Advisory Board: Hillel Geva, Exploration Society Alan Paris, Israel Exploration Society

Contributing Authors: Itzhaq Beit-Arieh, University Amnon Ben-Tor, Hebrew University of Andrea M. Berlin, Piotr Bienkowski, Cultural Heritage Museums, Lancaster, UK , Hebrew University of Jerusalem Liora Freud, Ayelet Gilboa, University , W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research Larry G. Herr, Burman University Zeºev Herzog, Tel Aviv University Gunnar Lehmann, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Amihai Mazar, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Eliezer D. Oren, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Renate -Heginbottom, Excavation Project Lily Singer-Avitz, Tel Aviv University Stern, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Ron E. Tappy, Pittsburgh Theological Seminary Jane C. Waldbaum, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Anabel Zarzecki-Peleg, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Alexander Zukerman, W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research

Copyright © 2015 Israel Exploration Society ISBN 978-965-221-102-6 (Set) ISBN 978-965-221-104-0 (Vol. 2)

Layout: Avraham Pladot Typesetting: Marzel A.S. — Jerusalem Printing: Press Ltd. Jerusalem PUBLICATION OF THIS VOLUME WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE GENEROUS CONTRIBUTIONS OF

Lila Gruber Research Foundation Dorot Foundation Museum of the John Camp Richard Elman Shelby White P.E. MacAllister Richard J. Scheuer Foundation and Jemima Jeselsohn Jeannette and Jonathan Rosen Leon Levy Bequest allocated by Shelby White and Elizabeth Moynihan George Blumenthal H. Kress Foundation Joukowsky Family Foundation Paige Patterson, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary Judy and Michael Steinhardt David Rosenstein

Contents

Preface...... 1 Editor’s Notes ...... 3 Seymour Gitin

Volume 1 CHAPTER 1.1 I: Northern Coastal Plain, , , , Judah, and Negev . . 5 Amihai Mazar

CHAPTER 1.2 Iron Age I: ...... 71 Trude Dothan and Alexander Zukerman

CHAPTER 1.3 Iron Age I: ...... 97 Larry G. Herr

CHAPTER 2.1 Iron Age IIA–B: Northern Coastal Plain ...... 115 Gunnar Lehmann

CHAPTER 2.2 Iron Age IIA–B: Northern Valleys and ...... 135 Amnon Ben-Tor and Anabel Zarzecki-Peleg

CHAPTER 2.3 Iron Age IIA–B: Samaria ...... 189 Ron E. Tappy

CHAPTER 2.4 Iron Age IIA–B: Judah and the Negev ...... 213 Zeºev Herzog and Lily Singer-Avitz

CHAPTER 2.5 Iron Age IIA–B: Philistia ...... 257 Seymour Gitin

CHAPTER 2.6 Iron Age IIA–B: Transjordan ...... 281 Larry G. Herr

CHAPTER 3.1 Iron Age IIC: Northern Coast, Carmel Coast, Galilee, and Jezreel Valley ...... 301 Ayelet Gilboa

CHAPTER 3.2 Iron Age IIC: Samaria...... 327 Ron E. Tappy

CHAPTER 3.3 Iron Age IIC: Judah ...... 345 Seymour Gitin

CHAPTER 3.4 Iron Age IIC: Northeastern Negev ...... 365 Itzhaq Beit-Arieh and Liora Freud

CHAPTER 3.5 Iron Age IIC: Philistia...... 383 Seymour Gitin

CHAPTER 3.6 Iron Age IIC: Transjordan...... 419 Piotr Bienkowski Volume 2 CHAPTER 4.1 Iron Age I–II Phoenician ...... 435

CHAPTER 4.2 Iron Age I–II Cypriot Imports and Local Imitations ...... 483 Ayelet Gilboa

CHAPTER 4.3 Iron Age I–II: Greek Imports ...... 509 Jane C. Waldbaum

CHAPTER 4.4 Iron Age IIC Assyrian-Type Pottery ...... 533 Ephraim Stern

CHAPTER 4.5 Iron Age IB–IIC Egyptian and Egyptian-Type Pottery ...... 555 Eliezer D. Oren

CHAPTER 5.1 Persian Period ...... 565 Ephraim Stern

CHAPTER 5.2 Persian Period Imports ...... 619 Renate Rosenthal-Heginbottom

CHAPTER 6.1 ...... 629 Andrea M. Berlin

CHAPTER 6.2 Hellenistic Period Imported Pottery...... 673 Renate Rosenthal-Heginbottom

Color Photos ...... 709 Abbreviations...... 749 References...... 751 Chronological Table ...... 794 CHAPTER 6.1 Hellenistic Period

Andrea M. Berlin

The Hellenistic period formally began at the end of more widespread participation in a refined and August in 332 BCE, when elegant mode of dining. In contrast, potters in the successfully concluded his of Tyre and im- interior Hill Country produced only a few basic mediately headed south along the coast. In the few shapes that continued Persian period forms. By the days that it took the Macedonian general to lead his early 2nd century BCE, local versions of the new troops to Gaza, the only other city that opted to Hellenistic forms appear at sites in the northern deny him entry, Achaemenid control of the huge Hill Country (Samaria), but it is not until the late satrapy of “The Land Beyond the River” came to 2nd/early 1st centuries that Hellenistic-style table an end and Macedonian rule began. “All of what is and wares are attested in . When the known as Syrian …accepted Alexander’s Judean potters finally begin to manufacture these control,” reports the ancient historian Arrian ‘Greek-style’ vessels, almost two centuries after (Anabasis Alexandri 2.26), and he says no more they came into use along the coast, the reality of about the thousands of people who lived through their lives catches up to the rhetoric of Arrian. this momentous pivotal point in history. While an- As with the beginning of the Hellenistic pe- cient texts and inscriptions record the many politi- riod, its end is fixed according to a momentous po- cal and military vicissitudes of the Hellenistic litical event: the capture of Jerusalem and its king, period, very little is documented of social changes. Aristobolus II, by the Roman general in The investigation of daily life and behavior must the late autumn of 63 BCE. While some excavators therefore begin with the study of locally-produced use this as the termination point of Hellenistic household pottery, the single largest body of rele- strata, there is no evidence in the material culture vant evidence. This pottery can show us when and record to indicate that this particular date is criti- how the culture and lifestyle of the peoples of Hel- cal. Rather, from an archaeological point of view, lenistic Palestine changed. the period ends as unevenly as it begins.1 From the Arrian’s sweeping statement notwithstanding, mid-2nd through the early 1st centuries BCE, a Hellenistic pottery—and the culture it reflects— string of sites in and around the growing appears at different times throughout the region. In Hasmonean kingdom were destroyed or aban- the north and on the coast of the , where the doned (e.g., Tirat Yehuda, Samaria, Dor, Pella, and inhabitants were either Phoenician or recently liv- Tel Anafa), thus curtailing the production of Helle- ing under Phoenician rule, new forms of dining, nistic pottery in these environs. Meanwhile, sites drinking, serving, and cooking vessels appear soon with Jewish populations continued to flourish after Alexander’s conquests. All closely resemble (e.g., Gamla, Jerusalem, , and ). the imported vessels shown on Pl. 6.1.1, usually Attic (as Pl. 6.1.1:1–4, 8–10, 13), but in some cases (as Pl. 6.1.1:5–7, 11–12). These 1. See Chapter 6.2: n. 1 for the traditional dating of the new Greek-inspired shapes accommodated the end of the period to the rise of in 37 preparation of different dishes, as well as affording BCE.

629 630 ANDREA M. BERLIN

Potters in these areas produced slightly altered publications and the information presented in this variations of late Hellenistic forms until the de- chapter are the result of the author’s determination struction of Jerusalem in 70 CE (P.W. Lapp 1961: of a given vessel’s ware based on an independent 225). assessment.

Production Dating (Table 6.1.1) (Table 6.1.2)

