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Ramos Spoken Word and Ritual Performance Dissertation Final UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Spoken Word and Ritual Performance: The Oath and the Curse in Deuteronomy 27-28 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures by Melissa Dianne Ramos 2015 © Copyright by Melissa Dianne Ramos 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Spoken Word and Ritual Performance: The Oath and the Curse in Deuteronomy 27-28 by Melissa Dianne Ramos Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor William M. Schniedewind, Chair The composition of Deut 27-28 is shaped by its ritual and performative function and by the narrative device of a script within a speech: the oral and ritual performance of the covenant ceremony by the Levites is framed within the speech-command of Moses. Studies of Deut 28 have largely focused on the textual tradition of this chapter and on its parallels with ancient near eastern treaties, and with the Succession Treaty of Esarhaddon in particular. Many studies view Deut 28 as a collection of isolated units of curse lines disconnected from the ceremonial performance of the covenant ratification ceremony detailed in Deut 27. This is due in part to the commonly held view that chapter 27 is an interpolation and a later addition to the literary unit of 12-26 and 28. However, a re-examination of comparative ancient near eastern evidence and a fresh literary analysis of 27 suggests that chapters 27-28 form a unified whole. A text-centric approach to Deut 28 has left largely unexamined the oral and ritual performance described in Deut 27. Ratification of oaths and treaties in the ancient near east was performative and entailed ii speaking words of power and performing ritual acts such as the slaughter of an animal or the ceremonial breaking of weapons. Deut 27 also furnishes instructions for the erection of an altar, ritual sacrifices, and an oral recitation of “all the words of this torah” including the blessings and curses in chapter 28. This concept of oaths and treaties as scripts is explored using the Aramaic Sefire treaty as a test case. An analysis of the curse segment of the Sefire treaty shows syntactical features typical of spoken language, suggesting that the curse portion of the written treaty was shaped by oral recitation and/or an oral tradition of formulaic curse language. The text-centric approach to studies of Deut 28 has also hindered examination of parallels between treaties and ritual and performative texts, and especially incantations. A study of contiguities between Deut 27-28 and the Neo-Assyrian incantation series Maqlû and Šurpu reveals compelling thematic, linguistic, and formological parallels. iii The dissertation of Melissa Dianne Ramos is approved. Ra’anan S. Boustan Giorgio Buccellati William M. Schniedewind, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2015 iv For Francisco באהבה v Table of Contents Abstract of Dissertation ii-iii Acknowledgements x-xii Vita xiii-xiv Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: The Performance of Doom in Deut 27-28 11 Chapter Three: “You Shall Write on the Stones”: Deut 27-28 as a Literary Unit 44 Chapter Four: “Thus We Have Spoken and Thus We Have Written”: The Curses of Sefire and Ritual Oath Performance 74 Chapter Five: Deut 27-28 and Maqlû and Šurpu: Making an Oath and Countering an Oath 109 Chapter Six: Conclusion 143 Bibliography 150 vi List of Tables Table 1: Comparative Table of Noun to Verb Ratios 86 Table 2: Syntactical Formula of Futility Curses in the Ancient Near East 103 Table 3: Syntactical Formula of Futility Curses in Deut 28 104 Table 4: Oath and Curse Terminology 114 Table 5: Thematic Parallels between Deut 28 and Maqlû and Šurpu 122-125 Table 6: Parallel Curse Order and Combinations in Deut 27 and Šurpu Tablet II 128 vii Abbreviations AfO Archiv für Orientforschung BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für alttestamentliche Wissenschaft COS The Context of Scripture. 3 Volumes. Edited by William W. Hallo. Leiden, 2003. FAT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments IEJ Israel Exploration Journal JANES Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Studies JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JCS Journal of Cuneiform Studies JHS Journal of Hebrew Scriptures JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament JSS Journal of Semitic Studies MUSJ Mélanges de l’Université Saint-Joseph RAI Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale SAA Society for American Archaeology SBL Society of Biblical Literature STE Succession Treaty of Esarhaddon viii VT Vetus Testamentum WBC Word Biblical Commentary ix Acknowledgments The core idea for this dissertation came from a seminar