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Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ 1 Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log ........................................................................................ 3 Introduction to Reference ................................................................................................ 5 Introduction to Stone Fruit ............................................................................................. 10 Arthropods ................................................................................................................... 16 Primary Pests of Stone Fruit (Full Pest Datasheet) ....................................................... 16 Adoxophyes orana ................................................................................................. 16 Bactrocera zonata .................................................................................................. 27 Enarmonia formosana ............................................................................................ 39 Epiphyas postvittana .............................................................................................. 47 Grapholita funebrana ............................................................................................. 62 Leucoptera malifoliella ........................................................................................... 72 Lobesia botrana ..................................................................................................... 73 Rhagoletis cerasi .................................................................................................... 88 Thaumatotibia leucotreta ........................................................................................ 95 Secondary Pests of Stone Fruit (Truncated Pest Datasheet) .................................... 109 Aleurocanthus spiniferus ...................................................................................... 109 Archips xylosteanus ............................................................................................. 115 Ceroplastes destructor ......................................................................................... 121 Ceroplastes japonicus .......................................................................................... 127 Diabrotica speciosa .............................................................................................. 133 Eudocima fullonia ................................................................................................. 139 Eutetranychus orientalis ....................................................................................... 145 Helicoverpa armigera ........................................................................................... 151 Oxycarenus hyalinipennis .................................................................................... 162 Spodoptera litura .................................................................................................. 168 Plant Pathogens ........................................................................................................ 176 Primary Pests of Stone Fruit (Full Pest Datasheet) ..................................................... 176 Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum ..................................................................... 176 Monilia polystroma ............................................................................................... 193 Monilinia fructigena .............................................................................................. 207 Potyvirus Plum pox virus ...................................................................................... 222 Secondary Pests of Stone Fruit (Truncated Pest Datasheet) .................................... 245 Candidatus Phytoplasma mali .............................................................................. 245 Phellinus noxius ................................................................................................... 258 Appendix A: Diagnostic Resource Contacts ................................................................ 264 Appendix B: Glossary of Terms ................................................................................... 266 2 Authors, Reviewer, Draft Log Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log Authors CAPS Commenters Melinda Sullivan John Crowe Plant Pathologist National Survey Supply Coordinator CPHST- Fort Collins USDA APHIS PPQ 2301 Research Blvd., Suite 108 4700 River Road 5C.03.36 Fort Collins, CO 80526 Riverdale Park, MD 20737 Todd M. Gilligan Daniel MacKinnon Biological Science Technician Colorado State University CPHST- Fort Collins Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest 2301 Research Blvd., Suite 108 Management Fort Collins, CO 80526 1177 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177 Talitha Price Biological Science Technician Greg Hodges USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST Taxonomic Entomologist 1730 Varsity Dr., Suite 400 Florida Department of Agriculture & Raleigh, NC 27606 Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry Alan R. Biggs P.O. Box 147100, Gainesville, FL 32614- Plant Pathologist 7100 West Virginia University (WVU) Kearneysville Tree Fruit Research and Allen Norrbom Education Center (KTFREC) Systematic Entomology P.O. Box 609 Research Entomologist Kearneysville, WV 25430 Systemic Entomology Laboratory, MRC-168 NMNH Deborah Blue P.O. BOX 37012 Research Assistant - Entomology Washington, DC, 20013-7012 WVU-KTFREC P.O. Box 609 Andrea Simao Kearneysville, WV 25430 National Program Manager - LBAM USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST Reviewers Riverdale, MD Lisa Jackson Biological Scientist Eileen Smith USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST National Program Manager - EGVM 1730 Varsity Dr., Suite 400 USDA APHIS PPQ Raleigh, NC 27606 Riverdale, MD Christina Southwick Identification Technology Program Technician 2301 Research Blvd., Suite 108 Fort Collins, CO 80526 3 Authors, Reviewer, Draft Log Draft Log May 2011 – Draft sent for CPHST review. June 2011 – Draft sent for CAPS review. August 2011 – Final draft posted on CAPS Resource and Collaboration website. March 2012 – Trap and lure information updated to reflect names used in the IPHIS survey supply ordering system. Lobesia botrana lure effectiveness changed from three to four weeks. New NAPPFAST maps added for pests. Leucoptera malifoliella datasheet removed and language added about this pest being unavailable for survey. Minor changes made for a few pest datasheets (host/distribution information primarily). Information about Tort AI- Tortricids of Agricultural Importance, a new diagnostic tool developed by CPHST’s Identification Technology Program, was added where appropriate. June 2013 – Removed ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’ as a secondary pest of stone fruit. The report of this pest on peach from Bolivia was found to be an error and is likely a related species and not ‘Ca. Phytoplasma australiense’. Therefore, it no longer makes sense to include this pest in the stone fruit manual. Updated CAPS approved methods for ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ and ‘Ca. Phytoplasma prunorum’. October 2013 – Added an updated datasheet for Monilia polystroma and added a datasheet for Monilinia fructigena (a new 2014 AHP pest). 4 Introduction to the Reference Introduction to Reference History of Commodity-Based Survey The CAPS community is made up of a large and varied group of individuals from federal, state, and university organizations who utilize federal (and other) funding sources to survey for, and (in some cases) diagnose exotic and invasive plant pests. By finding pests early, eradication efforts will likely be less expensive and more efficient. For more information on CAPS and other Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) pest detection programs see: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pest_detection/index.shtml. Traditionally, states have been given a list of pests. Each year, states choose (from this list) a number of pests to incorporate in their own specialized surveys. There is certainly value in surveying for plant health threats in terms of discreet pests. However, this may not always be the most efficient means of survey. For example, a single pest may occur on a myriad of different hosts, making a comprehensive survey too time consuming and expensive. An alternative method has been suggested. Grouping important pests under the umbrella of a single commodity could be a more efficient way to look for certain pests. The rationale for choosing a commodity survey in certain instances includes the following: • Survey area will be smaller and targeted. • Resources can be better utilized with fewer trips to the field. • Commodities are easy to prioritize in terms of economic and regional (geographic) importance. The Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST) has been charged to develop a commodity-based survey strategy in support of the CAPS program. There are two types of end products being developed for each commodity. Each product serves a valuable yet unique purpose. The result is a set of paired documents developed for each commodity. A description of these documents is provided below: Commodity-Based Survey Reference (CSR): This document is composed of a series of pest data sheets, mini-pest risk assessments (PRAs), or early detection PRAs. The data sheets are highly graphic and illustrate the biology, survey, and identification of particular pests in appropriate detail for CAPS surveyors. The pests in this document are numerous. The
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