Two definite Hellenistic pottery production sites For many periods, pottery is often the only evi- have been found. The first is represented by a kiln dence available to date strata and sites. For the Hel- at , the use of which began in the Persian lenistic period, however, two other categories of period and lasted until the end of the 4th/beginning archaeological remains are widely found and often of the 3rd centuries BCE (Michal: 133, 266). The firmly datable, namely, coins and Aegean transport fabric is buff-gray with small gray and white inclu- amphorae with datable stamped handles. Neither sions. The second is at the western edge of Jeru- category is straightforward. With coins, the pri- salem, where kilns were in operation by the early mary drawback is the irregularity of issues. Coins 1st century BCE (Arubas and Goldfus 1995; were struck by imperial and civic authorities in Binyanei HaºUma Chapter 4). Three wares were both silver and bronze and in various denomina- manufactured at this site: 1. bright light yellow- tions, from large medallions to small change. pink freckled with small white inclusions, used for There was never, however, a standard number of small vessels; 2. smooth warm red-brown, lime- issues, a fixed period during which issues were flecked, used for cooking ware; and 3. sturdy pale current, or a time after which an issue was not ac- gray-buff, used for larger utility vessels. Scientific ceptable. Consequently, ‘residual’ coins occur, like analyses indicate that all three wares were made of residual pottery (although coins, being unbreak- clay deriving from the area of Motza, 3 km to the able, remained usable longer). Transport amphorae west (Arubas and Goldfus 1995: 107). In addition were also long-lived: they were well-made, dura- to the Jerusalem manufactory, the identity and ble, and useful long after their original contents probable origin of five other wares can be ascer- had been consumed. The most significant draw- tained by means of a combination of Neutron Acti- back of these vessels is that the precise dating of vation and petrographic analyses: 1. semi-fine the stamps on some series (e.g., Knidian, Koan, ware from southern (Berlin 1997b: 78– and early Rhodian) can shift, since the chronolo- 84); 2. sandy cooking ware from Acco- gies rely on the presence at various eastern Medi- (Anafa II/i: 12; Anastasia Shapiro, personal com- terranean sites of large assemblages themselves munication); 3. very gritty dark red-brown fabric dated relative to other archaeological criteria. from the eastern Upper Galilee ( Prelim: Nonetheless, the presence—sometimes abun- 28; A. Shapiro, personal communication); 4.spat- dant—of such objects that provide absolute dates ter-painted ware from the ¡uleh Valley (Anafa II/i: can allow excavators to date strata by means other 7–9); and 5. clean granular light brown fabric cov- than the styles and shapes of common locally-pro- ered with a thin matt slip, probably deriving from duced household vessels. This, in turn, allows for the coastal region (Kedesh Prelim: 21, Fig. 6; A. the recognition of regional disparities, for exam- Shapiro, personal communication). In the descrip- ple, the extended time-lag between the appearance tions accompanying the plates, these fabric/ware of Hellenistic-style table vessels at coastal and at names are given wherever possible. For vessels inland sites. In periods from which few objects that from earlier publications, the excavator’s original provide absolute dates exist, this phenomenon can description is usually given. The apparent discrep- be obscured, since similar pottery is frequently ancies between ware descriptions in the original taken to indicate similar dates. CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 631

Table 6.1.1: Hellenistic pottery production: Origins, fabrics/wares, and forms

Origin Fabric/ware Date Vessel type Illustration Southern Semi-fine Early 2nd– Table amphora Pl. 6.1.5:2–3 Phoenicia 1st c. BCE Table jug Pl. 6.1.5:6–8 Lagynos Pl. 6.1.5:11 Krater Pl. 6.1.6:1 Storage jar Pl. 6.1.11:1–4, Photo 6.1.1:11# Wide-mouthed juglet Pl. 6.1.18:1–2, 4–5, Photo 6.1.1:14–15# Narrow-necked juglet Pl. 6.1.18:9, 10?, Photo 6.1.1:16–17 Amphoriskos Pl. 6.1.18:15–21, Photo 6.1.1:19# Large flask Pl. 6.1.19:6–8, 9?, Photo 6.1.1:20 Perfume bottle Pl. 6.1.20:6?, 8–9, 11–15 Medicine pot Pl. 6.1.21:1–5, Photo 6.1.1:21 Funnel Pl. 6.1.21:6–7 Acco- Sandy - Early 2nd– Cooking pot Pl. 6.1.7:12 Ptolemais ing ware 1st c. BCE Lid Pl. 6.1.9:1, 3, 5, 12 Casserole Pl. 6.1.9:2, 4, 6, 8, 13, 15, Photo 6.1.1:7, 9–10# Western Gritty red- 3rd–2nd c. Cooking pot Pl. 6.1.7:10 Upper brown BCE Storage jar Kedesh Prelim, p. 29, Fig. 13 Galilee Mortarium Pl. 6.1.16:2, 4 Stand Pl. 6.1.21:8 ¡uleh Spatter- 3rd–1st c. Saucer Pl. 6.1.2:14–15, Photo 6.1.1:1–3 Valley painted BCE; also Pls. 6.1.3:10, 16, 6.1.4:6 Bronze and Table jug Pl. 6.1.5:5 Iron Ages, Krater Pl. 6.1.6:3, Photo 6.1.1:6# Persian–Ro- Cooking pot Pl. 6.1.7:2, 4 man periods Casserole Anafa II/i, 97–100 Storage jar Pl. 6.1.13:1 Mortarium Pl. 6.1.16:3 Tel Michal Buff-gray 6th–late 4th Storage jar Pl. 6.1.12:3 c. BCE* Coastal Granular 3rd–mid- Saucer Pl. 6.1.2:9 Plain light brown 2nd c. BCE Jerusalem Speckled Early 1st c. Saucer Pl. 6.1.2:19, 21–22 yellow-pink BCE–70 CE Bowl Pl. 6.1.3:20–22? Goblet Pl. 6.1.4:7–8 Narrow-necked juglet Pl. 6.1.18:12?, 14 Utility jug Pl. 6.1.17:5 Lamp Pl. 6.1.22:1, 7 Smooth red- 1st c. BCE– Cooking pot Pl. 6.1.8:3, 7–8?, 9–11 brown 70 CE Pale gray- 1st c. BCE– Table jug Pl. 6.1.5:9 buff 70 CE Storage jar Pl. 6.1.15:1–2 Jug (water pitcher) Pl. 6.1.17:6, Photo 6.1.1:13

* Starts in the Persian period # Same type 632 ANDREA M. BERLIN

Table 6.1.2: Sites with securely datable Hellenistic occupation

Site Type of structure Stratum and dating BCE Dating evidence Reference Tel Anafa Houses Hell 1A: ca. 300–200 Coins, SAHs Anafa I/i: 13–14 Villa (LHSB), houses Hell 2A: ca. 125–110 Coins, SAHs Anafa I/i:14 Villa (LHSB), houses Hell 2B: ca. 110–98 BCE Coins Anafa I/i:16 Villa (LHSB), houses Hell 2C: ca. 98–75 Coins, SAHs Anafa I/i:16 Houses (Area A) Stratum 4a: ca. 150–110 Coins, SAHs Ashdod II–III: 63–64 Houses (Area A) Stratum 3: ca. 110–63 Coins Ashdod II–III: 63–64 Beth-Zur Fortress, houses Stratum II: ca. 175–165 Coins, literary evidence Beth-Zur: 29–32 Houses, cistern Stratum I: ca. 140–100 Coins, literary evidence Beth-Zur: 32–34 Dor Houses Stratum VA: ca. 350–275 Coins, Attic pottery Dor IA: 275 Wall, houses Stratum IVB: ca. 275–200 Coins, SAHs Dor IA: 275–78 Houses Stratum IVA: ca. 200–125 Coins, SAHs Dor IA: 275–78 -Fûl Fortress IV Period IV A: ca. 175–135 — Fortress IV, house Period IV B: ca. 135–100 Coins, YHWD and YRSLM el-Fûl:63 stamps Fortress IV Period IV C: ca. 100–63 — Houses, city gate Stratum III: 3rd c. Coins Gezer III (HUC): 24 Houses, bastions Stratum IIC: ca. 198–142 Coins, SAHs Gezer III (HUC): 24–25 Houses Stratum IIB: ca. 142–110 Coins Gezer III (HUC): 25 Houses Stratum IIA: ca. 100–63 Coins Gezer III (HUC): 26 Jericho Palace compound: Two pools ca. 125–105 Coins, SAHs Jericho Palaces III: 14–15 Fortified Palace ca. 103–76 — Twin Palaces ca. 76–67 Literary evidence Jericho Palaces III: 15–16 Jerusalem: Large building Area E Stratum 8, late 3rd c. Stratigraphy, par- City of David VIIB:5–16 City of allels David Tombs Area E Stratum 7, early 2nd c. Stratigraphy, ceramic par- City of David VIIB: 16–20 allels Jerusalem: Construction fills Area W Stratum 4 and Area X-2 Coins, SAHs Jewish Quarter II: 148–50 Upper City Stratum 5, late 2nd/early 1st c. Kedesh Administrative building Abandonment, ca. 144 Coins, SAHs Kedesh Prelim: 54 Tel Michal Cultic room, kiln Stratum VI, late 4th c.* Coins Michal:113 Fort, winepress Stratum V, 3rd c. Coins Michal: 173 Fort, winepress Stratum IV, 2nd c. Coins Michal: 173 Fort, winepress Stratum III, early 1st c. Coins Michal: 176 Pella House Construction, ca. 150–125 Coins Pella 1:70 Destruction, 83/82 Literary evidence Pella 1:70 Wall stubs and fills West Cut, ca. 125–100 Coins, SAHs Pella 1:72 Qumran Communal residences Period I, pre-31 Coins de Vaux 1956: 544–45 Samaria Fortification wall HFW fill, closed ca. 150 Coins, SAHs Samaria III: 218–19 Fills PHFW, ca. 150–108 SAHs Samaria III: 220 House, pits House occupation, ca. 250–175 Coins Shechem III: 329 Shiqmona Houses Stratum H, ca. 140–130 Coins, local stamped jar Shikmona 2: 15–18 handle CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 633

Site Type of structure Stratum and dating BCE Dating evidence Reference Tirat Farm and oil press Occupation, mid-3rd–mid-2nd c. Coins, SAHs Tirat Yehuda:67 Yehuda Wadi ed- Cave Cave I, ca. 330–325 Papyri, bullae, coins Wâdi ed-Dâliyeh: 17–18 Daliyeh

* Stratum VI at Tel Michal has both an early phase dated to the Persian period and a late phase dated to the Hellenistic period. Abbreviations: SAH: Stamped amphora handle from Aegean transport amphora LHSB: Late Hellenistic building with stucco wall decoration HFW: Hellenistic fort wall PHFW: Post-Hellenistic fort wall

