To Live and Die in Dixie: Robert E. Lee and Confederate Nationalism Jacob A
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Music and the American Civil War
“LIBERTY’S GREAT AUXILIARY”: MUSIC AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR by CHRISTIAN MCWHIRTER A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2009 Copyright Christian McWhirter 2009 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT Music was almost omnipresent during the American Civil War. Soldiers, civilians, and slaves listened to and performed popular songs almost constantly. The heightened political and emotional climate of the war created a need for Americans to express themselves in a variety of ways, and music was one of the best. It did not require a high level of literacy and it could be performed in groups to ensure that the ideas embedded in each song immediately reached a large audience. Previous studies of Civil War music have focused on the music itself. Historians and musicologists have examined the types of songs published during the war and considered how they reflected the popular mood of northerners and southerners. This study utilizes the letters, diaries, memoirs, and newspapers of the 1860s to delve deeper and determine what roles music played in Civil War America. This study begins by examining the explosion of professional and amateur music that accompanied the onset of the Civil War. Of the songs produced by this explosion, the most popular and resonant were those that addressed the political causes of the war and were adopted as the rallying cries of northerners and southerners. All classes of Americans used songs in a variety of ways, and this study specifically examines the role of music on the home-front, in the armies, and among African Americans. -
The Shadow of Napoleon Upon Lee at Gettysburg
Papers of the 2017 Gettysburg National Military Park Seminar The Shadow of Napoleon upon Lee at Gettysburg Charles Teague Every general commanding an army hopes to win the next battle. Some will dream that they might accomplish a decisive victory, and in this Robert E. Lee was no different. By the late spring of 1863 he already had notable successes in battlefield trials. But now, over two years into a devastating war, he was looking to destroy the military force that would again oppose him, thereby assuring an end to the war to the benefit of the Confederate States of America. In the late spring of 1863 he embarked upon an audacious plan that necessitated a huge vulnerability: uncovering the capital city of Richmond. His speculation, which proved prescient, was that the Union army that lay between the two capitals would be directed to pursue and block him as he advanced north Robert E. Lee, 1865 (LOC) of the Potomac River. He would thereby draw it out of entrenched defensive positions held along the Rappahannock River and into the open, stretched out by marching. He expected that force to risk a battle against his Army of Northern Virginia, one that could bring a Federal defeat such that the cities of Philadelphia, Baltimore, or Washington might succumb, morale in the North to continue the war would plummet, and the South could achieve its true independence. One of Lee’s major generals would later explain that Lee told him in the march to battle of his goal to destroy the Union army. -
Library Company of Philadelphia Mca 5792.F CIVIL WAR LEADERS
Library Company of Philadelphia McA 5792.F CIVIL WAR LEADERS EPHEMERA COLLECTION 1860‐1865 1.88 linear feet, 2 boxes Series I. Small Ephemera, 1860‐1865 Series II. Oversize Material, 1860s March 2006 McA MSS 004 2 Descriptive Summary Repository Library Company of Philadelphia 1314 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107‐5698 Call Number McA 5792.F Creator McAllister, John A. (John Allister), 1822‐1896. Title Civil War Leaders Ephemera Collection Inclusive Dates 1860‐1865 Quantity 1.88 linear feet (2 boxes) Language of Materials Materials are in English. Abstract The Civil War Leaders Ephemera Collection holds ephemera and visual materials related to a group of prominent American politicians and military heroes active in the middle of the nineteenth century: Robert Anderson, William G. Brownlow, Jefferson Davis, Abraham Lincoln, George B. McClellan, and Winfield Scott. Administrative Information Restrictions to Access The collection is open to researchers. Acquisition Information Gift of John A. McAllister; forms part of the McAllister Collection. Processing Information The Civil War Leaders Ephemera Collection was formerly housed in four folio albums that had been created after the McAllister Collection arrived at the Library Company. The material was removed from the albums, arranged, and described in 2006, under grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the William Penn Foundation. The collection was processed by Sandra Markham. Any views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this finding aid do not necessarily represent those of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Preferred Citation This collection should be cited as: [indicate specific item or series here], Civil War Leaders Ephemera Collection (McA 5792.F), McAllister Collection, The Library Company of Philadelphia. -
Eighth Grade Social Studies
