Flags of the Confederate States of America

This article is about historical uses of ags asso- ciated with the Confederate States of America. For modern uses, see Modern display of the Confederate ag.

There were three successive national ag designs that served as the ocial national flags of the Confeder- ate States of America (the "Confederate States" or the "Confederacy") during its existence from 1861 to 1865. Since the end of the American Civil War, private and of- cial use of the Confederacy's ags, and of ags with derivative designs, has continued under philosophical, political, cultural, and racial controversy in the United States. These include ags displayed in states; cities, towns and counties; schools, colleges and universities; private organizations and associations; and by individu- als. The state ag of Mississippi features the familiar Con- federate battle ag in the canton, or upper left corner, the only current U.S. state ag to do so. Georgia’s state ag is very similar to the rst national ag of the Confeder- acy, the “Stars and Bars"; a prior design incorporating the Confederate battle ag was in use from 1956 until 2001. Three versions of the flag of the Confederate States of Amer- ica and the Confederate Battle Flag are shown on this printed poster from 1896. The “Stars and Bars” can be seen in the up- 1 National flags per left. Standing at the center are Stonewall Jackson, P. G. T. Beauregard, and Robert E. Lee, surrounded by bust portraits of 1.1 First national flag: “The Stars and Jefferson Davis, Alexander Stephens, and various Confederate army officers, such as James Longstreet and A. P. Hill. Bars” (1861–1863)

German/Prussian artist Nicola Marschall in Marion, Al- abama and resembles the Flag of the Austrian Empire (later Austria-Hungary, now the Republic of Austria), with which Marschall would have been familiar.[12][13] The “Stars and Bars” ag was adopted March 4, 1861, in the rst temporary national capital of Montgomery, Al- abama, and raised over the dome of that rst Confederate capitol. Marschall also designed the Confederate army uniform.[13] One of the rst acts of the Provisional Confederate Congress was to create the “Committee on the Flag and Seal”, chaired by William Porcher Miles of South Car- A Confederate “Stars and Bars” ﬂag, captured by soldiers of the olina. The committee asked the public to submit thoughts Union Army at Columbia, South Carolina. and ideas on the topic and was, as historian John M. Coski puts it, “overwhelmed by requests not to abandon the 'old The rst ocial national ag of the Confederacy, ag' of the United States.” Miles had already designed a often called the “Stars and Bars”, was own from ag that would later become known as the Confederate March 4, 1861 to May 1, 1863. It was designed by "Battle Flag", and he favored his ag over the “Stars and