Forms vessels—examples of which are presented on Pl. 6.1.1—provided the primary inspiration for most In most respects, the range of forms produced in locally-produced Hellenistic pottery. The appear- the Hellenistic period echoes that of the earlier pe- ance of imported and luxury goods is not in and of riods for the simple reason that ceramic containers itself a phenomenon that first occurred in the Hel- continued to serve most household and personal lenistic period. What was new in the Hellenistic needs. Thus, potters made vessels for and period, however, was the sudden, widespread use drinking, for preparing , for carrying and of such imports as models. While locally-manufac- pouring liquids, for storing perfumes and medi- tured Hellenistic pottery is hardly more elegant cines, and for sizeable long-term storage. The in- than the pottery of previous periods, its great vari- tended function of a vessel is usually clear from its ety and luxury models reflect a fundamentally dif- fabric, decoration (slipped or plain), size, and spe- ferent era. cific features (e.g., constricted necks for perfume bottles), and the name it is assigned is generally common and logical. Imported and Luxury Goods The Hellenistic period is distinctive for its (Pl. 6.1.1) greater number of basic shapes than in earlier peri- ods. Within every large functional category, there Many of the basic forms local potters developed in is increased variety. Different potters produced dif- the Hellenistic period were versions of imported ferent versions of each shape (versions are often ceramic or glass vessels. Pl. 6.1.1 presents typical called “types”), although this is typical of all peri- vessels that provided inspiration for new Hellenis- ods. What is particular about the Hellenistic pe- tic shapes. Some were foreign-made, such as the riod, however, is the regular manufacture of Athenian plates and (Pl. 6.1.1:1–4) and the entirely different shapes for similar uses, such as West Slope-style kraters (Pl. 6.1.1:9–10); others the three forms of pouring vessels for table service were made of more luxurious materials than ce- (Pl. 6.1.5:4–5, 6–9, 10–11). This pattern is evident ramic (e.g., the glass skyphos, drinking bowls, and in almost every functional group, suggesting a so- perfume bottles on Pl. 6.1.1:5–7, 11–12). Some ciety in which small luxuries, such as indulging the were already secondary inspirations, such as the human taste for variety, were both available and Egyptian-made casserole dish from Naukratis that accommodated. is itself a copy of an Aegean model (Pl. 6.1.1:8). While some Hellenistic forms developed from Whereas Attic pottery and glass bottles appear reg- the Persian period and earlier vessels (e.g., cooking ularly in Persian period assemblages (especially on pots and storage jars), imported ceramic or glass the coast and in the north), it was not until the 634 ANDREA M. BERLIN

Hellenistic period that potters employed ceramic depression (Pl. 6.1.2:10) or ring base (Pl. imports, as well as vessels in more valuable mate- 6.1.2:11), while the interior-thickened rim is re- rials, as models for their own productions. placed by a narrow ledge (Pl. 6.1.2:12). In the sec- One crucial aspect behind the presence of im- ond half of the 2nd century, potters further ported goods and their influence on local produc- simplified these forms, with the result that some tion was probably the region’s political and saucers have a disc base with a simple rim (Pl. cultural climate during the early part of the Helle- 6.1.2:17–18), barely evoking either Attic model. nistic period. After the battle of in 301 BCE, The Judean-manufactured saucers from the early the Egyptian-based Ptolemaic Empire controlled 1st century are thin-walled, generally quite small, both Palestine and southern Phoenicia (Heinen and frequently unslipped. The demise of the well- 1984: 412). The first two Ptolemaic rulers, Ptol- made saucer is probably due to the increased use of emy I and II, were zealous Hellenophiles who red-slipped Eastern Sigillata A plates as the pri- made a concerted effort to introduce and maintain mary component of an individual . , literature, art, and culture through- out their kingdom (Turner 1984: 140). The pres- ence of Attic and other imports reflects their inter- Bowls ests, but more significantly, the adoption of these (Pl. 6.1.3) imports as models for local production reflects the willing acceptance of some of their subjects. Bowls are another component of an individual ta- ble setting, in some cases, the primary component. Whereas two types of Attic black-slipped bowls Saucers2 were imported into coastal sites in the 4th century (Pl. 6.1.2) (Pl. 6.1.1:3–4), only the type with an incurving rim was widely adopted by local potters. Slipped ring- Saucers comprised part of an individual table set- footed bowls with an incurved rim are attested at ting. At coastal sites, two distinct forms appear at coastal sites by the late 4th century (Pl. 6.1.3:1–4), the beginning of the Hellenistic period, both either at Tel Anafa in the early 3rd century (Anafa II/i: completely or semi-slipped: vessels with an over- 72–72), and at Gezer in the late 3rd century (Pl. hanging rim (Pl. 6.1.2:1–2; see also Photo 6.1.1:1, 6.1.3:8). The same development can be seen in the 3) and vessels with an interior-thickened rim (Pl. bowls as in the saucers: in the 2nd century, when 6.1.2:3–4). Both are local deeper versions of Attic the form is attested inland, some potters replaced black-slipped table vessels (Pl. 6.1.1:1–2). Al- the ring foot with a string-cut disc (Pl. 6.1.3:13–15, though local slip colors range from matt black to 18–19), while others maintained the form of the brown to red, coastal potters retained formal diag- Attic original (Pl. 6.1.3:9, 16–17). The delicate nostic niceties throughout the 3rd century, includ- thin-walled unslipped bowl with an incurved rim ing especially the ring base and, in the case of the occurs in Judea in the late 2nd and early 1st centu- form with an overhanging rim, an internal central ries (Pl. 6.1.3:20–22), and this variant also appears depression set off by a groove or ridge. By the first at southern sites that came under Hasmonean rule half of the 2nd century, when both forms are at- (Pl. 6.1.3:24–27, Photo 6.1.1:4). tested in Galilee and Samaria as well as on the coast, few potters produced recognizably Attic copies (Pl. 6.1.2:9; see also Photo 6.1.1:2). Some Drinking Vessels: Skyphoi, Bowls, saucers with an overhanging rim lack the central and Goblets (Pl. 6.1.4)

2. The term saucer is used for this vessel form in Pales- Pottery vessels designed for individual drinking tine to differentiate it from the flatter Attic form. are not common during the Hellenistic period (at CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 635 least not until the introduction of Eastern Sigillata slim and elegant Phoenician semi-fine table jugs A ware [see Pl. 6.2.6:7–20]), probably because im- (Pl. 6.1.17:6, 8) evoke Ptolemaic silver and ported cast glass vessels (e.g., Pl. 6.1.1:5–7) and, vessels. The oddly shaped lagynos (Pl. 6.1.17:10– to a lesser degree, silver plate became more widely 11) is based on the long-necked, wide-bodied wine available. The ceramic forms that were produced flask popularized by the Ptolemaic drinking festi- imitate these luxury imports. The skyphoi of the val called the lagynophoria. Smaller and more early 3rd–mid-2nd centuries (Pl. 6.1.4:1–3), at- finely-finished pouring vessels suitable for table tested everywhere except in Judea, replicate glass. service eventually appear at Judean sites in the late They are local versions of a form found throughout 2nd and early 1st centuries (Pl. 6.1.5:9), accompa- the southeastern Mediterranean. Equally common nied by the large mixing and serving bowls known in this region are drinking bowls with an everted as kraters (Pl. 6.1.6:8–11). rim (Pl. 6.1.4:4–6; see also Photo 6.1.1:5), local versions of the Attic black-slipped bowl (Pl. 6.1.1:4). As with the skyphoi, these vessels ap- Kraters pear everywhere except in Judea from the 3rd (Pl. 6.1.6) and 2nd century appear. The thin-walled goblet with a gently flaring sidewall is later, appearing in During the 3rd century, most kraters were im- the late 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, and then only at ported—usually West Slope-style vessels of west- sites in Judea (Pl. 6.1.4:7–10). It is probably ce- ern Asia Minor manufacture (Pl. 6.1.1:9–10;see ramic versions of late Hellenistic cast glass ves- Pl. 6.2.1). Two singular local productions occur in sels. 3rd century contexts, one imitating the column krater (Pl. 6.1.6:1) and the other modeled on the krater with a ledge rim (Pl. 6.1.6:2). Regular local Table Amphorae, Table Jugs, and Lagynoi production of two distinct forms is attested at (Pl. 6.1.5) northern and coastal sites from the early 2nd cen- tury BCE. Column kraters (Pl. 6.1.6:3, 6)havethe Regular manufacture of vessels intended specifi- same wide articulated neck and ledge rim as the cally for table service is unattested until the 2nd imported examples from the 3rd century BCE. century, when they appear in the north, on the Overhanging-rim kraters (Pl. 6.1.6:4–5, 7)havea coast, in Samaria, and in Idumea (table service ves- broad arched rim and occasionally horizontal han- sels are also represented by the kraters on Pl. 6.1.6 dles, pragmatic features to facilitate lifting and car- and funnels on Pl. 6.1.21:6–7). During the 3rd cen- rying; this form has no imported parallels, but tury, their functions were probably filled by luxury occurs at the same time at Egyptian and other imports, such as silver table jugs. The table service southeastern Mediterranean sites. It is the second vessels exhibit a similar development to the sau- apparently native form that Judean potters began cers and small bowls: during the 2nd century, local producing in the early 1st century BCE (Pl. potters were apparently no longer enamored with 6.1.6:8–11). Complementary table service vessels the template of Greek models and looked else- are represented by table amphorae (Pl. 6.1.5:1–3), where for inspiration or developed their own ideas. table jugs (Pl. 6.1.5:4–9), lagynoi (Pl. 6.1.5:10– The semi-fine ware table amphorae (Pl. 6.1.17:1– 11), and funnels (Pl. 6.1.21:6–7). 3) known from sites in the Phoenician cultural sphere evoke Parthian glazed prototypes, with their wheel-ridged globular body and detailed high Cooking Pots ring foot. The homely rim decoration of the large (Pls. 6.1.7–6.1.8) sturdy table jugs with a pie-crust rim (Pl. 6.1.17:4– 5; see also Photo 6.1.1:13), on the other hand, Hellenistic cooking pots are the continuation of a seems to be a local playful touch. The shape of the long-lived form among both Phoenicians and 636 ANDREA M. BERLIN

