . 5 Amihai Mazar CHAPTER 1.2 Iron Age I: Philistia......................................71 Trude Dothan and Alexander Zukerman CHAPTER 1.3 Iron Age I: Transjordan....................................97 Larry G. Herr CHAPTER 2.1 Iron Age IIA–B: Northern Coastal Plain ..........................115 Gunnar Lehmann CHAPTER 2.2 Iron Age IIA–B: Northern Valleys and Upper Galilee ...................135 Amnon Ben-Tor and Anabel Zarzecki-Peleg CHAPTER 2.3 Iron Age IIA–B: Samaria ..................................189 Ron E. Tappy CHAPTER 2.4 Iron Age IIA–B: Judah and the Negev ...........................213 Zeºev Herzog and Lily Singer-Avitz CHAPTER 2.5 Iron Age IIA–B: Philistia ..................................257 Seymour Gitin CHAPTER 2.6 Iron Age IIA–B: Transjordan ................................281 Larry G. Herr CHAPTER 3.1 Iron Age IIC: Northern Coast, Carmel Coast, Galilee, and Jezreel Valley .........301 Ayelet Gilboa CHAPTER 3.2 Iron Age IIC: Samaria....................................327 Ron E. Tappy CHAPTER 3.3 Iron Age IIC: Judah .....................................345 Seymour Gitin CHAPTER 3.4 Iron Age IIC: Northeastern Negev .............................365 Itzhaq Beit-Arieh and Liora Freud CHAPTER 3.5 Iron Age IIC: Philistia....................................383 Seymour Gitin CHAPTER 3.6 Iron Age IIC: Transjordan..................................419 Piotr Bienkowski Volume 2 CHAPTER 4.1 Iron Age I–II Phoenician Pottery ..............................435 Ephraim Stern CHAPTER 4.2 Iron Age I–II Cypriot Imports and Local Imitations ....................483 Ayelet Gilboa CHAPTER 4.3 Iron Age I–II: Greek Imports ................................509 Jane C. Waldbaum CHAPTER 4.4 Iron Age IIC Assyrian-Type Pottery ............................533 Ephraim Stern CHAPTER 4.5 Iron Age IB–IIC Egyptian and Egyptian-Type Pottery ...................555 Eliezer D. Oren CHAPTER 5.1 Persian Period ........................................565 Ephraim Stern CHAPTER 5.2 Persian Period Imports ...................................619 Renate Rosenthal-Heginbottom CHAPTER 6.1 Hellenistic Period ......................................629 Andrea M. Berlin CHAPTER 6.2 Hellenistic Period Imported Pottery.............................673 Renate Rosenthal-Heginbottom Color Photos ...............................................709 Abbreviations...............................................749 References................................................751 Chronological Table ...........................................794 CHAPTER 6.1 Hellenistic Period Andrea M. Berlin The Hellenistic period formally began at the end of more widespread participation in a refined and August in 332 BCE, when Alexander the Great elegant mode of dining. In contrast, potters in the successfully concluded his siege of Tyre and im- interior Hill Country produced only a few basic mediately headed south along the coast. In the few shapes that continued Persian period forms. By the days that it took the Macedonian general to lead his early 2nd century BCE, local versions of the new troops to Gaza, the only other city that opted to Hellenistic forms appear at sites in the northern deny him entry, Achaemenid control of the huge Hill Country (Samaria), but it is not until the late satrapy of “The Land Beyond the River” came to 2nd/early 1st centuries that Hellenistic-style table an end and Macedonian rule began. “All of what is and cooking wares are attested in Judea. When the known as Syrian Palestine…accepted Alexander’s Judean potters finally begin to manufacture these control,” reports the ancient historian Arrian ‘Greek-style’ vessels, almost two centuries after (Anabasis Alexandri 2.26), and he says no more they came into use along the coast, the reality of about the thousands of people who lived through their lives catches up to the rhetoric of Arrian. this momentous pivotal point in history. While an- As with the beginning of the Hellenistic pe- cient texts and inscriptions record the many politi- riod, its end is fixed according to a momentous po- cal and military vicissitudes of the Hellenistic litical event: the capture of Jerusalem and its king, period, very little is documented of social changes. Aristobolus II, by the Roman general Pompey in The investigation of daily life and behavior must the late autumn of 63 BCE. While some excavators therefore begin with the study of locally-produced use this as the termination point of Hellenistic household pottery, the single largest body of rele- strata, there is no evidence in the material culture vant evidence. This pottery can show us when and record to indicate that this particular date is criti- how the culture and lifestyle of the peoples of Hel- cal. Rather, from an archaeological point of view, lenistic Palestine changed. the period ends as unevenly as it begins.1 From the Arrian’s sweeping statement notwithstanding, mid-2nd through the early 1st centuries BCE, a Hellenistic pottery—and the culture it reflects— string of sites in and around the growing appears at different times throughout the region. In Hasmonean kingdom were destroyed or aban- the north and on the coast of the Levant, where the doned (e.g., Tirat Yehuda, Samaria, Dor, Pella, and inhabitants were either Phoenician or recently liv- Tel Anafa), thus curtailing the production of Helle- ing under Phoenician rule, new forms of dining, nistic pottery in these environs. Meanwhile, sites drinking, serving, and cooking vessels appear soon with Jewish populations continued to flourish after Alexander’s conquests. All closely resemble (e.g., Gamla, Jerusalem, Qumran, and Jericho). the imported vessels shown on Pl. 6.1.1, usually Attic ceramics (as Pl. 6.1.1:1–4, 8–10, 13), but in some cases glass (as Pl. 6.1.1:5–7, 11–12). These 1. See Chapter 6.2: n. 1 for the traditional dating of the new Greek-inspired shapes accommodated the end of the period to the rise of Herod the Great in 37 preparation of different dishes, as well as affording BCE. 629 630 ANDREA M. BERLIN Potters in these areas produced slightly altered publications and the information presented in this variations of late Hellenistic forms until the de- chapter are the result of the author’s determination struction of Jerusalem in 70 CE (P.W. Lapp 1961: of a given vessel’s ware based on an independent 225). assessment. Production Dating (Table 6.1.1) (Table 6.1.2) Two definite Hellenistic pottery production sites For many periods, pottery is often the only evi- have been found. The first is represented by a kiln dence available to date strata and sites. For the Hel- at Tel Michal, the use of which began in the Persian lenistic period, however, two other categories of period and lasted until the end of the 4th/beginning archaeological remains are widely found and often of the 3rd centuries BCE (Michal: 133, 266). The firmly datable, namely, coins and Aegean transport fabric is buff-gray with small gray and white inclu- amphorae with datable stamped handles. Neither sions. The second is at the western edge of Jeru- category is straightforward. With coins, the pri- salem, where kilns were in operation by the early mary drawback is the irregularity of issues. Coins 1st century BCE (Arubas and Goldfus 1995; were struck by imperial and civic authorities in Binyanei HaºUma Chapter 4). Three wares were both silver and bronze and in various denomina- manufactured at this site: 1. bright light yellow- tions, from large medallions to small change. pink freckled with small white inclusions, used for There was never,