1 2 1 NATIONAL FLAGS

Bars” proposal. But given the popular support for a ag 1. ^ “Confederate States of America government”. similar to the U.S. ag ("the Stars and Stripes" – orig- Retrieved October 5, 2014. inally established and designed in June 1777 during the Revolutionary War), the “Stars and Bars” design was approved by the committee.[14] When the American Civil 1.2 Second national flag: “The Stainless War broke out, the “Stars and Bars” caused confusion on Banner” (1863–1865) the battleeld at the First Battle of Bull Run because of its similarity to the U.S. ag, especially when it was hanging During the solicitation for a second Confederate national [15] limp, down on the agsta. ag, there were many dierent types of designs that were The “Stars and Bars” was also criticized on ideologi- proposed, nearly all making use of the battle ag, which cal grounds for its resemblance to the U.S. ag, which by 1863 had become well-known and popular among many Confederates disliked, seeing it as symbolizing those living in the Confederacy. The new design was abolitionism and emancipation, to which the government specied by the Confederate Congress to be a white eld of the Confederacy were ocially opposed to as a matter “with the union (now used as the battle ag) to be a square of policy. As early as April 1861, a month after the ag’s of two-thirds the width of the ag, having the ground red; adoption, some were already criticizing the ag, calling it thereupon a broad saltire of blue, bordered with white, and emblazoned with mullets or ve-pointed stars, corre- a “servile imitation” and a “detested parody” of the U.S. [17] ag.[16] In January 1862, George William Bagby, writ- sponding in number to that of the Confederate States.” ing for the Southern Literary Messenger, wrote that many The ag is also known as “the Stainless Banner” and Confederates disliked the ag. “Every body wants a new was designed by William T. Thompson, a newspaper ed- Confederate ag,” Bagby wrote, also stating that “The itor and writer based in Savannah, Georgia, with assis- present one is universally hated. It resembles the Yankee tance from William Ross Postell, a Confederate block- ag and that is enough to make it unutterably detestable.” ade runner.[2][3][5][6][7][8] The nickname “stainless” re- The editor of the Charleston Mercury expressed a simi- ferred to the pure white eld which took up a large lar view, stating that “It seems to be generally agreed that part of the ag’s design, although W.T. Thompson, the the 'Stars and Bars’ will never do for us. They resemble ag’s designer, referred to his design as “The White too closely the dishonored 'Flag of Yankee Doodle'… Man’s Flag”.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In referring to the white we imagine that the "Battle Flag" will become the South- eld that comprised a large part of the ag’s design el- ern Flag by popular acclaim.” In addition, William T. ements, Thompson stated that its color symbolized the Thompson, the editor of the Savannah-based Daily Morn- “supremacy of the white man":[1] ing News also objected to the ag, stating in April 1863 that he was opposed to it “on account of its resemblance to that of the abolition despotism against which we are ghting.”[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In 1863, Thompson would go on to design the ag that would succeed the “Stars and Bars”, the “Stainless Banner”.[5][6][7][8] Over the course of the ag’s use by the Confederacy, additional stars were added to the ag’s canton, eventually bringing the total number of stars on the ag to thirteen. This reected the Confederacy’s claims of having admitted Kentucky and Missouri into the Confeder- Second national flag acy. Although they were represented in the Confeder- (May 1, 1863 – March 4, 1865[18]), 2:1 ratio ate Congress, neither state was ever fully controlled or administered by the Confederacy. The rst showing of the 13-star ag was outside the Ben Johnson House in As a people we are ghting maintain the Bardstown, Kentucky; the 13-star design was also in use Heaven-ordained supremacy of the white man as the Confederate navy’s battle ensign. over the inferior or colored race; a white ag • would thus be emblematical of our cause. First national ag with 7 stars —William T. Thompson (April 23, 1863), (March 4, 1861 – May 21, 1861) Daily Morning News[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] • First national ag with 9 stars (May 21, 1861 – July 2, 1861) • However, the ocial Confederate ag act of 1864 did First national ag with 11 stars not formally state what the white-colored eld ocially (July 2, 1861 – November 28, 1861) symbolized and thus, many Confederates at the time of- • First national ag with 13 stars fered various interpretations. The Confederate Congress (November 28, 1861 – May 1, 1863[1]) debated whether the white eld should have a blue stripe 1.3 Third national flag: “The Blood-Stained Banner” (1865) 3

the canton was sucient enough to distinguish the ag from that of one of truce and that adding any additional elements would make the ag look too much like the U.S. one, which he referred to derisively as “the Yan- kee ag”.[5][6][7][8] However, despite these complaints, the second national ag was applauded by some for its design invoking Confederate ideology. George William Bagby praised the ag, referring to the saltire in the ag’s canton as the “Southern Cross”, as did others at the time, and stating that it embodied “the destiny of the Southern master and his African slave”, pointing them southward to "the banks of the Amazon", expressing the desire many Confederates held of expanding slavery southward into Second national ﬂag, also used as the Confederate navy’s ensign, [4][20] 1.5:1 ratio Latin America.

and whether it should be bordered in red. As the ag’s 1.3 Third national ﬂag: “The Blood- designer, W.T. Thompson opposed adding any such ad- Stained Banner” (1865) ditional elements to the white eld.[2][3][8][5][6][7] William Miles delivered a speech supporting the simple white design that was eventually approved. He argued that the battle ag must be used, but for a national ag it was nec- essary to emblazon it, but as simply as possible, with a plain white eld.[19] In May 1863, when Thompson dis- covered that his design had been chosen by the Confeder- ate Congress to become the Confederacy’s next national ag, he was pleased. He praised his design as symbolizing the Confederacy’s ideology and its cause of “a superior race”, as well as for bearing little resemblance to the U.S. ag, which he called the “infamous banner of the Yankee vandals”. Writing for Savannah’s Daily Morning News, Thompson stated: Third national ﬂag (after March 4, 1865) As a national emblem, it is signicant of our higher cause, the cause of a superior race, and a higher civilization contending against ignorance, indelity, and barbarism. Another merit in the new ag is, that it bears no resemblance to the now infamous banner of the Yankee vandals. —William T. Thompson (May 4, 1863), Daily Morning News[2][3][5][6][7][8]