Israelites. Their multi-purpose parameters provide the early 3rd century (Pl. 6.1.1:8). In Palestine, a vessel suitable for almost all cooking activities: a casseroles and the accompanying wide lids appear capacious body coupled with a neck and a mouth everywhere in the late 3rd century (Pl. 6.1.9:1–17) wide enough to reach into yet narrow enough to except in Judea, where casseroles appear only in cover easily, and opposing vertical handles for the early 1st century BCE (Pl. 6.1.9:18). grabbing and positioning. Differences among local All the casserole variants have a broad body versions are consequently minor and restricted to and equally wide mouth, with a ledge-like rim for small details of body shape, surface treatment, and supporting a lid. There are variations in body pro- rim and neck form. From the 3rd–1st centuries file: gently carinated (Pl. 6.1.9:2, 4, 8, 10, 18), BCE, vessels from the north, the coast, and Sa- straight-walled (Pl. 6.1.9:6, 14 [see also Photo maria have a globular body, sometimes with 6.1.1:8], 17), straight-walled with a sharp carina- wheel-ridging (Pls. 6.1.7:2–3 [see also Photo tion on the upper body (Pl. 6.1.9:13; see also Photo 6.1.1:6], 8–13,6.1.8:3–6). This is probably a Phoe- 6.1.1:9) or at mid-body (Pl. 6.1.9:16), or sharply nician type; a cooking pot of this shape and surface angled (Pl. 6.1.9:7, 9). Rims are drawn up into a treatment already appears in the 4th century BCE rounded lip (Pl. 6.1.9:8, 18), squared-off (Pl. Royal Necropolis at (personal observation). 6.1.9:4, 6, 10, 13), or thickened (Pl. 6.1.9:2, 14–15, From the late 4th–late 2nd centuries, cooking pots Photo 6.1.1:10). These small distinctions aside, the from sites in the south have a sack-like body with general form is particularly suited for braising or the maximum diameter below mid-point, and a stewing, and its sudden appearance suggests an ex- smooth surface (Pls. 6.1.7:1, 7,6.1.8:1). Examples pansion in local cooking practices. with wheel-ridging also appear in the second half of the 2nd century (Pl. 6.1.8:2). In the late 2nd and early 1st centuries BCE, Judean potters adopted Baking Dishes and Frying Pans the globular profile, and often the wheel-ridged ex- (Pl. 6.1.10) terior as well (Pl. 6.1.8:7–11). Neck and rim details vary in all regions and Wide shallow flat-bottomed cooking vessels oc- centuries. In the 3rd century BCE, northern pro- cur occasionally in the 3rd and 2nd centuries ducers tended to favor short necks, simply pulled BCE at sites in the north, on the coast, and in Sa- up from the body (Pl. 6.1.7:3–4), while southern maria. Some lack handles (Pl. 6.1.10:1, 4), others potters made higher more defined necks and rims have a low horizontal ring atop the rim through (Pl. 6.1.7:5–8). In the 2nd and 1st centuries, many which a stick could be inserted (Pl. 6.1.10:2), and potters in both the north and the south favored a a few have a long tubular handle similar to a mod- higher and more articulated neck (Pl. 6.1.7:9–13, ern frying (Pl. 6.1.10:3, 5). None are espe- 6.1.8:1–11), although the finishing of the rim dif- cially common, suggesting that they were not used fered, ranging from a plain point (Pl. 6.1.8:1, 4–5, on a daily basis, but rather for preparing special 8, 11) to a narrow ledge (Pl. 6.1.8:6–7, 9) to inte- dishes. rior thickening (Pl. 6.1.8:3, 10).