taught by my doctoral advisor Bill Scniedewind on the Deuteronomistic History. The idea was further shaped and expanded thanks to a Graduate Research Mentorship fellowship and finalized with the Dissertation Year Fellowship award, both granted by UCLA's graduate division. I offer my sincere gratitude to Professor Schniedewind for challenging my facility with Hebrew and Northwest Semitic languages, for energetic and thoughtful instruction in seminars, and for teaching me how to ask good questions. Thanks seems insufficient for the effort he puts into his graduate students in seminars, in mentoring conversations, letters written for us of various sorts, and also for the gift of presence: his door is always open to us. Perhaps most of all, I am grateful for Professor Schniedewind’s unique ability to select and shape outstanding students who are my colleagues, friends, and partners in the pursuit of answers to our interesting questions. I wish to thank as well the other members of my dissertation committee. I am grateful to Giorgio Buccellati for directing me toward the methodology of rhetorical criticism, for helping me to think more carefully about methods of transmission of cuneiform literature, and for encouraging me to tackle "big picture" ideas in this dissertation. My thanks goes out to Ra’anan Boustan first for a summer research project in which we read Aramaic magic bowls together. Although this was a rather different topic, some of those discussions shaped ideas in my dissertation about the relationship between ritual, incantation, and scripture. I am also thankful for Professor Boustan's incisive comments about how to shape my arguments and craft a clearer line of reasoning. I also wish to offer warm thanks and gratitude to Yona Sabar for years of instruction in Modern x Hebrew and in many varieties of Aramaic. How wonderful to study under a native speaker and a scholar with such impressive facility in Semitics. And perhaps most of all I am grateful to Professor Sabar for gifting me with a love for Aramaic. My heartfelt thanks also goes out to my dear friend and exceptional colleague Alice Mandell. My gratitude is extended for the number of times Alice read chapters, articles and abstracts. I offer my thanks to Alice as well for not letting me get away with muddled thinking or sloppy concepts. Some of the ideas in this dissertation drew clarity from our lunch conversations and from resources Alice suggested. I am grateful most of all to Alice because she has been my friend and encourager. I am so very grateful for my friends and colleagues in the NELC Department at UCLA. Special thanks goes to Lisa Cleath, Jen Pantoja, Mike Wingert, and Jody Washburn. Special thanks I extend to Lisa for grounding me in the difficult early years of our program. I would never have made it this far without her friendship and sense of humor. Special thanks I also offer to Jen for reminding me what matters most in life and that we were doing this PhD because we really do love Hebrew and Aramaic at moments when I might have lost sight of that. Thank goes also to Mike and Jody for laughter, for their energy and excitement in engaging ideas, and for making our group more of a family. My thanks also is extended to Sara Brumfield for her detailed and thorough editing work in this dissertation. I am grateful especially for her help with the Akkadian normalizations, and for assisting me in making more informed choices in these. Errors that remain are, of course, of my xi own making. I also wish to thank my brother Bo Reynolds who compiled my bibliography for me. His biggest contribution, of course, is the love and friendship that made helped carry me through this project. I am so very grateful for the many phone conversations, for the laughs we have had, and for cheering me up and cheering me on when I needed it most. Deep thanks are also due to my dearest friend and sister in all the ways that count most, Anya Schmitz. Her friendship and encouragement are a constant source of joy and a compass back to my true purpose and direction. Anya served as my grounding point in all the ups and downs of this project and her rooting me on all the way means more than I can say. To my parents, Dean and Cindy Reynolds, I offer thanks although it seems inadequate. My parents taught me everything that really matters in life and especially that I could accomplish anything to which I put my mind. Thank you for believing in me always. For my husband, Francisco, my one true love, there are no words to express enough thanks. This dissertation is as much his labor of love as it is mine. Francisco is the one who has sacrificed the most to help make this dream a reality and I offer my deepest thanks and gratitude.
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