The ags that were actually produced by the Richmond Clothing Depot used the 1.5:1 ratio adopted for the Con- federate navy’s battle ensign, rather than the ocial 2:1 [9] ratio. Third national ﬂag as commonly manufactured, with a square Initial reaction to the second national ag was favorable, canton but over time it became criticized for being “too white”. The Columbia-based Daily South Carolinian observed The third national ag (also called “the Blood Stained that it was essentially a battle ag upon a ag of truce Banner”) was adopted March 4, 1865. The red vertical and might send a mixed message. Military ocers also bar was proposed by Major Arthur L. Rogers, who ar- voiced complaints about the ag being too white, for var- gued that the pure white eld of the Second National ag ious reasons, such as the danger of being mistaken for could be mistaken as a ag of truce: when hanging limp a ag of truce, especially on naval ships, and that it was in no wind, the ag’s Southern Cross canton could acci- too easily soiled.[11] Addressing these concerns, the ag’s dentally stay hidden, so the ag could mistakenly appear designer, W.T. Thompson, stated that the battle cross in all white. 4 2 OTHER FLAGS

Rogers lobbied successfully to have this alteration intro- Blue Flag" was used as an unocial ag during the early duced in the Confederate Senate. He defended his re- months of 1861. It was ying above the Confederate bat- design as having “as little as possible of the Yankee blue”, teries that rst opened re on Fort Sumter in Charleston and described it as symbolizing the primary origins of harbor, in South Carolina beginning the Civil War. The the people of the Confederacy, with the St. Andrew’s "Van Dorn battle ag" was also carried by Confederate Cross of the British ags and the red bar from the ag of troops ghting in the Trans-Mississippi and Western the- France.[11] aters of war. In addition, many military units had their The Flag Act of 1865 by the Confederate congress near own regimental ags they would carry into battle. Other notable ags used are shown below.[21] the very end of the War, describes the ag in the following language: 2.1 Battle ﬂag The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact, That the ag of the The Army of Northern Virginia battle ag was square, of Confederate States shall be as follows: The various sizes for the dierent branches of the service: 52 width two-thirds of its length, with the union inches (130 cm) square for the infantry, 38 inches (97 cm) (now used as the battle ag) to be in width for the artillery, and 32 inches (81 cm) for the cavalry. three-fths of the width of the ag, and so It was used in battle beginning in December 1861 until proportioned as to leave the length of the eld the fall of the Confederacy. The blue color on the saltire on the side of the union twice the width of in the battle ag was navy blue, as opposed to the much the eld below it; to have the ground red and lighter blue of the Naval Jack. a broad blue saltire thereon, bordered with white and emblazoned with mullets or ve The ag’s stars represented the number of states in the pointed stars, corresponding in number to Confederacy. The distance between the stars decreased that of the Confederate States; the eld to be as the number of states increased, reaching thirteen when white, except the outer half from the union to the secessionist factions of Kentucky and Missouri joined [22] be a red bar extending the width of the ag. in late 1861. —Flag Act of 1865, [10]

Despite the passage of the Flag Act of 1865, very few of these third national ags were actually manufactured and put into use in the eld, with many Confederates never seeing the ag. Moreover, the ones made by the Rich- mond Clothing Depot used the square canton of the second national ag rather than the slightly rectangular one that was specied by the law.[10]