Storage Jars Casseroles and Lids (Pls. 6.1.11–6.1.15) (Pl. 6.1.9) Storage jars were designed to hold grain, oil, and Open cooking vessels previously attested in the wine, the three most common household commod- Iron Age reappear in the Hellenistic period. The ities. All the variants share features that indicate most common are casseroles. The form is Greek in similar usage: a rounded or pointed base for easier origin, and first occurs in this region in , balancing on dirt floors; two small handles placed where locally manufactured casseroles appear in high on the body for shifting the vessel when it was CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 637 full and heavy; and a short neck for ready access to Mortaria the goods inside. Similarities notwithstanding, (Pls. 6.1.16) there are significant distinctions that signal differ- ent manufacturers and probably different contents Hellenistic households continued to require well- as well. The first distinction is that of size, which made sturdy vessels for grinding and mixing , ranges from the typical (Pl. 6.1.11:4; see also and the low broad bowls called mortaria fulfilled Photo 6.1.1:11) to very large (Pl. 6.1.13:2; see also this need. All the examples have a thickened, ex- Photo 6.1.1:12). Residue analysis of the very large tended, or curled rim to provide a steadying hand- storage jars found at Kedesh has shown that they hold while working, along with a wide low and held wheat (Berlin et al. 2003: 116–19); very large thick ring foot or flat base for stability. Hellenistic jars were probably used for the storage of grain mortaria are a continuation of a Persian period rather than liquids, since they would have been dif- type, and the earliest examples have a similar out- ficult to decant. wardly-thickened or rolled rim (Pl. 6.1.16:1–2, 4; Specific combinations of form and fabric dis- see also Pl. 5.1.2:9–11). While all the known Per- tinguish Phoenician from Judean storage jars. The sian period examples occur in a distinctive gritty Phoenician jars, all of which are made of semi-fine yellow-white fabric probably made in only a few ware, have thick casually twisted handles and a locales, the Hellenistic vessels are made in various thickened rim directly atop a short shoulder; they standard local coarse wares. In the 2nd century essentially lack a separately fashioned neck. The BCE, the walls are thinner and the rim is fashioned 3rd century BCE variants have a flattened shoulder into a thickened ledge or slim arced curve (Pl. (Pl. 6.1.11:1–2), absent in the 2nd century BCE 6.1.16:3, 5–6). Towards the end of the 2nd century, (Pl. 6.1.11:3–4). Judean jars, on the other hand, potters added shallow ridges to the rim, perhaps to have simple ridged strap handles and a short verti- make it easier to grip (Pl. 6.1.16:7–8). All the pub- cal neck. On the 2nd century BCE examples, the lished 3rd and 2nd century BCE examples come rim is thickened and everted (Pl. 6.1.14:1–2), from sites in the north and on the coast, but it is while in the 1st century BCE, potters pulled the up- likely that the form was produced and used else- per part of the neck slightly outward, creating an where as well. For other examples of heavy-duty exterior band around the top of the neck resem- domestic vessels, see the jugs and wide-mouthed bling a shirt-collar (Pl. 6.1.14:3; this band is some- juglets on Pls. 6.1.17–6.1.18. times called a “collared rim”). These jars have different distribution patterns, as do other container vessels from this period (see Jugs the narrow-necked juglets and amphoriskoi below (Pl. 6.1.17) [Pl. 6.1.18]). Phoenician vessels occur only in the north and down along the coast. As Gentile sites Utility jugs continued to be vital household objects are destroyed and/or abandoned in the late 2nd and and are widely attested. While these vessels were early 1st centuries BCE, Phoenician jars disappear. certainly used for various tasks, one distinctive While Judean storage jars are largely confined to trait in common—their concave underside—re- the central Hill Country in the 2nd century BCE, veals their essential purpose: to be carried bal- they appear at coastal sites, in the Galilee (e.g., at anced on the head when filled with water from a ), and in the Golan (e.g., at Gamla) in well or cistern. All examples share three additional the early 1st century BCE. The dates and places at features designed for ease of carrying and pouring: which Judean jars appear in quantity are essen- they have a single long vertical handle, thick and tially identical to the map of the growing circular in section, with one or more narrow sur- Hasmonean kingdom, demonstrating that its ex- face ridges to facilitate a firm grip; the handles are pansion was cultural and/or commercial, as well as always attached at or slightly below the rim and political. extend to the shoulder, a position that allows for 638 ANDREA M. BERLIN balance and maneuverability in pouring; and the 6.1.18:19). Pointed bases also occur (Pl. rim is everted to slightly everted with some thick- 6.1.18:20–21; see also Photo 6.1.1:19). ening on the exterior to allow liquid to flow easily These small container vessels have distinct and excess drops to be caught (Pl. 6.1.17:6, Photo patterns of distribution. The amphoriskoi and one 6.1.1:13). type of cupped-rim juglet with a small disc base and red wash on the exterior (Pl. 6.1.18:8–10, Photo 6.1.1:16–17) appear only at sites with Gen- Wide-mouthed Juglets tile populations, usually in the north and on the (Pl. 6.1.18:1–7) coast. The second type of cupped-rim juglet, with a rounded base and an undecorated exterior (Pl. Wide-mouthed juglets, which in earlier periods are 6.1.18:11–12, 14; see also Photo 6.1.1:18), appears sometimes called dipper juglets, are the diminutive only at sites in the central Hill Country, along with counterparts of utility jugs (Pl. 6.1.17). All the ex- the narrow-necked flask (Pl. 6.1.19:1–5). The non- amples have a mouth as wide as the widest part of overlapping distribution of these vessels suggests the body, a slightly constricted neck, and a long discrete production and marketing systems for the sturdy handle. Their design reflects their dual func- various commodities they contained. tion as easily filled receptacles and handy light- weight dispensers. Vessels from coastal and north- ern sites tend to have a narrow disc-like base, Flasks whereas those from southern sites have a wide flat (Pl. 6.1.19) base (Pl. 6.1.18:4, Photo 6.1.1:14–15). Two distinct flask forms appear beginning in the 2nd century BCE. The first has a long narrow neck, Narrow-necked Juglets and Amphoriskoi two handles, and a large round off-center body (Pl. (Pl. 6.1.18:8–21) 6.1.19:1–5). This form, clearly designed for liquid storage and short transport, occurs at sites in the Beginning in the 2nd century BCE, several distinct central Hill Country. The body size gives it signifi- new forms of small container vessels appear, all cantly more capacity than the other two small con- with a narrow neck, small mouth, and one or two tainer vessels of this period—narrow-necked handles. These vessels seem to be designed to hold juglets and amphoriskoi (Pl. 6.1.18:8–21)—gener- liquids of some value, although probably not per- ally found only at Gentile sites on the coast and in fumes, since their capacity is generally signifi- the north. cantly greater than that of perfume bottles (Pl. The larger flask type is found at sites in the far 6.1.20). Three basic forms occur: a single-handled north (essentially inland Phoenicia) and on the juglet with a cupped rim and an ovoid or globular southern coast, and is not common even in these body (Pl. 6.1.18:8–14, Photo 6.1.1:16–17; see also areas. Although scattered over a wide area, the few Photo 6.1.1:18); an elongated two-handled known examples are very similar in form and fin- amphoriskos with a constricted foot (Pl. ishing details. They have a body formed in two 6.1.18:15–21); and a narrow-necked flask (Pl. parts, each with unsmoothed concentric wheel 6.1.19:1–5). Typologically, only the amphoriskos ridges, a 90-degree attachment of body and neck, a forms exhibit chronological development. Exam- narrow neck ridge demarcating the upper handle ples from early to mid-2nd century BCE contexts attachment, and a thickened slightly everted rim are more finely finished, with thin even walls and (Pl. 6.1.19:6–9, Photo 6.1.1:20). The capacious neatly delineated feet (Pl. 6.1.18:15–17). Vessels body, sturdy handles, and easily stoppered mouth from late 2nd century BCE strata have uneven all suggest a function akin to the modern canteen. thicker walls and a cursorily-finished base (Pl. While the form is well suited for travelers, the CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 639 breakable material is not, which may account for There are two main body profiles: a diminutive the rarity of surviving examples. piriform shape (Pl. 6.1.21:1) that closely mimics the more expensive lead versions; and a short biconical form slightly narrowed at the base and Perfume Bottles (Unguentaria) neck (Pl. 6.1.21:2–5, Photo 6.1.1:21). The thick (Pl. 6.1.20) walls and small dimensions of both forms make them almost as durable as metal containers. Prior to the Hellenistic period, perfume was usu- Funnels are rarely attested, although their util- ally sold and stored in glass or stone (alabaster) ity for dispensing liquids would suggest that they vessels. The manufacture of such vessels contin- should be a standard component of household as- ued in the Hellenistic period, but for the first time, semblages. Two types of large funnels are known, ceramic bottles, termed unguentaria in the litera- both late Hellenistic in dating (Pl. 6.1.21:6–7). ture, became as common as their more luxurious They should be considered part of the larger corpus (and expensive) counterparts. Small, sturdy, and of table service vessels that includes table ampho- easily transported, these bottles are often found far rae, table jugs, lagynoi, and kraters (Pls. 6.1.5– from their place of manufacture, and many im- 6.1.6). ported types occur in Palestine, for example, Pl. Stands (Pl. 6.1.21:8–9) are relatively rare, and 6.1.20:7, probably from Paphos, (Papuci- were apparently singular productions. The two il- Wladyka 1995: 66–67). The most common are lustrated examples are similar in only one re- made of fabrics that indicate either Phoenician (Pl. spect—neither shows evidence of burning, 6.1.20:8–9, 11–15) or Palestinian manufacture (Pl. indicating that they were used with utility or table 6.1.20:16–17). In the 3rd century, potters modeled vessels, rather than as cooking vessel supports. In ceramic forms on glass vessels (compare Pl. Egypt, stands were manufactured regularly in both 6.1.20:5–6 with Pl. 6.1.1:11–12), but such imita- the Pharaonic and Ptolemaic periods, and a number tion soon ceased. Throughout the 2nd century, pot- of examples are attested at Hellenistic Marisa ters experimented with various, sometimes ( I Appendix 2: 183, Forms 96–97), which impractical, details, such as a narrow peg toe (Pl. had close economic ties with Ptolemaic Egypt 6.1.20:9–12) and elongated spindle shape (Pl. (Berlin 1997a: 4–8; Maresha I Chapter 2: 9–10, 6.1.20:14–15). Exteriors are generally 24). undecorated, but sometimes have painted bands (Pl. 6.1.20:11–12) or other motifs (like the - mond on Pl. 6.1.20:14). In all cases, however, the Lamps vessel’s function is reflected in the rim form, a (Pl. 6.1.22) thickened and/or cupped ring designed to catch drips and so retain precious contents. Three distinct forms of lamps were in use in the Hellenistic period: two Greek-inspired and one lo- cal. The local form is a hand-made sometimes Medicine Pots, Funnels, and Stands wheel-finished saucer-like vessel with a flat or disc (Pl. 6.1.21) base and pinched upper body; it is a smaller, nar- rower version of a long-lived lamp form (see Pl. Medicine pots are short bulbous vessels with a 5.1.23:1–7). As demonstrated in early 2nd century mouth almost equal in diameter to the widest part strata, production of the local form continued, at of the body. The distinctive and practical shape least in Judea (Pl. 6.1.22:1–2), attested through the suggests their function as pots used for small quan- late 2nd and 1st centuries BCE (Pl. 6.1.22:3–5). tities of potent solids; similarly-shaped vessels On the coast, potters began manufacturing local (usually stamped to identify their intended con- versions of Greek round-bodied wheel-made tents) occur throughout the eastern Mediterranean. lamps in the late 4th century BCE (Pl. 6.1.22:6); 640 ANDREA M. BERLIN the form is faithful to the many Attic exemplars production throughout the eastern Mediterranean, that were imported into the region (e.g., Pl. and locally-produced mold-made lamps appear in 6.1.1:13). By the early 3rd century, local wheel- the north, on the coast, and at Gentile sites in the made lamps appear at northern sites, and by the Shephelah (Pl. 6.1.22:9–11; see also Photo late 3rd century BCE, at sites in the central Hill 6.1.1:23–24). These low-bodied lamps usually Country (Pl. 6.1.22:7–8; see also Photo 6.1.1:22). have a decorated rim, with motifs ranging from a In the early 2nd century BCE, the technology simple incised geometric design (Pl. 6.1.22:9)to of mold-made vessels was adapted for lamp elaborately molded Erotes figures.

Plate 6.1.1: Imported and luxury goods: Middle 4th–late 2nd c. BCE

1. Fish plate Attic clay; lustrous black slip Dor Middle–late Dor IB, Fig. 4.5:4 4th c. 2. Plate Attic clay; lustrous black slip Dor Middle–late Dor IB, Fig. 4.5:11 4th c. 3. Bowl Attic clay; lustrous black slip Dor Middle–late Dor IB, Fig. 4.1:3 4th c. 4. Bowl Attic clay; lustrous black slip Dor Middle–late Dor IB, Fig. 4.2:1 4th c. 5. Skyphos Cast glass, colorless Eastern Late 3rd– Grose 1989, Fig. 92 Mediterranean early 2nd c. 6. Bowl Cast glass, yellowish-green Syro-Palestine Mid-2nd– Grose 1989, p. 182, No. 214 early 1st c. 7. Bowl Cast glass, colorless Syro-Palestine Mid-2nd– Grose 1989, p. 182, No. 212 early 1st c. 8. Casserole Red-brown, Delta silt Naukratis Early 3rd c. Naukratis II, Fig. 2.21:6 9. Krater Red-brown; matt dark brown Dor 3rd–mid- Dor IB, Fig. 5.11:4 slip, thin white decoration 2nd c. 10. Krater Red-brown; glossy dark slip, Dor 3rd c. Dor IB, Fig. 5.11:7 white decoration 11. Bottle Core-formed glass, cobalt blue Eastern 3rd c. Grose 1989, p. 166, No. 160 Mediterranean 12. Bottle Core-formed glass, cobalt blue Eastern 3rd c. Grose 1989, p. 166, No. 158 Mediterranean 13. Lamp Attic clay; brown slip interior Dor 4th–early Dor IB, Fig. 5.13:3 3rd c. CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 641