Eighth Grade Social Studies Activity 2 knoxschools.org/kcsathome 8th Grade Social Studies *There will be a short video lesson of a Knox County teacher to accompany this task available on the KCS YouTube Channel and KCS TV. Grade: 8th Topic: Civil War Leaders Goal(s): Identify the roles and significant contributions of Civil War leaders. Standards: 8.62 & 8.63 (in part) The Better Leader Task Directions: Using your background knowledge, information from the videoed lesson, the attached biographies, and from the Battlefields website, complete the chart and questions below. Write the three characteristics of a leader that you think are the most important. 1. 2. 3. Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis Ulysses S. Grant Robert E. Lee Union or Confederate? How did his leadership role change throughout the course of the war? How did he become a “national” leader? What was his major accomplishment(s) of the Civil War? What kind of impact did they have on their side/country? How could the war have been different if he didn’t exist? Now that you have dug deeper into the leadership of the four most familiar leaders of the Civil War, consider each man’s leadership during the war. Which leader do you think best meets the characteristics of a good leader and explain why? United States President Abraham Lincoln Biography from the American Battlefield Trust Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President of the United States, was born near Hodgenville, Kentucky on February 12, 1809. His family moved to Indiana when he was seven and he grew up on the edge of the frontier. -
Reviewing the Civil War and Reconstruction Center for Legislative Archives
Reviewing the Civil War and Reconstruction Center for Legislative Archives Address of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society NAID 306639 From 1830 on, women organized politically to reform American society. The leading moral cause was abolishing slavery. “Sisters and Friends: As immortal souls, created by God to know and love him with all our hearts, and our neighbor as ourselves, we owe immediate obedience to his commands respecting the sinful system of Slavery, beneath which 2,500,000 of our Fellow-Immortals, children of the same country, are crushed, soul and body, in the extremity of degradation and agony.” July 13, 1836 The Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society was founded in 1832 as a female auxiliary to male abolition societies. The society created elaborate networks to print, distribute, and mail petitions against slavery. In conjunction with other female societies in major northern cities, they brought women to the forefront of politics. In 1836, an estimated 33,000 New England women signed petitions against the slave trade in the District of Columbia. The society declared this campaign an enormous success and vowed to leave, “no energy unemployed, no righteous means untried” in their ongoing fight to abolish slavery. www.archives.gov/legislative/resources Reviewing the Civil War and Reconstruction Center for Legislative Archives Judgment in the U.S. Supreme Court Case Dred Scott v. John F. A. Sanford NAID 301674 In 1857 the Supreme Court ruled that Americans of African ancestry had no constitutional rights. “The question is simply this: Can a Negro whose ancestors were imported into this country, and sold as slaves, become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such, become entitled to all the rights and privileges and immunities guaranteed to the citizen?.. -
Antislavery Violence and Secession, October 1859
ANTISLAVERY VIOLENCE AND SECESSION, OCTOBER 1859 – APRIL 1861 by DAVID JONATHAN WHITE GEORGE C. RABLE, COMMITTEE CHAIR LAWRENCE F. KOHL KARI FREDERICKSON HAROLD SELESKY DIANNE BRAGG A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2017 Copyright David Jonathan White 2017 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the collapse of southern Unionism between October 1859 and April 1861. This study argues that a series of events of violent antislavery and southern perceptions of northern support for them caused white southerners to rethink the value of the Union and their place in it. John Brown’s raid at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, and northern expressions of personal support for Brown brought the Union into question in white southern eyes. White southerners were shocked when Republican governors in northern states acted to protect members of John Brown’s organization from prosecution in Virginia. Southern states invested large sums of money in their militia forces, and explored laws to control potentially dangerous populations such as northern travelling salesmen, whites “tampering” with slaves, and free African-Americans. Many Republicans endorsed a book by Hinton Rowan Helper which southerners believed encouraged antislavery violence and a Senate committee investigated whether an antislavery conspiracy had existed before Harpers Ferry. In the summer of 1860, a series of unexplained fires in Texas exacerbated white southern fear. As the presidential election approached in 1860, white southerners hoped for northern voters to repudiate the Republicans. When northern voters did not, white southerners generally rejected the Union. -
SECESSION and UNION