2 Other ﬂags

The Battle Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia

At the First Battle of Manassas, near Manassas, Virginia, the similarity between the “Stars and Bars” and the “Stars and Stripes” caused confusion and military problems. Regiments carried ags to help commanders observe and assess battles in the warfare of the era. At a distance, the two national ags were hard to tell apart.[23] In addition, The "Bonnie Blue Flag" Confederate regiments carried many other ags, which added to the possibility of confusion. After the battle, In addition to the national ags of the Confederacy, a General P. G. T. Beauregard wrote that he was “resolved wide variety of ags and banners were own by South- then to have [our ag] changed if possible, or to adopt for erners during the War. Most famously, the "Bonnie my command a 'Battle ag', which would be Entirely dif- 2.1 Battle ﬂag 5 ferent from any State or Federal ag.”[15] He turned to his placed upright thus”. He also argued that the diagonal aide, who happened to be William Porcher Miles, the for- cross was “more Heraldric [sic] than Ecclesiastical, it be- mer chairman of the Confederate Congress’s “Commit- ing the 'saltire' of Heraldry, and signicant of strength tee on the Flag and Seal”. Miles described his rejected and progress”.[25] national ag design to Beauregard. Miles also told the Committee on the Flag and Seal about the general’s complaints and request for the national ag to be changed. The committee rejected this idea by a four to one vote, after which Beauregard proposed the idea of having two ags. He described the idea in a letter to his commanding General Joseph E. Johnston: “I wrote to [Miles] that we should have “two” ags—a peace or parade ag, and a war ag to be used only on the eld of battle—but congress having adjourned no action will be taken on the matter— How would it do us to address the War Dept. on the sub- ject of Regimental or badge ags made of red with two blue bars crossing each other diagonally on which shall be introduced the stars, ... We would then on the eld of battle know our friends from our Enemies.”[15] The Battle of Franklin, 1864, by Kurz and Allison

According to Coski, the "Saint Andrew’s Cross" (also used on the ag of Scotland as a white saltire on a blue eld), had no special place in Southern iconography at the time, and if Miles had not been eager to conciliate the Southern Jews his ag would have used the traditional upright, "Saint George’s Cross" (as used on the ag of England, a red cross on a white eld). A colonel named James B. Walton submitted a battle ag design essentially identical to Miles’ except with an upright Saint George’s cross, but Beauregard chose the diagonal cross design.[26] South Carolina Sovereignty/Secession Flag with the decrescent Miles’ ag, and all the ag designs up to that point, were moon and the palmetto in the left corner. rectangular (“oblong”) in shape. General Johnston sug- gested making it square instead to conserve material. The ag that Miles had favored when he was chairman Johnston also specied the various sizes to be used by dif- ferent types of military units. Generals Beauregard and of the “Committee on the Flag and Seal” eventually became the battle ag and, ultimately, the most popular ag Johnston and Quartermaster General Cabell approved the of the Confederacy. According to historian John Coski, design of the 12-star Confederate Battle Flag at the Rat- Miles’ design was inspired by one of the many “seces- clie home, which served briey as Beauregard’s head- sionist ags” own at the South Carolina secession con- quarters, near Fairfax Court House in September 1861. vention in Charleston of December 1860. That ag was The 12th star represented Missouri. President Jeerson a blue St George’s Cross (an upright or Latin cross) on Davis arrived by train at Fairfax Station soon after and a red eld, with 15 white stars on the cross, represent- was shown the design for the new battle ag at the Rat- ing the slaveholding states,[24] and, on the red eld, pal- clie House. Hetty Cary and her sister and cousin made metto and crescent symbols. Miles received a variety of prototypes. One such 12-star ag resides in the collection feedback on this design, including a critique from Charles of Richmond’s Museum of the Confederacy and the other Moise, a self-described “Southerner of Jewish persua- is in Confederate Memorial Hall in New Orleans. sion”. Moise liked the design, but asked that “the sym- On November 28, 1861, Confederate soldiers in Gen- bol of a particular religion not be made the symbol of eral Robert E. Lee's newly reorganized Army of North- the nation”. Taking this into account, Miles changed his ern Virginia received the new battle ags in ceremonies ag, removing the palmetto and crescent, and substituting at Centreville and Manassas, Virginia, and carried them a heraldic saltire (“X”) for the upright one. The number throughout the Civil War. Beauregard gave a speech en- of stars was changed several times as well. He described couraging the soldiers to treat this new ag with honor and these changes and his reasons for making them in early that it must never be surrendered. Many soldiers wrote 1861. The diagonal cross was preferable, he wrote, be- home about the ceremony and the impression the ag had cause “it avoided the religious objection about the cross upon them, the “ghting colors” boosting morale after the (from the Jews and many Protestant sects), because it did confusion at the Battle of First Manassas. From that point not stand out so conspicuously as if the cross had been on, the battle ag only grew in its identication with the 6 3 THE “CONFEDERATE FLAG”

Confederacy and the South in general.[27] Later, a 13th ag. star was added for Kentucky. • The First Confederate Navy Jack, 1861–1863 • The Second Confederate Navy Jack, 1863–1865 • The First Confederate Navy Ensign,1861–1863 • The Second Confederate Navy Ensign, 1863–1865