Plate 6.1.1 642 ANDREA M. BERLIN

Plate 6.1.2: Late 4th–early 1st c. BCE

1. Saucer Light red, some mica; red slip Dor VA Dor IB, Fig. 6.56:2 2. Saucer Dark gray-brown; gray-brown slip Dor VA Dor IB, Fig. 6.56:3 3. Saucer Reddish-yellow; dusky red slip Dor VA Dor IB, Fig. 6.56:7 4. Saucer Reddish-yellow; matt red-brown slip Dor VA Dor IB, Fig. 6.56:8 5. Saucer Red; reddish-gray slip Gezer III Gezer III (HUC), Fig. 33:12 6. Saucer Light brown; corroded black slip Dor IVB Dor IB, Fig. 6.47:5 7. Saucer Light brown; lustrous brown slip Dor IVB Dor IB, Fig. 6.54:26 8. Saucer Light brown; corroded black slip Dor IVB Dor IB, Fig. 6.54:27 9. Saucer Granular light brown; brown-black slip Kedesh Abandonment Inv. No. K00 P157 10. Saucer Reddish-buff; matt brown-black slip Samaria HFW Samaria III, Fig. 37:13 11. Saucer – Tirat Occupation Tirat Yehuda, Fig. 9:12 Yehuda 12. Saucer Drab; metallic black slip Samaria HFW Samaria III, Fig. 37:10 13. Saucer Pink; red slip Samaria PHFW Samaria III, Fig. 43:3 14. Saucer Spatter-painted; orange-pink slip Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 17: PW 150 15. Saucer Spatter-painted; light brown slip Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 17: PW 158 16. Saucer Reddish-brown Pella West Cut Pella 1, Pl. 130:4 17. Saucer Light brown Pella Destruction Pella 1, Pl. 129:7 18. Saucer Light yellow brown Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. 16:264 19. Saucer Light yellow brown; red slip Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. 16:269 20. Saucer Pink; white surface Qumran Ib de Vaux 1956, p. 555, Fig. 2:6 21. Saucer Reddish-yellow Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. 1:24 22. Saucer Reddish-yellow Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. 1:25 CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 643

Plate 6.1.2 644 ANDREA M. BERLIN

Plate 6.1.3: Late 4th–early 1st c. BCE

1. Bowl Brown; red slip Michal V Michal, Fig. 13.1:3 2. Bowl Light brown; brown-black slip Michal V Michal, Fig. 13.1:4 3. Bowl Brown; red slip Michal V Michal, Fig. 13.1:5 4. Bowl Gray; dull dark gray slip Dor VA Dor IB, Fig. 6.56:6 5. Bowl Brown; corroded black slip Dor IVB Dor IB, Fig. 6.47:8 6. Bowl Red; dark red-brown slip Dor IVB Dor IB, Fig. 6.54:21 7. Bowl Pink-gray; dull black slip Dor IVB Dor IB, Fig. 6.54:22 8. Bowl Pink; matt red slip Gezer III Gezer III (HUC), Fig. 33:16 9. Bowl Granular light brown; red slip Kedesh Abandonment Inv. No. K00 P191 10. Bowl Spatter-painted; pink-brown slip Kedesh Abandonment Inv. No. K00 P35 11. Bowl Red-yellow; red slip Dor IVB Dor IB, Fig. 6.47:9 12. Bowl Buff Samaria HFW Samaria III, Fig. 38:8 13. Bowl Buff; black-red wash Samaria HFW Samaria III, Fig. 38:7 14. Bowl – Tirat Yehuda Occupation Tirat Yehuda, Fig. 9:2 15. Bowl – Tirat Yehuda Occupation Tirat Yehuda, Fig. 9:3 16. Bowl Spatter-painted; red-brown slip Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 16: PW 133 17. Bowl Light brown; dark gray-brown slip Pella West Cut Pella 1, Pl. 130:5 18. Bowl Light brown Pella Destruction Pella 1, Pl. 129:5 19. Bowl Light red el-Fûl IVB el-Fûl, Fig. 77:15 20. Bowl Pinkish-brown (speckled yellow- Jericho Fortified Jericho Palaces III, Pl. I:9 pink?) Palace 21. Bowl Pinkish-red (speckled yellow-pink?) Jericho Fortified Jericho Palaces III, Pl. I:14 Palace 22. Bowl Pinkish-red (speckled yellow-pink?) Jericho Fortified Jericho Palaces III, Pl. I:13 Palace 23. Bowl Red; white surface Qumran Ib de Vaux 1956, p. 555, Fig. 2:11 24. Bowl Pale brown; reddish-brown slip Gezer IIA Gezer III (HUC), Fig. 43:7 25. Bowl Pink Gezer IIA Gezer III (HUC), Fig. 43:6 26. Bowl Greenish-gray; wet-smoothed Ashdod 3a Ashdod II–III, Fig. 10:12 27. Bowl Yellowish-gray Ashdod 3a Ashdod II–III, Fig. 10:13 CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 645

Plate 6.1.3 Plate 6.1.4: 3rd–early 1st c. BCE

1. Skyphos Red-yellow; blackish-red slip Dor VA Dor IB, Fig. 6.53:11 2. Skyphos Red; red slip Samaria HFW Samaria III, Fig. 39:4 3. Skyphos Red slip Tirat Yehuda Occupation Tirat Yehuda, Fig. 9:23 4. Bowl Yellow-brown; brown slip Samaria HFW Samaria III, Fig. 37:16 5. Bowl Buff; black-red slip Samaria PHFW Samaria III, Fig. 43:4 6. Bowl Spatter-painted; gray slip interior Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 16: PW 141 7. Goblet Light brownish-red Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. IV:74 8. Goblet Light brownish-red Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. IV:72 9. Goblet Light brownish-red Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. I:30 10. Goblet Red; white surface Qumran Ib de Vaux 1956, p. 555, Fig. 2:8

Plate 6.1.5: 2nd c. BCE

1. Table amphora Reddish-yellow (semi-fine) Dor IVA Dor IB, Fig. 6.44:20 2. Table amphora Reddish-yellow (semi-fine) Dor IVA Dor IB, Fig. 6.44:19+22 3. Table amphora Semi-fine Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 1: PW 1 4. Table jug – Tirat Yehuda Occupation Tirat Yehuda, Fig. 7:2 5. Table jug Spatter-painted Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 51: PW 446 6. Table jug Semi-fine Kedesh Abandonment Kedesh Prelim, p. 31, Fig. 14:3 7. Table jug Gray (semi-fine); light gray Dor IVA Dor IB, Fig. 6.44:18 surface 8. Table jug Semi-fine Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 8: PW 38 9. Table jug Pale gray buff Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. 8:52 10. Lagynos Buff-pink; pale brown slip Dor IVA Dor IB, Fig. 6.44:23 11. Lagynos Semi-fine Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 5: PW 24 CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 647

Plate 6.1.5 648 ANDREA M. BERLIN

Plate 6.1.6: 3rd–early 1st c. BCE

1. Krater Semi-fine; red-brown decoration Anafa Hell 1 Anafa II/i, Pl. 43: PW 403 2. Krater Light red Dor VA Dor IB, Fig. 6.56:14 3. Krater Spatter-painted Kedesh Occupation Inv. No. K00 P204 4. Krater Red-brown Dor IVA Dor IB, Fig. 6.43:25 5. Krater Reddish-brown Shiqmona H Elgavish 1976, p. 68, Fig. 2:3 6. Krater Bricky gray-red Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 43: PW 404 7. Krater Gritty gray-brown Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 42: PW 393 8. Krater Light pinkish-brown Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. III:41 9. Krater Light red Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. III:42 10. Krater Pink; white surface Qumran Ib de Vaux 1956, p. 555, Fig. 2:2 11. Krater Red; white surface Qumran I de Vaux 1956, p. 559, Fig. 4:15 CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 649

Plate 6.1.6 650 ANDREA M. BERLIN

Plate 6.1.7: Late 4th–mid 2nd c. BCE

1. Cooking pot Reddish-brown Wadi ed- Cave Wâdi ed-Dâliyeh, Pl. 23:2 Daliyeh 2. Cooking pot Spatter-painted; pink-orange slip Anafa Hell 1 Anafa II/i, Pl. 20: PW 183 3. Cooking pot Gritty gray-brown Anafa Hell 1 Anafa II/i, Pl. 20: PW 178 4. Cooking pot Spatter-painted; dark red slip Anafa Hell 1 Anafa II/i, Pl. 21: PW 184 5. Cooking pot Red Gezer III Gezer III (HUC), Fig. 33:21 6. Cooking pot Reddish-brown Gezer III Gezer III (HUC), Fig. 33:20 7. Cooking pot Dark red Shechem House P. Lapp and Lapp 1958, p. 23, Fig. 4:1 8. Cooking pot Grayish-red Jerusalem Area E City of David VIIB, Fig. Stratum 8 2.1:4 9. Cooking pot Dark red-brown Dor IVA Dor IB, Fig. 6.53:14 10. Cooking pot Gritty red-brown Kedesh Abandonment Inv. No. K97 P2 11. Cooking pot Brown Samaria HFW Samaria III, Fig. 41:1 12. Cooking pot Sandy brown-red Kedesh Abandonment Kedesh Prelim, p. 31, Fig. 14:6 13. Cooking pot – Tirat Yehuda Occupation Tirat Yehuda, Fig. 8:9 14. Cooking pot Dark red el-Fûl IVA el-Fûl, Fig. 79:15 CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 651

Plate 6.1.7 652 ANDREA M. BERLIN

Plate 6.1.8: Late 2nd–early 1st c. BCE

1. Cooking pot Dark red el-Fûl IVB el-Fûl, Fig. 78:2 2. Cooking pot Light red Gezer IIB Gezer III (HUC), Fig. 37:16 3. Cooking pot Red brown Jerusalem Area E City of David VIIB, Fig. Stratum 7B 2.4:9 4. Cooking pot Red brown Pella Abandonment Pella 1, Pl. 129:4 5. Cooking pot Spatter-painted Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 21: PW 187 6. Cooking pot Sandy brown-red Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 23: PW 201 7. Cooking pot Reddish-brown (smooth red-brown?) Beth-Zur I Beth-Zur, Fig. 26:9 8. Cooking pot Reddish-brown (smooth red-brown?) Beth-Zur I Beth-Zur, Fig. 27:2 9. Cooking pot Red-brown Jericho Fortified Jericho Palaces III, Pl. I:7 Palace 10. Cooking pot Red-brown Jericho Fortified Jericho Palaces III, Pl. I:3 Palace 11. Cooking pot Red-brown Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. VI:26 CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 653

Plate 6.1.8 654 ANDREA M. BERLIN

Plate 6.1.9: Late 3rd–early 1st c. BCE

1. Lid Sandy dark brown-red Dor IVB Dor IB, Fig. 6.54:11 2. Casserole Sandy red-brown Dor IVB Dor IB, Fig. 6.54:33 3. Lid Sandy red-brown Kedesh Abandonment Inv. No. K00 P206 4. Casserole Sandy red-brown Kedesh Abandonment Kedesh Prelim, p. 31, Fig. 14:7 5. Lid Sandy red-brown Kedesh Abandonment Inv. No. K00 P205 6. Casserole Sandy red-brown Kedesh Abandonment Inv. No. K00 P39 7. Casserole Red-brown Samaria HFW Samaria III, Fig. 41:9 8. Casserole Sandy dark brown-red Dor IVA Dor IB, Fig. 6.43:33 9. Casserole Red Gezer IIC Gezer III (HUC), Pl. 35:18 10. Casserole Red Dor IVA Dor IB, Fig. 6.43:34 11. Casserole Dark red-brown Dor IVA Dor IB, Fig. 6.43:35 12. Lid Sandy red-brown Shiqmona H Elgavish 1976, p. 68, Fig. 2:1 13. Casserole Sandy red-brown Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 29: PW 241 14. Casserole Bricky brown-red Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 28: PW 234 15. Casserole Sandy red-brown Anafa Hell 2C Anafa II/i, Pl. 30: PW 259 16. Casserole Dark red Ashdod 3b Ashdod II–III, Fig. 8:18 17. Casserole Bricky light red Anafa Hell 2C Anafa II/i, Pl. 30: PW 254 18. Casserole Red-brown Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. 12:158 CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 655

Plate 6.1.9 656 ANDREA M. BERLIN

Plate 6.1.10: Late 3rd–late 2nd c. BCE

1. Baking dish Micaceous dark red-brown Dor VA Dor IB, Fig. 6.56:15 2. Baking dish Reddish-brown Dor IVA Dor IB, Fig. 6.44:2 3. Frying pan Micaceous red; burnish interior Samaria HFW Samaria III, Fig. 41:23 4. Baking dish Micaceous pinkish-gray Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 34: PW 298 5. Frying pan – Pella Destruction Pella 1, Pl. 129:16 CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 657

Plate 6.1.11: Phoenician: 3rd–2nd c. BCE

1. Storage jar Semi-fine Dor IVB Dor IB, Fig. 6.38:1 2. Storage jar Semi-fine Dor IVB Dor IB, Fig. 6.38:2 3. Storage jar Orange-buff (semi-fine) Shiqmona H Elgavish 1976, p. 75, Fig. 6:18 4. Storage jar Semi-fine Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 57: PW 483 658 ANDREA M. BERLIN

Plate 6.1.12: Northern and coastal: 3rd–2nd c. BCE

1. Storage jar Light orange Anafa Hell 1 Anafa II/i, Pl. 62: PW 503bis 2. Storage jar Pale brown Dor IVA Dor IB, Fig. 6.37:6 3. Storage jar Buff-gray Michal VI Michal, Fig. 9.12:8 Plate 6.1.13: Northern and coastal: 3rd–2nd c. BCE

1. Storage jar Spatter-painted Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 58: PW 485+PW 487 2. Storage jar Reddish-yellow Dor IVA Dor IB, Fig. 6.35:10 3. Storage jar Reddish-yellow Dor IVA Dor IB, Fig. 6.37:1 Plate 6.1.14: Judean: 2nd–1st c. BCE

1. Storage jar Light pinkish-brown el-Fûl IVA el-Fûl, Fig. 74:1 2. Storage jar Light red el-Fûl IVB el-Fûl, Fig. 72:19 3. Storage jar Pale gray-buff Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. 4:23 CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 661

Plate 6.1.15: Judean: 2nd–1st c. BCE

1. Storage jar Pale gray-buff Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. 3:18 2. Storage jar Pale gray-buff Ashdod 3b Ashdod II–III, Fig. 12:1 662 ANDREA M. BERLIN

Plate 6.1.16: Late 4th–late 2nd c. BCE

1. Mortarium Deep tan Wadi ed-Daliyeh Cave I Wâdi ed-Dâliyeh, Pl. 23:1 2. Mortarium Gritty red-brown Anafa Hell I Anafa II/i, Pl. 38: PW 348 3. Mortarium Spatter-painted Kedesh Abandonment Kedesh Prelim, p. 25, Fig. 8:8 4. Mortarium Gritty red-brown Kedesh Abandonment Inv. No. K00 P40 5. Mortarium Dark brown Shiqmona H Elgavish 1976, p. 68, Fig. 2:2 6. Mortarium Light red Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 39: PW 365 7. Mortarium Sandy light red Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 40: PW 372 8. Mortarium Red-brown Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 40: PW 373 CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 663

Plate 6.1.17: Late 4th–early 1st c. BCE

1. Jug Reddish-brown Wadi ed-Daliyeh Cave I Wâdi ed-Dâliyeh, Pl. 21:3 2. Jug Reddish-yellow el-Fûl IVA el-Fûl, Fig. 75:21 3. Jug – Tirat Yehuda Occupation Tirat Yehuda, Fig. 7:6 4. Jug Dark gray Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 50: PW 445 5. Jug Bright pink-yellow Jerusalem Area E City of David VIIB, Fig. 2.1:11 Stratum 8 6. Jug Pale gray-buff Beth-Zur I Beth-Zur, Fig. 25:5 664 ANDREA M. BERLIN

Plate 6.1.18

Early 2nd–early 1st c. BCE 1. Juglet Semi-fine Kedesh Abandonment Kedesh Prelim, p. 31, Fig. 14:5 2. Juglet – Tirat Occupation Tirat Yehuda, Fig. 7:11 Yehuda 3. Juglet Pale brown Gezer IIB Gezer III (HUC), Fig. 37:6 4. Juglet Semi-fine; upper part painted red Shiqmona H Elgavish 1976, p. 72, Fig. 4:11 5. Juglet Semi-fine Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 10: PW 53 6. Juglet Dull red Ashdod 3b Ashdod II–III, Fig. 9:16 7. Juglet Light red Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. VI:14 2nd–early 1st c. BCE 8. Juglet Semi-fine; red wash Kedesh Abandonment Kedesh Prelim, p. 41, Fig. 21 9. Juglet Semi-fine; red wash Kedesh Abandonment Kedesh Prelim, p. 41, Fig. 21 10. Juglet Semi-fine?; red wash Tirat Occupation Tirat Yehuda, Fig. 7:8 Yehuda 11. Juglet Red el-Fûl IVB el-Fûl, Fig. 76:13 12. Juglet Light brown (speckled yellow- Jerusalem Area W, Jewish Quarter II, Pl. 5.2:41 pink?) Stratum 4 13. Juglet Buff; black-brown slip Ashdod 3b Ashdod II–III, Fig. 9:7 14. Juglet Speckled yellow-pink Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. 10:87 15. Amphoriskos Semi-fine Kedesh Abandonment Inv. No. K00 P190 16. Amphoriskos Semi-fine Kedesh Abandonment Kedesh Prelim, p. 31, Fig. 14:4 17. Amphoriskos Semi-fine Tirat Occupation Tirat Yehuda, Fig. 7:18 Yehuda 18. Amphoriskos Reddish-yellow (semi-fine) Dor IVA Dor IB, Fig. 6.44:15 19. Amphoriskos Semi-fine Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 11: PW 75 20. Amphoriskos Semi-fine Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 11: PW 69 21. Amphoriskos Buff (semi-fine) Ashdod 3b Ashdod II–III, Fig. 10:9 CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 665

