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La Pourriture Des Fruits De Letchi Et La Mise En Place De ECOLE SUPERIEURE DES SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES DEPARTEMENT : AGRICULTURE Mémoire de fin d’études en vue d’obtenir le diplôme d’ingénieur agronome LA POURRITURE DES FRUITS DE LETCHI ET LA MISE EN PLACE DE LA GESTION PHYTOSANITAIRE INTEGREE DANS LA ZONE DE TAMATAVE Membres de jury : • Président de jury : RAKOTONDRAVELO Jean Chrysostome • Tuteur : RAFALIMANANA Halitiana • Maitre de stage : RANDRIANANGALY Jean Stephan Soa • Examinateur : RAVELOSON Lala Présenté par : MARIKINDRIANJAFIMPAHIZATO Tsiafaradia Andry Jeda 2008 Promotion ILO : 2003-2008 10 Juin 2008 Résumé L'exportation de letchi apporte une forte valeur ajoutée aux producteurs et aux autres acteurs de la filière même si la quantité exportée est en diminution d'une année à l’autre. Le marché international devient de plus en plus exigeant sur le plan sanitaire et phytosanitaire. En effet, la production annuelle malagasy en fruit de letchi augmente toujours. Ainsi, la nécessité de trouver d’autres marchés et de maintenir ceux déjà accessibles constituent la tâche des acteurs de la filière en vue de lui donner un avenir plus rassurant. En outre, le fruit de letchi est victime des attaques des organismes nuisibles causant sa pourriture qui provoque une perte importante chaque année. La collecte des fruits avariés par échantillonnage dans trois différents endroits et leur incubation permettent de vérifier l’implication des mouches de fruit capturé par le système de piégeage au champ et d'identifier les agents pathogènes de la pourriture. Le piégeage des mouches de fruit qui empêchent l'accès au marché américain et faisant partie de la Gestion Phytosanitaire Intégrée, est un moyen pour connaitre le niveau de prévalence d'une zone étudiée. Dans la zone de Tamatave, la pourriture des fruits de letchi est causée principalement par des troubles physiologiques avec 47% des cas, mais celle d'origine cryptogamique provoquée par l'anthracnose dont l'agent est Gloesporium, est peu importante. Les mouches de fruit n'ont aucun rôle dans la pourriture. D’après les résultats de l'incubation, seul le Borer de letchi ou Cryptophloebia sp qui fait partie des insectes de quarantaine aux pays importateurs attaque les fruits de letchi. Par conséquent, les mesures de protection dans la gestion phytosanitaire intégrée dont les interventions sont liées au niveau d’infestation de chaque zone doivent mettre en œuvre des luttes spécifiques contre Cryptophloebia sp pour espérer l'agrément américain à l'exportation de letchi de Madagascar. Ainsi, le letchi exporté doit seulement provenir des zones de production protégées. La lutte plus efficace contre le Borer est l'installation d'une barrière physique entre le fruit et l'insecte en question. Mais, il ya aussi le traitement à froid et la fumigation par bromure de méthyle que les États-Unis d'Amérique ont recommandé comme intervention en post-récolte. Mots clés : Mouche de fruit, Gestion Phytosanitaire Intégrée, Pourriture de fruit de letchi, Cryptophloebia sp, Marché américain de letchi Abstract Lychee’s export brings more income to all these actors of this activity even if the quantity shipped to European market has dropped in the two last years because there are more requirements about hygiene and pest control on field. Indeed, Malagasy production increases each year. Thus, lychee sector needs in a little bit period of time; to seek another else of market area. Lychee fruit is subjected to the attacks of pest and diseases to give rise to the fruit rot. The incubation of the collected fruit wormy use to verify the part of the fruit fly and the other pest organism on the fruit rot that cause huge losses each year in Madagascar. The trapping of fruit fly which limits market access on the international trade is included in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM). In fact, almost 47% of the fruit rot are due to physiologic trouble yet the attack of the insect and the fungi is less important in Tamatave area. The Lepidoptera: Cryptophloebia sp, was the only insect which comes out of the fruit incubated; and none fruit fly was found during the incubation. Beyond the result of incubation the fruit fly attack on the lychee fruit doesn’t current. In spite of the Cryptophloebia involvement on fruit rot, the (IPM) must include the measure which fit in this circumstance. While expecting to export fresh fruit of lychee to USA, the shipment need to be threat by fumigation by Methyl Bromite and the cold treatment such as a post harvest measure to eliminate the pest quarantine. As a one part of the IPM the insect trap and the survey on field are very important to awareness of the prevalence degrees of wherever else area that the insect trap has been installed because the measure will be deducted on this. Keys words: Fruit-fly, Integrated Pest Management, Lychee's fruit rot, Cryptophloebia sp, Lychee’s American market. Sommaire Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1. Situation actuelle de la filière letchi ...................................................................... 2 1.1. Caractéristiques de l’exportation du letchi malagasy .................................... 2 1.1.1. Variation de la quantité exportée ........................................................... 2 1.1.2. Certification du produit ........................................................................... 2 1.1.3. Transport ................................................................................................ 3 1.1.4. Marché européen ................................................................................... 3 1.1.5. Marché américain .................................................................................. 4 1.2. Caractéristiques de la filière .......................................................................... 4 1.2.1. Atouts ..................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2. Contraintes ............................................................................................. 5 1.3. Problématique ............................................................................................... 6 1.4. Présentation de la zone d’étude .................................................................... 6 1.4.1. Zone d’étude .......................................................................................... 6 1.4.2. Caractéristiques de la zone (GTDR/CLT, 2004) .................................... 7 1.4.3. Raisons du choix de la zone .................................................................. 8 2. Matériels et Méthodes .......................................................................................... 9 2.1. Principes ....................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Matériels...................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1. Piégeage au champ des mouches de fruit ........................................... 10 2.2.2. Collecte des fruits avariés et des fruits mis en « bag » ........................ 12 2.2.3. Incubation des fruits collectés .............................................................. 13 2.2.4. Observation des échantillons ............................................................... 14 2.3. Méthodes .................................................................................................... 15 2.3.1. Mode d’emplacement des pièges ........................................................ 15 2.3.2. Suivi de la capture ............................................................................... 15 2.3.3. Localisation de la zone protégée pour la G. P. I. ................................. 16 2.3.4. Collecte par échantillonnage de fruit avarié ......................................... 16 2.3.5. Incubation des fruits collectés .............................................................. 19 2.3.6. Identification des agents causals de la pourriture ................................ 20 3. Présentation de résultats .................................................................................... 21 3.1. Le réseau de surveillance ........................................................................... 21 3.2. Niveau d’infestation ..................................................................................... 27 3.2.1. Sous-sites protégés du site Savonnerie Tropicale ............................... 27 3.2.2. Sites protégés ...................................................................................... 27 3.3. Insectes capturés ........................................................................................ 28 3.4. Types de fruits avariés collectés ................................................................. 28 3.5. Les organismes nuisibles et les champignons pathogènes observés après l’incubation ............................................................................................................. 29 3.5.1. Insectes nuisibles observés ................................................................. 29 3.5.2. Champignon pathogène observé (Annexe 13) .................................... 30 3.5.3. Champignons saprophytes observés ................................................... 31 3.5.4. Importance des agents de la pourriture ............................................... 32 3.6. Efficacité du « bagging » ............................................................................ 33 4. Analyses et Discussions ....................................................................................
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