The rst national ag, also known as the Stars and Bars (see above), served from 1861 to 1863 as the Confederate Navy’s rst battle ensign. It was generally made with an aspect ratio of 2:3, but a few very wide 1:2 ratio ensigns still survive today in museums and private collections. Cherokee Confederates reunion in New Orleans, 1903 As the Confederacy grew, so did the numbers of white stars seen on the ensign’s dark blue canton: seven-, nine-, The Army of Northern Virginia battle ag assumed a eleven-, and thirteen-star groupings were typical. Even a prominent place post-war when it was adopted as the few fourteen- and fteen-starred ensigns were made to in- copyrighted emblem of the United Confederate Veterans. clude states that were expected to secede but never com- Its continued use by the Southern Army’s post-war vet- pletely joined the Confederacy. erans groups, the United Confederate Veterans (U.C.V.) and the later Sons of Confederate Veterans, (S.C.V.), and The second national ag was later adapted as a naval en- elements of the design by related similar female descen- sign, using a shorter 2:3 ratio than the 1:2 ratio adopted by dents organizations of the United Daughters of the Con- the Confederate Congress for the national ag. This par- federacy, (U.D.C.), led to the assumption that it was, as it ticular battle ensign was the only example taken around has been termed, “the soldier’s ag” or “the Confederate the world, nally becoming the last Confederate ag low- Shenan- battle ag”. ered in the Civil War; this happening aboard CSS doah in Liverpool, England on November 7, 1865. The square “Battle Flag” is also properly known as “the ag of the Army of Northern Virginia". It was sometimes called “Beauregard’s ag” or “the Virginia battle ag”. A Virginia Department of Historic Resources 3 The “Confederate ﬂag” marker declaring Fairfax, Virginia, as the birthplace of the Confederate battle ag was dedicated on April 12, For usage of Confederate symbols in modern society and 2008, near the intersection of Main and Oak Streets, in popular culture, see Modern display of the Confederate Fairfax, Virginia.[28][29][30] ag. “Rebel ag” redirects here. For the red and black ag commonly used in video games and symbology for un- 2.2 Naval jacks and ensigns named or generic rebel movements, see bisected ag. Designed by William Porcher Miles, the chairman of The edgling Confederate States Navy adopted and used several types of ags, banners, and pennants aboard all CSN ships: "jacks", “battle ensigns", and “small boat ensigns”, as well as “commissioning pennants”, “designating ags”, and “signal ags”. The First Confederate Navy Jack, in use from 1861 to 1863, consisted of a circle of seven to fteen ve-pointed white stars against a eld of medium blue. It was own forward aboard all Confederate warships while they were anchored in port. One seven-star jack still exists today (found aboard the captured ironclad CSS Atlanta) that is actually dark blue in color (see illustration below, left). The Second Confederate Navy Jack was a rectangular The rectangular battle ﬂag of the Army of Tennessee cousin of the Confederate Army’s battle ag and was in use from 1863 until 1865. It existed in a variety of di- the Flag and Seal committee, a now-popular variant of mensions and sizes, despite the CSN’s detailed naval reg- the Confederate ag was rejected as the national ag in ulations. The blue color of the diagonal saltire’s Southern 1861. It was instead adopted as a battle ag by the Army Cross was much lighter than the dark blue of the battle of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee.[31] 7