Plate 6.1.18 666 ANDREA M. BERLIN

Plate 6.1.19: 2nd c. BCE

1. Flask Drab red Samaria HFW Samaria III, Fig. 42:3 2. Flask – Tirat Yehuda Occupation Tirat Yehuda, Fig. 7:22 3. Flask Reddish-buff Beth-Zur II Beth-Zur, Fig. 23:1 4. Flask Yellowish-red el-Fûl IVB el-Fûl, Fig. 76:5 5. Flask Pale gray-buff Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. II:23 6. Flask Semi-fine Kedesh Abandonment Kedesh Prelim, p. 41, Fig. 21 7. Flask Semi-fine Anafa Hell 2 Anafa II/i, Pl. 47: PW 424 8. Flask Semi-fine Anafa Hell 2 Anafa II/i, Pl. 48: PW 425 9. Flask Orange-buff (semi-fine?) Ashdod 3b Ashdod II–III, Fig. 11:11

Plate 6.1.20: Early 3rd–early 1st c. BCE

1. Unguentarium White-pink; red decoration Anafa Hell 1 Anafa II/i, Pl. 12: PW 78 2. Unguentarium Red-buff Anafa Hell 1 Anafa II/i, Pl. 12: PW 79 3. Unguentarium Pinkish-buff Anafa Hell 1 Anafa II/i, Pl. 12: PW 83 4. Unguentarium Light red Dor IVB Dor IB, Fig. 6.53:15 5. Unguentarium Pinkish-buff Anafa Hell 1 Anafa II/i, Pl. 12: PW 80 6. Unguentarium Reddish-yellow (semi-fine?) Dor IVB Dor IB, Fig. 6.54:13 7. Unguentarium Pink-buff; reddish-gray slip Dor IVA Dor IB, Fig. 6.44:16 8. Unguentarium Semi-fine Kedesh Abandonment Kedesh Prelim, p. 25, Fig. 8:4 9. Unguentarium Light pink-buff (semi-fine); Kedesh Abandonment Kedesh Prelim, p. 25, Fig. 8:6 red slip 10. Unguentarium – Tirat Occupation Tirat Yehuda, Fig. 7:17 Yehuda 11. Unguentarium Pale brown (semi-fine); red Shiqmona H Elgavish 1976, p. 73, Fig. 5:15 decoration 12. Unguentarium Semi-fine; red decoration Pella West Cut Pella 1, Pl. 130:11 13. Unguentarium Semi-fine Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 13: PW 96 14. Unguentarium Semi-fine; black decoration Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 14: PW 99 15. Unguentarium Semi-fine Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 14: PW 102 16. Unguentarium Light brown Jerusalem Area W Jewish Quarter II, Pl. 5.2:48 Upper City Stratum 4 17. Unguentarium Yellow Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. I:2 CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 667

Plate 6.1.19 668 ANDREA M. BERLIN

Plate 6.1.20 CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 669

Plate 6.1.21

Early 3rd–early 1st c. BCE 1. Medicine pot Pink (semi-fine) Dor IVA Dor IB, Fig. 6.47:28 2. Medicine pot Semi-fine Kedesh Abandonment Kedesh Prelim, p. 41, Fig. 21 3. Medicine pot Semi-fine Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 15: PW 123 4. Medicine pot Semi-fine Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 15: PW 125 5. Medicine pot Reddish-yellow (semi-fine) Pella West Cut Pella 1, Pl. 130:7 2nd–early 1st c. BCE 6. Funnel Semi-fine Anafa Hell 2A Anafa II/i, Pl. 47: PW 420 7. Funnel Semi-fine Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. 19:308 8. Stand Gritty red-brown Kedesh Abandonment Inv. No. K00 P58 9. Stand Gray-brown Ashdod 3a Ashdod II–III, Fig. 11:6 670 ANDREA M. BERLIN

Plate 6.1.22: Late 4th–early 1st c. BCE

1. Lamp Speckled yellow-pink Jerusalem Area E City of David VIIB, Fig. 2.1:12 Stratum 8 2. Lamp Pink Gezer IIC Gezer III (HUC), Fig. 35:25 3. Lamp Light red-brown el-Fûl IVB el-Fûl, Pl. 80:11 4. Lamp Reddish-brown Jericho Twin Palaces Jericho Palaces III, Pl. 17:284 5. Lamp Pinkish-gray Gezer IIA Gezer III (HUC), Fig. 43:14 6. Lamp Pink Dor VA Dor IB, Fig. 6.56:36 7. Lamp Speckled yellow-pink Jerusalem Area E City of David VIIB, Fig. 2.1:13 Stratum 8 8. Lamp Reddish-yellow el-Fûl IVB el-Fûl, Pl. 80:9 9. Lamp Gray; black slip Kedesh Abandonment Inv. No. K00 L13 10. Lamp Gray Gezer IIC Gezer III (HUC), Fig. 35:26 11. Lamp Sepia; sepia slip Dor IVA Dor IB, Fig. 5.16:11 CHAPTER 6.1: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 671

Plate 6.1.22

744 COLOR PHOTOS

Photo 6.1.1

Vessel Plate Photo reference Vessel Plate Photo reference 1. Saucer Like 6.1.2:1–2 Berlin, Herbert, and 13. Jug Like 6.1.17:5 Beth-Zur: Pl. 36:b Stone 2014: Fig. 11: left 2. Saucer Like 6.1.2:16 Berlin, Herbert, and 14. Juglet Like 6.1.18:1 Shikmona 2: IX:206 Stone 2014: Fig. 11: center 3. Saucer Like 6.1.2:9 Berlin, Herbert, and 15. Juglet Like 6.1.18:2 Shikmona 2: IX:208 Stone 2014: Fig. 11: right 4. Bowl 6.1.3:27 Ashdod II–III: Pl. 16. Juglet 6.1.18:8 Herbert and Berlin XIV:2 2003: 41, Fig. 21: top right 5. Bowl Like 6.1.4:4 Dor 1B: Photo 6.4 17. Juglet 6.1.18:9 Herbert and Berlin 2003: 41, Fig. 21: cen- ter middle 6. Cooking Like 6.1.7:2 Anafa II/i: Pl. 78: PW 18. Juglet Like 6.1.18:11 Ashdod II–III: Pl. 17:3 pot 205 7. Casserole Like 6.1.9:13 Weinberg 1971: Pl. 19. Juglet Like 6.1.18:19 Shikmona 2: Pl. 16D: left XVI:231 8. Casserole Like 6.1.9:14 Weinberg 1971: Pl. 20. Flask 6.1.19:6 Herbert and Berlin 16D: right 2003: 41, Fig. 21: cen- ter 9. Casserole Like 6.1.9:13 Weinberg 1971: Pl. 21. Medicine 6.1.21:2 Herbert and Berlin 16D: top center pot 2003: 41, Fig. 21: lower left 10. Casserole 6.1.9:15 Weinberg 1971: Pl. 22. Lamp Like 6.1.22.8 – 16D: bottom center 11. Storage Like 6.1.11:4 Shikmona 2: Pl. X:211 23. Lamp Like 6.1.22:9 – jar 12. Storage Like 6.1.13:2 Shikmona 2: Pl. X:212 24. Lamp Like 6.1.22:9 – jar

Photo 6.1.1:1–3 by Z. Radovan and 16–17, 20–24 by H. Smithline, courtesy of Kedesh project; 4, 18 by M. Pan, courtesy of Ashdod project; 5 by Z. Radovan, courtesy of Dor project; 6–10 by A. Levin, courtesy of Anafa project; 11–12, 14–15, 19 by H. Sadeh, courtesy of Shikmona project; 13 courtesy of Beth-Zur project COLOR PHOTOS 745

Photo 6.1.1 Abbreviations

AASOR Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research ADAJ Annual of the Department of Antiquities of AIA Archaeological Institute of America AIAR W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research AJA American Journal of Archaeology ANET J.B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (3rd ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. ASCSA American School of Classical Studies at Athens ASOR American Schools of Oriental Research BA Biblical Archaeologist BAR British Archaeological Reports BAR IntSer British Archaeological Reports International Series BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BCH Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique E-I Eretz-Israel IAA Israel Antiquities Authority IEJ Israel Exploration Journal IES Israel Exploration Society JAS Journal of Archaeological Science JCS Journal of Studies JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies JRASS Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament JSOTSS Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series LA Liber Annuus NEA Near Eastern Archaeology NEAEHL The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, ed. E. Stern. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1993 (Vols. 1–4), 2008 (Vol. 5). OBO Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Freiburg: Universitätsverlag OI Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago PEF Palestine Exploration Fund PEFA Palestine Exploration Fund Annual PEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly QDAP Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine RB Revue Biblique

749 750 ABBREVIATIONS

RDAC Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus SHAJ Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan SIMA Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, Göteborg: Åströms U-F -Forschungen ZDPV Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins References

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Iron Age Iron Age IA 1200–1150 Iron Age IB 1150–1000 Iron Age IIA 1000–900 Iron Age IIB 900–700 Iron Age IIC 700–586

Babylonian Period 586–539

Persian Period 539–332

Hellenistic Period Early Hellenistic period 332–167 Late Hellenistic period (Hasmonean period) 167–37

* The chronological chart is taken from The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, E. Stern (ed.), which reflects the traditional dating used in this publication. For an explanation of why some dates may have been modified in vari- ous chapters, see the Editor’s Notes, Nos. 1, 4 and 5.