CIVIL WAR 150 • READER #1 SECESSION and UNION Introduction by Manisha Sinha Contents Introduction by Manisha Sinha . 3 Charleston Mercury : What Shall the South Carolina Legislature Do?, November 3, 1860 . 6 Edward Bates: Diary, November 22 , 1860 . 10 Frederick Douglass: The Late Election, December 1860 . 11 Joseph E. Brown to Alfred H. Colquitt and Others, December 7, 1860 . 17 Benjamin F. Wade: from Remarks in the U.S. Senate, December 17 , 1860 . 28 South Carolina Declaration of the Causes of Secession, December 24 , 1860 . 36 CIVIL WAR 150: Exploring the War and Its Abraham Lincoln: First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861 . 43 Meaning Through the Words of Those Who Lived It Alexander H. Stephens: from the “Corner-Stone” Speech, March 21 , 1861 . 53 is a national public programing initiative designed to encourage public exploration of the transformative impact and contested meanings Biographical Notes . 58 of the Civil War through primary documents and firsthand accounts. Chronology . 61 Questions for Discussion . 64 The project is presented by The Library of America in partnership with and is supported by a grant from Introduction Introduction, headnotes, and back matter copyright © 8678 by Literary Classics of the United States, Inc., New York, N.Y. SECESSION AND UNION Cover illustration: Bombardment of Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor, April 78 and 79, 7<;7. Currier & Ives, hand-colored lithograph, 7<;7, courtesy of The Library of Congress. he election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency on a Frederick Douglass: Reprinted from The Life and Writings of Frederick Tfree-soil Republican platform in November 1860 precipi - Douglass, published by International Publishers Co. -
Juneteenth” Comes Ployer and Free Laborer
J UNETEENTH 92 C ELEBRATIONS UNETEENTH is the oldest celebration in the and the connection h eretofore existing be- nation to commemorate the end of slavery in tween them becomes that between em- J the United States. The word “Juneteenth” comes ployer and free laborer. from a colloquial pronunciation of “June 19th,” which With this announcement the last 250,000 slaves in is the date celebrations commemorate. the United States were effectively freed. Afterward In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln signed the many of the former slaves left Texas. As they moved to Emancipation Proclamation, offi - other states to fi nd family mem- cially freeing slaves. However, bers and start new lives, they car- word of the Proclamation did not ried news of the June 19th event reach many parts of the country with them. In subsequent decades right away, and instead the news former slaves and their descendants spread slowly from state to state. continued to commemorate June The slow spread of this important 19th and many even made pilgrim- news was i n part because the A mer- ages back to Galveston, Texas to ican Civil War had not yet ended. celebrate the event. However, in 1865 the Civil War Most of the celebrations ini- ended and Union Army soldiers tially took place in rural areas and began spreading the news of the included activities such as fi shing, war’s end and Lincoln’s Emanci- barbeques, and family reunions. pation Proclamation. Church grounds were also often On June 19, 1865, Major Gen- the sites for these celebrations. As eral Gordon Granger and U nion more and more African Americans Army soldiers arrived in Galves- improved their economic condi- ton, Texas. -
NUCMC Catalog Record
NUCMC Catalog Record Creator: Milton, John, 1807‐1865 Title: John Milton letter book and correspondence Date Created: 1861‐1863 Extent: 1.75 cubic ft. (5 document boxes) Location: Florida Historical Society (Cocoa, Fla.) (MSS 92‐1) Arrangement of Materials: Box 1 contains 12 folders including copies of correspondence about the provenance of the collection and original letter book (up to page 456 ). Box 2 contains original letter book (p. 457 to 720), various letters including several from Stephen R. Mallory, and loose items by Governor Milton inserted in book. Box 3 holds 13 folders (p. 1‐648), containing photocopies of the letter book. Box 4 contains 13 folders with photocopies of letter book (p. 649‐720), miscellaneous letters as well as photocopies of the other John Milton letter book in the Florida State Archives (p. 1‐69). In addition there are typed transcripts of our letter book (p. 1‐100; p. 600‐698). There also is a letter‐by‐letter synopsis of the entire letter book. Box 5 contains 7 folders including original correspondence about the donation and its provenance and assorted duplicates of photocopies found in previous boxes. Biographical Data: Governor of Florida; as governor he developed a very active state militia and stressed Florida's ability to serve as an important source of food and salt for the Confederate forces; collapse of the Southern cause was followed by his death, April 1,1865 by a self‐inflected gunshot wound at his family home Sylvania, near Marianna, Fla. Notes: The repository also has typed transcripts and photocopies of letterbook and most correspondence for public use because original letterbook is too fragile to be served. -
Decision at Fort Sumter