Despite never having historically represented the CSA 6 See also as a country nor ocially recognized as one of the na- • tional ags, it is commonly referred to as "the Confeder- Great Seal of the Confederate States of America ate Flag" and has become a widely recognized symbol of the American south.[32] It is also known as the rebel ﬂag, Dixie ﬂag, and Southern cross and is often incorrectly referred to as the “Stars and Bars”.[33] (The actual “Stars 7 Notes and Bars” is the rst national ag, which used an entirely dierent design.) The self-declared Confederate exclave [1] William Tappan Thompson, the ag’s designer, used a dif- ferent nickname for the ag, calling it “The battle Flag” of Town Line, New York, lacking a genuine Confederate saying the white eld symbolized the “supremacy of the ag, ew a version of this ag prior to its 1946 vote to white man”.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] ceremonially rejoin the Union. [2] Although the ocially-specied proportions were 1:2, many of the ags that actually ended up being produced [9] 4 Legal recognition and protection used a 1.5:1 aspect ratio. [3] With assistance from William Ross In some U.S. states the Confederate ag is given the same Postell.[2][3][5][6][7][8]ca. | [2][3][5][6][7][8] A white rect- protection from burning and desecration as the U.S. ag. angle, one-and-a-h f times as wide as it is tall a red vert It is protected from being publicly mutilated, deled, or otherwise cast in contempt by the laws of ve U.S. states: Florida,[34] Georgia,[35] Louisiana,[36] Mississippi,[37] and South Carolina.[38] However, laws banning the desecration of any ag, even if technically remaining in ef- fect, were ruled unconstitutional in 1989 by the Supreme Court in Texas v. Johnson, and are not enforceable.[39] ar of equal size inside the saltire.{{efn| The third national ag of the Confed- By contrast, in California, legislation enacted in 2014 erate States of America. ar c Name “The Blood-Stained prohibits the Confederate ag from being sold or dis- Banner” iz d Use = National ag we e Proportion played by government agencies, except for historical or s 2:3 na i Adopted March 4, 1865 rv d Design o A educational purposes.[40][41] white rectangle, one-and-a-half times as wide as it is tall a red vertical stipe on the far right of the rectangle, a red quadrilateral in the canton, inside the canton is a blue saltire with white outlining, with thirteen white 5 UDC salute ve-pointed stars of equal size inside the saltire.acy]]'s ags, and of aAlthough the ocially-designated design A “salute” to the Confederate ag was written by Mrs. specied a rectangular canton, many of the ags that James Henry Parker of New York: ended up being produced utilized a square-shaped canton.[10] I salute the Confederate Flag with aec- tion, reverence and undying remembrance.

It was ocially adopted in 1933 by the United Daughters 8 References of the Confederacy (UDC). This salute is still in use to- [1] Kim, Kyle; Krishnakumar, Priya. “What you should day by the organization and its auxiliary, the Children of Los Angeles [42] know about the Confederate ag’s evolution”. the Confederacy and the Sons of Confederate Veter- Times (23 June 2015). ans.[43][44] [2] Preble 1872, pp. 414–417 According to the 1959 UDC handbook, this salute was to be given by the speaker while giving the Pledge of Alle- [3] Preble 1880, pp. 523–525 giance to the United States ag; the Pledge was to be given rst, and the speaker was directed to drop their right arm [4] Coski, John M. (May 13, 2013). “The Birth of the 'Stain- The New York Times to their side before giving the salute.[45] The current UDC less Banner'". . New York: The ag code states that the speaker is to stand at attention and New York Times Company. Archived from the original on 2014-01-27. Retrieved January 27, 2014. A handful place their ungloved right hand over their heart. The or- of contemporaries linked the new ag design to the “pecu- der of precedence for ag salutes and pledges is: salute liar institution” that was at the heart of the South’s econ- to the Christian ag (if used), the Pledge of Allegiance omy, social system and polity: slavery. Bagby character- to the American ag, the salute to the state ag and then ized the ag motif as the “Southern Cross” – the constel- the salute to the Confederate ag. Speakers are to drop lation, not a religious symbol – and hailed it for pointing their right hand to their side in between each salute or 'the destiny of the Southern master and his African slave' pledge.[46] southward to 'the banks of the Amazon,' a reference to 8 8 REFERENCES

the desire among many Southerners to expand Confeder- Yankee ag and that is enough to make it unutterably de- ate territory into Latin America. In contrast, the editor of testable.” The editor of the Charleston Mercury echoed the Savannah, Ga., Morning News focused on the white Bagby in his criticism and in his solution: “It seems to eld on which the Southern Cross was emblazoned. “As be generally agreed that the 'Stars and Bars’ will never do a people, we are ghting to maintain the heaven-ordained for us. They resemble too closely the dishonored Flag of supremacy of the white man over the inferior or colored Yankee Doodle … we imagine that the Battle Flag will races. A White Flag would be thus emblematical of our become the Southern Flag by popular acclaim.” As early cause.” He dubbed the new ag “the White Man’s Flag,” as April 1861, critics denounced the Stars and Bars as a a sobriquet that never gained traction. “servile imitation” and a “detested parody” of the Stars and Stripes. [5] Thompson, William T. (April 23, 1863). "Daily Morning News". Savannah, Georgia. [17] Coski The Second Confederate National Flag, Flags of the Confederacy [6] Thompson, William T. (April 28, 1863). "Daily Morning News". Savannah, Georgia. [18]

[7] Thompson, William T. (May 4, 1863). "Daily Morning [19] Coski 2005, pp. 16–17 News". Savannah, Georgia. South- The Con- [20] Bagby, George (January 1862). “Editor’s Table”. [8] Loewen, James W.; Sebesta, Edward H. (2010). ern Literary Messenger federate and Neo Confederate Reader: The Great Truth . p. 68. The “Southern Cross” holds its place steadily in the Southern heart. It was in ev- about the 'Lost Cause'. Jackson, Mississippi: University ery mouth long before the war began; it remains in spite Press of Mississippi. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-60473-219-1. of all arguments against it. These arguments are ridicu- OCLC 746462600. Retrieved December 5, 2013. Con- lous. First, we don’t see the Southern Cross in the heav- federates even showed their preoccupation with race in ens. Indeed! Do the British see the lion and the unicorn on their ag. Civil War bus know that 'the Confederate ag' the land or in the sea? Do the Austrians behold the dou- waved today was never the ocial ag of the Confederate ble headed eagle anywhere in nature or out of it? What States of America. Rather, it was the ag of the Army has seeing got to do with it? The truth is, we shall see of Northern Virginia. During the war, the Confederacy the Southern Cross ere the destiny of the Southern master adopted three ocial ags. The rst, sometimes called and his African slave is accomplished. That destiny does 'the Stars and Bars,' drew many objections 'on account of not stop short of the banks of the Amazon. The world of its resemblance to that of the abolition despotism against wonders in the animal and vegetable kingdom, of riches which we are ghting,' in the words of the editor of the incalculable in the vast domain, watered by that gigantic Savannah Morning News, quoted herein. stream, is the natural heritage of the Southron and his do- [9] The Second Confederate National Flag (Flags of the Con- mestic slave. They alone can achieve its conquest and lay federacy) at the Wayback Machine (archived February 9, its untold wealth a tribute at the feet of commerce, the 2009) Queen consort of King Cotton.

[10] The Third Confederate National Flag (Flags of the Con- [21] North & South – The Ocial Magazine of the Civil War federacy) at the Wayback Machine (archived January 30, Society, Volume 11, Number 2, Page 30, Retrieved April 2009) 16, 2010, “The Stars and Bars”

[11] Coski 2005, pp. 17–18 [22] Coski 2005, p. 11

[12] “Nicola Marschall”. The Encyclopedia of Alabama. April [23] Gevinson, Alan. “The Reason Behind the 'Stars and Bars”. 25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011. The ag does re- Teachinghistory.org. Retrieved October 8, 2011. semble that of the Germanic European nation of Austria, which as a Prussian artist, Marschall would have known [24] Coski 2005, p. 5 well. [25] Coski 2005, p. 5: “describes the 15 stars and the debate [13] Hume, Edgar Erskine (August 1940). “Nicola Marschall: on religious symbolism.” Excerpts from The German Artist Who Designed the Con- federate Flag and Uniform". The American-German Re- [26] Coski 2005, pp. 6–8 view. Retrieved 26 June 2015. [27] Coski 2005, p. 10 [14] Coski 2005, pp. 4–5 [28] Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag. The Historical [15] Coski 2005, p. 8 Marker Database.

[16] Coski, John M. (May 13, 2013). “The Birth of the 'Stain- [29] “37 New Historical Markers for Virginia’s Roadways” less Banner'". The New York Times. New York: The New (PDF). Notes on Virginia (Virginia Department of His- York Times Company. Archived from the original on toric Resources) (52): 71. 2008. B-261: Birthplace of 2014-01-27. Retrieved January 27, 2014. “Every body the Confederate Battle Flag wants a new Confederate ag,” wrote George Bagby, editor of The Southern Literary Messenger, in January 1862. [30] “2008 Virginia Marker Dedication: Birthplace of the “The present one is universally hated. It resembles the Confederate Battle Flag”. Retrieved October 5, 2014. 9

• [31] Geoghegan, Tom (August 30, 2013). “Why do people still Marcovitz, Hal. The Confederate Flag, American y the Confederate ag?". BBC News. Retrieved October Symbols and Their Meanings. Mason Crest Publish- 30, 2013. ers, 2002. ISBN 1-59084-035-6. [32] Chapman, Roger (2011). Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia • of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices Martinez, James Michael; Richardson, William . M.E. Sharpe. p. 114. Donald; McNinch-Su, Ron (2000). Confederate ISBN 978-0-7656-2250-1. Retrieved February 21, 2013. Symbols in the Contemporary South. Gainesville, [33] Coski 2005, pp. 58 FL: University Press of Florida. pp. 284–285. ISBN 0-8130-1758-0. [34] “Florida Statute Chapter 256.051”. Retrieved October 5, • 2014. Preble, George Henry (1872). Our Flag: Origin and Progress of the Flag of the United States of America, [35] “Georgia Code Ann. Section 50-3-9”. Retrieved October 5, 2014. with an Introductory Account of the Symbols, Stan- dards, Banners and Flags of Ancient and Modern [36] Louisiana Revised Statutes 14:116 and 14:117 Nations. Albany: Joel Munsell. OCLC 612597989. [37] Mississippi Statutes 97-7-39 • Preble, George Henry (1880). History of the Flag [38] South Carolina Code 16-17-210 and 16-17-220 of the United States of America: And of the Naval and Yacht-Club Signals, Seals, and Arms, and Prin- Texas, Petitioner v. Gregory Lee Johnson [39] . 491 U.S. 397 cipal National Songs of the United States, with a (109 S.Ct. 2533, 105 L.Ed.2d 342). No. 88-155. Ar- Chronicle of the Symbols, Standards, Banners, and gued: March 21, 1989. Decided: June 21, 1989. Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations (2nd revised [40] “California lawmakers OK bill that would ban Confeder- ed.). Boston: A. Williams and Company. OCLC ate ag displays”. latimes.com. August 21, 2014. Re- 645323981. trieved October 5, 2014.

[41] “Bill Text”. Retrieved October 5, 2014.

[42] The Code for the correct use of the Confederate ags 10 External links • [43] “Sons of Confederate Veterans – Pledges and Salutes to Confederate Flags at DMOZ Our Flags”. Retrieved October 5, 2014.

[44] “Sons of Confederate Veterans Zebulon Vance Camp 15 Asheville North Carolina”. Retrieved October 5, 2014.

[45] Handbook of the United Daughters of the Confederacy Richmond, n.p. 1959 pp.80 and 83

[46] The Code for the correct use of the Confederate ags “Saluting the Confederate ag”

9 Bibliography • Bonner, Robert. Colors and Blood: Flag Passions of the Confederate South. Princeton University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-691-11949-X. • Coski, John M. (2005). The Confederate Battle Flag: America’s Most Embattled Emblem. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01722-1. • Katcher, Phillip and Scollins, Rick. Flags of the American Civil War 1: Confederate. (Osprey Men- At-War Series), Osprey Publishing Company, 1993. ISBN 1-85532-270-6. • Madaus, H. Michael. Rebel Flags Aﬂoat: A Sur- vey of the Surviving Flags of the Confederate States Navy, Revenue Service, and Merchant Marine. Flag Research Center, 1986, Winchester, MA. ISSN 0015-3370. (Eighty-page, all Confederate naval ags issue of The Flag Bulletin, magazine #115.) 10 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text

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11.2 Images • File:Bandera_de_la_Corona_de_Castilla.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Bandera_de_la_ Corona_de_Castilla.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ignacio Gavira • File:Battle_flag_of_the_US_Confederacy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Battle_flag_of_the_ Confederate_States_of_America.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this: Flag of Mississippi.svg. Original artist: Phroziac cut this out of Image:Flag of Mississippi.svg, which is public domain work by Zscout370. • File:Battle_of_Franklin,_November_30,_1864.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Battle_of_ Franklin%2C_November_30%2C_1864.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID pga.01852. This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. Original artist: • Kurz and Allison • File:Bonnieblue.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Bonnieblue.svg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:CSA_FLAG_4.3.1861-21.5.1861.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Confederate_ States_of_America_%28March_1861_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SVG based in this image Original artist: Nicola Marschall (1829–1917)

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