-·-~• .}:}· ~- ·-.:: • r. • • i DECISION AT FORT SUMTER Prologue In 1846 Congressman JeffeLson Davis of Mississippi presented to the House of Representatives a resolution calling for the replace- ment of Federal troops in all coastal forts by state militia. The proposal died in committee and shortly thereafter Davis resigned from Congress to lead the red-shirted First Mississippi Rifles to war and (~~-ll glory in Mexico. Now it was the morning of April 10, 1861, and Davis was President of the newly proclaimed Confederate States of America. As he met with his cabinet in a Montgomery, Alabama hotel room he had good reason to regret the failure of that resolution of fifteen years ago. For had it passed, he would not have had to make the decision he was about to make: Order Brigadier General P. G. T. Beauregard, commander of Confederate forces at Charleston, South Carolina to demand the surrender of the Federal garrison on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor. But before Davis made this decision, other men had made other decisions -- decisions which formed a trail leading to that Montgomery hotel room on the morning of April 10, 1861. The War Department'~cision In a sense the first of those decisions went back to 1829 when the War Department dumped tons of granite rubble brougi1t from New England on a c.andspit at the mouth of Charleston harbor. On the foundation so formed a fort named after the South Carolina r - 2 - Revolutionary War hero, Thomas Sumter, was built. However it was built very slowly, as Congress appropriated the needed money in driblets. -
Select List of Collection Processed by Craig Moore
Select List of Collection Processed by Craig Moore Record Group 1, Colonial Government A Guide to the Colonial Papers, 1630-1778 Record Group 3, Office of the Governor A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Patrick Henry, 1776-1779 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Thomas Jefferson, 1779-1781 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Benjamin Harrison, 1781-1784 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Acting Governor William Fleming, 1781 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Thomas Nelson, Jr., 1781 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Patrick Henry, 1784-1786 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Edmund Randolph, 1786-1788 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Beverley Randolph, 1788-1791 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Henry Lee, 1791-1794 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Robert Brooke, 1794-1796 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor James Wood, 1796-1799 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor James Monroe, 1799-1802 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor John Page, 1802-1805 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor William H. Cabell, 1805-1808 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor John Tyler, 1808-1811 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor James Monroe, 1811 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor George William Smith, 1811-1812 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor James Barbour, 1812-1814 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Wilson Cary Nicholas, 1814-1816 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor James Patton Preston, 1816-1819 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Thomas Mann Randolph, 1819-1822 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor James Pleasants, 1822-1825 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor John Tyler, 1825-1827 A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor William B. -
Four Roads to Emancipation: Lincoln, the Law, and the Proclamation Dr
Copyright © 2013 by the National Trust for Historic Preservation i Table of Contents Letter from Erin Carlson Mast, Executive Director, President Lincoln’s Cottage Letter from Martin R. Castro, Chairman of The United States Commission on Civil Rights About President Lincoln’s Cottage, The National Trust for Historic Preservation, and The United States Commission on Civil Rights Author Biographies Acknowledgements 1. A Good Sleep or a Bad Nightmare: Tossing and Turning Over the Memory of Emancipation Dr. David Blight……….…………………………………………………………….….1 2. Abraham Lincoln: Reluctant Emancipator? Dr. Michael Burlingame……………………………………………………………….…9 3. The Lessons of Emancipation in the Fight Against Modern Slavery Ambassador Luis CdeBaca………………………………….…………………………...15 4. Views of Emancipation through the Eyes of the Enslaved Dr. Spencer Crew…………………………………………….………………………..19 5. Lincoln’s “Paramount Object” Dr. Joseph R. Fornieri……………………….…………………..……………………..25 6. Four Roads to Emancipation: Lincoln, the Law, and the Proclamation Dr. Allen Carl Guelzo……………..……………………………….…………………..31 7. Emancipation and its Complex Legacy as the Work of Many Hands Dr. Chandra Manning…………………………………………………..……………...41 8. The Emancipation Proclamation at 150 Dr. Edna Greene Medford………………………………….……….…….……………48 9. Lincoln, Emancipation, and the New Birth of Freedom: On Remaining a Constitutional People Dr. Lucas E. Morel…………………………….…………………….……….………..53 10. Emancipation Moments Dr. Matthew Pinsker………………….……………………………….………….……59 11. “Knock[ing] the Bottom Out of Slavery” and Desegregation: