Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry

A shared responsibility between government and industry

Version 3.0 May 2018

Plant Health AUSTRALIA

Location: Level 1 1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 Phone: +61 2 6215 7700 Fax: +61 2 6260 4321 E-mail: [email protected] Visit our web site: www.planthealthaustralia.com.au

An electronic copy of this plan is available through the email address listed above.

Copyright in this publication is owned by Plant Health Australia Limited, except when content has been provided by other contributors, in which case copyright may be owned by another person. With the exception of any material protected by a trade mark, this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivs 3.0 Australia licence. Any use of this publication, other than as authorised under this licence or copyright law, is prohibited.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/ - This details the relevant licence conditions, including the full legal code. This licence allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to Plant Health Australia (as below).

In referencing this document, the preferred citation is: Plant Health Australia Ltd (2018) Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry (Version 3.0 – 2018) Plant Health Australia, Canberra, ACT.

This project has been funded by Hort Innovation, using the vegetable research and development levy and contributions from the Australian Government. Hort Innovation is the grower-owned, not for profit research and development corporation for Australian horticulture

Disclaimer: The material contained in this publication is produced for general information only. It is not intended as professional advice on any particular matter. No person should act or fail to act on the basis of any material contained in this publication without first obtaining specific and independent professional advice.

Plant Health Australia and all persons acting for Plant Health Australia in preparing this publication, expressly disclaim all and any liability to any persons in respect of anything done by any such person in reliance, whether in whole or in part, on this publication. The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of Plant Health Australia.

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Acknowledgements

The Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry was coordinated by Plant Health Australia and developed through a partnership approach with government and industry. The following organisations and agencies were involved in the development and finalisation of the plan:

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Endorsement

The Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry (Version 3.0) was formally endorsed by the vegetable industry (through AUSVEG) in October 2017, and all state and territory governments (through the Plant Health Committee) in March 2018. The Australian Government endorses the document without prejudice for the purposes of industry’s planning needs and meeting the Department’s obligations under Clause 13 of the EPPRD. In providing this endorsement the Department notes page 89 of the Plan which states: “This Document considers all potential pathways by which a pest might enter Australia, including natural and assisted spread (including smuggling). This is a broader view of potential risk than the IRA conducted by the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources which focus only on specific regulated import pathways.”

Reporting suspect pests

Any unusual plant pest should be reported immediately to the relevant state/territory agriculture department through the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline (1800 084 881). Early reporting enhances the chance of effective control and eradication.

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Table of contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 10 Executive Summary ...... 11 SIGNIFICANT BIOSECURITY THREATS ...... 13 Document overview ...... 14 High priority exotic pests, established pests and weeds of biosecurity significance ...... 14 Implementing biosecurity for the Australian Vegetable industry 2017-2022 ...... 14 Threat identification and pest risk assessments ...... 15 Risk mitigation and preparedness ...... 15 Response management ...... 15 Pests and Weeds of Biosecurity Significance Overview ...... 17 Vegetable industry high priority exotic pests ...... 18 Established pests of biosecurity significance ...... 30 Established weeds of biosecurity significance ...... 38 Implementing biosecurity for the Australian Vegetable industry 2017-2022 ...... 42 Australian Vegetable industry - biosecurity preparedness ...... 63 AUSVEG Ltd. industry biosecurity statement...... 76 NATIONAL BIOSECURITY SYSTEM ...... 77 What is biosecurity and why is it important? ...... 78 The plant biosecurity system in Australia ...... 78 Vegetable Peak Industry Body ...... 79 Plant Health Australia ...... 80 The Biosecurity Plan ...... 80 Biosecurity planning ...... 81 Biosecurity Plan development ...... 82 Review processes ...... 83 THREAT IDENTIFICATION AND PEST RISK ASSESSMENTS ...... 85 Introduction ...... 86 Exotic pests of the vegetable industry ...... 87 Threat identification ...... 87 Pest risk assessments ...... 87 Ranking pest threats ...... 89 Description of terms used in pest risk tables ...... 89 RISK MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS ...... 93 Introduction ...... 94 Barrier quarantine ...... 95 National level – importation restrictions ...... 95 State and regional level – movement restrictions ...... 100 Farm level – exclusion activities ...... 104 Surveillance ...... 104 National surveillance programs ...... 105 State surveillance programs ...... 106 Farm surveillance activities ...... 109

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Training ...... 110 National EPP Training Program ...... 110 Awareness ...... 111 High priority plant pest threat-related documents ...... 111 Further information on high priority pests ...... 112 Further information/relevant web sites ...... 113 Farm biosecurity ...... 115 Introduction ...... 115 Reporting suspect emergency plant pests ...... 116 Preparedness ...... 117 Pest-specific preparedness and response information documents ...... 117 Research Development and Extension ...... 118 Market access...... 119 Market access for the vegetable industry ...... 119 Implementation actions ...... 127 RESPONSE MANAGEMENT ...... 129 Introduction ...... 130 The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed ...... 130 PLANTPLAN ...... 131 Funding a response under the EPPRD ...... 132 Cost sharing a response ...... 132 Pest categorisation ...... 133 Vegetable’s EPPs categorised to date ...... 133 How to respond to a suspect EPP ...... 134 Owner reimbursement costs ...... 136 Industry specific response procedures ...... 137 Industry communication ...... 137 APPENDIX 1: PROFILE OF THE AUSTRALIAN VEGETABLE INDUSTRY ...... 139 Vegetable industry background ...... 140 Industry profile ...... 140 Apiaceae...... 141 Fabaceae...... 141 Asteraceae ...... 142 Brassicaceae ...... 142 Cucurbitaceae ...... 142 Amaranthaceae ...... 143 Poaceae ...... 143 Solanaceae...... 144 Alliaceae ...... 144 Vegetable crops not covered by this Biosecurity Plan ...... 144 APPENDIX 2: THREAT SUMMARY TABLES ...... 147 Vegetable industry threat summary tables ...... 148

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Figures

Figure 1. Industry biosecurity: a shared responsibility ...... 81 Figure 2. Examples of biosecurity risk mitigation activities ...... 94 Figure 3. Examples of farm level surveillance activities ...... 110 Figure 4. Reporting suspect EPPs and notification process ...... 135

Tables

Table 1. Vegetable industry high priority pest threat list ...... 18 Table 2. Proportion of total levied vegetable industry impacted by vegetable high priority pests ...... 25 Table 3. Established pests of biosecurity significance ...... 31 Table 4. Established weeds of biosecurity significance...... 40 Table 5. The Biosecurity Implementation Table for the Australian Vegetable Industries (2017- 2022) ...... 43 Table 6. Documents and activities currently available for high priority pests of the Vegetable Industry ...... 64 Table 7. Members of the technical expert group and/or biosecurity implementation group ..... 82 Table 8: Scientists and others who contributed information for review of the biosecurity plan 83 Table 9. Summary of pest risk assessment process used in BPs ...... 88 Table 10. Product types for which import conditions are listed in BICON (as at June 2017) ... 97 Table 11. Interstate and interregional movement of plant products – legislation, quarantine manuals and contact numbers ...... 101 Table 12. Official surveillance programs that target pests of the vegetable industry (as at December 2016) ...... 106 Table 13. Sources of information on high priority pest threats for the vegetable industry ..... 112 Table 14. Relevant sources of further biosecurity information for the vegetable industry ...... 113 Table 15. Timeframe for reporting of notifiable pests as defined in state/territory legislation 116 Table 16. Likelihood of entry restrictions being imposed for existing markets if an exotic high priority pest establishes in Australia ...... 120 Table 17. Likelihood of entry restrictions being imposed for potential markets if an exotic high priority pest establishes in Australia ...... 123 Table 18 Response funding allocation between Government and Industry for an EPP ...... 132 Table 19. Formal categories for pests of the vegetable industry listed on schedule 13 of the EPPRD (as at 31 August, 2017)...... 133 Table 20. Contact details for AUSVEG Ltd ...... 137

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List of acronyms

ACPPO Australian Chief Plant Protection Office

APVMA Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority

AS/NZS Australian Standard/New Zealand Standard

BICON Australian Biosecurity Import Conditions Database

BIG Biosecurity Implementation Group

BP Biosecurity Plan

BOLT Biosecurity On-Line Training

CCEPP Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests

CPHM State Chief Plant Health Manager

DAF Qld Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland

DPI NSW Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales

DEDJTR Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Victoria

DPIR NT Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Northern Territory

DPIPWE Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania

DPIRD Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, WA

EPP Emergency Plant Pest

EPPO European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization

EPPRD Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point

HPP High Priority Pest

ICA Interstate Certification Assurance

IGAB Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity

IPM Integrated Pest Management

IPPC International Plant Protection Convention

IRA Import Risk Analysis

ISPM International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures

MICoR Manual of Importing Country Requirements

NAQS Northern Australian Quarantine Strategy

NDP National Diagnostic Protocol

NGIA Nursery and Garden Industry Australia

NMG National Management Group

NPBDN National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network

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NPBRDE IC National Plant Biosecurity Research, Development and Extension Strategy. Implementation Committee

NPBS National Plant Biosecurity Strategy

NSW New South Wales

NT Northern Territory

ORC Owner Reimbursement Costs

PaDIL Pest and Disease Image Library

PHA Plant Health Australia

PHC Plant Health Committee

PIC Property Identification Code

PIRSA Primary Industries and Regions South Australia

QA Quality Assurance

QLD Queensland

RDC Research and Development Corporation

RD&E Research, Development and Extension

SA South Australia

SARDI South Australian Research and Development Institute

SDQMA Sub-Committee for Domestic Quarantine and Market Access

SNPHS Sub-Committee for Plant Health Surveillance

SPHD Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic

SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary

TEG Technical Expert Group

TST Threat Summary Table

Vic Victoria

WA Western Australia

WA DPIRD Western Australia Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development

WTO World Trade Organization

Definitions

The definition of a plant pest used in this document are insects, mites, snails, nematodes or pathogens (diseases) that have the potential to adversely affect food, fibre, ornamental crops, bees and stored products, as well as environmental flora and fauna. Exotic pests are those not currently present in Australia. Endemic pests are those established within Australia.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Executive Summary

To ensure its future viability and sustainability, it is important that the Australian vegetable industry, represented by AUSVEG as the peak industry body, minimises the risks posed by exotic pests and responds effectively to plant pest threats. This plan is a framework to coordinate biosecurity activities and investment for Australia’s vegetable industry. It provides a mechanism for industry, governments and stakeholders to better prepare for and respond to, incursions of pests that could have significant impacts on the vegetable industry. It identifies and prioritises exotic plant pests (not currently present in Australia) and established pests of biosecurity concern, and focus on future biosecurity challenges.

The Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry was developed in consultation with the Technical Expert Group (TEG) and Biosecurity Implementation Group (BIG), which consisted of plant health and biosecurity experts and industry representatives. These groups were coordinated by Plant Health Australia (PHA) and included representatives from AUSVEG, relevant state and territory agriculture agencies and PHA.

The development of Threat Summary Tables (TSTs), constituting a list of more than 760 exotic plant pests and the potential biosecurity threat that they represent to the Australian vegetable industry was key to the industry biosecurity planning process. Currently the TSTs include pest of Apiaceae (carrots, celery, parsley, parsnips), Fabaceae (peas, beans), Asteraceae (lettuce), Brassicaceae (cabbage, radishes, broccoli, cauliflower), Cucurbitaceae (cucumber, zucchini, luffa, pumpkins), Amaranthaceae (beetroot, silver beet), Peaceae (sweet corn), Solanaceae (eggplant, capsicum, chilli) and Alliaceae (leeks, spring onion and shallot). Should other vegetable commodities be included in the future this list will expand. Each pest on the list was given an overall risk rating based on four criteria; entry, establishment, spread potential, and economic impact. In this biosecurity plan, established pests of biosecurity significance for the vegetable industry were also identified (Table 3) as good biosecurity practice is beneficial for the ongoing management and surveillance for these pests.

The Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry also details current mitigation and surveillance activities being undertaken and identifies contingency plans, fact sheets and diagnostic protocols that have been developed for pests relevant to the vegetable industry (Table 6). This enables identification of gaps and prioritises specific actions, as listed in the Biosecurity Implementation Table (Table 5). The development of this table will increase the vegetable industry’s biosecurity preparedness and response capability by outlining specific areas of action which could be undertaken through a government and industry partnership.

Executive Summary | PAGE 11

This biosecurity plan is principally designed for decision makers. It provides the vegetable industry and government with a mechanism to identify exotic plant pests as well as to address the strengths and weaknesses in relation to the vegetable industry’s current biosecurity position. It is envisaged that annual reviews of this BP will be undertaken with another formal review conducted in 5 years.

The biosecurity plan is a document outlining the commitment to the partnership between the vegetable industry and government to improve biosecurity for the vegetable industry and is supported by the industry biosecurity statement (Page 76).

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SIGNIFICANT BIOSECURITY THREATS

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Document overview

Biosecurity for the Australian vegetable industry focuses on five key areas to identify the components to be implemented through the life of the biosecurity plan 2017-2022. These five areas are outlined in the sections below.

High priority exotic pests, established pests and weeds of biosecurity significance

A key outcome of this biosecurity plan is the identification of the exotic high priority pests, established pests and weeds of biosecurity significance for the Australian vegetable industry (Page 10). This section includes:

• the High Priority Pests (HPPs), are the most significant exotic threats affecting the vegetable industry as identified through a prioritisation process. • the established pests of biosecurity significance, which have been identified in consultation with industry • the established weeds of biosecurity significance, as identified by industry and government.

The exotic HPP list, established pests and weeds of biosecurity significance will allow industry and government to better prioritise preparedness activities and will assist in the implementation of effective grower and community awareness campaigns, targeted biosecurity education and training programs for growers, development of surveillance programs, diagnostic protocols as well as development of pest-specific mitigation activity.

Implementing biosecurity for the Australian Vegetable industry 2017-2022

This section (Page 42) includes the biosecurity implementation plan and a gap analysis of the current level of preparedness for HPPs of the vegetable industry. The Biosecurity Implementation Group (BIG), comprised of both industry and government representatives, developed the implementation plan that sets out shared biosecurity goals and objectives over the next five years. It is intended that the biosecurity implementation plan is revisited by the Biosecurity Reference Panel regularly over the next five years to maintain its relevance.

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Threat identification and pest risk assessments

Guidelines are provided for the identification and ranking of biosecurity threats through a process of qualitative risk assessment. The primary goal is to coordinate identification of exotic pest threats that could impact productivity, or marketability. This plan strengthens risk assessment work already being done both interstate and overseas. All exotic vegetable biosecurity threats considered in the biosecurity plan are detailed in threat summary tables (TST; Appendix 2). From the prioritisation process undertaken in the TST, pests with an overall high rating were identified as a HPP (Table 1) Established pests and weeds of biosecurity significance are also listed.

Risk mitigation and preparedness

This section provides a summary of activities to mitigate the impact of pest threats on the Australian vegetable industry, along with a set of guidelines for managing risk at all operational levels. Many pre-emptive practices can be adopted by plant industries and government agencies to reduce risks. The major themes covered include:

• Barrier quarantine • Surveillance • Training • Awareness • Farm biosecurity • Reporting of suspect pests

A summary of pest-specific information and preparedness documents, such as fact sheets, contingency plans and diagnostic protocols are also described to outline activities industry has undertaken to prepare for an exotic pest incursion. Information for industry on how to align preparedness activities with R,D&E, such as researching IPM strategies, resistance breeding and chemical control is also provided.

Response management

This section provides a summary of the processes in place to respond to emergency plant pest (EPP)1 incursions that would affect the Australian vegetable industry. Areas covered in this section include the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD), PLANTPLAN (outlines the generic approach to response management under the EPPRD), categorisation of

1 Refer to the PHA website for details http://www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity/emergency-plant-pests/

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pests under the EPPRD and industry specific response procedures and industry communication.

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Pests and Weeds of Biosecurity Significance Overview

A key component of this biosecurity plan is to identify the exotic and established pests and weeds of biosecurity significance to the Australian vegetable industry. This section provides information on the High Priority Pest list, the established pests of biosecurity significance and the established weeds of biosecurity significance to the vegetable industry. These pest lists, provide the Australian vegetable industry, governments and other stakeholders with the information needed to prioritise resources for biosecurity risk management.

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Vegetable industry high priority exotic pests

Table 1 provides an overview of the top ranked threats to the vegetable industry for invertebrates, and pathogens and nematodes respectively. Further details on each pest along with the basis for the likelihood ratings are provided in the threat summary tables (Appendix 2). Assessments may change given more detailed research, and the priority list will be formally reviewed along with the Biosecurity Plan on an annual basis through the biosecurity reference panel. An explanation of the method used for calculating the overall risk can be found on the PHA website2. The effect of a pest on the overall vegetable industry is shown in Table 2.

Table 1. Vegetable industry high priority pest threat list

Common name (scientific name) Vegetable R&D levied Vegetable R&D levied commodity Plant part Entry Establishment Spread Economic Overall family affected affected affected potential potential potential impact risk3

INVERTEBRATES

ACARI (Mites e.g. spider and gall mites)

Bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus setosus) Alliaceae Leek Bulb and HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH roots

COLEOPTERA (Beetles and weevils)

Red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora Cucurbitaceae Pumpkin and other cucurbits Whole MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH foveicollis) plant

DIPTERA (Flies and midges)

Allium leafminer (Phytomyza Alliaceae Leek and other Allium spp. Stalks and HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH gymnostoma) bulbs

2 Available from www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity/risk-mitigation 3 Note: Where there are multiple commodities affected only the economic impact and overall risk for the most affected commodity are shown in the table.

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American leafminer, Serpentine Alliaceae, Fabaceae, Wide host range including Allium Leaves HIGH HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH vegetable leafminer, Vegetable Solanaceae, spp., bean, pea, eggplant, pumpkin, leafminer (Liriomyza sativae4) Cucurbitaceae, cucumber, beets, lettuce, celery Asteraceae, Apiaceae

American serpentine leafminer Alliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Wide host range over 400 species Leaves HIGH HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH (Liriomyza trifolii5) Fabaceae, Solanaceae of plants in 28 families. The main host families and species include: Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae, Alliaceae

Bean seed fly, Bean seed maggot Alliaceae, Brassicaceae, Cabbage, cauliflower, bean, corn Whole HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH (Delia florilega) Fabaceae, Poaceae and leek plant, above ground

Carambola fruit fly (Bactrocera Solanaceae Wide host range including Fruit HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH carambolae) capsicum

Carrot rust fly (Psila rosae) Apiaceae, Brassicaceae Carrot, cauliflower, celery, parsnip, Whole HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH parsley, other Apiaceae plant

Fijian fruit fly (Bactrocera passiflorae) Solanaceae Eggplant Fruit MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH

Lesser bulb fly (Eumerus strigatus) Alliaceae, Apiaceae, Allium spp., parsnip and cabbage Bulb, HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH Brassicaceae below ground part of plant

Melon fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) Cucurbitaceae Zucchini, pumpkin and cucumber Fruit HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH

4 Note: Detected in Queensland but a quarantine area has been established in the far northern biosecurity zone to restrict the spread of the pest. 5 Liriomyza trifolii is only a HPP for the Fabaceae and Solanaceae families and has a medium overall risk for the Alliaceae and Cucurbitaceae families.

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New Guinea fruit fly (Bactrocera Solanaceae Chilli Fruit HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH trivialis)

Onion fly (Delia antiqua) Alliaceae Shallot and leek Stalk HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH

Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Wide host range including over 300 Fruit HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH Cucurbitaceae species of commercial crops and wild hosts. Common families include Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae

Pea leafminer, Potato leafminer, Amaranthaceae, Wide host range including beet, Leaves HIGH HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH Serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza Alliaceae and leeks and lettuce huidobrensis) Asteraceae

Summer cabbage fly (Delia floralis) Brassicaceae and Cabbage, radish and leek Whole HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH Alliaceae plant

Tomato leaf miner (Liriomyza Solanaceae, Wide range of hosts including Leaves HIGH HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH bryoniae6) Cucurbiataceae, bean, peas, cabbage, lettuce and Asteraceae, Fabaceae eggplants

GASTROPODA (Slugs and snails)

Giant African land snail (Lissachatina Fabaceae Wide range of crops affected Whole HIGH HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH fulica (Syn. Achatina fulica)) including pea plant, above ground

Giant African snail (Achatina achatina) Brassicaceae, Not host specific. Feeds on a range Whole HIGH HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH Asteraceae of plants including cabbage and plant, lettuce above ground

6 Liriomyza bryoniae is only a HPP for the Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae families and has a medium overall risk for the Cucurbitaceae family.

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HEMIPTERA (Stink bugs, aphids, mealybugs, scale, whiteflies and hoppers)

Bean aphid (Aphis fabae) Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Very broad host range with over Leaves HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH Amaranthaceae, hosts including cabbage, Cucurbitaceae, cauliflower, radish, celery, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae capsicum, eggplant, cucumber, beets, broad beans, bean, peas, cucurbits and chilli

Brown marmorated stink bug Poaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Very wide host range including Whole HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH (Halyomorpha halys (Syn. Solanaceae, Fabaceae, sweet corn, cucumber, capsicum, plant, Halyomorpha mista)) Asteraceae, Apiaceae, carrot, beans, beets, eggplant, above Amaranthaceae lettuce, pea and beans ground

Silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Broad host range across Broad host range (over 600 plant Leaves MEDIUM- LOW-HIGH HIGH HIGH MEDIUM- (types Asia 1, China 1, China 2, Asia II vegetables species) across vegetables and stems HIGH HIGH (1-8), Italy, Sub-Saharan Africa (1-4), Uganda, New World, Mediterranean, Middle East-Asia Minor 2, Indian Ocean))

Western tarnished plant bug (Lygus Amaranthaceae, Wide host range including sugar Whole MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH hesperus) Apiaceae beet, bean and carrot plant, above ground

LEPIDOPTERA (Butterflies and moths)

Cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Over 160 hosts including beet, Leaves MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH Asteraceae, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Amaranthaceae, radish, celery, cucumber, lettuce, Cucurbitaceae parsnip, pea, capsicum, navy bean and pumpkin

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False codling moth (Thaumatotibia Solanaceae Wide host range including capsicum Fruit MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH leucotreta (Syn. Cryptophlebia and maize leucotreta))

South American tomato moth, Solanaceae Eggplant and other solanaceous Whole MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta) plants plant

PATHOGENS AND NEMATODES

BACTERIA (including phytoplasmas)

Zebra chip (Candidatus Liberibacter Apiaceae Carrot and celery Whole HIGH HIGH HIGH EXTREME EXTREME solanacearum7) plant

FUNGI

Puccinia agrophila Solanaceae Eggplant Leaves HIGH LOW-MEDIUM HIGH HIGH MEDIUM- HIGH

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum Brassicaceae Brassicas Leaves MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH higginsianum)

Banded Leaf and sheath spot/ blight Poaceae Corn Whole HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH (Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii (AG1) plant, (teleomorph: Corticium sasakii (Syn. above Thanatephorus cucumeris))) ground

Late blight (exotic strains) Solanaceae Solanum spp. Whole HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH (Phytophthora infestans (A2 mating plant type))

7 Haplotype A and B affect Solanaceae (e.g. potatos) and is vectored by Trioza apicalis. Haplotype C affect Apiaceae (carrots and celery) and is vectored by Bactericera cockerelli

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Late wilt, slow wilt (Harpophora Poaceae Corn Whole HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH maydis (Syn. Cephalosporium maydis, plant, Acremonium maydis)) above ground

Leaf spot (Alternaria humicola) Fabaceae Pea Whole HIGH HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH plant, above ground

Lentil anthracnose or soybean Fabaceae Broad bean Whole MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH anthracnose (Colletotrichum lentis plant, (lentil affecting strain)) above ground

Lettuce rust (Puccinia opizii) Asteraceae Lettuce Leaves HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH

Rust - Apiaceae (Uromyces lineolatus) Apiaceae Carrot, parsnip and other Apiaceae Leaves HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH species

Rusts – Alliaceae (Puccinia spp. Alliaceae Allium spp. Leaves HIGH MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH (exotic species))

NEMATODES

Barley root knot nematode Amaranthaceae Sugar beet Roots MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH (Meloidogyne naasi)

Carrot cyst nematode (Heterodera Apiaceae Carrot Roots MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH carotae)

Chickpea cyst nematode (Heterodera Fabaceae Pea Roots MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH cicero)

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Root knot nematode (Meloidogyne Solanaceae, Capsicum, eggplant, cabbage, Roots MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH enterolobii (syn. Meloidogyne Brassicaceae, cucumber lettuce, carrot and bean mayaguensis)) Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae

VIRUSES AND VIROIDS

Groundnut bud necrosis virus Fabaceae, Cucumber, pumpkin, pea and bean Leaves MEDIUM HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH (Groundnut bud necrosis virus Cucurbitaceae (Tospovirus)8)

Watermelon bud necrosis virus Cucurbitaceae Luffa Whole HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH (Watermelon bud necrosis virus plant (Tospovirus))

As the vegetable industry covers multiple commodities Table 2 lists the effect of the high priority pest on the vegetable industry as a whole. For example, a pest that affects three commodities will have a greater effect on the industry than a pest that only affects one crop. Using the production value for each crop, as calculated by the Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited (2017a)9 a value of $1,643.4 million was calculated to be the total production value of crops covered in the Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry10. The production of each crop was then divided by 1,643.4 to provide the proportion of levied vegetable impacted by a pest/disease [e.g. (cabbage production value + bean production value)/1,643.4]. No production data for the 2014/15 year was available for radishes or the luffa industry.

8 Groundnut bud virus (Tospovirus) is only a HPP for the Fabaceae family and has an unknown overall risk for the Cucurbitaceae family. 9 Available online at http://horticulture.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Australian-Horticulture-Statistics-Handbook-Vegetables.pdf 10 For crops covered in the Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry refer to Appendix 1, Profile of the Australian Vegetable Industry

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Table 2. Proportion of total levied vegetable industry impacted by vegetable high priority pests11

Common name Scientific name Vegetable R&D levied commodity affected Proportion of Overall risk (for AUSVEG levied commodities total levied within the family)

vegetable

industry

impacted by

pest/disease

Apiaceae Fabaceae Asteraceae Brassicaceae Cucurbitaceae Amaranthacea e Poaceae Solanaceae Alliaceae

INVERTEBRATES

Allium leafminer Phytomyza gymnostoma Leek and other Allium spp. 2.28% H

American leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Wide host range including: Allium spp., bean, pea, 53.52% H H H H H H H Vegetable leafminer eggplant, pumpkin, cucumber, beets, lettuce, celery

American Liriomyza trifolii Wide host range over 400 species of plants in 28 92.36% H M H M serpentine families. The main host families and species include:

leafminer Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae, Alliaceae

Bean aphid Aphis fabae Very broad host range with over hosts including: 41.65% H H H H H cabbage, cauliflower, radish, celery, capsicum, eggplant, cucumber, beets, broad beans, bean, peas, cucurbits and chilli

Bean seed fly Delia florilega Cabbage, cauliflower, bean, corn and leek 14.31% H H H H

Brown marmorated Halyomorpha halys (Syn. Very wide host range including: sweet corn, cucumber, 73.59% H H H H H H stink bug Halyomorpha mista) capsicum, carrot, beans, beets, eggplant, lettuce, pea and beans

11 In the overall risk; H stands for high, M stands for medium, M-H stands for medium-high, E stands for extreme, U stands for unknown

Significant Biosecurity Threats | PAGE 25 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Common name Scientific name Vegetable R&D levied commodity affected Proportion of Overall risk (for AUSVEG levied commodities total levied within the family)

vegetable

industry

impacted by

pest/disease

Apiaceae Fabaceae Asteraceae Brassicaceae Cucurbitaceae Amaranthacea e Poaceae Solanaceae Alliaceae

Bulb mite Rhizoglyphus setosus Leek 0.97% H

Cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni Over 160 hosts including: beet, broccoli, cabbage, 76.03% H H H H H H cauliflower, radish, celery, cucumber, lettuce, parsnip, pea, capsicum, navy bean and pumpkin

Carambola fruit fly Bactrocera carambolae Wide host range including capsicum 8.80% H

Carrot rust fly Psila rosae Carrot, cauliflower, celery, parsnip, parsley, other 18.38% H Apiaceae

False codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Syn. Wide host range including capsicum and maize 12.63% H H Cryptophlebia leucotreta)

Fijian fruit fly Bactrocera passiflorae Eggplant 1.06% H

Giant African land Lissachatina fulica Wide range of crops affected including pea 2.56% H snail

Giant African snail Achatina achatina Not host specific. Feeds on a range of plants including: 29.20% H H cabbage and lettuce

Lesser bulb fly Eumerus strigatus Allium spp., parsnip and cabbage 4.30% H H H

Melon fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae Zucchini, pumpkin and cucumber 15.84% H

New Guinea fruit fly Bactrocera trivialis Chilli 0.52% H

Onion fly Delia antiqua Shallot and leek 2.28% H

Significant Biosecurity Threats | PAGE 26 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Common name Scientific name Vegetable R&D levied commodity affected Proportion of Overall risk (for AUSVEG levied commodities total levied within the family)

vegetable

industry

impacted by

pest/disease

Apiaceae Fabaceae Asteraceae Brassicaceae Cucurbitaceae Amaranthacea e Poaceae Solanaceae Alliaceae

Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Wide host range including over 300 species of 33.30% H H H commercial crops and wild hosts. Common families include Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae

Pea leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis Wide host range including: beet, leeks and lettuce 28.73% H H H

Red pumpkin beetle Aulacophora foveicollis Pumpkin and other cucurbits 15.84% H

Silverleaf whitefly Bemisia tabaci (types Asia 1, Broad host range (over 600 plant species) across 100.00% M-H M-H M-H M-H China 1, China 2, Asia II (1-8), vegetables Italy, Sub-Saharan Africa (1-4), Uganda, New World, Mediterranean, Middle East-Asia Minor 2, Indian Ocean) [1]

South American Tuta absoluta Eggplant and other solanaceous plants 10.39% H tomato moth

Tomato leaf miner Liriomyza bryoniae Wide range of hosts including: bean, peas, cabbage, 40.58% H H M H lettuce and eggplants

Turnip maggot Delia floralis Cabbage, radish and leek 18.76% H H

Western plant bug Lygus hesperus Wide host range including: sugar beet, bean and carrot 16.69% H H H

Significant Biosecurity Threats | PAGE 27 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Common name Scientific name Vegetable R&D levied commodity affected Proportion of Overall risk (for AUSVEG levied commodities total levied within the family)

vegetable

industry

impacted by

pest/disease

Apiaceae Fabaceae Asteraceae Brassicaceae Cucurbitaceae Amaranthacea e Poaceae Solanaceae Alliaceae

PATHOGENS AND NEMATODES

Anthracnose Colletotrichum higginsianum Brassicas 16.48% H

Banded leaf and Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii Corn 3.83% H sheath spot (AG1)[14] (teleomorph : Corticium sasakii (Syn. Thanatephorus cucumeris))

Barley root knot Meloidogyne naasi Sugar beet 0.59% H nematode

Carrot cyst Heterodera carotae Carrot 11.59% H nematode

Groundnut bud Groundnut bud necrosis virus Cucumber, pumpkin, pea and bean 19.66% H U necrosis virus (Tospovirus)

Late blight (exotic Phytophthora infestans (A2 Solanum spp. 10.39% H strains) mating type)

Late wilt Harpophora maydis (Syn. Corn 3.83% H Cephalosporium maydis, Acremonium maydis)

Leaf spot Alternaria humicola Pea 2.56% H

Significant Biosecurity Threats | PAGE 28 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Common name Scientific name Vegetable R&D levied commodity affected Proportion of Overall risk (for AUSVEG levied commodities total levied within the family)

vegetable

industry

impacted by

pest/disease

Apiaceae Fabaceae Asteraceae Brassicaceae Cucurbitaceae Amaranthacea e Poaceae Solanaceae Alliaceae

Lentil anthracnose Colletotrichum lentis (lentil Broad bean 4.52% H affecting strain)

Lettuce rust Puccinia opizii Lettuce 27.17% H

Root knot nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii (Syn. Capsicum, eggplant, cabbage, cucumber lettuce, carrot 64.12% H H H H H H Meloidogyne mayaguensis) and bean

Rust Uromyces lineolatus Carrot, parsnip and other Apiaceae species 15.40% H

Rusts Puccinia spp. (exotic species) Allium spp. 2.28% H

Watermelon bud Watermelon bud necrosis virus Luffa Unknown H necrosis virus (Tospovirus)

Zebra chip Candidatus Liberibacter Carrot and celery 14.34% E E solanacearum

Puccinia agrophila Eggplant 1.06% M-H

Significant Biosecurity Threats | PAGE 29 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Established pests of biosecurity significance

Introduction This section identifies established pests of biosecurity significance for the vegetable industry in Australia. By identifying and prioritising established pests which vegetable producers already have to manage, mechanisms can be put in place to better align industry and government resources and provide a stronger base for biosecurity risk management for the vegetable industry.

Identification of established pests of significance will also assist in the implementation of effective grower and community awareness campaigns, targeted biosecurity education and training programs for growers, surveillance coordinators, diagnosticians and development of pest-specific mitigation activity.

Threat identification Information on established pests of the vegetable industry described in this document came from a combination of:

• past records • existing industry protection plans • industry practice and experience • relevant published literature • local industry and overseas research • specialist and expert judgment.

Prioritising pest threats Although established pests listed in this plan (Table 3) had to meet the criteria listed below for establishment, spread and economic impact, these pests did not undergo a formal pest risk assessment. These pests were considered in an effort to prioritise investment.

Spread: The natural spread of the pest to most production areas is largely unhindered and assisted spread within Australia is also difficult to manage. There may be state or territory specific regulations in place to prevent the pest spreading.

Establishment: The pest has the potential to survive and become established throughout most or all of the range of hosts. Distribution is not limited by environment conditions that prevail in Australia. Based upon its current distribution in Australia, and known conditions of survival, it is likely to survive in Australia in the majority of regions where the host is grown.

Economic Impact: There are severe impacts on production including host mortality and/or significant impacts on either crop quality or storage losses, and/or severe impacts on market access.

Pests and Weeds of Biosecurity Significance | PAGE 30 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Table 3. Established pests of biosecurity significance

Common name Scientific name Host(s) Affected Additional comments Factsheets Distribution State movement controls plant part within Australia

INVERTEBRATE

Silverleaf white Bemisia tabaci Highly polyphagous Leaves and B. tabaci is a vector of www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf ACT, QLD, SA, WA Restrictions on the entry of fly (endemic types including Asteraceae, stems over 60 plant viruses in _file/0019/312805/Silverleaf-whitefly- nursery stock, cut flowers Australia, Balsaminaceae, the genera Geminivirus, in-vegetables.pdf and foliage, and leafy Australia//Indonesi Brassicaceae, Closterovirus, vegetables into the www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/field-crops- a and Middle East- Chenopodiaceae, Nepovirus, Carlavirus, Kimberley region. Victoria and-pastures/broadacre-field- Asia Minor 1) Cucurbitaceae, Potyvirus and a rod- has entry conditions for crops/integrated-pest-management/a- Euphorbiaceae, shaped DNA virus hosts of Bemisia tabaci. z-insect-pest-list/whitefly- Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, (Markham et al., 1994). overview/silverleaf-whitefly-biotype-b- Malvaceae, Piperaceae, There are 24 different and-native Solanaceae types. Currently types Australia/Indonesia, Australia and Middle East/Asia Minor 1 are found in Australia (De Barro et al., 2011).

Pests and Weeds of Biosecurity Significance | PAGE 31 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Common name Scientific name Host(s) Affected Additional comments Factsheets Distribution State movement controls plant part within Australia

Tomato/potato Bactericera Capsicums, eggplants, Whole plant, An insect that is capable www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/w WA Various movement psyllid cockerelli peppers & other above ground of spreading bacterium p-content/uploads/2017/04/Zebra- restrictions apply on solanaceous crops that lives in the phloem chip-tomato-potato-psyllid-FS.pdf Solanaceae and or conducting tissue of Convolvulaceae plants plants and causes entering QLD, NSW, SA and serious disease in VIC. tomatoes, potatoes and Movement controls also exist carrots. The tomato- within WA. potato psyllid is native to North America and can cause a syndrome on plants known as psyllid yellows in the absence of zebra chip. Psyllid yellows can cause a significant reduction in tomato yield and quality.

Bean pod borer Maruca vitrata Fabaceae including Pods Larvae consume the www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/field-crops- NSW, QLD (Syn. M. testulalis) pigeon pea, legumes, seeds within pods, and-pastures/broadacre-field- soybean, beans, lima sometimes totally. Entry crops/integrated-pest-management/a- bean, kudzu, cowpea holes in the pods allow z-insect-pest-list/bean-podborer water to enter which can stain the uneaten seeds.

Beanfly Ophiomyia Fabaceae including Roots and Larvae tunnel into www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/field-crops- ACT, QLD, WA phaseoli pigeon pea, legumes, stems, can vascular tissue, causing and-pastures/broadacre-field- and restricted soybean, lucerne, lima cause wilting and reduced crops/integrated-pest-management/a- distribution within bean, common bean, dwarfing of plant strength. Newly z-insect-pest-list/bean-fly NSW pea, adzuki bean, mung whole plant emerging crops are at bean, cowpea greater risk but later crops are sometimes attacked.

Pests and Weeds of Biosecurity Significance | PAGE 32 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Common name Scientific name Host(s) Affected Additional comments Factsheets Distribution State movement controls plant part within Australia

Cluster Spodoptera litura Highly polyphagous Leaves Can be severe leaf ACT and restricted caterpillar including potato, tomato, defoliators if conditions distribution within eggplant, onion, are favourable to them, NSW, QLD and cauliflower, cabbage, with studies reporting WA citrus, chilli, coffee, 20-100% damage to soybean, cut flowers, potato crops depending apple, lucerne, tobacco, on water availability. peppers, cocoa, grapevine, maize

Diamondback Plutella xylostella Brassicas including Above ground Attacks 136, 000 http://pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_f ACT, NSW, QLD, moth cabbage, cauliflower, plant parts hectares of major ile/0004/272992/Diamondback_Moth.p SA, TAS, VIC, WA brussels sprouts, Brassica vegetable df kohlrabi, broccoli, crops in Australia per

Chinese cabbage, turnip, year. Throughout the lettuce, mustard world it is considered to be the main insect pest of cruciferous vegetables.

Potato tuber Phthorimaea Potato, tomato, eggplant, Leaves, A significant pest both ACT, NSW, QLD, moth operculella capsicum, tobacco roots, stems pre- and post-harvest SA, TAS, VIC and restricted distribution within WA

Red legged Halotydeus Highly polyphagous Above ground Mite feeding causes VIC and restricted Earth Mite destructor including asparagus, plant parts seedling mortality which distribution within beetroot, capsicum, can lead to reduced NSW, SA, TAS, cucurbits, sweet pea, yields. Production WA lupin, lucerne, tobacco, losses can be severe in beans, radish, tomato, southern Australia. potato, wheat, faba bean

Pests and Weeds of Biosecurity Significance | PAGE 33 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Common name Scientific name Host(s) Affected Additional comments Factsheets Distribution State movement controls plant part within Australia

Red shouldered Monolepta Avocado, carambola, Leaves, roots Form swarms which www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/fruit-and- ACT, NSW leaf beetle australis cotton, corn, Eucalyptus, invade orchards and vegetables/a-z-list-of-horticultural- grasses, legumes, lychee, can cause serious insect-pests/red-shouldered-leaf-beetle macadamia, mango damage within 2-3 hours. However it is only the swarming beetles which cause damage; individuals or small groups are not likely to cause damage.

Western flower Frankliniella Highly polyphagous Above ground www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/field-crops- NSW, QLD, TAS, thrips occidentalis including Asteraceae, parts and-pastures/broadacre-field- VIC and restricted Alliaceae, Solanaceae, crops/integrated-pest-management/a- distribution within Cucurbitaceae, z-insect-pest-list/thrips- SA, WA Chenopodiaceae, overview/western-flower-thrips Fabaceae, Moraceaea, www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/wp- Roseaceae, Malvaceae, content/uploads/2013/01/Western- Liliaceae, Orchidaceae, flower-thrips-FS.pdf Vitaceae, Rutaceae, Brassicaceae, Ericaceae, Poaceae, Balsaminaceae

Pests and Weeds of Biosecurity Significance | PAGE 34 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Common name Scientific name Host(s) Affected Additional comments Factsheets Distribution State movement controls plant part within Australia

Green snail Cornu apertus Highly polyphagous Leaves Green snail is a www.agric.wa.gov.au/plant- WA and restricted A WA declared pest that (syn. Cantareus including leafy declared pest under biosecurity/green-snail-declared-pest distribution within must satisfy any applicable apetus, Helix vegetables, cereal crops, section 22 of the VIC import requirements when aperta) pasture grasses and Biosecurity and imported, and may be native plants. Agriculture subject to an import permit if Management Act 2007, they are potential carriers of landholders are required high-risk organisms. They to report and control the may also be subject to pest on their properties. control and keeping requirements once within Western Australia. This pest is on the Victorian declared list.

Rutherglen bug Nysius vinitor Sunflower, sorghum, Leaves The Rutherglen bug www.pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_f NSW, QLD, SA, canola, safflower with breed on a wide range ile/0016/274111/Rutherglen_Bug.pdf VIC and WA lettuce and brassicas as of native and weed http://ipmguidelinesforgrains.com.au/w secondary crops hosts, building up to p-content/uploads/RGB-FS- large numbers in inland FINALweb.pdf areas when winter and spring rainfall allows the growth of native herbs and weeds. In spring, as the hosts start to dry off, large numbers of adult bugs will move into the eastern cropping areas, migrating on the winds associated with storm fronts.

Pests and Weeds of Biosecurity Significance | PAGE 35 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Common name Scientific name Host(s) Affected Additional comments Factsheets Distribution State movement controls plant part within Australia

Red imported Solenopsis invicta Omnivore eating Whole plant The impact on http://invasives.org.au/wp- Restricted QLD has a fire ant pest fire ant soybean, eggplant, corn, vegetables is low content/uploads/2015/01/fs-red- distribution within biosecurity zone honeydew, invertebrates however the social imported-fire-ants.pdf QLD www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/ and vertebrates implications is high on weeds-pest-animals- workers as bites from ants/invasive-ants/fire- fire ants are very ants/restricted- painful. areas/restricted-area-maps

Stable fly Stomoxys Humans, pets, Crop residue Stable fly breeds in www.toodyay.wa.gov.au/files/sharedas WA calcitrans agriculture, livestock vegetable residue after sets/public/planning/health/stable-flies- crops are harvested. It fact-sheet.pdf is closely associated with human activity and can be a serious pest of livestock around animal enclosures, stables, feedlots and paddocks or pastures. All vegetable growers in WA (except for beans, capsicums, cucumbers, parsley, potatoes, tomatoes and spinach) need to abide by the Regulation and Management Plan as part of the Biosecurity and Agricultural Management Act.

Pests and Weeds of Biosecurity Significance | PAGE 36 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Common name Scientific name Host(s) Affected Additional comments Factsheets Distribution State movement controls plant part within Australia

Melon thrips Thrips palmi Wide range including Whole plant There are no quarantine www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/health- ACT and QLD Melon thrips north beans, capsicum, restrictions for pests-diseases/a-z-significant/melon- Queensland restricted area cucumbers, eggplant, movement of melon thrips and Melon thrips south east melons, pumpkin, squash thrips hosts within Queensland restricted area. www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/wp- and zucchini. Weed hosts Queensland. content/uploads/2013/01/Melon-thrips- Restrictions apply to fruit and include plants from the However, South FS.pdf vegetables when travelling Cucurbitaceae and Australia, Western south from Darwin to prevent Solanaceae families. Australia and the https://dpir.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf the spread of the pest melon Northern Territory _file/0020/233606/753.pdf thrips. restrict the introduction of host crops and plants Uncertified cut flowers, from within a 100 km foliage and leafy vegetables radius of a detection of are not allowed out of the the pest. Ord River Irrigation Area (Kununurra) unless certified. This is to reduce the risk of spreading melon thrips.

PATHOGENS AND NEMATODES

Potato spindle Potato spindle The primary natural host Whole plant Mild strains show no or www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/wp- WA, QLD and Legislation is consistent tuber viroid tuber Pospiviroid of PSTVd is potato, but minor symptoms but content/uploads/2013/01/Potato- under eradication between NSW, Victoria and (PSTVd) the viroid also affects severe strains induce spindle-tuber-viroid-FS.pdf in South Australia. South Australia. Potato tomato and other leaves to curl Successfully propagative material Solanaceae plants downwards and become eradicated from (including seed potatoes) will spindly with a rough Victoria and New be restricted entry unless surface and darker South Wales produced under a colour. The tubers certification scheme that become small, spindly meets the National Standard and elongated and may for Certification of Seed have growth cracks Potatoes or grown in an area free from PSTVd

Pests and Weeds of Biosecurity Significance | PAGE 37 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Established weeds of biosecurity significance

Introduction This section identifies established weeds of biosecurity significance for the vegetable industry. By identifying and prioritising weeds which vegetable producers already have to manage, or may have to deal with in the future, mechanisms can be put in place to better align industry and government resources and provide a strong base for biosecurity risk management for the vegetable industry.

Although weeds were not formally included in the EPPRD at the time that this biosecurity plan was released, exotic weeds may be responded to in a similar way to exotic plant pests in the future. Therefore, it is critical that the vegetable industry start reviewing the threat of weeds to their production system.

Identification of weeds of significance will also assist in the implementation of effective grower and community awareness campaigns, targeted biosecurity education and training programs for growers and botanists, and development of specific incursion response plans if an incursion of the weed occurs, or if the weed spreads further in production regions of Australia.

Threat identification Information on weeds of the vegetable industry described in this document came from a combination of:

Prioritising weed threats Although established weeds listed in this plan (Table 4) had to meet the criteria listed below for establishment, spread and economic impact, these pests did not undergo a formal pest risk assessment. These weeds were considered in an effort to prioritise investment.

Spread: The natural spread of the weed to most production areas is largely unhindered and assisted spread within Australia is also difficult to manage. There may be state or territory specific regulations in place to prevent the pest spreading.

Establishment: The weed has the potential to survive and become established throughout most or all of the range of hosts. Distribution is not limited by environment conditions that prevail in Australia. Based upon its current distribution in Australia, and known conditions of survival, it is likely to survive in Australia in the majority of regions where the host is grown.

Significant Biosecurity Threats | PAGE 38 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Economic Impact: There are severe impacts on production including host mortality and/or significant impacts on either crop quality or storage losses, and/or severe impacts on market access.

Significant Biosecurity Threats | PAGE 39 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Table 4. Established weeds of biosecurity significance

Common Scientific Name Crop affected Distribution in Plant part affected Comments State movement controls name Australia

Blackberry Rubus spp. Generalist Across southern Whole plant Highly invasive. Forms impenetrable Movement controls described in the Australia including thickets and mounds that alienate Blackberry control manual. southern QLD, productive land. Thickets contain dry http://weeds.ala.org.au/WoNS/blackb NSW, VIC, parts of material and thus are a fire hazard. erry/docs/blackberry-control-manual- SA, WA and TAS Livestock and other large animals intro.pdf may be trapped in the thickets.

Branched Orobanche Potato, tomato, eggplant, onion, South Australia Leaves, roots Parasitic plant that can cause wilting, NSW state prohibited weed. broomrape ramosa celery, cucurbits, lettuce, yellowing and necrosis of foliage and Fabaceae reduced root system

Fireweed Senecio Generalist South-eastern Whole plant Highly invasive and quickly ACT notifiable and prohibited weed. madagascariensis coast of Australia establishes anywhere where ground www.legislation.act.gov.au/ni/2014- (QLD, NSW, VIC) has been cultivated or disturbed or 333/current/pdf/2014-333.pdf where groundcover competition is reduced. Toxic to livestock

Lantana Lantana camara Pineapple, tea, coffee, cotton, Present in all states Whole plant Highly invasive and quickly Sale and movement of prohibited in SA. rice, sugarcane, Poaceae, and territories as establishes anywhere where ground http://pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf pastures an ornamental has been cultivated or disturbed or _file/0020/137351/common_lantana_p plant, is a weed in where groundcover competition is olicy.pdf NSW, QLD, NT, reduced. Toxic to livestock WA and SA

Mexican Argemone Potato, sorghum, wheat, maize, Nationwide Whole plant Can inhibit germination and seedling WA prohibited pest. poppy mexicana coffee, cotton, lucerne, beans growth of vegetables. Toxic to www.agric.wa.gov.au/organisms/776 livestock. 57

Nut grass Cyperus rotundus Occurs in all crops grown within Nationwide Whole plant Highly invasive. Can grow in all soil its range types and survive high temperatures. Transported in contaminated soil. Is tolerant to many herbicides.

Significant Biosecurity Threats | PAGE 40 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Common Scientific Name Crop affected Distribution in Plant part affected Comments State movement controls name Australia

Parthenium Parthenium Potato, tomato, eggplant, okra, NT, QLD, NSW Whole plant Releases allelopathic chemicals into hysterophorus onion, citrus, coffee, pumpkin, soil that inhibit germination and cotton, sunflower, mango, beans, growth of crops. sugarcane wheat, maize

Saffron Carthamus Can grow in any cultivated land, VIC, NSW, SA, WA Whole plant Competes with crops for moisture, thistle lanatus but mainly affects cereal and light and nutrients, can cause up to grain crops 70% yield reduction in grain crops

Serrated Nassella Grasses, pastures NSW, VIC, TAS Whole plant Outcompetes grasses and pasture Regionally prohibited in the Mallee, tussock trichotoma plants and greatly reduces Wimmera, North Central, Glenelg production capacity due to its low Hopkins, Goulburn Broken, North East, grazing value and East Gippsland Catchments. Regionally controlled in the Corangamite, West Gippsland, Port Phillip and Western Port Catchments. http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agricultu re/pests-diseases-and- weeds/weeds/a-z-of-weeds/serrated- tussock

Datura Thornapple Potato, tomato, beetroot, Nationwide Whole plant Can compete with crops season- WA declared pest under official stramonium soyabean, cotton, barley, long, resulting in decreased yields. Is management. cassava, lucerne, beans, pea, an alternate host for many important www.agric.wa.gov.au/organisms/919 sugarcane, wheat, grapevine, pests and pathogens of Solanaceous 59 maize crops, including potato moth Lord Howe Island regionally controlled (Phthorimaea operculella). It is highly weed. toxic to humans and livestock. http://weeds.dpi.nsw.gov.au/Weeds/D etails/296

Cyperus Yellow Nutsedge Occurs in all crops grown within QLD, NSW, VIC, Tubers, roots, whole Produces tubers that can compete esculentus its range SA, TAS plant with and damage tuber/root crops

Significant Biosecurity Threats | PAGE 41 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Implementing biosecurity for the Australian Vegetable industry 2017-2022

Following the prioritisation and gap analysis through the Biosecurity Implementation Group (BIG) biosecurity planning process, both industry and government have developed an implementation plan that sets out shared biosecurity goals and objectives. This section contains a Biosecurity Implementation Table which should act as a guide for biosecurity activities for the vegetable industry and the government for 2017-2022. It is intended that the plan is monitored using annual review by the Biosecurity Reference Panel.

Biosecurity Implementation Table The Biosecurity Implementation Table aims to build upon the themes outlined in the Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (IGAB)12 and the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (NPBS)13 by providing a clear line of sight between the development of this Biosecurity Plan and broader plant health policy and legislation.

This table aims to provide the focus and strategic direction for plant biosecurity activities relating to the vegetable industry over the next five years (i.e. the life of this Biosecurity Plan). The table provides specific recommendations on potential biosecurity activities identified by both industry and government to improve biosecurity preparedness for pest threats.

This table has been developed in recognition that biosecurity is a shared responsibility between the vegetable industry and governments, and for this reason, the Biosecurity Implementation Table has been produced to help coordinate actions and resources in the biosecurity system, with the view of creating an effective and productive biosecurity partnership. Activities may require additional funding to be sourced prior to commencement. By implementing the specific actions listed in the Biosecurity Implementation Table, it will not only strengthen the vegetable biosecurity system, but also the broader plant biosecurity system. Future versions of this table will contain information on the progress made by governments and industry on the Biosecurity Implementation Table (Table 5).

12 For more information visit www.agriculture.gov.au/animal-plant-health/pihc/intergovernmental-agreement-on-biosecurity 13 For more information visit www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/national-programs/national-plant-biosecurity-strategy/

Implementing Biosecurity for the Australian Vegetable Industry | PAGE 42 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Table 5. The Biosecurity Implementation Table for the Australian Vegetable Industries (2017-2022) Strategy: Capacity and Capability

Aligns with Strategy 4 of NPBS, Schedule 6 of IGAB

Details Responsible Involved Parties Due date Current activities party a) Establish a biosecurity reference panel to help PHA Vegetable industry, Hort 2017 and then Biosecurity reference panel will run as part of coordinate industry’s future biosecurity activities, Innovation, State and annually the Hort Innovation funded vegetable develop key biosecurity messages/materials and to Territory Government, biosecurity plan update review the implementation plan annually. Commonwealth Government, PHA b) Ensure that reference panel priorities feed through to PHA Reference panel, Hort Annually This will commence once the reference panel is the relevant funding body (e.g. RDC) or committee (e.g. Innovation, relevant confirmed. fruit fly council, NPBRDE IC, SPHD, SNPHS). committees, PHA c) Undertake deed training by PHA for AUSVEG board AUSVEG AUSVEG, PHA To be AUSVEG Activities: Vegetable and Potato members and vegetable liaison officers/coordinators. determined at biosecurity officers have undertaken deed first reference training. panel meeting

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Details Responsible Involved Parties Due date Current activities party d) Develop biosecurity content/capability an industry Vegetable Vegetable industry, PHA Ongoing AUSVEG Activities: A farm biosecurity planning training program for vegetable growers. An example industry and train the trainer scheme is currently being training program would be a biosecurity workshop that developed as a part of the Vegetable and would go through the steps to develop your own farm Potato Biosecurity Program. Update of the biosecurity plan integrated with a quality assurance biosecurity component in EnviroVeg has scheme. This would be run by field extension officers. commenced. EnviroVeg is currently undergoing alignment with Freshcare ENV3. - Consider the potential for a biosecurity module within VegPRO. Vegetable Industry Activities: VegNET - Consider a train the trainer biosecurity module for Coordinators around Australia are organising VegNET. biosecurity workshops with more frequency. - Provide training for growers in online biosecurity Hort Innovation are currently funding a scoping planning and develop focus groups to follow study looking at a business case for a third- progress. party audited vegetable industry biosecurity scheme. e) Establish a network of biosecurity champions within the AUSVEG AUSVEG, PHA Ongoing AUSVEG Activities: Vegetable and Potato industry to foster good biosecurity practices. (Assess biosecurity officers promote good biosecurity. progress annually) f) Integrate best biosecurity practice principles into Vegetable Vegetable industry, To be AUSVEG Activities: Update of the biosecurity sectoral and cross-sectoral quality assurance programs industry Quality assurers, PHA determined at component in EnviroVeg has commenced. e.g. myBMP, Smartcane, Freshcare first reference EnviroVeg is currently undergoing alignment panel meeting with Freshcare ENV3. g) Appointment of an industry incursion response AUSVEG AUSVEG To be AUSVEG Activities: Officers within AUSVEG coordinator (within Industry) at a national or state level. determined at perform a coordination and liaison role on an as first reference needs basis through the industry Crisis panel meeting Management Team and Vegetable and Potato Biosecurity Program.

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Details Responsible Involved Parties Due date Current activities party h) State departments review their capability for an State and State and Territory To be incursion across all components of a response. Territory Government determined at Implement action if appropriate. Government first reference panel meeting i) Ensure industry have sufficient research capacity in Vegetable Vegetable industry, To be Vegetable Industry Activities: The Plant biosecurity (including succession planning). industry, State CSIRO, State and determined at Biosecurity Research Initiative has been and Territory Territory Government first reference championed by Hort Innovation and will support Government panel meeting development of biosecurity research capacity.

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Strategy: Plant Biosecurity Education and Awareness

Aligns with Strategy 7 of NPBS, Schedule 6 of IGAB

Details Responsible Involved Parties Due Date Current Activities Party a) Promote, disseminate and demonstrate biosecurity to industry AUSVEG AUSVEG, State Ongoing AUSVEG Activities: Vegetable and through industry forums, newsletters, road shows, field days, social and Territory Potato biosecurity officers and the media, networks and/or workshops (hardcopy and online): Governments, PHA Vegetable Industry Communications - On-farm Biosecurity Planning program routinely disseminate - Reporting anything unusual biosecurity awareness material and - Use of high health propagation material information on ORCs and the EPPRD - Best biosecurity practice such as hygiene principles and include information on reporting, biosecurity BMPs, and the EPPRD in - Develop a shed poster (by commodity) on exotic and established each biosecurity workshop with pests to be on the lookout for to encourage monitoring and industry. reporting if found. - Raise industry-wide awareness of the EPPRD and owner reimbursement cost (ORC) frameworks. - A targeted approach to raising awareness of biosecurity is required to ensure risks are mitigated throughout the supply chain (growers, contractors, agronomists, processors etc.).

Delivered through the vegetable and potato biosecurity program. b) Raise awareness of the economic case for good biosecurity Vegetable Vegetable industry, To be practice (e.g. what would be the cost of a specific incursion at a industry Hort Innovation, determined at regional level and across the supply chain). Commonwealth first reference Government, PHA panel meeting

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Details Responsible Involved Parties Due Date Current Activities Party c) Raise understanding of risk pathways (i.e. areas of vulnerability for Vegetable Vegetable industry, To be AUSVEG Activities: Vegetable and the industry e.g. seed/seedlings, an open domestic industry that industry PHA determined at Potato biosecurity officers raise an shares equipment, planting materials, contractors and the first reference understanding of risk pathways. distribution of waste post-processing). panel AUSVEG represents the industry on meeting the Imported Seed Regulation Taskforce. d) Review and develop the vegetable biosecurity manual and Vegetable Vegetable industry, To be AUSVEG Activities: Biosecurity officers distribute to growers through awareness activities (e.g. a ute guide, industry, PHA Hort Innovation, determined at have developed an industry specific hard copy and an electronic format). PHA first reference Action Planner. panel meeting e) Prioritise, review and develop detailed fact sheets on the following Vegetable Vegetable industry, To be High Priority Pests and publish them on the AUSVEG and PHA industry, PHA Hort Innovation, determined at websites and distribute to growers through the biosecurity officer PHA first reference program: panel Invertebrates meeting Delia florilega (bean seed fly), Rhizoglyphus setosus (bulb mite), Lissachatina fulica (giant African land snail) Pathogens Colletotrichum higginsianum (anthracnose), Heterodera ciceri (Chickpea cyst nematode), Rhizoctonia solani f.sp. sasakii (banded leaf and sheath spot), Meloidogyne naasi (barley root knot nematode), Phytophthora infestans (A2 mating type) (late blight), Puccinia opizii (lettuce rust), Puccinia spp. (exotic species) (Alliaceae rust), Uromyces lineolatus (Apiaceae rust)

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Details Responsible Involved Parties Due Date Current Activities Party f) Develop a virus factsheet providing growers with a decision tree to Vegetable Vegetable industry, To be shortlist potential causes and contacts for further diagnosis. industry, PHA Selected determined at researchers, PHA first reference panel meeting g) Prepare biosecurity awareness materials and training in languages Vegetable Vegetable industry Ongoing AUSVEG Activities: The Vegetable and other than English (for owners, backpackers and casual staff). industry Potato biosecurity officer program has had biosecurity information sheets, gate signs and planning resources translated into languages other than English e.g. Vietnamese. h) Identify industry biosecurity training and extension needs, PHA Biosecurity Annually PHA provided this information at the recommend priorities. Reference Panel, implementation meeting and will review PHA it annually at the biosecurity reference panel meetings i) Raise awareness of the BeeAware website: beeaware.org.au and Vegetable Vegetable industry Ongoing subscribe to the BeeAware newsletter. industry j) Raise awareness of the Australian Honey Bee Industry Biosecurity Vegetable Vegetable industry Ongoing Code of Practice for growers who utilise managed hives for industry pollination as a lever for requiring high health (biosecure) hives (growers to request certificate of compliance from beekeepers) honeybee.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Australian- Honey-Bee-Industry-Code-of-Practice-July-2016.pdf k) Consider commissioning a report on the cost benefit of on-farm Vegetable Vegetable industry, 2017 biosecurity. industry Hort Innovation, ABARES

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Strategy: Preparedness and Response

Aligns with Strategy 3 of NPBS, Schedule 7 of IGAB

Details Responsible Involved Parties Due date Current Activities party a) To consider the development of a framework for prioritising PHA Biosecurity 2018 PHA is developing a project implementation activities with respect to contingency plans (giving reference panel, proposal. consideration to closest neighbour, market analysis, probability and Hort Innovation, proportion of industry impacted). PHA b) Engage with regulators and regulatory experts (e.g. SDQMA) in Vegetable Vegetable Industry, To be determined determining domestic market aspects in an incursion of a HPP. Consider Industry, State SDQMA, Hort at first reference the opportunity for multi-species contingency plans e.g. Tospoviruses. and Territory Innovation, State panel meeting Governments and Territory Governmentsf c) Prioritise then develop an industry specific contingency plan for the Vegetable Vegetable industry, To be determined following High Priority Pests industry Hort Innovation, at first reference Invertebrates PHA panel meeting Trichoplusia ni (Cabbage looper), Psila rosae (Carrot rust fly), Aulacophora foveicollis (Red pumpkin beetle), Delia floralis (Summer cabbage fly) Pathogens Puccinia agrophila, Colletotrichum higginsianum (Anthracnose), Heterodera carotae (Carrot cyst nematode), Puccinia opizii (Lettuce rust), Uromyces lineolatus (Apiaceae rust), Tospoviruses

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Details Responsible Involved Parties Due date Current Activities party d) Prioritise then develop/update a cross sectoral contingency plan for the Vegetable Vegetable industry, To be determined following High Priority Pests industry Relevant Industries, at first reference relevant RDCs, panel meeting Invertebrates relevant State and Aphis fabae (Bean aphid) -Potato, Lissachatina fulica (Giant African land Territory snail) -Multiple Industries, Delia florilega (Bean seed fly) -Onions, Governments, Rhizoglyphus setosus (Bulb mite) -Onions, Bactrocera carambolae Commonwealth (Carambola fruit fly), B. passiflorae (Fijian fruit fly), B. cucurbitae (Melon Government, PHA fruit fly), B. trivialis (New Guinea fruit fly), B. dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) - Multiple Industries, Bemisia tabaci (Silverleaf whitefly) -Cotton, Nursery and Garden, Melons, Eumerus strigatus (Lesser bulb fly) -Onions, Lygus hesperus (Western plant bug) -Strawberry, Cotton Pathogens Groundnut bud necrosis virus -Grains, Phytophthora infestans (A2 mating type) (Late blight) -Potato, Puccinia spp. (exotic species) (Alliaceae rust) -Onions, Meloidogyne enterolobii (Root knot nematode) - Potato, Onion, Meloidogyne naasi (Barley root knot nematode) -Grains e) Brown marmorated stink bug contingency plan to be distributed to PHA Affected industries, 2017 industry. Commonwealth Government, PHA (in consultation with potentially impacted industries) f) To investigate the development of shelf/emergency permits with the Vegetable Vegetable Industry, 2018 APVMA for high priority pests of the Australian vegetable industry. If industry, Hort Hort Innovation, required identify trial work required to acquire a permit. Innovation, APVMA, State and State and Territory Territory Governments, PHA Governments

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Details Responsible Involved Parties Due date Current Activities party g) Promote clean planting material and communicate the benefits to AUSVEG, AUSVEG, NGIA, Ongoing AUSVEG Activities: The Vegetable growers e.g. NGIA, State State and Territory and Potato biosecurity officer and Territory Government, PHA program has distributed information - Working with nursery to promote clean seedlings and planting Governments on biosecure HACCP to industry material and linking with the auditable scheme BioSecure and routinely makes reference to HACCP this scheme at workshops. - Ensure clean seed for planting (e.g. virus screening). h) Review the Tomato Potato Psyllid incursion with a view to better prepare Affected Affected industries, To be determined for a response in the future. industries, State RDC, State and at first reference and Territory Territory panel meeting Governments, Governments, Commonwealth Commonwealth Government, Government, PHA PHA i) Undertake preparedness activities including chemical control, AUSVEG AUSVEG, State and To be determined AUSVEG Activities: AUSVEG and contingency planning, surveillance strategy and diagnostic protocols for Territory at first reference four other project partners have Liriomyza spp. (leafminer). Government, Hort panel meeting funding from the vegetable and Innovation, PHA nurseries industry levies to conduct research, development and extension on Liriomyza sativae, in preparation for its spread from the north.

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Details Responsible Involved Parties Due date Current Activities party j) Undertake preparedness and response activities for Candidatus AUSVEG AUSVEG, To be determined AUSVEG Activities: AUSVEG has Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso). Biosecurity at first reference been working closely with federal Reference Panel, panel meeting and state departments to support an Hort Innovation, effective response to TPP. AUSVEG State and Territory has received funding from Hort Government, Innovation to run a National TPP Researchers Coordinator project. Vegetable Industry Activities: Hort Innovation has funded several other projects relating to surveillance, diagnostics and extension to prepare for TPP. k) Engage with preparedness and response activities developed for bee Vegetable Vegetable industry, Ongoing AUSVEG has supplied a CCEPP pests such as Varroa e.g. simulation activities and National Bee Pest industry, State Relevant industries, and NMG representative during the Surveillance and remain up to date with the latest RD&E about optimal and Territory Hort Innovation, Varroa incursion. The Vegetable pollination and alternative pollinators. Governments State and Territory Industry is contributing to the Varroa Governments, eradication. Commonwealth Government, PHA l) Ensure the vegetable industry member database remains current to AUSVEG AUSVEG Ongoing AUSVEG: Ongoing maintenance of facilitate distribution of critical information in the event of an emergency database occurs. response (to be held confidentially by AUSVEG).

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Details Responsible Involved Parties Due date Current Activities party m) Consider categorisation of these High Priority Pests in the Emergency AUSVEG, State AUSVEG, other To be determined Plant Pest Response Deed: and Territory affected industry, at first reference Invertebrates Government, State and Territory panel meeting Phytomyza gymnostoma (Allium leafminer), Liriomyza trifolii (American Commonwealth Government, serpentine leafminer), Aphis fabae (Bean aphid), Delia florilega (Bean Government Commonwealth seed fly), Halyomorpha halys (Brown marmorated stink bug), Government, PHA Rhizoglyphus setosus (Bulb mite), Trichoplusia ni (Cabbage looper), Bactrocera carambolae (Carambola fruit fly), Psila rosae (Carrot rust fly), Bactrocera passiflorae (Fijian fruit fly), Lissachatina fulica (Giant African land snail), Eumerus strigatus (Lesser bulb fly), Bactrocera cucurbitae (Melon fruit fly), Bactrocera trivialis (New Guinea fruit fly), Delia antiqua (Onion fly), Liriomyza huidobrensis (Pea/Serpentine leafminer), Liriomyza bryoniae (Tomato leaf miner), Aulacophora foveicollis (Red pumpkin beetle), Bemisia tabaci (Silverleaf whitefly), Tuta absoluta (South American tomato moth), Delia floralis (Summer cabbage fly), Lygus hesperus (Western plant bug) n) Consider categorisation of these High Priority Pests in the Emergency AUSVEG, State AUSVEG, other To be determined Plant Pest Response Deed: and Territory affected industry, at first reference Pathogens Government, State and Territory panel meeting Puccinia agrophila, Colletotrichum higginsianum (Anthracnose), Commonwealth Government, Rhizoctonia solani f.sp. sasakii (Banded leaf and sheath spot), Government Commonwealth Meloidogyne naasi (Barley root knot nematode), Heterodera carotae Government, PHA (Carrot cyst nematode), Heterodera ciceri (Chickpea cyst nematode), Groundnut bud necrosis virus, Phytophthora infestans (A2 mating type) (Late blight), Harpophora maydis (Late wilt), Alternaria humicola (Leaf spot), Colletotrichum lentis (Lentil anthracnose), Puccinia opizii (Lettuce rust), Meloidogyne enterolobii (Root knot nematode), Puccinia spp. (exotic species) (Alliaceae rust), Uromyces lineolatus (Apiaceae rust), Watermelon bud necrosis virus

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Strategy: Surveillance

Aligns with Strategy 2 of NPBS, Schedule 4 of IGAB

Details Responsible Involved Parties Due Date Current Activities Party a) To consider the development of a framework for Biosecurity Biosecurity Reference Panel To be Plant RDCs, AUSVEG, NGIA, and prioritising implementation activities with respect Reference Panel determined at several other project partners have to surveillance (giving consideration to closest first reference launched a RRD4P project that will neighbour, market analysis, probability and panel meeting enable development of a national plant proportion of industry impacted). pest surveillance system. AUSVEG, through vegetable industry funds, has developed an export strategy for the next 5 years. b) Raising industry awareness of HPPs, exotic and Vegetable Vegetable industry, State and 2017 - 2021 Plant RDCs and several other project established pests to ensure better monitoring industry, State Territory Governments, PHA partners have launched a RRD4P across the industry and an understanding of the and Territory project that will enable development of importance of monitoring records regardless of Governments a national plant pest surveillance whether a pest is found or not. system. AUSVEG activities: The Vegetable and Potato Biosecurity Program actively raises awareness of exotic pests throughout industry communications and engagement channels. c) Understand what surveillance is taking place for Vegetable Vegetable industry, State and To be Plant RDCs and several other project HPPs (exotic and established) and develop a industry, State Territory Governments, SNPHS, determined at partners have launched a RRD4P surveillance strategy (in a workshop) that links and Territory PHA first reference project that will enable development of industry and government efforts and ensures Governments panel meeting a national plant pest surveillance industry HPPs are adequately considered. system.

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Details Responsible Involved Parties Due Date Current Activities Party d) Work with the Subcommittee on National Plant PHA Biosecurity Reference Panel, Annually Plant RDCs and several other project Health Surveillance (SNPHS) to recommend SNPHS, PHA partners have launched a RRD4P surveillance for industry's HPPs. The biosecurity project that will enable development of reference panel to engage annually with SNPHS a national plant pest surveillance regarding surveillance priorities. system. AUSVEG Activities: AUSVEG has supplied a representative to sit on SNPHS (in relation to the TPP response) and the National Plant Pest Surveillance Committee during 2017. e) Facilitate and capture data from industry initiated Vegetable Vegetable industry, State and To be Plant RDCs and several other project surveillance activities. industry, State Territory Governments, PHA determined at partners have launched a RRD4P and Territory first reference project that will enable development of Governments panel meeting a national plant pest surveillance system. f) Facilitate and engage with the surveillance hub AUSVEG AUSVEG, other plant based 2017 - 2021 AUSVEG is a service provider of the initiative. industries, RDCs, surveillance hub initiative. The Commonwealth Government vegetable industry is a partial funder of (Rural R&D for Profit), State and the initiative. Territory Government, PHA g) Consider adoption of a surveillance tool to Vegetable Vegetable industry, Hort To be Plant RDCs and several other project capture industry surveillance data that can be industry Innovation, PHA determined at partners have launched a RRD4P nationally collated (e.g. an existing or new app). first reference project that will enable development of panel meeting a national plant pest surveillance system.

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Details Responsible Involved Parties Due Date Current Activities Party h) The industry to continue to fund the National Bee Vegetable Vegetable industry, Relevant 2017 - 2021 Pest Surveillance Program, which is designed to industry industries, Hort Innovation, State detect new incursions of exotic bee pests and and Territory Government, pest bees. Commonwealth Government, PHA

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Strategy: Diagnostics

Aligns with Strategy 5 of NPBS, Schedule 4 of IGAB

Details Responsible Party Involved Parties Due Date Current Activities a) To consider the development of a framework for prioritising Biosecurity Biosecurity Reference 2017-2018 AUSVEG, through vegetable implementation activities with respect to diagnostics (giving Reference Panel Panel industry funds, has consideration to closest neighbour, market analysis, developed an export strategy probability and proportion of industry impacted). for the next 5 years. The surveillance hub initiative will include funds for development of new diagnostic protocols for EPPs and endemic pests. b) Prioritise, review, develop and submit final National SPHD Vegetable industry, To be Diagnostic Protocols for High Priority Pests to SPHD for other affect industries, determined at endorsement: RDCs, SPHD, PHA first reference panel meeting Invertebrates Phytomyza gymnostoma (Allium leafminer), Liriomyza sativae (American leafminer), Aphis fabae (Bean aphid), Delia florilega (Bean seed fly), Halyomorpha halys (Brown marmorated stink bug), Rhizoglyphus setosus (Bulb mite), Trichoplusia ni (Cabbage looper), Psila rosae (Carrot rust fly), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (False codling moth), Lissachatina fulica (Giant African land snail), Eumerus strigatus (Lesser bulb fly), Delia antiqua (Onion fly), Aulacophora foveicollis (Red pumpkin beetle), Bemisia tabaci (Silverleaf whitefly), Tuta absoluta (South American tomato moth), Delia floralis (Summer cabbage fly), Liriomyza bryoniae (Tomato leaf miner), Lygus hesperus (Western plant bug)

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Details Responsible Party Involved Parties Due Date Current Activities c) Prioritise, review, develop and submit final National SPHD Vegetable industry, To be Diagnostic Protocols for High Priority Pests to SPHD for other affect industries, determined at endorsement: RDCs, SPHD, PHA first reference Pathogens panel meeting Puccinia agrophila, Colletotrichum higginsianum (Anthracnose), Rhizoctonia solani f.sp. sasakii (Banded leaf and sheath spot), Meloidogyne naasi (Barley root knot nematode), Heterodera carotae (Carrot cyst nematode), Heterodera ciceri (Chickpea cyst nematode), Groundnut bud necrosis virus, Harpophora maydis (Late wilt), Alternaria humicola (Leaf spot), Colletotrichum lentis (Lentil anthracnose), Puccinia opizii (Lettuce rust), Meloidogyne enterolobii (Root knot nematode), Puccinia spp. (exotic species) (Alliaceae rust), Uromyces lineolatus (Apiaceae rust), Watermelon bud necrosis virus d) To raise diagnostic priorities with SPHD on an annual basis Biosecurity Biosecurity reference Annually where priorities change. reference panel, panel, State and State and Territory Territory Governments, Governments SPHD e) Consider opportunities to develop in field diagnostics, Biosecurity Biosecurity reference To be Quite a few initiatives being molecular diagnostics, alternative diagnostics and/or cross- reference panel, panel, Hort Innovation, determined at funded by Hort Innovation, sectoral industry pest diagnostics. State and Territory State and Territory first reference PB CRC and private Governments Governments, SPHD panel meeting agricultural companies, such as ADAMA.

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Details Responsible Party Involved Parties Due Date Current Activities f) Ensure diagnostic capacity can meet rapid response and SPHD Vegetable industry, 2017 monitoring needs (bearing in mind the need for positive State and Territory controls, reference samples, availability of collections and Government, SPHD both capability and experience in a minimum of two laboratories in Australia).

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Strategy: Established Pests and Weeds

Aligns with Strategy 6 of NPBS, Schedule 5 of IGAB Details Responsible Party Involved Parties Due Date Current Activities a) Define the scope/framework to determine what is to be Biosecurity Biosecurity 2017-2018 considered an established pest or weed of biosecurity reference panel reference panel significance. b) Raise industry awareness of pests and weeds of biosecurity Vegetable industry Vegetable industry, Ongoing AUSVEG activities: The Vegetable and significance, and demonstrate how best biosecurity practice has PHA Potato Biosecurity Program actively raises direct relevance to day to day operations for pests already awareness of exotic pests throughout within Australia as well as exotic pests. industry communications and engagement channels. c) Prioritise efforts in relation to the containment and management Biosecurity Biosecurity To be determined AUSVEG is a signatory to the Deed and of established pests and weeds. Reference Panel Reference Panel, at first reference supplies technical representatives to sit on Hort Innovation panel meeting Deed meetings and review response activities. d) Undertake targeted surveillance for established pests of market Vegetable industry, Vegetable industry, To be determined concern for the vegetable industry (noting existing markets State and Territory State and Territory at first reference (Japan, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, New Zealand, Governments Governments panel meeting Malaysia and Kuwait) and potential markets (China, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan and Indonesia).

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Strategy: Biosecurity Research, Development and Extension (RD&E)

Aligns with Strategy 8 of NPBS, Schedule 8 of IGAB Details Responsible Party Involved Parties Due Date Current Activities a) Prioritise biosecurity RD&E annually to feed into Hort Innovation PHA Biosecurity Reference Panel Annually plant biosecurity RD&E priorities. b) Consider collaborative opportunities to maximise R&D investment Biosecurity Reference Biosecurity Reference Panel, Ongoing in biosecurity. Panel RDCs, NPBRDES IC, FF advisory council c) Investigate trapping options for brown marmorated stinkbug. State and Territory Vegetable Industry, Biosecurity To be determined Governments, Reference Panel, Affected at first reference Commonwealth industries, RDCs, panel meeting Government Commonwealth Government d) Support and monitor fruit fly RD&E initiatives either underway or Vegetable industry Vegetable Industry, Hort Ongoing planned (e.g. SITplus initiative and area wide management, Qfly Innovation Fruit Fly Fund, and Medfly disinfestation, investigating support for more flexible State and Territory trade especially with Asia, and more challenging quarantine Governments requirements) that are relevant to the Vegetable Industry. e) Invest in alternate pollinator/optimal pollination R&D as a Vegetable industry Vegetable industry, other Year 2017-2020 This aligns with preparedness initiative for bee pests. pollinator reliant industries, the Hort P&F NZ, Hort Innovation Frontiers Pollination Fund, PHA Pollination Fund.

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Strategy: Legislative and Regulatory Issues of Importance

Aligns with Strategy 1 of NPBS

Details Responsible Party Involved Parties Due Date Current Activities a) Raise awareness that everyone has a responsibility to Vegetable industry, Vegetable industry, State and Ongoing AUSVEG activities: The Vegetable practice good biosecurity under The Biosecurity Act State and Territory Territory Government, and Potato Biosecurity Program 2015. Some states may have quite specific legislative Government Commonwealth Government, actively raises awareness of legal approaches whilst others have a more general PHA responsibilities pertaining to approach, e.g. The General Biosecurity Obligation (in biosecurity best practice. QLD), General Biosecurity Duty (NSW). b) States to inform industry and in turn industry to raise State and Territory Vegetable industry, State and To be awareness with growers on each states legislative Governments, Territory Governments, PHA determined at requirements in relation to pest reporting and Vegetable industry first reference management of neglected farms. panel meeting c) Consider the constraints and benefits of Property Vegetable industry, Vegetable industry, other plant 2017-2021 Identification Codes (PICs) for the vegetable industry. State and Territory based industries, State and Governments Territory Governments, Commonwealth Government, PHA

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Australian Vegetable industry - biosecurity preparedness

This document represents the third industry biosecurity planning process undertaken for the Australian industry.

The following table (Table 6) has been populated with the high priority pests of the vegetable industry. The aim of this table is to document the current preparedness documents and activities which are available and are currently being undertaken. This will allow industry, governments and RD&E agencies to better prepare for these high priority pests and align future activities as listed in the Biosecurity Implementation Table (Table 5).

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Table 6. Documents and activities currently available for high priority pests of the Vegetable Industry14 15

Common name Vegetable family National Surveillance Fact sheets Contingency EPPRD National Affected Primary Experts (scientific affected16 diagnostic programs Plan Category17 Priority Parties19 name) protocol Plant Pest18

INVERTEBRATES

ACARI (Mites e.g. spider and gall mites)

Bulb mite Alliaceae Not Yes- Qld Not developed Not developed Not Not listed Onion, Cut Flower Peter Gillespie (Rhizoglyphus developed categorised (general expert) setosus)

COLEOPTERA (Beetles and weevils)

Red pumpkin Cucurbitaceae Not Not covered by a www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnad Not developed Not Not listed No other affected Peter Gillespie beetle developed pest specific min/data/original/MAL_SLB_Aul categorised parties (general expert) (Aulacophora surveillance acophora_ExtFsheet40.pdf foveicollis) program

DIPTERA (Flies and midges)

Allium leafminer Alliaceae Not Yes- Australian www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Not developed Not Not listed Onion Peter Gillespie (Phytomyza developed Government u/wp- categorised (general expert) gymnostoma) content/uploads/2013/03/Allium- leaf-miner-FS.pdf

14 Copies of these documents are available from www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/pidd 15 Information presented has been taken from the National Plant Health Status Report 2016 and confirmed or updated through either Plant Health Committee, the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards, the Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance or other stakeholders 16 This column only includes vegetable commodities which contribute to the R&D levy. For a complete list of the commodities which contribute to this levy see Appendix 1. 17 For further information please refer to Schedule 13 of the EPPRD. Available from: www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity/emergency-plant-pest-response-deed/. 18 The National Priority Plant Pest List was developed by the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources. Available from: www.agriculture.gov.au/pests-diseases-weeds/plant 19 This column includes other industries that have this pest in their biosecurity plan and affected governments.

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American Alliaceae, Fabaceae, Not Yes- Australian www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Yes – Grains 3 Yes- 20 Onion, Melon, Peter Gillespie leafminer, Solanaceae, developed Government, u/wp- industry Tomato, Nursery (general expert) Serpentine Cucurbitaceae, NSW, Qld content/uploads/2015/08/Vegeta and Garden vegetable Asteraceae, Apiaceae ble-leaf-miner-FS- leafminer, Vegetables.pdf Vegetable www.planthealthaustralia.com.a leafminer u/wp- (Liriomyza content/uploads/2013/01/Exotic- 20 sativae ) leaf-miners-FS-Vegetable.pdf

American Alliaceae, Yes– NDP Yes- Australian www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Yes – Grains Not Yes- 20 Grains, Cut Peter Gillespie serpentine Cucurbitaceae, 27 Government, u/wp- industry categorised Flower, Melon, (general expert) leafminer Fabaceae, Solanaceae NSW, Qld content/uploads/2013/01/Exotic- Tomato (Liriomyza trifolii21) leaf-miners-FS-Vegetable.pdf

Bean seed fly, Alliaceae, Not Not covered by Not developed Not developed Not Not listed Onion Peter Gillespie Bean seed Brassicaceae, developed a pest specific categorised (general expert) maggot (Delia Fabaceae, Poaceae surveillance florilega) program

Carambola fruit Solanaceae Not Yes- NAQS, Not developed Not developed Not Yes- 3 Avocado, Peter Gillespie fly (Bactrocera developed Tas, SA, WA categorised Mango, Papaya, (general expert) carambolae) Passionfruit, Citrus, Viticulture

Carrot rust fly Apiaceae, Not Not covered by www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Not developed Not Not listed No other affected Peter Gillespie (Psila rosae) Brassicaceae developed a pest specific u/wp- categorised parties (general expert) surveillance content/uploads/2013/01/Carrot- program rust-fly-FS.pdf

20 Note: Detected in Queensland but a quarantine area has been established in the far northern biosecurity zone to restrict the spread of the pest. 21 Liriomyza trifolii is only a HPP for the Fabaceae and Solanaceae families and has a medium overall risk for the Alliaceae and Cucurbitaceae families.

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Fijian fruit fly Solanaceae Not Yes- NAQS, www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Not developed Not Yes- 3 Avocado, Peter Gillespie (Bactrocera developed Tas, SA, WA u/wp- categorised Papaya, (general expert) passiflorae) content/uploads/2013/09/Fijian- Passionfruit fruit-fly-FS.pdf

Lesser bulb fly Alliaceae, Apiaceae, Not Yes- NAQS, www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Not developed Not Not listed Onion Peter Gillespie (Eumerus Brassicaceae developed Tas, SA, WA u/wp- categorised (general expert) strigatus) content/uploads/2013/03/Lesser -bulb-fly-FS.pdf

Melon fruit fly Cucurbitaceae Not Yes- NAQS, www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Not developed Not Yes- 3 Avocado, Peter Gillespie (Bactrocera developed Tas, SA, WA u/wp- categorised Papaya, (general expert) cucurbitae) content/uploads/2013/09/Melon- Passionfruit, fruit-fly-FS.pdf Summerfruit, Melon

New Guinea fruit Solanaceae Not Yes- NAQS, www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Not developed Not Yes- 3 Citrus Peter Gillespie fly (Bactrocera developed Tas, SA, WA u/wp- categorised (general expert) trivialis) content/uploads/2013/03/New- Guinea-fruit-fly-FS.pdf

Onion fly (Delia Alliaceae Not Not covered by www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Not developed Not Not listed Onion Peter Gillespie antiqua) developed a pest specific u/wp- categorised (general expert) surveillance content/uploads/2013/03/Onion- program fly-FS.pdf

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Oriental fruit fly Fabaceae, Not Yes- NAQS, www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Not developed 2 Yes- 3 Apple, Avocado, Peter Gillespie (Bactrocera Solanaceae, developed 22 u/wp- Citrus, Lychee, Tas, SA, WA (general expert) dorsalis) Cucurbitaceae content/uploads/2013/03/Orient Papaya, Mango, al-fruit-fly-FS.pdf Passionfruit, Summerfruit, www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Wine Grapes, u/wp- Table Grapes, content/uploads/2015/01/Exotic- Dried Fruit, all fruit-flies-FS.pdf states

Pea leafminer, Amaranthaceae, Draft Yes- Australian www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Yes – Grains Not Yes- 20 Nursery and Peter Gillespie Potato leafminer, Alliaceae, Asteraceae available Government, u/wp- industry and categorised Garden, (general expert) Serpentine NSW content/uploads/2013/01/Exotic- Nursery and Vegetables, leafminer leaf-miners-FS-Vegetable.pdf Garden industry Grains, Cut (Liriomyza Flower, Melon, huidobrensis) Tomato

Summer cabbage Brassicaceae, Not Not covered by www.plantwise.org/Knowledge Not developed Not Not listed No other affected Peter Gillespie fly (Delia floralis) Alliaceae developed a pest specific Bank/Datasheet.aspx?dsid=281 categorised parties (general expert) surveillance 67 program

Tomato leaf Solanaceae, Not Yes- general www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Yes – Grains Not Yes- 20 Melon, Tomato, Peter Gillespie miner (Liriomyza Cucurbiataceae, developed surveillance, u/wp- industry categorised (general expert) bryoniae23) Asteraceae, Australian content/uploads/2013/01/Exotic- Fabaceae Government, leaf-miners-FS-Vegetable.pdf NSW

22 The Fruit Fly simulation planned in 2017 will test both surveillance and diagnostic capacity for early detection. 23 Liriomyza bryoniae is only a HPP for the Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae families and has a medium overall risk for the Cucurbitaceae family.

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GASTROPODA (Slugs and snails)

Giant African Wide range of crops Not Yes – Australian Not developed Not developed Not Yes- 9 Nursery and Peter Gillespie land snail affected including developed Government categorised Garden, Banana, (general expert) (Lissachatina fulica Fabaceae Citrus, Cotton, (syn. Achatina Grains, Papaya, fulica)) Passionfruit, Pineapple, Potato, Rice, Sugarcane, Tomato, Vegetable, Melon, Papaya, and Cocoa industries. Commonwealth, all state and territory and local governments (agricultural, native and urban environments)

Giant African Wide host range Not Not covered by a Not developed Not developed Not Not listed No other affected Peter Gillespie snail (Achatina including developed pest specific categorised parties (general expert) achatina) Brassicaceae, surveillance Asteraceae program

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HEMIPTERA (Stink bugs, aphids, mealybugs, scale, whiteflies and hoppers)

Black bean aphid Solanaceae, Not Yes- Broad www.toxipedia.org/display/ipmo Not developed Not Not listed No other affected Peter Gillespie (Aphis fabae) Fabaceae, developed aphid pedia/Black+Bean+Aphid categorised parties (general expert) Amaranthaceae, surveillance, Cucurbitaceae, NSW Brassicaceae, Apiaceae

Brown Poaceae, Not Yes– Australian www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Yes – Not Yes- 10 Rubus, Cotton, Peter Gillespie marmorated stink Cucurbitaceae, developed Government u/wp- Commonwealth categorised Almonds, (general expert) bug (Halyomorpha Solanaceae, content/uploads/2016/04/Brown- Government Summerfruit, halys (Syn. Fabaceae, Marmorated-Stink-Bug-FS.pdf Citrus, Viticulture, Halyomorpha Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Blueberry, www.agriculture.gov.au/SiteColl mista)) Amaranthaceae Hazelnut, Olive, ectionDocuments/biosecurity/im Grains, Pistachio, port/cargo/pests/guide- Pecan, identification-brown- Persimmon, marmorated-stink-bug.pdf Strawberry, Tomato, Walnut, Commonwealth, all states

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Silverleaf whitefly Wide host range Not Yes- NSW, Tas, www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/field- Not developed Not Not listed Cotton, Nursery Peter Gillespie (Bemisia tabaci across vegetables & developed Qld crops-and-pastures/broadacre- categorised and Garden, (general expert) (types Asia 1, ornamentals including field-crops/integrated-pest- Melon China 1, China 2, chrysanthemum and management/a-z-insect-pest- Asia II (1-8), Italy, poinsettia. list/whitefly-overview/silverleaf- Sub-Saharan whitefly-biotype-b-and-native Africa (1-4), Uganda, New World, Mediterranean, Middle East-Asia Minor 2, Indian Ocean))

Western Amaranthaceae, Not Not covered by a www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Not developed Not Yes- 38 Strawberry, Peter Gillespie tarnished plant Apiaceae developed pest specific u/wp- categorised Cotton (general expert) bug (Lygus surveillance content/uploads/2013/03/Tarnish hesperus) program ed-and-Western-plant-bugs- FS.pdf

LEPIDOPTERA (Butterflies and moths)

Cabbage looper Apiaceae, Not Not covered by a http://idtools.org/id/citrus/pests/ Not developed Not Not listed No other affected Peter Gillespie (Trichoplusia ni) Brassicaceae, developed pest specific factsheet.php?name=Cabbage% categorised parties (general expert) Asteraceae, surveillance 20looper Amaranthaceae, program http://idtools.org/id/leps/lepinter Cucurbitaceae cept/pdfs/ni.pdf

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False codling Wide host range Not Not covered by www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Yes- Grains 2 Not listed Pineapple, Peter Gillespie moth including Solanaceae developed a pest specific u/wp- industry Summerfruit, (general expert) (Thaumatotibia surveillance content/uploads/2013/03/False- Grains, Cotton leucotreta (Syn. program codling-moth-FS.pdf Cryptophlebia leucotreta))

South American Solanaceae Not Not covered by a www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Not developed Not Not listed Tomato Peter Gillespie tomato moth, developed pest specific u/wp- categorised (general expert) tomato leafminer surveillance content/uploads/2015/12/Tomato (Tuta absoluta) program -leaf-miner-FS.pdf

PATHOGENS AND NEMATODES

BACTERIA (including phytoplasmas)

Zebra chip Apiaceae Yes- NDP Yes25 www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Yes- Potato Not Yes -11 Vegetable, (Candidatus 18 u/wp- industry categorised Potato, and Liberibacter content/uploads/2017/04/Zebra- Nursery and solanacearum24) chip-tomato-potato-psyllid- Garden FS.pdf industries. Commonwealth, all state and territory governments (agriculture departments)

24 Haplotype A and B affect Solanaceae (e.g. potatoes) and is vectored by Trioza apicalis. Haplotype C affect Apiaceae (carrots and celery) and is vectored by Bactericera cockerelli 25 Following on from the Tomato Potato Psyllid detection in WA the statement below was given concerning Zebra chip surveillance; “Additional surveillance will also take place to provide confidence to industry that the bacterium, which is associated with Zebra chip disease in potatoes, is not present in Australia” (National Talking Points, 27 April 2017).

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FUNGI

Puccinia agrophila Solanaceae Not Not covered by https://nt.ars- Not developed Not Not listed No other affected developed a pest specific grin.gov/taxadescriptions/facts categorised parties surveillance heets/index.cfm?thisapp=Pucci program niaagrophila

Anthracnose Brassicaceae Not Not covered by Not developed Not developed Not Not listed No other affected (Colletotrichum developed a pest specific categorised parties higginsianum) surveillance program

Banded Leaf and Poaceae Not Not covered by Not developed Not developed Not Not listed Grains Will Cuddy sheath spot/ developed a pest specific categorised blight surveillance (Rhizoctonia solani program f. sp. sasakii (AG1) (teleomorph : Corticium sasakii (Syn. Thanatephorus cucumeris))

Late blight Solanaceae Draft Not covered by Not developed Not developed Not Yes- 36 Potato (exotic strains) available a pest specific categorised (Phytophthora surveillance infestans (A2 program mating type))

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Late wilt, slow Poaceae Not Not covered by Not developed Yes – Grains Not Not listed Grains wilt (Harpophora developed a pest specific industry categorised maydis (Syn. surveillance Cephalosporium program maydis, Acremonium maydis))

Leaf spot Fabaceae Not Not covered by Not developed Not developed Not Not listed Pea (Alternaria developed a pest specific categorised humicola) surveillance program

Lentil Fabaceae Not Not covered by www.planthealthaustralia.com.a Yes – Grains Not Not listed No other affected anthracnose or developed a pest specific u/wp- industry categorised parties soybean surveillance content/uploads/2013/03/Lentil- anthracnose program anthracnose-FS.pdf (Colletotrichum lentis (lentil affecting strain))

Lettuce rust Asteraceae Not Not covered by Not developed Not developed Not Not listed No other affected Will Cuddy (Puccinia opizii) developed a pest specific categorised parties surveillance program

Rust (Uromyces Apiaceae Not Not covered by Not developed Not developed Not Not listed No other affected Will Cuddy lineolatus) developed a pest specific categorised parties surveillance program

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Rusts (Puccinia Alliaceae Not Not covered by Not developed Not developed Not Not listed26 Onion Will Cuddy spp. (exotic developed a pest specific categorised species)) surveillance program

NEMATODES

Barley root knot Amaranthaceae Not Not covered by Not developed Not developed Not Not listed No other affected Mike Hodda, nematode developed a pest specific categorised parties Andrew Daly (Meloidogyne surveillance naasi) program

Carrot cyst Apiaceae Not Not covered by www.appsnet.org/Publications/ Not developed Not Yes - 27 Grains Mike Hodda, nematode developed a pest specific potm/pdf/Apr08.pdf categorised Andrew Daly (Heterodera surveillance carotae) program

Chickpea cyst Fabaceae Not Not covered by Not developed Yes – Grains Not Yes - 27 No other affected Mike Hodda, nematode developed a pest specific industry categorised parties Andrew Daly (Heterodera ciceri) surveillance program

Root knot Solanaceae, Not Not covered by www.plantwise.org/Knowledge Not developed Not Not listed No other affected Mike Hodda, nematode Brassicaceae, developed a pest specific Bank/Datasheet.aspx?dsid=332 categorised parties Andrew Daly (Meloidogyne Cucurbitaceae, surveillance 48 enterolobii (Syn. Asteraceae, program Meloidogyne Apiaceae, Fabaceae mayaguensis))

26 Although rusts are listed in the National Priority Plant Pest list, none of the species listed affect Aliaceae

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VIRUSES AND VIROIDS

Groundnut bud Fabaceae, Not Not covered by Not developed Not developed Not Not listed Grains necrosis virus Cucurbitaceae developed a pest specific categorised (Groundnut bud surveillance necrosis virus program (Tospovirus)27)

Watermelon bud Cucurbitaceae Not Not covered by Not developed Not developed Not Not listed No other affected necrosis virus developed a pest specific categorised parties (Watermelon bud surveillance necrosis virus program (Tospovirus))

27 Groundnut bud virus (Tospovirus) is only a HPP for the Fabaceae family and has an unknown overall risk for the Cucurbitaceae family.

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AUSVEG Ltd. industry biosecurity statement

All EPPRD Parties are required under clause 13 of the EPPRD to produce a Biosecurity statement, the purpose of which is to provide acknowledgement of and commitment to risk mitigation measures and preparedness activities related to plant biosecurity. The Biosecurity statement will inform all Parties of activities being undertaken by the Industry Party to meet this commitment. Parties are required to report to PHA each year any material changes to the content of, or the Party’s commitment to, the Party’s Biosecurity statement. Biosecurity statements are included in schedule 15 of the EPPRD, which can be found on the PHA website at www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity/emergency-plant-pest-response-deed/

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NATIONAL BIOSECURITY SYSTEM

PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

What is biosecurity and why is it important?

Plant biosecurity is a set of measures which protect the economy, environment and community from the negative impacts of plant pests. A fully functional and effective biosecurity system is a vital part of the future profitability, productivity and sustainability of Australia’s plant production industries and is necessary to preserve the Australian environment and way of life.

Plant pests are insects, mites, snails, nematodes or pathogens (diseases) that have the potential to adversely affect food, fibre, ornamental crops, bees and stored products, as well as environmental flora and fauna. For agricultural systems, if exotic pests enter Australia they can reduce crop yields, affect trade and market access, significantly increase costs to production and in the worst-case scenario, bring about the complete failure of a production system. Historical examples present us with an important reminder of the serious impact that exotic plant pests can have on agricultural production.

Australia’s geographic isolation and lack of shared land borders have, in the past, provided a degree of natural protection from exotic plant pest threats. Australia’s national quarantine system also helps to prevent the introduction of harmful exotic threats to plant industries. However, there will always be some risk of an exotic pest entering Australia, whether through natural dispersal (such as wind) or assisted dispersal as a result of increases in international tourism, imports and exports, mail and changes to transport procedures (e.g. refrigeration and containerisation of produce).

The plant biosecurity system in Australia

Australia has a unique and internationally recognised biosecurity system to protect our plant production industries and the natural environment against new pests. The system is underpinned by a cooperative partnership between plant industries and all levels of government.

The framework for managing the cooperative partnership for delivering an effective plant biosecurity system is built on a range of strategies, policies and legislation, such as the

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Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity28 and the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy29. These not only provide details about the current structure, but provide a vision of how the future plant biosecurity system should operate.

Australia’s biosecurity system has been subject to several reviews in recent times, with the recommendations recognising that a future-focused approach is vital for maintaining a strong and resilient biosecurity system that will protect Australia from new challenges. As a result, there is a continuous improvement from industry and governments to Australia’s plant biosecurity system, with the key themes including:

• Targeting what matters most, including risk based decision making and managing biosecurity risks across the biosecurity continuum (pre-border, border and post- border). • Good regulation, including reducing regulatory burden and having effective legislation in place. • Better processes, including service delivery modernisation with electronic, streamlined systems. • Sharing the responsibility, including maintaining productive relationships with all levels of government, primary industries and the wider Australian public. • Maintaining a capable workforce.

Through these themes, a focus on the biosecurity continuum better supports consistent service delivery offshore, at the border, and onshore, and provides an effective biosecurity risk management underpinned by sound evidence and technical justification.

The benefits of the modern biosecurity system are realised by industry, government and the community, with positive flow on effects to the economy more generally. This is through streamlined business processes, productivity improvements and reduced regulatory burden in a seamless and lower cost business environment, by emphasising risk based decision making and robust partnerships.

Vegetable Peak Industry Body

AUSVEG is the peak industry body for the vegetable and potato industry. They are a signatory to the EPPRD and are the key industry contact point if a suspect emergency plant pest affecting the vegetable industry is detected. For further information about AUSVEG in relation to response procedures following the identification of a suspect exotic pest refer to page 137.

28 For more information visit www.agriculture.gov.au/animal-plant-health/pihc/intergovernmental-agreement-on-biosecurity 29 For more information visit www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/national-programs/national-plant-biosecurity-strategy/

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For a background on the vegetable industry, including more detail on the crops covered in this vegetable biosecurity plan, refer to page 140.

Plant Health Australia

Plant Health Australia (PHA) is the national coordinator of the government-industry partnership for plant biosecurity in Australia.

PHA is a not-for-profit, subscription-funded public company based in Canberra. PHA’s main activities are funded from annual subscriptions paid by members. The Australian Government, state and territory governments and 39 plant industry organisations are all members of PHA and each meet one third of the total annual membership subscription. This tripartisan funding model ensures the independence of the company.

The company was formed to address priority plant health issues, and to work with all its members to develop an internationally outstanding plant health management system that enhances Australia’s plant health status and the sustainability and profitability of plant industries. Through PHA, current and future needs of the plant biosecurity system can be mutually agreed, issues identified, and solutions to problems found. PHA’s independence and impartiality allow the company to put the interests of the plant biosecurity system first and support a longer-term perspective.

For more information about PHA visit www.planthealthaustralia.com.au

The Biosecurity Plan

The biosecurity plan not only details exotic pest threats of the Australian vegetable industry but also contains information on the current mitigation and surveillance activities being undertaken and identifies contingency plans, fact sheets and diagnostic protocols that have been developed for pests relevant to the vegetable industry.

This plan is a framework to coordinate biosecurity activities and investment for Australia’s vegetable industry and to address the strengths and weaknesses in relation to industry’s

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current biosecurity position. It provides a mechanism for industry, governments and stakeholders to better prepare for and respond to, incursions of pests that could have significant impacts on the vegetable industry.

Biosecurity planning

Biosecurity planning provides a mechanism for the vegetable industry, government and other relevant stakeholders to actively determine pests of highest priority, analyse the risks they pose and put in place practices and procedures that would rapidly detect an incursion, minimise the impact if a pest incursion occurs and/or reduce the chance of pests becoming established. Effective industry biosecurity planning relies on all stakeholders, including government agencies, industry, and the public (Figure 1).

Ensuring the vegetable industry has the capacity to minimise the risks posed by pests, and to respond effectively to any pest threats is a vital step for the future sustainability and viability of the industry. Through this pre-emptive planning process, the industry will be better placed to maintain domestic and international trade, and reduce the social and economic costs of pest incursions on both growers and the wider community. The information gathered during these processes provides additional assurance that the Australian vegetable industry is free from specific pests and has systems in place to control and manage biosecurity risks, which assists the negotiation of access to new overseas markets.

National industry biosecurity planning Protection from risks posed by pests to the vegetable industry through exclusion,

eradication and control

Pre-border Border Post-border • identifying exotic pest • implementing effective • minimising risk of regional threats quarantine for people, and property entry and • managing quarantine risks machinery, plants and establishment offshore goods • preparing for timely • undertaking research and • establishing trapping and detection, minimising development offshore surveillance networks for spread and rapidly where pests are endemic. pests that may bypass responding to emergency checkpoints. pests.

Achieved through effective partnerships between industry, government and the community

Figure 1. Industry biosecurity: a shared responsibility

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Biosecurity Plan development

With the assistance of AUSVEG, a Technical Expert Group (TEG) and a Biosecurity Implementation Group (BIG) were formed to work on the review the Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry (BP). These groups were coordinated by Plant Health Australia (PHA) and included representatives from AUSVEG, relevant state and territory agriculture agencies and PHA (Table 7 and Table 8).

Key roles of the technical expert group for the vegetable BP included:

• identifying and documenting key threats to the vegetable industry • confirming an agreed high priority pest (HPP) list

Key roles of the biosecurity implementation group for the vegetable BP included: • documenting pest-specific fact sheets, contingency plans, diagnostic protocols and surveillance programs for HPPs • documenting the roles and responsibilities of stakeholder groups. • developing a biosecurity implementation table for future biosecurity related work to be conducted over the life of this biosecurity plan

Table 7. Members of the technical expert group and/or biosecurity implementation group

Name Organisation Area of expertise Member of Member of Technical Biosecurity Expert Group Implementation Group Toni Chapman NSW DPI Bacteriology ✓ ✓ Kevin Clayton- AUSVEG Industry ✓ Greene Fiona Constable ECODEV-VIC Virologist ✓ ✓ Will Cuddy NSW DPI Pathologist ✓ James Dickson GroLink Nursery Nursery, Industry ✓ Maureen Dobra Loose Leaf Lettuce Grower, Industry ✓ Company John Duff DAF – QLD Entomologist ✓ Kyla Finlay ECODEV – VIC Entomologist / Wind ✓ dispersal Callum Fletcher AUSVEG Industry ✓ ✓ Peter Gillespie NSW DPI Entomologist ✓ Barbara Hall SARDI Pathologist ✓ Lionel Hill TAS DPI Entomologist ✓ Dean Harapas ECODEV – VIC Pathologist ✓ Mike Hodda CSIRO Nematology ✓ ✓ Michael Holmes Plant Health Australia Biosecurity ✓ ✓ Jo Lee Plant Health Australia Biosecurity ✓ ✓

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Name Organisation Area of expertise Member of Member of Technical Biosecurity Expert Group Implementation Group Jessica Lye AUSVEG Industry ✓ ✓ Liz Minchinton ECODEV – VIC Pathologist ✓ Natalie O’Donnell Plant Health Australia Biosecurity ✓ Denis Persley DAF-QLD Virologist ✓ ✓ Heidi Radcliff Rhebanvale Grower, Industry ✓ Michael Radcliff Rhebanvale Grower, Industry ✓ Alison Saunders Plant Health Australia Biosecurity ✓ ✓ Jenny Shanks Plant Health Australia Biosecurity ✓

Table 8: Scientists and others who contributed information for review of the biosecurity plan30

Name Organisation Area of expertise Rohan Burgess Plant Health Australia Biosecurity Victoria Ludowici Plant Health Australia Biosecurity John Thomas DAF-QLD Virologist Isabel Valenzuela- ECODEV-VIC Entomologist/Wind dispersal Gonzalez

Review processes

With the support of the relevant vegetable industry bodies and PHA this plan should be reviewed on a 5 year basis. The review process will ensure:

• Threat Summary Tables are updated to reflect current knowledge • pest risk assessments are current • changes to biosecurity processes and legislation is documented • contact details and the reference to available resources is accurate

In addition to the formal review process above, the document should be reviewed/revisited annually by a Biosecurity Reference Panel comprised of industry, government and PHA to ensure currency and relevance and to monitor progress with implementation. As an example, the industry biosecurity priorities identified within the plan could feed directly into industry R&D priority setting activities on an annual basis.

Opportunities to make out of session changes to the biosecurity plan, including the addition/subtraction of high priority pests or changes to legislation are currently being

30 These people did not attend the technical expert group or biosecurity implementation group meetings but were approached for assistance during the biosecurity plan review process.

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investigated. Such changes would need to include consultation and agreement of industry and government. This flexibility will facilitate the plan’s currency and relevance.

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THREAT IDENTIFICATION AND PEST RISK ASSESSMENTS

PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Introduction

This section identifies high risk exotic pest threats to the vegetable industry, and presents a framework for assessing the potential economic, social and environmental impacts associated with each threat. This part of the biosecurity plan uses a nationally consistent and coordinated approach to threat identification and risk assessment to provide a strong base for future risk management in the vegetable industry.

By identifying key threats a pre-emptive approach may be taken to risk management. Under this approach, mechanisms can be put into place to increase our response effectiveness if pest incursions occur. One such mechanism is the EPPRD that has been negotiated between PHA’s government and industry members. The EPPRD ensures reliable and agreed funding arrangements are in place in advance of EPP incursions, and assists in the response to EPP incursions, particularly those identified as key threats.

Identification of high risk exotic pests will also assist in the implementation of effective grower and community awareness campaigns, targeted biosecurity education and training programs for growers and diagnosticians, and development of pest-specific incursion response plans.

Established pests and weeds of biosecurity significance have also been listed in this plan. It is well understood that good biosecurity practice is beneficial for the ongoing management of established pests and weeds, as well as for surveillance and early detection of exotic pests. Established pests cause ongoing hardships for growers and these pests have been listed with the support of industry and government in recognition that they need a strategic, consistent, scientific and risk-based approach to better manage these pests for the vegetable industry.

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Exotic pests of the vegetable industry

Threat identification

Information on exotic pest threats to the vegetable industry described in this document came from a combination of:

At this time, only invertebrate pests (insects, mites, molluscs and nematodes) and pathogens (disease causing organisms) have been identified, for risk assessment as these are what are responded to under national agreed arrangements, under the EPPRD. If exotic weeds were to be included in the EPPRD then this would be revisited through future reviews of the plan. Pest risk assessments

The assessment process used in this BP was developed in accordance with the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) No. 2 and 11 [Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2004; 2007]. A summary of the pest risk analysis protocol followed in this BP is shown in Table 9, and the complete protocol used for pest risk analysis in this BP can be found on the PHA website31.

While there are similarities in the ranking system used in this document and the Import Risk Analysis (IRA) process followed by the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (DAWR), there are differences in the underlying methodology and scope of consideration that may result in different outcomes between the two assessment systems. This includes different guidance to assignment of qualitative probabilities when compared with DAWR’s IRA process.

Modifications of the DAWR (Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry, 2011) protocol have been made to suit the analysis required in the BP development process, including, but not limited to:

31 Available from www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity/risk-mitigation

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• Entry potential: The determination of entry potential in this BP takes into account multiple possible pathways for the legal importation of plant material as well as illegal pathways, contamination and the possibility of introduction through natural means such as wind. Therefore, the scope is wider than that used by the DAWR in their IRA process, which only considers legal importation of plants or plant commodities. • Potential economic impact of pest establishment in this document only takes into account the impacts on the vegetable industry. The DAWR IRA process has a wider scope, including the effects to all of Australia’s plant industries, trade, the environment and public health. • Risk potentials and impacts: The number of categories used in this BP for describing the entry, establishment, spread, and potential economic impact (see ‘Description of terms used in pest risk tables’, page 89) differs in comparison to that used in the DAWR Resources IRA process.

Table 9. Summary of pest risk assessment process used in BPs

Step 1 Clearly identify the pest • Generally, pest defined to species level • Alternatively, a group (e.g. family, genus level) can be used • Sub-species level (e.g. race, pathovar, etc.) may be required Step 2 Assess entry, • Assessment based on current system and factors establishment and • Negligible, low, medium, high or unknown ratings spread likelihoods Step 3 Assess likely • Primarily based on likely economic impact to industry consequences based on current factors • Negligible, low, medium, high, extreme or unknown ratings Step 4 Derive overall risk • Entry, establishment and spread likelihoods are combined to generate a likelihood score • Likelihood score combined with the likely economic impact to generate an overall risk score Step 5 Review the risk • Risk ratings should be reviewed with the BP

The objective of risk assessment is to clearly identify and classify biosecurity risks and to provide data to assist in the evaluation and treatment of these risks. Risk assessment involves consideration of the sources of risk, their consequences, and the likelihood that those consequences may occur. Factors that affect the consequences and likelihood may be identified and addressed via risk mitigation strategies.

Risk assessment may be undertaken to various degrees of refinement, depending on the risk information and data available. Assessment may be qualitative, semi-quantitative, quantitative, or a combination of these. The complexity and cost of assessment increase with the production of more quantitative data. It is often more practical to first obtain a general indication of the level of risk through qualitative risk assessment, and if necessary, undertake

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more specific quantitative assessment later [Australian Standard/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS) ISO 31000, 2009].

Ranking pest threats

Key questions required for ranking the importance of pests include the following:

• What are the probabilities of entry into Australia, establishment and spread, for each pest? • What are the likely impacts of the pest on cost of production, overall productivity and market access? • How difficult is each pest to identify and control and/or eradicate?

The TSTs (more information in Appendix 2) present a list of potential plant pest threats to the vegetable industry and provide summarised information on entry, establishment and spread potential, the economic consequences of establishment and eradication potential (where available). The most serious threats from the TSTs were identified through a process of qualitative risk assessment32 and are listed in the HPP list (Table 1).

This document considers all potential pathways by which a pest might enter Australia, including natural and assisted spread (including smuggling). This is a broader view of potential risk than the IRA conducted by the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources which focus only on specific regulated import pathways.

When a pest that threatens multiple industries is assessed, the entry, establishment and spread potentials take into account all known factors across all host industries. This accurately reflects the ability of a pest to enter, establish and spread across Australia and ultimately results in different industries, and their BPs, sharing similar pest ratings. However, the economic impact of a pest is considered at an industry specific level (i.e. for the vegetable industry only in this BP), and therefore this rating may differ between BPs.

Description of terms used in pest risk tables

The descriptions below relate to terms in Table 1 and elsewhere in the document.

32 An explanation of the risk assessment method used can be found on the PHA website (www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity/risk-mitigation)

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Entry potential

Negligible The probability of entry is extremely low given the combination of all known factors including the geographic distribution of the pest, quarantine practices applied, probability of pest survival in transit and pathways for pest entry and distribution to a suitable host.

Low The probability of entry is low, but clearly possible given the expected combination of factors described above.

Medium Pest entry is likely given the combination of factors described above.

High Pest entry is very likely and potentially frequent given the combination of factors described above.

Unknown The pest entry potential is unknown or very little of value is known.

Establishment potential

Negligible The pest has limited potential to survive and become established within Australia given the combination of all known factors.

Low The pest has the potential to survive and become established in approximately one-third or less of the range of hosts. The pest could have a low probability of contact with susceptible hosts.

Medium The pest has the potential to survive and become established in between approximately one-third and two-thirds of the range of hosts.

High The pest has potential to survive and become established throughout most or all of the range of hosts. Distribution is not limited by environmental conditions that prevail in Australia. Based upon its current world distribution, and known conditions of survival, it is likely to survive in Australia wherever major hosts are grown.

Unknown The establishment potential of the pest is unknown or very little of value is known.

Spread potential

Negligible The pest has very limited potential for spread in Australia given the combination of dispersal mechanisms, availability of hosts, vector presence, industry practices and geographic and climatic barriers.

Low The pest has the potential for natural or assisted spread to susceptible hosts within Australia yet is hindered by a number of the above factors

Medium The pest has an increased likelihood of spread due to the above factors

High The natural spread of the pest to most production areas is largely unhindered and assisted spread within Australia is also difficult to manage

Unknown The spread potential is unknown or very little of value is known.

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Economic impact

Negligible There are very minor, often undetectable, impacts on production with insignificant changes to host longevity, crop quality, production costs or storage ability. There are no restrictions to market access.

Very low There are minor, yet measurable, impacts on production including either host longevity, crop quality, production costs or storage ability. There are no restrictions to market access.

Low There are measurable impacts to production including either host mortality, reduction in yield, production costs, crop quality, storage losses, and/or minimal impacts on market access.

Medium There are significant impacts on production with either host mortality, reduction in yield, production costs, crop quality, storage losses, and/or moderate impacts on market access.

High There are severe impacts on production including host mortality and significant impacts on either crop quality or storage losses, and/or severe impacts on market access.

Extreme There is extreme impact on standing crop at all stages of maturity, with high host mortality or unmanageable impacts to crop production and quality, and /or extreme, long term, impacts on market access.

Unknown The economic potential of the pest is unknown or very little of value is known.

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References AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Risk management - Principles and guidelines. Standards Australia, Sydney, and Standards New Zealand, Wellington.

DAFF (2011) Import Risk Analysis Handbook 2011. Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra.

FAO (2004) Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including analysis or environmental risks and living modified organisms. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No. 11. Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

FAO (2007) Framework for pest risk analysis. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No. 2. Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

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RISK MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS

PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Introduction

There are a number of strategies that can be adopted to help protect and minimise the risks of emergency plant pests under International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) standards (www.ippc.int/standards) and Commonwealth and State/Territory legislation.

Many pre-emptive practices can be adopted to reduce the risk of exotic pest movement for the vegetable industry (Figure 2). Such risk mitigation and preparedness practise are the responsibility of governments, industry and the community.

A number of key risk mitigation areas are outlined in this guide, along with summaries of the roles and responsibilities of the Australian Government, state/territory governments, and vegetable industry members. This section is to be used as a guide outlining possible activities that may be adopted by industry and growers to mitigate the risk and prepare for an incursion response. Each grower will need to evaluate the efficacy of each activity for their situation.

Industry biosecurity risk mitigation activities

Government and industry-wide Pest management and farm risk mitigation hygiene Examples include: Examples include: • quarantine legislation and regulations • pest surveillance activities • movement and import restrictions • control of vectors based on biosecurity risk • destruction of crop residues • farm level exclusion activities. • control of alternative hosts and weeds • destruction of neglected crops • use of warning and information signs People and product management • reporting suspect pests. Examples include: • exclusion activities • using pest-free propagation materials Equipment and vehicle • post-harvest product management. management

Examples include: • use of dedicated equipment in high risk Training, research and Quality areas Assurance • managing vehicle movement during

Examples include: high risk times • awareness and training activities • provision of parking and wash-down • inclusion of biosecurity in BMP and QA facilities on-farm. schemes • response and management research and development for key pests.

Figure 2. Examples of biosecurity risk mitigation activities

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Barrier quarantine

Barrier quarantine refers to the biosecurity measures implemented at all levels of the vegetable industry including national, state, regional, and farm levels.

National level – importation restrictions

The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (DAWR) is the Australian Government department responsible for maintaining and improving international trade and market access opportunities for agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and food industries. DAWR achieves this through:

• establishment of scientifically-based quarantine policies • provision of effective technical advice and export certification services • negotiations with key trading partners • participation in multilateral forums and international sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) standard-setting organisations • collaboration with portfolio industries and exporters.

DAWR is responsible for developing biosecurity (SPS) risk management policy and reviewing existing quarantine measures for the importation of live animals and plants, and animal and plant products. In particular, DAWR undertakes import risk analyses to determine which products may enter Australia, and under what quarantine conditions. DAWR also consults with industry and the community, conducting research and developing policy and procedures to protect Australia’s animal and plant health status and natural environment. In addition, DAWR assists Australia’s export market program by negotiating other countries’ import requirements for Australian animals and plants. Further information can be found at www.agriculture.gov.au.

The administrative authority for national quarantine is vested in DAWR under the Biosecurity Act 2015. Quarantine policies are developed on the basis of an IRA process. This process is outlined in the IRA Handbook 2011 (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, 2011). DAWR maintains barrier quarantine services at all international ports and in the Torres Strait region. The management of quarantine policy, as it relates to the introduction into Australia of fruit, seed, or other plant material, is the responsibility of DAWR.

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The schedule 5 “Permitted Seeds” list from the Quarantine Proclamation 1998 is maintained on the Import Conditions (BICON) database at www.agriculture.gov.au/import/online- services/bicon

BICON contains the current Australian import conditions for more than 20,000 foreign plants, animal, mineral and human products and is the first point of access to information about Australian import requirements for a range of commodities. It can be used to determine if a commodity intended for import to Australia requires a quarantine import permit and/or treatment or if there are any other quarantine prerequisites. There are currently a number of cases for vegetables listed on BICON (see Table 10). For export conditions see the Manual of Importing Country Requirements (MICoR) database at www.agriculture.gov.au/micor/plants.

The Australian Government is responsible for the inspection of machinery and equipment being imported into Australia. Any machinery or equipment being imported into Australia must meet quarantine requirements. If there is any uncertainty, contact DAWR on (02) 6272 3933 or 1800 020 504, or visit the website at www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/import.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) SPS Agreement facilitates international trade while providing a framework to protect the human, animal and plant health of WTO members. SPS measures put in place must minimise negative effects on trade while meeting an importing country’s appropriate level of protection. For plant products, these measures are delivered through the IPPC standard setting organisations and collaboration with portfolio industries and exporters. For more information on the IPPC visit www.ippc.int.

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Table 10. Product types for which import conditions are listed in BICON (as at June 2017)33

Crop Product type Apiaceae Carrots Pet food, supplements and ingredients of plant origin Stock feed, supplements and ingredients of plant origin Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum hosts for use as nursery stock Dried herbs (including leaves, spices, roots, crushed nut shells) Dried vegetables for human consumption Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Fresh root vegetables for human consumption Preserved fruit and vegetables for human consumption Daucus carota seed for sowing Celery Raw seed Dried herbs (including leaves, spices, roots, crushed nut shells) Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum hosts as seed for sowing Fresh leafy vegetables for human consumption Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum hosts for use as nursery stock Fresh Brassica spp. for human consumption Fresh root vegetables for human consumption Parsley Dried herbs (including leaves, spices, roots, crushed nut shells) Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum hosts as seed for sowing Fresh leafy vegetables for human consumption Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum hosts for use as nursery stock Parsnips Fresh root vegetables for human consumption Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum hosts as seed for sowing Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum hosts for use as nursery stock Fabaceae Peas Whole dried peas for human consumption Fresh snow or sugar snap peas for human consumption Birdseed Dried vegetables for human consumption Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Roasted seeds for human consumption Pea seed for sowing Split legumes for human consumption

33 Please note, this is a summary only. Conditions change overtime and BICON (www.agriculture.gov.au/import/bicon), or the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources will need to be consulted to confirm the specific conditions that apply to a given situation.

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Crop Product type Restricted legume seed for sowing Beans Phaseolus spp. seed for sowing Bean seed for human consumption Asteraceae Lettuce Medium risk plants for use as nursery stock Dried herbs (including leaves, spices, roots, crushed nut shells) Dried seaweed for human consumption Fresh leafy vegetables for human consumption Brassicaceae Cabbage Dried herbs (including leaves, spices, roots, crushed nut shells) Brassica spp. seed for sowing Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Brassica oleracea for use as nursery stock Fresh leafy vegetables for human consumption Fresh Brassica spp. for human consumption Preserved fruit and vegetables for human consumption Radishes Dried herbs (including leaves, spices, roots, crushed nut shells) Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Fresh root vegetables for human consumption Horseradish for human consumption Broccoli Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Dried herbs (including leaves, spices, roots, crushed nut shells) Brassica spp. seed for sowing Brassica oleracea for use as nursery stock Cauliflower Brassica oleracea for use as nursery stock Dried herbs (including leaves, spices, roots, crushed nut shells) Brassica spp. seed for sowing Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Fresh Brassica spp. for human consumption Brassica oleracea for use as nursery stock Cucurbitaceae Cucumber Cucurbit seed for sowing requiring testing for plant viruses Cucurbits as nursery stock requiring testing Dried vegetables for human consumption Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Preserved fruit and vegetables for human consumption Cnidarians, echinoderms and tunicates Fresh marrow, squash or zucchini for human consumption Pet food Zucchini Fresh marrow, squash or zucchini for human consumption

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Crop Product type Dried vegetables for human consumption Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Cucurbit seed for sowing requiring testing for plant viruses Pet food, supplements and ingredients of plant origin Stock feed, supplements and ingredients of plant origin Luffa Plant fibre products and handicrafts Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Fresh marrow, squash or zucchini for human consumption Pumpkin Fresh pumpkin for human consumption Fruit and vegetable juices and oils Raw seed Dried herbs (including leaves, spices, roots, crushed nut shells) Dried vegetables for human consumption Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Roasted seeds for human consumption Telfairia occidentalis seed for sowing Cucurbit seed for sowing requiring testing for plant viruses Amaranthaceae Beetroot Dried vegetables for human consumption Fresh root vegetables for human consumption Silverbeet Fresh leafy vegetables for human consumption Poaceae Sweet corn Fresh corn for human consumption Freeze-dried vegetables for human consumption Solanaceae Eggplant Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Dried herbs (including leaves, spices, roots, crushed nut shells) Solanaceous produce for human consumption Capsicum Fresh capsicum, chillies and peppers for human consumption Dried vegetables for human consumption Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Capsicum spp. (requiring testing) seed for sowing Powdered herbs for human consumption Solanaceous produce for human consumption Chilli Fresh capsicum, chillies and peppers for human consumption Dried vegetables for human consumption Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Powdered herbs for human consumption Food, food products and beverages Preserved fruit and vegetables for human consumption

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Crop Product type Solanaceous produce for human consumption Alliaceae Leeks Allium porrum for use as nursery stock Dried vegetables for human consumption Fresh Allium Allium spp. seed for sowing Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Spring Onion Frozen fruit, vegetables and herbs for human consumption Shallot Allium spp. seed for sowing Dried vegetables for human consumption Fresh Allium

State and regional level – movement restrictions

The ability to control movement of materials that can carry and spread vegetable pests is of high importance. Each state/territory has quarantine legislation in place to control the importation of vegetable material interstate and intrastate, and to manage agreed pests if an incursion occurs (refer to Table 11). Further regulations have been put in place in response to specific pest threats and these are regularly reviewed and updated by state/territory authorities and the Sub-Committee for Domestic Quarantine and Market Access (SDQMA).

Moving plant material between states/territories generally requires permits from the appropriate authority, depending on the plant species and which territory/state the material is being transferred to/from. Moving plant material intrastate may also require a permit from the appropriate authority. Information on pre-importation inspection, certification and treatments and/or certification requirements for movement of vegetables can be obtained by contacting your local state or territory agriculture department directly (see Table 11), or through the SDQMA website www.domesticquarantine.org.au which lists relevant contacts in each state/territory as well as Interstate Certification Assurance (ICA) documents relating to each state/territory.

The movement of farm vehicles and equipment between states is also restricted because of the high risk of inadvertently spreading pests. Each state/territory has quarantine legislation in place governing the movement of machinery, equipment and other potential sources of pest contamination. Further information can be obtained by contacting your local state/territory Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (Table 11).

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Table 11. Interstate and interregional movement of plant products – legislation, quarantine manuals and contact numbers

State Administering authority Legislation Links to quarantine manual34 Phone

ACT Environment ACT Plant Disease Act 2002 See NSW conditions 13 22 81 www.environment.act.gov.au Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005

NSW Department of Primary Industries Plant Diseases Act 1924 www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/aboutus/about/legislation- 02 6391 3384 acts/plant-diseases www.dpi.nsw.gov.au Plant Diseases Regulation 2008 Noxious Weeds Act 1993 Noxious Weeds Regulation 2008

NT Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries Plant Health Act 2008 https://nt.gov.au/industry/agriculture/food-crops- 08 8999 2118 plants-and-quarantine/plants-and-quarantine https://dpir.nt.gov.au/ Plant Health Regulations 2011

QLD Biosecurity Queensland, a part of the Biosecurity Act 2014 www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/moving-plants-and- 132 52335 Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, plant-products Biosecurity Regulation 2016 07 3404 699936 Queensland www.daf.qld.gov.au/biosecurity

SA Primary Industries and Regions SA Plant Health Act 2009 www.pir.sa.gov.au/biosecurity/plant_health/impor 08 8207 7820 ting_commercial_plants_and_plant_products_int www.pir.sa.gov.au Plant Health Regulations 2010 o_south_australia

TAS Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water Plant Quarantine Act 1997 http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/biosecurity- 1300 368 550 and Environment tasmania/plant-biosecurity/plant-biosecurity- Weed Management Act 1999 manual www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au

VIC Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Plant Biosecurity Act 2010 www.agriculture.vic.gov.au/psb 136 186 Transport and Resources Plant Biosecurity Regulations 2012 www.economicdevelopment.vic.gov.au/

WA Department of Primary Industries and Regional Biosecurity and Agricultural Management Act 2007 08 9334 1800 Development www.agric.wa.gov.au/

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New South Wales Information on pre-importation inspection, certification and treatment requirements may be obtained from NSW DPI Regulatory Services by phone 02 6391 3384 or by visiting the NSW Department of Primary Industries website www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/aboutus/about/legislation- acts/plant-diseases.

Northern Territory Administrative authority for regional quarantine in the Northern Territory (NT) is vested in the Department of Primary Industry and Resources (DPIR) under the Plant Health Act 2008 and Plant Health Regulations 2011. The Act enables notifiable pests to be gazetted, quarantine areas to be declared and inspectors appointed to carry out wide ranging control and/or eradication measures. Plant import requirements for particular pests, plants or plant related materials are identified in the Regulations. Further information on NT import requirements and treatments can be obtained by contacting NT Quarantine on (08) 8999 5511 or email [email protected].

For more information refer to the DPIR website (https://dpir.nt.gov.au/).

Queensland Information on specific pre-importation inspection, treatments and/or certification requirements for movement of any fruit or plant material into Queensland, as well as maps of pest quarantine areas, may be obtained from the Biosecurity Queensland part of the DAF Queensland website (www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/moving-plants-and-plant-products).

Further details can be obtained from the DAF Queensland Customer Service Centre (13 25 23 within Queensland, or phone 07 3404 6999 or fax 07 3404 6900 interstate).

South Australia Information on pre-importation inspection, certification and treatments and/or certification requirements for movement of fruit or plant material in South Australia (SA) may be obtained from Biosecurity SA - Plant Health by phone (08) 8207 7820 or fax (08) 8207 7844. Further information can be found at www.pir.sa.gov.au/biosecurity/plant_health.

Primary Industries and Regions South Australia (PIRSA) have strict regulations and requirements regarding the entry of plant material (fruit, vegetables, flowers, plants, soil and seeds) into the State.

For further information on import conditions consult the Plant Quarantine Standard (www.pir.sa.gov.au/biosecurity/plant_health/importing_commercial_plants_and_plant_ products_into_south_australia).

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Tasmania Information on specific pre-importation inspection, treatments and/or certification requirements for movement of any fruit or plant material into Tasmania may be obtained from the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (DPIPWE) Biosecurity website (www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au/biosecurity) or by phoning 1300 368 550.

General and specific import conditions apply to the importation of plant material into Tasmania to prevent the introduction of pests and diseases into the State. Plants and plant products must not be imported into Tasmania unless State import requirements are met and a Notice of Intention to import has been provided to a Biosecurity Tasmania inspector not less than 24 hours prior to the importation.

For further information on import conditions consult the Plant Quarantine Manual (http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/biosecurity-tasmania/plant-biosecurity/plant-biosecurity- manualhttp://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/biosecurity/plant-biosecurity/plant-biosecurity-manual).

Victoria The movement into Victoria of plants and plant products may be subject to a prohibition, or to one or more conditions which may include chemical treatments. These prohibitions and conditions are described on the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources (DEDJTR) website (see link in Table 11). Some items may need to be presented to a DEDJTR inspector or an accredited business, for checking of details such as correct certification, labelling or treatment.

Further information on pre-importation inspection, certification and treatments and/or certification requirements for movement of fruit or plant material into or within Victoria may be obtained from DEDJTR on the web at www.agriculture.vic.gov.au/psb or by phone 136 186.

Western Australia The lead agency for agricultural biosecurity in Western Australia is the Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development (WA DPIRD). Western Australia is naturally free from a large number of pests and diseases that are present in many other parts of the world. WA’s geographical isolation in conjunction with a robust plant biosecurity system including border and intrastate regulations, industry and public awareness campaigns and surveillance programs maintains this status.

There are general and specific legislative requirements which underpin Western Australian plant biosecurity. Amongst other things the legislation regulates movement of potential carriers (such as plant material, honey, machinery, seeds etc.) into and within the state.

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General conditions include (but are not limited to the following):

• The requirement for all potential carriers to be presented to an inspector for inspection upon arrival in WA • Soil is prohibited entry and imported goods, including containers, must be free from soil • Freedom from pests and diseases of quarantine concern to WA

In addition to the general requirements, specific requirements are also in place for movement into and within the state.

For further information on requirements contact Quarantine WA on (08) 9334 1800 or fax (08) 9334 1880.

Farm level – exclusion activities

A significant risk of spreading pests onto farms arises when propagation material, people, machinery and equipment move from property to property and from region to region. It is the responsibility of the industry and the owner/manager of each property to ensure these risks are minimised.

It is in the interests of industry to encourage and monitor the management of risk at the farm level, as this will reduce the probability of an incursion and increase the probability of early detection. This should in turn reduce the likelihood of a costly incident response, thereby reducing costs to industry, government and the community.

One major way this can be achieved is through management of industry biosecurity at the farm level using exclusion practices. Further detail on potential strategies is included in the Farm Biosecurity section (page 115). The vegetable industry is already a strong supporter of farm biosecurity with its ‘Come clean. Go clean’ message; but should continue to further extend this message of promoting good farm hygiene in a wide range of ways.

Surveillance

Surveys enhance prospects for early detection, minimise costs of eradication and are necessary to meet the treaty obligations of the WTO SPS Agreement with respect to the area freedom status of Australia’s states, territories and regions.

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The SPS Agreement gives WTO members the right to impose SPS measures to protect human, animal and plant life health provided such measures do not serve as technical barriers to trade. In other words, for countries (such as Australia) that have signed the SPS Agreement, imports of food, including fresh fruit and vegetables, can only be restricted on proper, science-based quarantine grounds. Where quarantine conditions are imposed, these will be the least trade restrictive measures available that meet Australia’s appropriate level of quarantine protection. The Agreement also stipulates that claims of area freedom must be supported by appropriate information, including evidence from surveillance and monitoring activities. This is termed “evidence of absence” data and is used to provide support that we have actively looked for pests and not found them.

ISPM 6 (www.ippc.int/sites/default/files/documents/20140528/spec_61_revispm6_2014- 05-28_201405281352--150.18%20KB.pdf) provides international guidelines for structured pest surveys. Structured pest survey planning and implementation depends on the risk involved, the resources available, and the requirements of trading partners (particularly when Australia wishes to access overseas markets). The intensity and timing of surveys also depend on the spread characteristics of the pest and the costs of eradication.

Early detection of an exotic incursion can significantly increase the likelihood of a successful eradication campaign, and reduce the associated costs. Effective surveillance plays a critical role in working toward this goal. Surveillance can be either targeted toward specific pests, or general in nature. General non-targeted surveillance is based on recognising normal versus suspect plant material. Targeted surveillance is important for establishing whether particular pests are present in each state or region, and if so, where these occur.

Industry personnel can provide very effective early detection of new or unusual symptoms through their normal management practices (i.e. ‘passive surveillance’), provided individuals are aware of what to look for and of reporting procedures. Consultants and crop scouts can provide valuable information as they are regularly in the field, and hence can observe any unusual pest activity or symptoms on plants.

National surveillance programs

The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (DAWR) maintains barrier quarantine services at all international ports and in the Torres Strait region. DAWR also surveys the northern coast of Australia, offshore islands and neighbouring countries for exotic pests that may have reached the country through other channels (e.g. illegal vessel landings in remote areas, bird migrations, wind currents) as part of the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS). NAQS surveillance programs relevant to the vegetable industry are listed in Table 12.

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State surveillance programs

State level surveillance depends on the participation of all stakeholder groups, particularly state/territory agriculture departments, industry representative groups, agri-business and growers.

The state/territory agriculture department can provide:

• planning and auditing surveillance systems • coordination of surveillance activities between industry and interstate groups • diagnostic services • field diagnosticians for special field surveillance • surveillance on non-commercial sites • liaison services with industry members • communication, training and extension strategies with industry • biosecurity training • reporting services to all interested parties (Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, national bodies, trading partners and industry).

Various pest surveillance programs are managed by the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources and the state/territory agriculture departments. Many state/territory departments run general surveillance programs whereby suspect samples can be forwarded and diagnosed for the presence of exotic pests free of charge. Official surveillance programs that target pests of the vegetable industry (exotic or those under official control in a region or state/territory) are shown in Table 12.

Table 12. Official surveillance programs that target pests of the vegetable industry (as at December 2016)37

Surveillance program Pests targeted Hosts targeted Australian Government Giant African snail Giant African snail (Lissachatina fulica) Vegetable and horticultural surveillance crops, soil and imported cargo Leaf miner surveillance Various including American leafminer/ Brassicaceae, vegetable leaf miner (Liriomyza sativae), cucurbitaceae, fabaceae, American serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza solanaceae trifolii), Serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza huidobrensis), Tomato leaf miner (Liriomyza bryoniae) Melon fruit fly surveillance Melon fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) Brassicaceae, cucurbitaceae, fabaceae, solanaceae

37 Information presented has been taken from the National Plant Health Status Report 2016 and confirmed or updated in December 2016 by the Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance (sub-committee of the Plant Health Committee)

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Surveillance program Pests targeted Hosts targeted National plant health Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus Cucurbitaceae surveillance project Northern Australia Citrus or cotton locust (Chondracris roseai) Cotton, banana, sugarcane, Quarantine Survey citrus rice & maize locust surveillance Northern Australia Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus Coffee Quarantine Survey coffee hampei) berry borer surveillance Northern Australia Downy mildews including Philippine downy Maize, sugarcane, sorghum Quarantine Survey downy mildew (Peronosclerospora philippinensis), mildew downy mildew of sugarcane (P. sacchari) & downy mildew of sorghum (P. sorghi) Northern Australia Exotic fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) Horticulture Quarantine Survey exotic fruit fly trapping Northern Australia Gold dust weevil (Hypomeces squamosus) Maize, citrus, cotton, rice & Quarantine Survey gold dust sugarcane weevil surveillance Northern Australia Leaf hoppers including; Indian cotton Cotton, sorghum, maize, Quarantine Survey leafhopper (Amrasca devastans), Sugarcane, sorghum & leafhopper Sugarcane planthopper or sugarcane leaf maize surveillance hopper (Perkinsiella vastatrix) Northern Australia Mealy bugs including; pineapple mealy Cucurbits, banana, Mango, Quarantine Survey mealy bug (Dysmicoccus neobrevipes), Mango coconut, cassava, highly bug surveillance mealybug or Madeira mealybug polyphagous (Paracoccus marginatus), Jack Beardsley mealybug (Pseudococcus jackbersleyi) Northern Australia Potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) Potato Quarantine Survey potato late blight Northern Australia Purple stem borer (Sesamia inferens) Grasses incl. sugarcane, Quarantine Survey purple cotton, maize, sorghum & stem borer rice Northern Australia Red spider mite (Tetranychus piercei) Cotton, bananas Quarantine Survey red spider mite Northern Australia Spotted stalk borer (Chilo partellus) Sugarcane, rice Quarantine Survey spotted stalk borer surveillance Watermelon bud necrosis Watermelon bud necrosis (Tospovirus) Brassicaceae, surveillance Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae Watermelon silver mottle Watermelon silver mottle (Tospovirus) Brassicaceae, surveillance Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae New South Wales Aphids Multiple species Field crops, horticulture

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Surveillance program Pests targeted Hosts targeted Diseases of cotton Texas root rot (Phymatotrichum Cotton omnivorum) Grains Farm Biosecurity Cabbage seed weevil (Ceutorhynchus Wheat, barley, canola, lupin Surveillance Program obstrictus) Urban hazard site Exotic whiteflies, exotic aphids, exotic leaf Multiple surveillance miners (Liriomyza spp.), brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) Tasmania Fruit fly trapping program Bactrocera tryoni, Ceratitis capitata, Fruit trees, fruit and Bactrocera dorsalis and other exotic fruit vegetables flies Multiple pest surveillance Pacific spider mite (Tetranychus pacificus) Grapevines program – Pacific spider mite surveillance Multiple pest surveillance Pierce’s disease (Xylella fastidiosa) Grapevines program – Pierce’s disease surveillance Silverleaf whitefly sticky trap Silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci B-type) Nursery stock survey Queensland Cowpea mild mottle mosaic Cowpea mild mottle mosaic virus French bean virus surveillance Endemic and exotic Texas root rot (Phymatotrichum Cotton diseases of cotton omnivorum) Grains Farm Biosecurity Sorghum downy mildew Summer grain crops Program (Peronosclerospora sorghi), Downy mildew of millet (Sclerospora graminicola), Grow Help Australia All pests and pathogens that can affect Fruit, vegetable and diagnostic service project horticultural crops, national parks, ornamental gardens, hobby growers and home gardeners. Commonly encountered pathogens include Phytophthora spp., Fusarium spp., Colletotrichum spp., Alternaria spp., Rhizoctonia spp., Pythium spp., Ralstonia spp., Erwinia spp. and viruses Incident response surveys Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, Multiple various mealybug species, vegetable leaf miner, spider mites Silverleaf whitefly resistance Silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci B-type) Cotton monitoring South Australia Market access surveillance Tomato Yellow leaf curl virus, potato cyst Multiple vegetables nematode (Globodera sp.), bacterial wilt (Erwinia tracheiphila)

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Surveillance program Pests targeted Hosts targeted Port of entry trapping Exotic fruit flies e.g. Melon fruit fly Adelaide metropolitan traps program for exotic fruit flies (Bactrocera cucurbitae) Victoria Boil smut surveillance Boil smut (Ustilago zeae) Corn Melon necrotic spot virus Melon necrotic spot virus Cucurbitaceae surveillance Western Australia Port of entry trapping Exotic fruit flies Western Australia program for exotic fruit flies metropolitan traps

Farm surveillance activities

Farm level surveillance involves the participation and interaction of growers, agribusiness and industry representative groups. Examples of the surveillance activities that can be carried out by each of these groups are outlined in Figure 3. Conducting regular surveys of farms and nurseries provides the best chance of spotting new pests early and implementing eradication or management responses.

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Industry representative groups Example activities include: • carrying out surveillance on commercial properties • liaising with agriculture departments • reporting suspect pests • provision of farm surveillance records • coordination of grower surveillance • funding commercial surveillance activities • working with agriculture departments to develop awareness, training and extension programs • carrying out training.

Agribusiness Example activities include: Farm level • distribution of extension material surveillance requires • assistance with training the involvement of: • receiving suspect samples • supplying surveillance equipment (e.g. traps and diagnostic kits) • providing diagnostic services to growers.

Growers Example activities include: • implementation of surveillance on properties • reporting of suspect pests • provision of records of farm surveillance • attending training • raising awareness of staff and providing training • meeting agriculture department and industry surveillance requirements • ensuring identification material and sampling kits are available for staff.

Figure 3. Examples of farm level surveillance activities

Training

A key component of biosecurity preparedness is ensuring personnel engaged are suitable and effectively trained for their designated roles in a response. Biosecurity preparedness training is the responsibility of all governments and industries, involved in the biosecurity system.

National EPP Training Program

PHA supports members in training personnel through the delivery of the National EPP Training Program. This program is focussed on ensuring personnel from the governments and

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peak industry bodies who will be involved in responses to EPPs have the skills and knowledge to effectively fulfil the roles and responsibilities of their parties, as signatories to the EPPRD. This covers a range of areas, from representatives on the national decision making committees (i.e. the Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests and the National Management Group) through to industry liaison personnel in the State Coordination or Local Control Centres.

In addition to face to face training delivered to members and the provision of simulation exercises, PHA also offers biosecurity training through the Biosecurity Online Training (BOLT) platform which houses a variety of eLearning courses relevant to plant biosecurity. Access to BOLT is free and open to any stakeholder interested in biosecurity, and is available through www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/bolt.

For more information on the National EPP Training program, refer to www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/training.

Awareness

Early reporting enhances the chance of effective control and eradication. Awareness activities raise the profile of biosecurity and exotic pest threats to the vegetable industry, which increases the chance of early detection and reporting of suspect pests. Responsibility for awareness material lies with industry and government, with assistance from PHA as appropriate. Any unusual plant pest should be reported immediately to the relevant state/territory agriculture department through the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline (1800 084 881).

High priority plant pest threat-related documents

Pests listed in Table 1 have been identified as high priority threats to the vegetable industry by members of the TEG. They have been assessed as having high entry, establishment and spread potentials and/or a high economic impact. This list should provide the basis for the development of awareness material for the industry.

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Further information on high priority pests

The websites listed below (Table 13) contain information on pests across most plant industries, including the vegetable industry.

Table 13. Sources of information on high priority pest threats for the vegetable industry

Source Website

Department of Agriculture and Water www.agriculture.gov.au Resources

Pest and Disease Image Library (PaDIL) www.padil.gov.au

DAF Queensland A-Z list of significant www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/health-pests-diseases/a-z- plant pests and diseases significant

University of California Statewide www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/EXOTIC/exoticpestsmenu.html Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Program

European and Mediterranean Plant www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm Protection Organization (EPPO)

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Further information/relevant web sites

A range of government and grower organisation details and websites are provided below (Table 14) for persons seeking further information on vegetable industry biosecurity.

Table 14. Relevant sources of further biosecurity information for the vegetable industry

Agency Website/email Phone Address National AUSVEG www.ausveg.com.au (03) 9822 0388 Suite 1, 431 Burke Rd [email protected] Glen Iris, VIC 3146 Department of Agriculture and Water Resources www.agriculture.gov.au (02) 6272 3933 GPO Box 858 1800 020 504 Canberra, ACT 2601 Plant Health Australia www.planthealthaustralia.com.au (02) 6215 7700 Level 1, 1 Phipps Cl [email protected] Deakin, ACT 2600 New South Wales Department of Primary Industries www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/biosecurity/plant (02) 6391 3535 Locked Bag 21 Orange, NSW 2800 Queensland Biosecurity Queensland, a part of the Department of www.daf.qld.gov.au 13 25 2338 80 Ann Street Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland [email protected] 07 3404 699939 Brisbane, QLD 4000 Northern Territory Department of Primary Industry and Resources www.dpir.nt.gov.au/about (08) 8999 5511 Berrimah Farm, Makagon Road Berrimah, NT 0828

38 Within Qld 39 Interstate

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Agency Website/email Phone Address South Australia Primary Industries and Regions SA www.pir.sa.gov.au (08) 8207 7820 GPO Box 1671 Adelaide, SA 5001 Biosecurity SA-Plant Health www.pir.sa.gov.au/biosecuritysa/planthealth (08) 8207 7820 33 Flemington Street [email protected] Glenside, SA 5065 Biosecurity SA-Plant Health [email protected] (08) 8207 7814 Market access and Interstate Certification Assurance Biosecurity SA-Plant Health [email protected] Fax: (08) 8124 Transport manifest lodgement 1467 South Australian Research and Development Institute www.sardi.sa.gov.au (08) 8303 9400 2b Hartley Grove [email protected] Urrbrae, SA 5064 Tasmania Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au 1300 368 550 GPO Box 44, Environment [email protected] Hobart, TAS 7001 Victoria Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport www.economicdevelopment.vic.gov.au/ 136 186 CPHO Group, Division of Market and Resources Access and Regulation, Biosecurity Branch Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources 475 Mickleham Road, Attwood, Victoria 3047 Western Australia Department of Primary Industries and Regional www.agric.wa.gov.au/ (08) 9368 3333 WA DPIRD Development PO Box 1143 West Perth WA 6872

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Farm biosecurity

Introduction

Plant pests can have a major impact on production if not managed effectively. This includes pests already present in Australia and a number of serious pests of vegetable that Australia does not have.

Farm biosecurity measures can be used to minimise the spread of such pests before their presence is known or after they are identified, and therefore can greatly increase the likelihood that they could be eradicated. This section of the document outlines farm biosecurity and hygiene measures to help reduce the impact of pests on the industry.

The biosecurity and hygiene measures outlined here can be considered as options for each farm’s risk management. Many of these measures can be adopted in a way that suits a given farm so that each can have an appropriate level of biosecurity.

Farm biosecurity reporting procedures and hygiene strategies to reduce threats covered in this document are:

• selection and preparation of appropriate plant material • chemical control measures • control of vectors • control of alternative hosts • neglected farms and volunteer plants • post-harvest handling and produce transport procedures • use of warning and information signs • managing the movement of vehicles and farm equipment • movement of people • visiting overseas farms/orchards – what to watch out for when you return • including farm biosecurity in Industry best management practice and quality assurance schemes • farm biosecurity checklist

Development of an on farm biosecurity plan tailored to the needs of an individual operation is a good way to integrate best practice biosecurity with day to day operations (www.farmbiosecurity.com.au/planner/). Further information on farm biosecurity can be found at www.farmbiosecurity.com.au or by contacting AUSVEG.

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Reporting suspect emergency plant pests

Any unusual plant pest should be reported immediately to the relevant state/territory agriculture agency through the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline (1800 084 881). Early reporting enhances the chance of effective control and eradication. Every report will be taken seriously, checked and treated confidentially.

Rapid reporting of exotic plant pests is critical, early detection is our best chance for effective control and eradication. If you find something you believe could be an exotic plant pest, call the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline immediately to report it to your local state or territory government.

If you suspect a new pest, call the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline on 1800 084 881

The one phone number – 1800 084 881 – will connect you with an automated system to allow you to choose the state or territory that your report relates to. You will then be connected with the relevant authority for that jurisdiction. Most lines are only monitored during business hours, but outside of those hours, please leave a message and your call will be returned as soon as an officer is available.

If you are near the border, you may reach a different jurisdiction based on your phone tower, please speak to these officers anyway, they will assist you in getting to the right authority. Biosecurity is a collaborative effort and the states and territories work together.

Some vegetable pests are notifiable under each state or territory’s quarantine legislation. Each state or territory’s list of notifiable pests are subject to change over time so contacting your local state/territory agricultural agency (details in Table 11) will ensure information is up to date. Landowners and consultants have a legal obligation to notify the relevant state/territory agriculture agency of the presence of those pests within a defined timeframe (Table 15).

Table 15. Timeframe for reporting of notifiable pests as defined in state/territory legislation

State/territory Notifiable pest must be reported within NSW 24 hours NT 24 hours QLD 24 hours SA Immediately TAS As soon as possible VIC Without delay WA 24 hours

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Suspect material should not be moved or collected without seeking advice from the relevant state/territory agriculture agency, as incorrect handling of samples could spread the pest or render the samples unsuitable for diagnostic purposes. State/territory agriculture officers will usually be responsible for sampling and identification of pests.

Preparedness

Pest-specific preparedness and response information documents

To help prepare for an incursion response a list of pest-specific preparedness and response information documents are provided in Table 6 that may support a response. Over time, as more resources are produced for pests of the vegetable industry they will be included in this document and made available through the PHA website. Resources include the development of pest-specific information and emergency response documents, such as fact sheets, contingency plans, diagnostic protocols and a summary of surveillance programs currently in operating for these high priority pests (see www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/pidd). These documents and programs should be developed over time for all medium to high risk pests listed in the TSTs (Appendix 2).

Contingency Plans Contingency Plans provide background information on the pest biology and available control measures to assist with preparedness for incursions of a specific pest into Australia. The contingency plan provides guidelines for steps to be undertaken and considered when developing a response plan for the eradication of that pest. Any response plan developed using information in whole or in part from a contingency plan must follow procedures as set out in PLANTPLAN and be endorsed by the National Management Group prior to implementation.

As a part of contingency planning, biological and chemical control options are considered as are options for breeding for pest resistance. Through the planning process, it may be discovered that there are gaps in knowledge. Such gaps should be identified and consequently be considered as RD&E needs to be met within the implementation table.

For a list of current contingency plans see www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/pidd.

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National Diagnostic Protocols Diagnostic protocols are documents that contain information about a specific plant pest, or related group of pests, relevant to its diagnosis. National Diagnostic Protocols (NDPs) are diagnostic protocols for the unambiguous taxonomic identification of a pest in a manner consistent with ISPM No. 27 – Diagnostic Protocols for Regulated Pests. NDPs include diagnostic procedures and data on the pest, its hosts, taxonomic information, detection and identification.

Australia has a coherent and effective system for the development of NDPs for plant pests managed by the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics (SPHD). NDPs are peer reviewed and verified before being endorsed by Plant Health Committee (PHC). Endorsed NDPs are available on the National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network (NPBDN) website (www.plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au), together with additional information regarding their development and endorsement.

Diagnostic information for some vegetable pests is also available through the PHA website www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/pidd. For diagnostic information on fruit flies, refer to the Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies, available from the PHA website.

Research Development and Extension

Research, Development and Extension – Linking Biosecurity Outcomes to Priorities Through the biosecurity planning process, gaps in knowledge or extension of knowledge will have been identified and need to be documented in the implementation table. Some of these gaps will require further research and development (e.g. understanding risk pathways, developing surveillance programs or diagnostic protocols, developing tools to facilitate preparedness and response, developing IPM or resistance breeding strategies), other gaps will require communication or extension of that knowledge to various target audiences (developing awareness raising materials, undertaking training exercises, running workshops, consideration of broader target audiences).

It is important that the RD&E gaps identified through this plan feed directly into the normal annual RD&E priority setting and strategic planning activities that an industry undertakes. This is fundamental if an industry is to progress biosecurity preparedness and response throughout the life of the biosecurity plan.

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Market access

As an active trading nation, Australia has entered into a number of multilateral and bilateral trade agreements that influence its plant biosecurity system. On a multilateral level, Australia’s rights and obligations in relation to plant biosecurity are set out under World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, particularly the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), although others may apply in certain circumstances.

The SPS Agreement provides WTO member countries with the right to use sanitary and phytosanitary measures to protect human, animal and plant life or health. Under this agreement countries are allowed to specify consistent, science-based conditions aimed at providing sanitary and phytosanitary protection but not unnecessarily restricting trade. The establishment of exotic pests in Australia may result in conditions on Australian exports that previously did not apply and in some cases, may result in the short or long term loss of overseas markets, depending on the significance of the pest to the trading partner and the availability of options to reduce the risk to acceptable levels. These options could include measures such as pest free areas or place of production or treatments e.g. cold or fumigation. The time taken to regain access will depend on the availability and acceptance of measures to reduce risk and the receiving markets risk appetite.

Market access for the vegetable industry

Export is a high priority for the vegetable industry. The Australian vegetable industry have identified Japan, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, New Zealand, Malaysia and Kuwait as existing markets for vegetable exports. Potential markets the vegetable industry may move into are China, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan and Indonesia. The development of these markets may be hampered by the establishment of exotic pests. To this end, the likelihood of entry restrictions being imposed by these ten markets if a high priority pest is detected in Australia has been summarised below (Table 16 and Table 17).

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Table 16. Likelihood of entry restrictions being imposed for existing markets if an exotic high priority pest establishes in Australia High Priority Pest Japan Singapore United Arab New Zealand Malaysia Kuwait Emirates

INVERTEBRATES

Achatina achatina (Giant Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to African snail) be present be present be present be present be present be present

Lissachatina fulica Present Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (Giant African land snail) be present be present be present be present be present

Aphis fabae (Bean Present Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Present Currently not known to aphid) be present be present be present be present

Aulacophora foveicollis Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Present Currently not known to (Red pumpkin beetle) be present be present be present be present be present

Bactrocera carambolae Currently not known to Present Currently not known to Currently not known to Present Currently not known to (Carambola fruit fly) be present be present be present be present

Bactericera cockerelli Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Present Currently not known to Currently not known to (Tomato/potato psyllid) be present be present be present be present be present

Bactrocera cucurbitae Currently not known to Present Present Currently not known to Present Currently not known to (Melon fruit fly) be present be present be present

Bactrocera dorsalis Currently not known to Present Currently not known to Currently not known to Present Currently not known to (Oriental fruit fly) be present be present be present be present

Bactrocera passiflorae Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (Fijian fruit fly) be present be present be present be present be present be present

Bactrocera trivialis (New Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Guinea fruit fly) be present be present be present be present be present be present

Bemisia tabaci Present Present Present Currently restricted Present Present (Silverleaf whitefly) distribution

Delia antiqua (Onion fly) Present Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present be present

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High Priority Pest Japan Singapore United Arab New Zealand Malaysia Kuwait Emirates

Delia floralis (Summer Present but a restricted Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to cabbage fly) distribution be present be present be present be present be present

Delia florilega (Bean Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to seed fly) be present be present be present be present be present be present

Eumerus strigatus Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (Lesser bulb fly) be present be present be present be present be present be present

Halyomorpha halys Present Present Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (Brown marmorated be present be present be present be present stink bug)

Liriomyza bryoniae Present Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (Tomato leaf miner) be present be present be present be present be present

Liriomyza huidobrensis Present but a restricted Present Currently not known to Currently not known to Present Currently not known to (Pea/Serpentine distribution be present be present be present leafminer)

Liriomyza sativae Present but a restricted Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Present Currently not known to (American leafminer) distribution be present be present be present be present

Liriomyza trifolii Present Currently not known to Present Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (American serpentine be present be present be present be present leafminer)

Lygus hesperus Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (Western plant bug) be present be present be present be present be present be present

Phytomyza gymnostoma Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (Allium leafminer) be present be present be present be present be present be present

Psila rosae (Carrot rust Present Currently not known to Currently not known to Present Currently not known to Currently not known to fly) be present be present be present be present

Rhizoglyphus setosus Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (Bulb mite) be present be present be present be present be present be present

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High Priority Pest Japan Singapore United Arab New Zealand Malaysia Kuwait Emirates

Thaumatotibia leucotreta Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (False codling moth) be present be present be present be present be present be present

Trichoplusia ni Present Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Present Currently not known to (Cabbage looper) be present be present be present be present

Tuta absoluta (South Present Currently not known to Present but a restricted Currently not known to Currently not known to Present American tomato moth) be present distribution be present be present

PATHOGENS AND NEMATODES

Alternaria humicola Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (Leaf spot) be present be present be present be present be present be present

Colletotrichum Currently not known to Present but a restricted Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to higginsianum be present distribution be present be present be present be present (Anthracnose)

Colletotrichum lentis Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (Lentil anthracnose) be present be present be present be present be present be present

Groundnut bud necrosis Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to virus be present be present be present be present be present be present

Harpophora maydis Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (Late wilt) be present be present be present be present be present be present

Heterodera carotae Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (Carrot cyst nematode) be present be present be present be present be present be present

Heterodera ciceri Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (Chickpea cyst be present be present be present be present be present be present nematode)

Meloidogyne enterolobii Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (Root knot nematode) be present be present be present be present be present be present

Meloidogyne naasi Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Present Currently not known to Currently not known to (Barley root knot be present be present be present be present be present nematode)

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High Priority Pest Japan Singapore United Arab New Zealand Malaysia Kuwait Emirates

Phytophthora infestans Present Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (A2 mating type) (Late be present be present be present be present be present blight)

Puccinia agrophila Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present be present be present

Puccinia opizii (Lettuce Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to rust) be present be present be present be present be present be present

Puccinia spp. (exotic Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to species) (Alliaceae rust) be present be present be present be present be present be present

Rhizoctonia solani f.sp. Present Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Present Currently not known to sasakii (Banded leaf and be present be present be present be present sheath spot)

Uromyces lineolatus Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to (Apiaceae rust) be present be present be present be present be present be present

Watermelon bud Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to necrosis virus be present be present be present be present be present be present

Table 17. Likelihood of entry restrictions being imposed for potential markets if an exotic high priority pest establishes in Australia

High Priority Pest China South Korea Japan Taiwan Indonesia

INVERTEBRATES

Achatina achatina (Giant African snail) Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present

Lissachatina fulica (Giant African land snail) Present Currently not known to Present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present

Aphis fabae (Bean aphid) Present Present Present Present Currently not known to be present

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High Priority Pest China South Korea Japan Taiwan Indonesia

Aulacophora foveicollis (Red pumpkin Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to beetle) be present be present be present be present

Bactrocera carambolae (Carambola fruit fly) Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Present be present be present be present

Bactericera cockerelli (Tomato/potato Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to psyllid) be present be present be present be present

Bactrocera cucurbitae (Melon fruit fly) Present but a restricted Currently not known to Currently not known to be present – Present Present distribution be present eradicated in 1993

Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly) Present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present – Present Present be present previously eradicated

Bactrocera passiflorae (Fijian fruit fly) Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present

Bactrocera trivialis (New Guinea fruit fly) Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Present be present be present be present

Bemisia tabaci (Silverleaf whitefly) Present but a restricted Present Present Present Currently not known to distribution be present

Delia antiqua (Onion fly) Present but a restricted Present Present Currently not known to Currently not known to distribution be present be present

Delia floralis (Summer cabbage fly) Present but a restricted Present Present Currently not known to Currently not known to distribution be present be present

Delia florilega (Bean seed fly) Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present

Eumerus strigatus (Lesser bulb fly) Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present

Halyomorpha halys (Brown marmorated Present Present Present Present Currently not known to stink bug) be present

Liriomyza bryoniae (Tomato leaf miner) Present Present Present Present Present

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High Priority Pest China South Korea Japan Taiwan Indonesia

Liriomyza huidobrensis (Pea/Serpentine Present but a restricted Present Present but a restricted distribution Present Present but a restricted leafminer) distribution distribution

Liriomyza sativae (American leafminer) Present Currently not known to Present but a restricted distribution Currently not known to Present be present be present

Liriomyza trifolii (American serpentine Present Present Present Present Present leafminer)

Lygus hesperus (Western plant bug) Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present

Phytomyza gymnostoma (Allium leafminer) Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present

Psila rosae (Carrot rust fly) Currently not known to Currently not known to Present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present

Rhizoglyphus setosus (Bulb mite) Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Present Currently not known to be present be present be present

Thaumatotibia leucotreta (False codling Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to moth) be present be present be present be present

Trichoplusia ni (Cabbage looper) Present Present Present Present Present

Tuta absoluta (South American tomato Currently not known to Currently not known to Present Currently not known to Currently not known to moth) be present be present be present be present

PATHOGENS AND NEMATODES

Alternaria humicola (Leaf spot) Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present

Colletotrichum higginsianum (Anthracnose) Present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present

Colletotrichum lentis (Lentil anthracnose) Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present

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High Priority Pest China South Korea Japan Taiwan Indonesia

Groundnut bud necrosis virus Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present

Harpophora maydis (Late wilt) Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present

Heterodera carotae (Carrot cyst nematode) Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present

Heterodera ciceri (Chickpea cyst Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to nematode) be present be present be present be present

Meloidogyne enterolobii (Root knot Present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to nematode) be present be present be present

Meloidogyne naasi (Barley root knot Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to nematode) be present be present be present be present

Phytophthora infestans (A2 mating type) Present Present Present Currently not known to Present (Late blight) be present

Puccinia agrophila Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present

Puccinia opizii (Lettuce rust) Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present

Puccinia spp. (exotic species) (Alliaceae Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to rust) be present be present be present be present

Rhizoctonia solani f.sp. sasakii (Banded Present Present Present Present Present leaf and sheath spot)

Uromyces lineolatus (Apiaceae rust) Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present

Watermelon bud necrosis virus Currently not known to Currently not known to Currently not known to be present Currently not known to Currently not known to be present be present be present be present

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Implementation actions

To help maintain or facilitate market access, in the event of an incursion, the vegetable industry in partnership with the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources and the relevant state and territory governments should develop the following, for the pests identified in Table 16 and Table 17: • Surveillance plan including a method for collecting and storing surveillance data • Diagnostic protocols that have been assessed in the Australian environment • Biosecurity treatment measures (e.g. irradiation or fumigation)

Implementation of these actions will be required for all pests as this data will also be crucial for maintaining interstate trade should an incursion occur within Australia, resulting in a restricted distribution or quarantine zone. The implemented system should also take into account the likelihood of having entry restrictions imposed by overseas trade partners for those pests identified as possible in Table 16. A single system will facilitate market access discussions for both domestic and international trade and will minimise the potential disruption to the industry.

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References Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (2011) Import Risk Analysis Handbook 2011. Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra.

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RESPONSE MANAGEMENT

PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Introduction

Gathering information, developing procedures, and defining roles and responsibilities during an emergency can be extremely difficult. To address this area, PHA coordinated the development of PLANTPLAN, a national set of incursion response guidelines for the plant sector, detailing the procedures required and the roles and responsibilities of all Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD) signatories affected by an Emergency Plant Pest (EPP).

The following section includes key contact details and communication procedures that should be used in the event of an incursion in the vegetable industry. Additionally, a listing of pest- specific emergency response and information documents are provided that may support a response. Over time, as more of these documents are produced for pests of the vegetable industry they will be included in this document and made available through the PHA website.

The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed

A fundamental component of the Australian plant biosecurity system is the EPPRD, which is an agreement between the Australian government, the state/territory governments, 33 plant industries (including AUSVEG) and PHA (collectively known as the signatories), that allows the rapid and efficient response to Emergency Plant Pests (EPPs). The EPPRD is a legally binding document that outlines the basic operating principles and guidelines for eradication responses of EPPs.

The EPPRD provides:

• A national response management structure that enables all governments and plant industry signatories affected by the EPP to contribute to the decisions made about the response. • An agreed structure for the sharing of costs to deliver eradication responses to EPPs detected in Australia. Costs are divided between signatories affected by the EPP in an equitable manner based on the relative potential impact of the EPP. • A mechanism to encourage reporting of EPP detections and the implementation of risk mitigation activities.

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• a mechanism to reimburse growers whose crops or property are directly damaged or destroyed as a result of implementing a Response Plan • early detection and response • rapid responses to EPPs (excluding weeds) • decisions to eradicate are based on appropriate criteria (e.g. eradication must be technically feasible and cost beneficial) • an industry commitment to biosecurity and risk mitigation and a government commitment to best management practice • Cost Sharing of eligible costs • an Agreed Limit for Cost Sharing (calculated as 2 % of the local value of production for one year of the Affected Industry Party or as defined in Schedule 14 of the EPPRD). The Agreed Limit can be exceeded with the agreement of Affected Parties. • an effective industry/government decision-making process.

For further information on the EPPRD, including copies of the EPPRD, Fact Sheets or Frequently Asked Questions, visit www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/epprd and www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/epprd-qa.

PLANTPLAN

PLANTPLAN outlines the generic approach to response management under the EPPRD and introduces the key roles and positions held by industry and government during a response. The document is supported by a number of operating guidelines, job cards and standard operating procedures that provide further detail on specific topics. PLANTPLAN underpins the EPPRD and is endorsed by all EPPRD signatories.

The current version of PLANTPLAN and supporting documents are available on the PHA website (http://www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity/incursion- management/plantplan/).

For more information about PLANTPLAN and the supporting document visit www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity/incursion-management/plantplan/

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Funding a response under the EPPRD

The following section outlines how eradication responses are nationally cost shared between affected industries and governments.

A copy of the EPPRD can be downloaded from the PHA website (www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/epprd). Cost sharing a response

Affected industries and governments invest in the eradication of EPPs and share the costs of an agreed response plan, this is referred to as ‘cost sharing’. Not all activities in a response are eligible to be cost shared, with some activities considered as normal commitments40 for signatories.

The cost shared costs of a response are divided between affected industries and governments in an equitable manner directly related to the benefit of eradicating the EPP. These relative benefits are represented by the category of the pest, with the overall view that ‘the higher the benefit, the greater the investment’.

There are four categories for EPPs, as shown in Table 19. The category indicates how the funding will be split between government and industries; with the governments funding the share of public benefit and industry funding the share of private benefit. It does not indicate its likelihood of eradication or its overall importance i.e. an EPP listed as Category 1 is not deemed to be any more or less important than an EPP listed as Category 4.

Table 18 Response funding allocation between Government and Industry for an EPP

Category of EPP Government Funding Industry Funding Category 1 100% 0% Category 2 80% 20% Category 3 50% 50% Category 4 20% 80%

40 Further information can be found in the guideline document for Normal Commitments for Parties to the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed available to download from http://www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity/incursion-management/plantplan/.

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Pest categorisation

The list of categorised EPPs can be found in schedule 13 of the EPPRD. In the event that a response plan is endorsed for an uncategorised EPP, cost sharing will commence using the default category (category 3), and may be revised later.

Any signatory to the EPPRD can request for additional pests to be categorised and added to schedule 13 of the EPPRD. Contact [email protected] for more information and guidance on this process.

Once a substantiated request has been received by PHA a group of independent scientific technical experts (known as the categorisation group) will be convened to assess all known information about the EPP to identify the public and private benefits. Full details can be found in clauses 7 and 9 of the EPPRD.

Vegetable’s EPPs categorised to date

EPPs for the vegetable industry that are categorised and listed within schedule 13 of the EPPRD41 are listed in Table 19.

Table 19. Formal categories for pests of the vegetable industry listed on schedule 13 of the EPPRD (as at 31 August, 2017)42

Formal Scientific name Common name Category 2 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 2 Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous 2 Cryptophlebia leucotreta False codling moth 2 Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot 2 Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease 3 Liriomyza sativae Vegetable leaf miner 3 Bactericera cockerelli Tomato/potato psyllid 3 Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Ring rot sepedonicus 3 Globodera rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode 3 Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado potato beetle

41 For the latest version of schedule 13, refer to the EPPRD version found at www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/epprd. 42 Note scientific and common names are listed as they appear in the EPPRD

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Formal Scientific name Common name Category 3 Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew 4 Lygus hesperus Western plant bug 4 Mythimna unipuncta Army worm 4 Peridroma saucia Variegated cutworm 4 Tetranychus piercei Spider mite

How to respond to a suspect EPP

Following the detection of a suspect EPP, the relevant state agency will be notified either directly or through the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline. Within 24 hours of the state agency having a reasonable suspicion that they are dealing with an EPP the, Chief Plant Health Manager (CPHM) of the state or territory, will inform the Australian Chief Plant Protection Officer (ACPPO). All signatories affected by the EPP (both government and industry) are then notified immediately, and a Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests (CCEPP) meeting is convened (this process is outlined in Figure 4). Only the industry signatories affected by the EPP are engaged in the response process. These are determined based on the known hosts of the EPP.

All positive detections of EPPs or suspect EPPs must undergo secondary identification from an independent laboratory. Confirmation of the identification should not delay the reporting of the EPP to the ACPPO or the CCEPP.

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Figure 4. Reporting suspect EPPs and notification process

Once a pest is notified to the CCEPP, all signatories that are affected by the EPP play a part in the national management of EPP response. This is primarily through the two national decision making committees, both of which AUSVEG have a representative on:

• The Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests (CCEPP) which provide technical expertise on the response

• The National Management Group (NMG) which acts on recommendations from the CCEPP and make the final decisions about EPP responses and funding.

Technical and economic considerations are reviewed, and a decision made on whether to eradicate using the cost sharing mechanisms under the EPP (i.e. develop a response plan) or take another course of action (potentially to contain or do nothing which will mean long term management of the pest).

The relevant state/territory agriculture department is responsible for the on ground response to EPPs and will adopt precautionary emergency containment measures if appropriate. Depending on the nature of the EPP, measures could include:

• restriction of operations in the area

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• disinfection and withdrawal of people, vehicles and machinery from the area • restricted access to the area • control or containment measures.

Each response to an EPP is applied differently due to the nature of the incursion, however each follow the defined phases of a response as summarised Error! Reference source not f ound.. Further information about the response processes under the EPPRD can be found in the PHA Foundation Course and National EPP Response Management BOLT courses43.

In the instances that an EPP is confirmed, the CCEPP convened to make).

Owner reimbursement costs

Owner Reimbursement Costs (ORCs) are included in the shared costs of a response and are available to eligible growers to alleviate the financial impacts of crops or property that are directed to be destroyed under an agreed response plan.

ORCs were developed to encourage early reporting and increase the chance of successful eradication. ORCs are paid to the owner and cover direct costs associated with implementing a response plan, including:

• Value of crops destroyed, • Replacement of lost capital items and • Fallow periods

ORCs are only available when there is an approved response plan under the EPPRD, and only to industries that are signatories to the EPPRD, such as the vegetable industry.

The value of ORCs is directed by the ORC Evidence Frameworks and is based on an agreed valuation approach developed for each industry.

Further information about ORCs is available from www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity/incursion-management/owner- reimbursement-costs/

43 All of PHA’s BOLT courses are feely available at https://pha.canopihr.com.au

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Industry specific response procedures

Industry communication

AUSVEG are the peak industry body for the vegetable industry44, i.e. signatory to the EPPRD, and will be the key industry contact point if a plant pest affecting the vegetable industry is detected and responded to using the arrangements in the EPPRD. AUSVEG will have responsibility for relevant industry communication and media relations (see PLANTPLAN for information on approved communications during an incursion). The contacts nominated for the CCEPP and the NMG by AUSVEG will be contacted (Table 20) regarding any meetings of the CCEPP or NMG. It is important that all Parties to the EPPRD ensure their contacts for these committees are nominated to PHA and updated swiftly when personnel change.

Close cooperation is required between relevant government and industry bodies to ensure the effective development and implementation of a response to an emergency plant pest, and the management of media/communication and trade issues. Readers should refer to PLANTPLAN or undertake the relevant BOLT courses for further information.

Table 20. Contact details for AUSVEG Ltd

Website www.ausveg.com.au/ Postal address PO BOX 138 Camberwell VIC 3124 Email [email protected] Phone (03) 9882 0277 Fax (03) 9882 6722

44 For further information on AUSVEG refer schedule 7 available at http://www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity/emergency-plant- pest-response-deed/

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References

PLANTPLAN (2017) PLANTPLAN Australian Emergency Plant Pest Response Plan. Version 1. (www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/plantplan).

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APPENDIX 1: PROFILE OF THE AUSTRALIAN VEGETABLE INDUSTRY

PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Vegetable industry background

To develop any biosecurity plan it is critical to understand the profile and context of the industry.

Industry profile

AUSVEG is the national peak industry body, representing Australian vegetable and potato growers. Their members include Growcom, NSW Farmers Association, NT Farmers Association, Potato Growers Association of WA, Tasmanian Farmers & Graziers Association, AUSVEG Vic, Vegetables WA and AUSVEG SA.

This association is involved in a number of projects to improve the productivity and sustainability of the vegetable industry. The vegetable industry is multifaceted, combining approximately 6000 growers across 3259-5832 farms (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017b) and spanning numerous types of vegetable crops, including potatoes, across the various growing regions within Australia.

During the financial year ending June 2015, the industry produced 3.15 million tonnes of vegetables (2014-15 Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook). The value of production was $3.53 billion while the wholesale value of the fresh supply was $3.99 billion. This was broken down into 64% of vegetables produced that were used for fresh vegetable supply, 30% for processing and 5% for fresh vegetable export.

The Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry covers the following leviable vegetable crops: • Apiaceae (e.g. carrots, celery, parsley, parsnips) • Fabaceae (e.g. peas and beans) • Asteraceae (e.g. lettuce) • Brassicaceae (e.g. cabbage, radishes, broccoli, cauliflower) • Cucurbitaceae (e.g. cucumber, zucchini, pumpkins) • Amaranthaceae (e.g. beetroot, silver beet) • Poaceae (e.g. sweet corn) • Solanaceae (e.g. eggplant, capsicum, chilli) • Alliaceae (e.g. leeks, culinary shallots)

Background information on each crop is provided below.

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Apiaceae

The Apiaceae or Umbelliferae family contains edible plants such as carrots (Daucus carota), celery (Apium graveolens), parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and parsnips (Pastinaca sativa).

Carrots production occurs primarily in the southern states of Australia, with a large volume of carrots grown for the export market in Western Australia. The main varieties grown are standard carrots (90% of fresh production), Dutch carrots (3% of fresh production) and processing carrots (7% of fresh production). In 2015 there was 4,623 hectares of carrots, which produce approximately 291,600 tonnes per annum, valued at approximately $190.4 million (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

Celery production occurs in most states of Australia, with the majority of production occurring in Victoria. Most of the celery grown in Australia is destined for the fresh local market, with a small but growing fresh export market. In 2014 there was 1,695 hectares of celery, which produce approximately 57,500 tonnes per annum, valued at approximately $45.3 million (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

Parsley, despite being a small horticultural industry, is grown across all of Australia except in the Northern Territory. The varying weather conditions across the country results in fresh parsley available to the domestic market through the year. The main variety is ‘common’ parsley with dark green flat leaves or ‘Italian or continental’ parsley with dark green lobed leaves. In 2009 there were 200 ha of parsley planted, producing 2003 tonnes worth $8.2 million (AUSVEG, 2014).

Parsnips are grown across most states of Australia. Almost all of the parsnips grown in Australia are destined for the fresh market. In 2015 there was approximately 3,300 tonnes per annum, valued at approximately $9.2 million (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

Fabaceae

The Fabaceae family is more commonly known as the legume family and contains peas (Pisium sativum) and beans (e.g. Phaseolus spp.).

Peas are grown across most states of Australia with the majority of production occurring in Victoria and Queensland. The fresh market accounts for one third of all peas grown in Australia, comprising primarily of two varieties (snow peas and sugar snap peas), while garden peas are the variety most commonly processed. In 2015 there was approximately 20,680 tonnes per annum, valued at approximately $42 million (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

Beans refers to green beans, French beans, runner beans and navy beans. Green bean production occurs primarily in Queensland. Excluding navy beans (which are commonly sold tinned) the 2015 production area for beans was 6,210 hectares, producing approximately 29,900 tonnes worth $74.2 million (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

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Asteraceae

AUSVEG covers lettuce (Lactuca sativa), which are from the Asteraceae family. The 2014/15 Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook separates head lettuce, lettuce products that are typically sold in a headed form, such as iceberg, cos and oak varieties from fresh lettuce leaves predominantly sold loose for salads. This Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry treats them the same as they will both be affected by the same pests and diseases. Most lettuce, regardless of its end use, is grown close to major population centres on the east coast of Australia. During 2015 the production area for head lettuce was 6,907 hectares, producing approximately 122,700 tonnes worth $131.2 million. Leafy salad vegetables produced 54,579 tonnes in 2015 at a production value of $315.3 million (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

Brassicaceae

In the Brassica family (Brassicaceae) AUSVEG covers cabbage (Brassica oleracea), radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), broccoli and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea).

Cabbage production occurs in most states of Australia with production occurring during the winter months. In 2014 the production area was 2,146 hectares, producing approximately 66,900 tonnes worth $33.3 million (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

NSW and Western Australia grow radish in Australia. There are several types of radish with globe, oval, oblong and long and red or white as the main varieties. The most common in Australia is round red radishes referred to as Cherry Belles or Scarlet Globes.

Broccoli and cauliflower is grown in most states of Australia during the winter months. Victoria produces the most broccoli while Victoria and Queensland produce the most cauliflower. Modifications of broccoli include baby broccoli and Broccolini™ (a cross between broccoli and the leafy Asian vegetable ‘Gai Lan’). In 2015, 68,571 tonnes of broccoli was produced worth $188.7 million. Cauliflower produced 63,510 tonnes in 2015 worth $48.9 million (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

Cucurbitaceae

AUSVEG covers cucumber (Cucumis sativus), zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) and pumpkins (Cucurbita sp.) which belong in the Cucurbitaceae family.

Within Australia the majority of cucumbers are grown in protected cropping systems using covers or high-tech glasshouses. The largest cucumber producers are in Bowen, Queensland or in the Riverland region of South Australia. The main cucumber varieties are continental, Lebanese and baby

Appendix 1: Profile of the Australian Vegetable Industry | PAGE 142 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018 cucumbers. During 2014, 733 hectares grew cucumbers with 83,109 tonnes of production worth $147.2 million (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

Zucchini is grown in most states of Australia, with the majority of production occurring in Queensland and Victoria. 2,351 hectares of zucchinis were grown in 2014 with 33,658 tonnes produced. This equalled a production value of $53.4 million (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

Pumpkins are grown in many states of Australia, with the majority of production occurring in New South Wales and Queensland. Some major pumpkin varieties include kent (also known as jap pumpkins), butternut and Queensland blue. During 2014, the production area for pumpkin was 6,257 hectares, producing approximately 115,400 tonnes worth $59.7 million (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

Amaranthaceae

Beetroot and silverbeet or swiss chard are different varieties of the same Beta vulgaris species. Silverbeet is often called spinach but they are different vegetables. They are however both members of the Amaranthaceae family.

The 2014/15 Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook combines information on English spinach and silverbeet. Grown around Australia approximately 6,928 tonnes worth $15.5 million was produced in 2015 (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

Beetroot production occurs predominantly in Queensland. Volumes grown for processing have decreased in recent years. During 2014, 718 hectares of beetroot was grown which produced 13,296 tonnes of the root vegetable worth $9.7 million (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

Poaceae

Sweet corn is represented under AUSVEG and belongs to the Poaceae family. Sweet corn refers to the sweet varieties of corn that are grown for human consumption, and does not include maize or other similar broadacre corn crops. However, due to the overlap with exotic pests and diseases the biosecurity plan for the vegetable industry did not make this distinction.

Sweet corn is grown across Australia with the majority of production in New South Wales and Queensland. The production area of sweet corn was 6,865 hectares during 2014 with 60,099 tonnes worth $62.9 million (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

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Solanaceae

Eggplant or aubergine (Solanum melongena), capsicum, chilli or peppers (Capsicum sp.) belong to the Solanaceae family.

Eggplants are grown in most states of Australia, with the majority of production occurring along the east coast. Currently, most eggplants are grown outdoors. However, in the southern states, increasing volumes are being grown year-round in greenhouses. The eggplant production area in 2014 was 765 hectares with 8,461 tonnes produced worth $17.5 million (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

Capsicums or bell peppers are grown in most states of Australia. The majority of production is grown outdoors in Queensland. The industry are moving towards producing capsicums in high-tech greenhouses in the southern states. In 2015, the production area was 1,950 hectares with 71,634 tonnes produced worth $144.7 million (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

Chillies are grown in most states of Australia. The majority of chillies are currently grown in Queensland. The production area in 2014 was 222 hectares with 2,152 tonnes produced worth $8.6 million (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

Alliaceae

Leeks (Allium ampeloprasum), shallots (Allium cepa or Allium ascalonicum) and onions (Allium cepa) belong to the Alliaceae family. Leeks and culinary shallots are represented by AUSVEG and included in the Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry. Bulb onions, represented by Onions Australia, are covered by a separate Biosecurity Plan for the Onion Industry.

Leeks are grown predominantly in Victoria. Almost all of the leeks grown in Australia are destined for the fresh market. The production area during 2014 was 673 hectares producing 8,951 tonnes of leek valued at $15.9 million (Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited, 2017a).

In Australia, spring onion and shallots are often used interchangeably. Shallots marketed in NSW are similar to true spring onions. The production area during 2007/08 for spring onions and shallots was 537 hectares and produced 7,818 tonnes at an estimated gross value of $21.5 million (Onions Australia, 2017).

Vegetable crops not covered by this Biosecurity Plan

The Vegetable BP does not include hard potatoes, hard onions, melons, or tomatoes which are not covered by the vegetable levy. PHA has written separate biosecurity plans for these crops (found through the Plant Health Australia website at www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/). Leafy vegetables

Appendix 1: Profile of the Australian Vegetable Industry | PAGE 144 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018 are excluded from this biosecurity plan due to the significant amount of work involved in preparing Threat Summary Tables and identifying a High Priority Pest list.

The following vegetables are also excluded from the Vegetable BP as they are not included under the vegetable levy:

• Asparagus • Garlic • Herbs (other than fresh culinary shallots and parsley) • Mushrooms • Seed sprouts

Appendix 1: Profile of the Australian Vegetable Industry | PAGE 145 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

References Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited (2017a) 2014/15 Australian Horticulture Statistics Handbook. Available from: http://horticulture.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Australian-Horticulture- Statistics-Handbook-Vegetables.pdf

Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited (2017b) Australian vegetable industry strategic investment plan 2012-2017 Available from: http://horticulture.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/HortInn- SIP-Vegetable.pdf

Onions Australia (2017), Allium crops in Australia. Available from: www.onionsaustralia.org.au/aboutonions/allium-crops.htm.

AUSVEG (2014) Parsley Strategic Agrichemical Review Process 2011-2014. Available from: https://ausveg.com.au/app/uploads/2017/05/Parsley_SARP_report_10_March_2014.pdf

Appendix 1: Profile of the Australian Vegetable Industry | PAGE 146

APPENDIX 2: THREAT SUMMARY TABLES

PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Vegetable industry threat summary tables

The information provided in the threat summary tables (available as a standalone document from http://bit.ly/2hPjpG045) is an overview of exotic plant pest threats to the vegetable industry. More than 760 exotic plant pests were identified. Summarised information on entry, establishment and spread potentials and economic consequences of establishment are provided where available. Pests under official control46 or eradication may be included in these tables where appropriate. However, vegetable pests that are established but regionalised within Australia are not covered by TSTs, but may be assessed in state biosecurity plans. Assessments may change given more detailed research, and will be reviewed with the biosecurity plan.

Full descriptions of the risk rating terms can be found on page 89. An explanation of the method used for calculating the overall risk can be found on the PHA website47. Additional information on a number of the pests listed in the TSTs can be found in pest-specific information document (Table 6).

Currently the TSTs include pest of Apiaceae (carrots, celery, parsley, parsnips), Fabaceae (peas, beans), Asteraceae (lettuce), Brassicaceae (cabbage, radishes, broccoli, cauliflower), Cucurbitaceae (cucumber, zucchini, luffa, pumpkins), Amaranthaceae (beetroot, silver beet), Peaceae (sweet corn), Solanaceae (eggplant, capsicum, chilli) and Alliaceae (leeks, spring onion and shallot). Should other vegetable commodities be included in the future this list will expand.

45 Please contact PHA if you have difficulty accessing this document. 46 Official control defined in ISPM No. 5 as the active enforcement of mandatory phytosanitary regulations and the application of mandatory phytosanitary procedures with the objective of eradication or containment of quarantine pests or for the management of regulated non-quarantine pests 47 Available from www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity/risk-mitigation

Appendix 2: Threat Summary Tables | PAGE 148 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

References Ahuja SC and Payak MM (1982) Symptoms and signs of banded leaf and sheath blight of maize. Phytoparasitica 10: 41-49.

Akol AM, Chidege MY, Talwana HAK, Mauremootoo JR (2011) Busseola fusca (Fuller, 1901) - African Maize Stalkborer. BioNET-International. Available from: http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/maize_pests/key/maize_pests/Media/Html/Busseola _fusca_(Fuller_1901)_-_African_Maize_Stalkborer.htm.

Akol AM, Chidege MY, Talwana HAK, Mauremootoo JR (2011b) Sesamia calamistis Hampson, 1910 - African Pink Stalkborer. BioNET-International. Available from: http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/maize_pests/key/maize_pests/Media/Html/Sesamia _calamistis_Hampson_1910_-_African_Pink_Stalkborer.htm.

Albarracín Orio AG, Brücher E, Plazas MC, Sayago P, Guerra F, de Rossi R, Ducasse DA, Guerra GD (2013) First report of Stewart’s wilt of maize in Argentina caused by Pantoea stewartii. Plant Disease 96: 1819-1820.

Alford DV (2016) Pests of fruit crops: a colour handbook, second edition. CRC press. United States.

Allen WR, Van Schagen JG, Eveleigh ES (1982) Transmission of Peach rosette mosaic virus to peach, grape, and cucumber by Longidorus diadecturus obtained from diseased orchards in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 4: 16-18.

Ammar ED and Hogenhout SA (2008) A neurotropic route for Maize mosaic virus (Rhabdoviridae) in its planthopper vector Peregrinus maidis. Virus Research 131: 77-85.

Arneodo JD, Lorenzo E, Laguna IG, Abdala G, Truol GA (2002) Cytopathological characterisation of Mal de Rio Curarto virus in corn, wheat and barley. Fitopathologia Brasileira 27: 298-302.

Arthurs SP, Kok-Yokomi ML, Smith H (2015) Florida Flower Thrips (suggested common name) Frankliniella bispinosa Morgan (Insecta: Thysanoptera: Thripidae). University of Florida, EENY639. Available from: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN111000.pdf.

Auad AM and De Moraes JC (2003) Biological aspects and life table of Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas, 1878) as a function of temperature. Scientia Agricola, 60: 657-662.

Australian Faunal Directory (2016) Fauna databases and online resources. Available from: www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/. Autrey, L. J. C. 1983. Maize mosaic virus and other maize virus diseases in the islands of the Western Indian Ocean. Pages 167-181 In: Gordon DT, Knoke JK, Nault LR, and Ritter RM (eds.) Proceedings

Appendix 2: Threat Summary Tables | PAGE 149 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

International Maize Virus Disease Colloquium and Workshop, 2-6 August 1982. The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster. 266 pp.

Bailey SF (1935) Thrips as vectors of plant disease. Journal of Economic Entomology 28: 856-863.

Bartelt A (2011) Invasives database: Circulifer tenellus, Beet leafhopper. Sam Houston State University. Available from: www.texasinvasives.org/pest_database/detail.php?symbol=48.

Beebe S, Cardona C, Diaz O, Rodríguez F, Mancia E, Ajquejay S (1993) Development of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines resistant to the bean pod weevil, Apion godmani Wagner, in Central America. Euphytica, 69: 83-88.

Blackman R and Eastop V (date unknown) Aphids of the worlds plants, an online identification and information guide. Available from: www.aphidsonworldsplants.info/d_APHIDS_U.htm#Uroleucon.

Blancard D, Lot H, Maisonneuve B (2006) A color atlas of diseases of lettuce and related salad crops. Observation, biology and control. Academic Press, United States.

Blazquez CH (1983) Net spot of cucumbers. Plant Disease 67: 534-536.

Boetel M, Glogoza P, Knott J (2005) Lygus bugs in sugarbeets. E-1289. North Dakota State University. Available from: www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/rowcrops/e1289.pdf.

Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallwitz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson L, Zurcher EJ (eds.) (1996 onwards A). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Available from: http://sdb.im.ac.cn/vide/descr716.htm.

Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallwitz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson L, Zurcher EJ (eds.) (1996 onwards B). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Available from: http://sdb.im.ac.cn/vide/descr537.htm.

Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallwitz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson L, Zurcher EJ (eds.) (1996 onwards C). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Available from: http://sdb.im.ac.cn/vide/descr823.htm.

Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallwitz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson L, Zurcher EJ (eds.) (1996 onwards D) Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 16th January 1997. Croton yellow vein mosaic bigeminivirus. Available from: http://sdb.im.ac.cn/vide/descr263.htm. Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallwitz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson L, Zurcher EJ (eds.) (1996 onwards E) Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database: Dandelion yellow mosaic Sequivirus. Available from: http://sdb.im.ac.cn/vide/descr284.htm.

Appendix 2: Threat Summary Tables | PAGE 150 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Biosecurity Plan for the Vegetable Industry 2018

Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallwitz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson L, Zurcher EJ (eds.) (1996 onwards F). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 16th January 1997. Maize Iranian mosaic (?) nucleorhabdovirus. Available from: http://sdb.im.ac.cn/vide/descr467.htm.

Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallwitz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson L, Zurcher EJ (eds.) (1996 onwards G). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 16th January 1997. Maize Iranian mosaic (?) nucleorhabdovirus. Available from: http://sdb.im.ac.cn/vide/descr467.htm.

Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallwitz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson L, Zurcher EJ (eds.) (1996 onwards H). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 16th January 1997. Cynodon chlorotic streak nucleorhabdovirus. Available from: http://sdb.im.ac.cn/vide/descr277.htm.

Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallwitz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson L, Zurcher EJ (eds.) (1996 onwards I). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 16th January 1997. Maize eyespot virus. Available from: http://sdb.im.ac.cn/vide/descr466.htm.

Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallwitz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson L, Zurcher EJ (eds.) (1996 onwards J). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 16th January 1997. Maize Iranian mosaic (?) nucleorhabdovirus. Available from: http://sdb.im.ac.cn/vide/descr467.htm.

Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallwitz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson L, Zurcher EJ (eds.) (1996 onwards K). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 16th January 1997. Maize line virus. Available from: http://sdb.im.ac.cn/vide/descr468.htm.

Büchen-Osmond, C., & Dallwitz, M. J. (2006). ICTVdB: The Universal Virus Database, version 3. Columbia University, New York, NY.

CABI (2008) Datasheet: Cladosporium allii (leaf spot: leek). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/13718.

CABI (2008b) Datasheet: Holotrichia diomphalia (north east larger black chafer). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/27542.

CABI (2008c) Datasheet: Systena s-littera. Available from: www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/52399.

CABI (2008d) Datasheet: Pilemia perusialis (tobacco leaf folder). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/41243.

CABI (2008e) Datasheet: Udea ferrugalis. Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/55543.

CABI (2008f) Datasheet: Agallia albidula. Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/3639.

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CABI (2008g) Datasheet: Spodoptera latifascia (lateral lined armyworm). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/51069.

CABI (2008h) Datasheet: Dasineura brassicae (brassica pod midge). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/17969.

CABI (2008i) Datasheet: Epilachna pusillanima (potato epilachna). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/21507.

CABI (2008j) Datasheet: Lygus gemellatus. Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/31789.

CABI (2008k) Datasheet: Lygus rugulipennis (bishop bug). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/31796.

CABI (2008l) Datasheet: Megymenum brevicorne. Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/33142.

CABI (2008m) Datasheet: Xanthomonas campestris pv. cannabis (leafspot.) Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/56925.

CABI (2008n) Datasheet: Cerotoma facialis. Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/12326.

CABI (2008o) Datasheet: Heteronychus licas (black sugarcane beetle). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/27070.

CABI (2008p) Datasheet: Leucopholis lepidophora (Areca white grub). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/30024.

CABI (2008q) Datasheet: Phyllophaga crinita (white, grub). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/40794.

CABI (2008r) Datasheet: Blissus leucopterus (chinch bug). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/9351.

CABI (2008s) Datasheet: Hortensia similis (common green sugarcane leafhopper). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/27690.

CABI (2008t) Datasheet: Perkinsiella vastatrix (sugarcane leafhopper). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/39682.

CABI (2008u) Datasheet: Phaenacantha saccharicida (sugarcane red bug). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/40325.

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CABI (2008v) Datasheet: Feltia jaculifera (dingy cutworm). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/23952.

CABI (2008w) Datasheet: Ostrinia scapulalis. Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/38031.

CABI (2008x) Datasheet: Richia albicosta (bean, cutworm, western). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/31392.

CABI (2008y) Datasheet: Valanga nigricornis (valanga grasshopper). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/56049.

CABI (2008z) Datasheet: Zonocerus variegatus (variegated grasshopper). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/57607.

CABI (2008aa) Datasheet: Cercospora zeae-maydis (grey leaf spot). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/12299.

CABI (2008ab) Datasheet: Diabolocatantops axillaris (devil grasshopper). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/18039.

CABI (2010) Datasheet: Hypomeces squamosus (green weevil). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/27783.

CABI (2011) Datasheet: Evergestis forficalis (crucifer, caterpillar). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/28164.

CABI (2011b) Datasheet: Tetranychus yusti. Available from: www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/117471.

CABI (2012) Datasheet: Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (European mole cricket). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/26042.

CABI (2012b) Datasheet: Delia radicum (cabbage root fly). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/28164.

CABI (2012c) Datasheet: Autographa nigrisigna (beet worm). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/42315.

CABI (2012d) Datasheet: Mamestra configurata (bertha armyworm). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/42315.

CABI (2012e) Datasheet: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (Fusarium wilt of cucumber). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/24622.

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CABI (2012f) Datasheet: Lepidiota stigma (sugarcane white grub). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/31422.

CABI (2012g) Datasheet: Leucopholis irrorata (toy beetle). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/30023.

CABI (2012h) Datasheet: Phyllophaga menetriesii. Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/40802.

CABI (2012i) Datasheet: Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Indian cotton jassid). Available form: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/20857.

CABI (2012j) Datasheet: Scotinophara coarctata (black rice bug). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/49231.

CABI (2012k) Datasheet: Kabatiella zeae (eyespot). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/29297.

CABI (2013) Datasheet: Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/54832.

CABI (2013b) Datasheet: Tetranychus truncatus. Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/53364.

CABI (2013c) Datasheet: Aulacophora foveicollis (red pumpkin beetle). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/7922.

CABI (2013d) Datasheet: Acanthocoris scabrator (squash bug). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/2479.

CABI (2013e) Datasheet: Oligonychus pratensis (spider mite). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/37287.

CABI (2013f) Datasheet: Acherontia styx (small death’s head hawkmoth). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/2645.

CABI (2014) Datasheet: Loxostege sticticalis (beet webworm). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/31400.

CABI (2014b) Datasheet: Beet black scorch virus. Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/119535.

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CABI (2014c) Datasheet: Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus. Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/35261.

CABI (2015a) Datasheet: Chromatomyia horticola (pea leaf miner). Available from: www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/41009.

CABI (2015b) Datasheet: Delia antiqua (onion fly). Available from: www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/28162.

CABI (2015c) Datasheet: Acrolepiopsis assectella (leek moth). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/3017.

CABI (2015d) Datasheet: Agrotis segetum (turnip moth). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/3797.

CABI (2015e) Datasheet: Dyspessa ulula (garlic borer). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/20280.

CABI (2015f) Datasheet: Hadula trifolii (clover cutworm). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/49221.

CABI (2015g) Data sheet: Longidorus elongatus (needle nematode). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/31258.

CABI (2015h) Datasheet: Xiphinema diversicaudatum (dagger nematode). Available from: www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/57028.

CABI (2015i) Datasheet: Agriotes lineatus (wireworm). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/3751.

CABI (2015j) Datasheet: Agriotes obscurus (dusky wire worm). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/3753.

CABI (2015k) Datasheet: Diabrotica balteata (banded cucumber beetle). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/18618.

CABI (2015l) Datasheet: Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea beetle). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/21550.

CABI (2015m) Datasheet: Epitrix tuberis (tuber flea beetle). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/21555.

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CABI (2015n) Datasheet: Aphis fabae (black bean aphid). Available from: www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/6196.

CABI (2015o) Meloidogyne chitwoodi (Columbia root-knot nematode). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/33235.

CABI (2015p) Datasheet: Tomato black ring virus (ring spot of beet). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/54060.

CABI (2015q) Datasheet: Grapevine chrome mosaic virus (chrome mosaic of grapevine). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/25001.

CABI (2015r) Datasheet: Peanut clump virus. Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/45407.

CABI (2015s) Datasheet: Liriomyza bryoniae (tomato leaf miner). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/30950.

CABI (2015t) Datasheet: Trialeurodes abutiloneus (whitefly, banded wing). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/54656.

CABI (2015u) Datasheet: Helicoverpa zea (American cotton bollworm). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/26776.

CABI (2015v) Datasheet: Squash mosaic virus (squash mosaic). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/51185.

CABI (2015w) Datasheet: Diaphania nitidalis (cucumber worm). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/19658.

CABI (2015x) Datasheet: Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus. Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/110067.

CABI (2015y) Datasheet: Bean yellow disorder virus. Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/110219.

CABI (2015z) Datasheet: Chaetocnema pulicaria (corn flea beetle). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/12534.

CABI (2015aa) Datasheet: Dalbulus elimatus. Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/17842.

CABI (2015ab) Datasheet: Pyrilla perpusilla (sugarcane planthopper). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/46104.

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CABI (2015ac) Datasheet: Heliothis virescens (tobacco budworm). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/26774.

CABI (2015ad) Datasheet: Sesamia cretica (greater sugarcane borer). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/49749.

CABI (2015ae) Datasheet: Mycosphaerella zeae-maydis (yellow leaf blight of maize). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/35331.

CABI (2015af) Datasheet: Anthonomus eugenii (pepper weevil). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/5732.

CABI (2015ag) Datasheet: Bactrocera carambolae (carambola fruit fly). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/8700.

CABI (2015ah) Datasheet: Manduca quinquemaculata (tomato hornworm). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/44564.

CABI (2016a) Datasheet: Liriomyza trifolii (American serpentine leafminer). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/30965.

CABI (2016b) Datasheet: Xestia c-nigrum (spotted cutworm). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/57016.

CABI (2016c) Datasheet: Cacoecimorpha pronubana (carnation tortrix). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/54205.

CABI (2016d) Datasheet: Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (cabbage seed pod weevil). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/12444.

CABI (2016e) Datasheet: Dacus ciliatus (lesser pumpkin fly). Available from: www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/17682.

CABI (2016f) Dataset: Erwinia tracheiphila (cucurbit bacterial wilt). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/21941.

CABI (2016g) Datasheet: Oulema melanopus (oat leaf beetle). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/30249.

CABI (2016h) Datasheet: Cicadulina mbila (maize leafhopper). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/13420.

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CABI (2016i) Datasheet: Dalbulus maidis (maize leafhopper). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/17847.

CABI (2016j) Datasheet: Graminella nigrifrons (blackfaced leafhopper) Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/25837.

CABI (2016k) Datasheet: Laodelphax striatellus (small brown planthopper). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/10935.

CABI (2016l) Datasheet: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Jack Beardsley mealybug). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/45087.

CABI (2016m) Datasheet: Chilo partellus (spotted stem borer). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/12859.

CABI (2016n) Datasheet: Sesamia inferens (purple stem borer). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/49751.

CABI (2016o) Datasheet: Spiroplasma kunkelii (corn stunt spiroplasma). Available from: www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/50978.

CABI (2016p) Datasheet: Maize chlorotic dwarf virus. Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/32065.

CABI (2016q) Datasheet: Maize mosaic virus (corn mosaic virus). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/32399.

CABI (2016r) Datasheet: Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/30380.

CABI (2017) Datasheet: Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/39201.

CABI (2017b) Datasheet: Leucinodes orbonalis (eggplant fruit borer). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/30498.

CABI (2017c) Datasheet: Mamestra brassicae (Cabbage armyworm). Available from: www.cabi.org/cpc/datasheet/8491.

CABI and EPPO (date unknown A) Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Beet curly top hybrigeminivirus. Available from: www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/data_sheets/virus/BCTV00_ds.pdf.

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CABI and EPPO (date unknown B) Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Beet leaf curl 'rhabdovirus'. Available from: www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/data_sheets/virus/BLCV00_ds.pdf.

CABI and EPPO (date unknown C) Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Beet necrotic yellow vein furovirus. Available from: www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/data_sheets/virus/BNYVV0_ds.pdf.

CABI and EPPO (date unknown D) Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Lettuce infectious yellows 'closterovirus'. Available from: www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/data_sheets/virus/LIYV00_ds.pdf.

CABI and EPPO (date unknown E) Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Tomato black ring nepovirus. Available from: www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/data_sheets/virus/TBRV00_ds.pdf.

CABI and EPPO (date unknown F) Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Diabrotica speciosa. Available from: www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/data_sheets/insects/DS_Diabrotica_speciosa.pdf.

Calvert EL and Harrison BD (1963) Outbreaks of tomato black ring virus in onion and leek crops in Northern Ireland. Horticultural Research 2: 115-120.

Capinera JL (2001) Handbook of vegetable pests. Academic Press, Florida.

Capinera JL (2014) Featured creatures: Banded cucumber beetle. University of Florida. Available from: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/bean/banded_cucumber_beetle.htm.

Capinera JL (2014b) Featured creatures: Vegetable leaf miner. University of Florida. Available from: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/vegetable_leafminer.htm.

Capinera (2014c) Featured creatures: Southern armyworm. University of Florida. Available from: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/southern_armyworm.htm.

Capinera JL (2014d) Featured Creatures: Yellow striped armyworm. University of Florida. Available from: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/yellowstriped_armyworm.htm.

Capinera JL (2014e) Featured creatures: Corn earworm. University of Florida. Available from: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/corn_earworm.htm.

Capinera JL (2014f) Featured creatures: pickleworm. University of Florida. Available from: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/pickleworm.htm.

Capinera JL (2014g) Featured Creatures: European corn borer. University of Florida. Available from: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/field/e_corn_borer.htm.

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Capinera JL (2015) Featured creatures: Armyworm. University of Florida. Available from: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/field/true_armyworm.htm.

Capinera JL (2016) Featured creatures: Saltmarsh caterpillar. University of Florida. Available from: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/saltmarsh_caterpillar.htm.

Cappelli C, Stravato VM, Carannante G, Parisella R (2004) First Report of Cucumber Black Root Rot Caused by Phomopsis sclerotioides in Italy. Plant Disease. 88: 425-425.

Carling DE, Rothrock CS, MacNish GC, Sweetingham MW, Brainard KA, Winters SW (1994) Characterization of anastomosis group 11 (AG-11) of Rhizoctonia solani. Phytopathology 84: 1387- 1393.

Carloni E, Carpane P, Paradell S, Laguna I, Pecci MP (2013) Presence of Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and of Spiroplasma kunkelii in the temperate region of Argentina. Journal of Economic Entomology 106: 1574-1581.

Chao CH, Chen TC, Kang YC, Li JT, Huang LH, Yeh SD (2010) Charaterization of Melon yellow spot virus infecting cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in Taiwan. Plant Pathology Bulletin 19: 41-52.

Christie SR, Christie RG, Edwardson JR (1974) Transmission of a bacilliform virus of sowthistle and Bidens pilosa. Phytopathology 68: 840-845.

Cigliano, MM, Braun H, Eades DC and Otte D (date unknown) Orthoptera Species File. Version 5.0/5.0. Available from: http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/HomePage/Orthoptera/HomePage.aspx.

Ciosi M, Miller NJ, Kim KS, Giordano R, Estoups A, Guillemaud T (2008) Invasion of Europe by the Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera: multiple transatlantic introductions with various reductions of genetic diversity. Molecular Ecology 17: 3614-3627.

Cockbain AJ, Jones P, Woods RD (1986) Transmission characteristics and some other properties of bean yellow vein-banding virus, and its association with pea enation mosaic virus. Annals of applied biology, 108: 59-69.

Coman M and Rosca I (2011) Biology and life-cycle of leafminer Napomyza (Phytomyza) gymnostoma Loew., a new pest of Allium plants in Romania. South Western Journal of Horticulture, Biology and Environment 2: 57-64.

Cornell University (2015) Bacterial Wilt of Cucurbits: Erwinia tracheiphila. Cornell University College of Agricultural and Life Sciences. Available from: http://plantclinic.cornell.edu/factsheets/bacterialwiltcucurbits.pdf.

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Creamer R, He X, Styer WE (1997) Transmission of sorghum stunt mosaic Rhabdovirus by the leafhopper vector, Graminella sonora (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Plant Disease 81:63-65.

Cubeta MA, Vilgalys R (1997) Population biology of the Rhizoctonia solani complex. Phytopathology 87: 480-484.

Dale, W. T. (1949). Observations on a virus disease of cowpea in Trinidad. Annals of Applied Biology, 36: 327-333.

Damon A. (2000) A Review of the biology and control of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research. 90:453-465.

Davis RM, Subbarao KV, Raid RN, Kurtz EA (2002) Compendium of lettuce diseases. American Phytopathological Society Press. Saint Paul Minnesota.

De Luca F, Vovlas N, Lucarelli G, Troccoli A, Radicci V, Fanelli E, Cantalapiedra-Navarrete C, Palomares Rius JE, Castillo P (2013) Heterodera elachista the Japanese cyst nematode parasitizing corn in Northern Italy: integrative diagnosis and bionomics. European Journal of Plant Pathology 136: 857-872.

Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe (date unknown) Liriomyza huidobrensis. Available from: www.europe-aliens.org/pdf/Liriomyza_huidobrensis.pdf.

Dempewolf M (date unknown) Arthropods of economic importance: Agromyzidae. Available from: http://wbd.etibioinformatics.nl/bis/agromyzidae.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorte n&id=79.

Deole Sm Dubey VK, Mehta N (2013) First record of the Pink stem borer Sesamia inferens Walker in maize crop at Raipur (Chhattisgarh) region. Insect Environment 19: 164-165.

De Oliveira E, Santos JC, Magalhaes PC, Cruz I (2007) Maize bushy stunt phytoplasma transmission by Dalbulus maidis is affected by spiroplasma acquisition and environmental conditions. Bulletin of Insectology 60: 229-230.

Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) (1999) Pathogen risks associated with bulk maize imports to Australia from the United States of America. A report by Technical working group 1. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Canberra.

Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (2008) Polyphagous Agromyzid Feafminers: Liriomyza chinensis. Available from: http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/leafminers/key/Polyphagous%20Agromyzid%20Leafminers/ Media/Html/Liriomyza_chinensis.htm.

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Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (2013) Final review of policy: importation of grapevine (Vitis species) propagative material into Australia. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra.

Desneux N, Wajnberg E, Wyckhuys KAG, Burgio G, Arpaia S, Narvaez-Vasquez CA, Gonzales- Cabrera J, Catalan Ruescas D, Tabone E, Frandon J, Pizzol J, Poncet C, Cabello T and Urbaneja A (2010) Biological invasion of European tomato crops by Tuta absoluta: ecology, geographic expansion and prospects for biological control. Journal of Pest Science 83: 197-215.

Dias HF and McKeen CD (1972) Cucumber necrosis virus. Descriptions of Plant Viruses. Available from: www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=82.

Dixon WN (2015) Featured creatures: tarnished plant bug (Lygus lineolaris). University of Florida. Available from: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/trees/tarnished_plant_bug.htm#dist.

Duffus JE (1972) Beet yellow stunt, a potentially destructive virus disease of sugar beet and lettuce. Phytopathology 62: 161-165.

Du Toit AP (1990) The importance of certain insects as pollinators of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). South African Journal of Plant and Soil 7: 159-162.

EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH) (2013); Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed by Bemisia tabaci species complex and viruses it transmits for the EU territory. EFSA Journal 11:3162. [302 pp.] doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3162. available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3162/epdf

Eickermann M and Ulber B (2010) Screening of oilseed rape and other brassicaceous genotypes for susceptibility to Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus (Mrsh.). Journal of Applied Entomology. 134: 542-550 EPPO (1999) Further studies on two new Tospoviruses in Brazil - Addition of Zucchini lethal chlorosis Tospovirus to the EPPO Alert List. Available from: https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/article-3500.

EPPO (2001) Quarantine alert list: Maize Mal de Río Cuarto fijivirus (outbreak in Argentina). Available from: www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Alert_List/deleted%20files/virus/Maize_%20Mal_RioCuarto.doc.

EPPO (2006) Pest alert: Meloidogyne ethiopia. Available from: www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Alert_List/nematodes/Meloidogyne_ethiopica.htm.

EPPO (2009) Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae: addition to the EPPO Alert List.

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EPPO (2015) EPPO Technical Document No. 1068, EPPO Study on Pest Risks Associated with the Import of Tomato Fruit. EPPO Paris. Available from: www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/DT_1068_Tomato_study_MAIN_TEXT_and_ANNEXES_2015-01- 26.pdf.

EPPO (2015b) Quarantine alert list: Punctodera chalcoensis (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) – Mexican corn cyst nematode. Available from: www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Alert_List/deleted%20files/nematodes/Punctodera_chalcoensis.do cx.

EPPO (2016) Pest alert list: Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Available from: www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Alert_List/insects/thaumatotibia_leucotreta.htm.

EPPO (date unknown) Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests: Diabrotica barberi and Diabrotica virgifera. Available from: www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/data_sheets/insects/DIABSP_ds.pdf.

EPPO (date unknown b) North American Phyllophaga spp. Available from: www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Pest.

Farzadfar S, Pourrahim R, Golnaraghi AR, Shahraeen N, Makkouk KM (2002) First report of sugarbeet and bean as natural hosts of Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus in Iran. New Disease Reports 5: 2-2.

Fasulati SR (2003-2009) interactive agricultural ecological atlas of Russia and neighbouring countries: Agriotes obscurus L. Dusky wire worm beetle. Available from: www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/pests/Agriotes_obscurus/.

Ferris H (1999) Namaplex database: Hoplolaimus columbus. University of California. Available from: http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/Taxadata/G063S1.HTM.

Ferris H (2013a) Nemaplex: Paratylenchus projectus. University of California. Available from: http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/taxadata/g099s3.htm.

Freeman AJ, and Aftab M (2011) Effective management of viruses in pulse crops in south eastern Australia should include management of weeds. Australasian Plant Pathology, 40: 430-441.

Fortass M and Bos L (1992) Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; variability, interaction with food legume species, and seed transmission in faba bean, pea, and chickpea. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 98: 329-342.

Galal AM (2005) Biological and serological studies on an isolate of dwarf mosaic potyvirus infecting maize plant. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 7: 701-704.

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Gesell S (1983) Sod Webworm as Occasional Pests of Field Corn. Pennsylvania State University. Available from: http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/sod-webworm.

Gill HK, Goyal G, Gillett-Kaufman J (2013) Featured creatures: Spotted cucumber beetle. University of Florida. Available from: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/bean/spotted_cucumber_beetle.htm.

Gill HK, Capinera JL, McSorley R (2014) Featured Creatures: Lessor cornstalk borer. University of Florida. Available from: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/field/lesser_cornstalk_borer.htm.

Gilligan TM and Epstein ME (2014) Tortricids of Agricultural Importance. Clepsis spectrana. Available from: http://idtools.org/id/leps/tortai/Clepsis_spectrana.htm.

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (2016) Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Available from: www.discoverlife.org/mp/20l?id=GBIF209939224.

Godfery LD, Wright SD, Summers CG, Frate CA, Jimenez MJ (2016) UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Corn – Spider mites. UC ANR Publication 3443. University of California. Available from: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r113400111.html.

Gyeltshen J and Hodges A (2014) Featured creatures: Japanese beetle. University of Florida. Available from: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/beetles/japanese_beetle.htm.

Haldar P, Bhandar KP and Nath S (1995) Observations on food preferences of an Indian grasshopper Acrida exaltata (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Acrdinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 4: 57-59.

Hare JD (1990) Ecology and impact of the Colorado potato beetle. Annual Review of Entomology 35, 81-100. Harveson RM, Hanson LE, Hein GL (2009) Compendium of beet diseases and pests, second edition. American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, Minnesota.

Hebert TT, 1967. Epidemiology of the peanut stunt virus in North Carolina. Phytopathology, 57:461.

Hill DS (2008) Pests of crops in warmer climates and their control. Springer Science and Business Media, UK.

Hobbs HA, Johnson RR, Story RN, Black LL and Kuo CG (1996) Weed hosts and transmission of tomato spotted wilt virus in Louisiana. International Symposium on Tospoviruses and Thrips of Floral and Vegetable Crops, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan, 7-10 November 1995. Acta Horticulture, 431:291-297.

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Hodda M., Banks N. and Singh S. (2012) Nematode threats in the NAQS region. Available from: https://publications.csiro.au/rpr/download?pid=csiro:EP129222&dsid=DS1.

Hollings M and Stone OM (date unknown) Turnip crinkle virus. Descriptions of Plant Viruses. Available from: www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=109.

Holopainen JK and Varis AL (1991) Host plants of the European tarnished plant bug Lygus rugulipennis Poppius (Het., Miridae). Journal of Applied Entomology 111: 4884-498.

Hong Y, Wang X, Tian B, Cai J (1995) Chinese squash leaf curl virus: a new whitefly-transmitted geminivirus. Science in China. Series B, Chemistry, Life Sciences and Earth Sciences 38:179-186.

ID Tools (2016) Hawaiian Scarab ID: Adoretus compressus. Available from: http://idtools.org/id/beetles/scarab/factsheet.php?name=15164.

IPPC (2014) Transient incursions of exotic Bactrocera species in Torres Strait. International Plant Protection Convention Official Pest Report, No. AUS-61/1. Available from: www.ippc.int/en/countries/australia/pestreports/2014/04/transient-incursions-of-exotic- bactrocera-species-in-torres-strait/.

Irwin J, Singh S, Kochman J, Murray G (1999) Pathogen risks associated with bulk maize imports to Australia from the United States of America. A report by Technical Working Group 1: disease risk analysis, for the import risk analysis of the import of maize from the USA for processing and use as animal feed.

Jaffe K, Mauleon H and Kermarrec A (1990) Qualitative evaluation of ants as biological control agents with special reference to predators on Diaprepes spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on citrus groves in Martinique and Guadeloupe. In Colloques de l’INRA; Caribbean Meetings on Biological Control (pp. 405-16).

Jat SL, Swaminathan R, Rathore PS (2007) Biological studies on the surface grasshopper, Chrotogonus trachypterus (Blanchard) at Udaipur. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture 25: 681-688.

Jerinić-Prodanović, D. R. (2006). Distribution, biology and harmfulness of jumping plant-louse Bactericera tremblayi Wagner (Homoptera, Triozidae) in Serbia. Pesticidi i fitomedicina, 21: 31-38.

Jordon MM, Burchill RT, Maude RB (1990) Epidemiology of Cladosporium allii and Cladosporium allii- cepae, leaf blotch pathogens of leek and onion. Annals of Applied Biology 117: 327-336.

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Juran I, Gotlin Culjak T and Grubisic D (2011) Rape Stem Weevil (Ceutorhynchus napi Gyll. 1837) and Cabbage Stem Weevil (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus Marsh. 1802) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) – Important Oilseed Rape Pests. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus 76: 933-100.

Kamaal N., Akram M., Pratap A. and Yadav P (2013) Characterization of a new begomovirus and a beta satellite associated with the leaf curl disease of French bean in northern India. Virus Genes, 46(1):120-127. http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11262-012-0832-8.

Karavina C (2014) Maize streak virus: a review of pathogen occurrence, biology and management options for smallholder farmers. African Journal of Agricultural Research 9: 2736-2742.

Kariuki E and Gillett-Kaufman JL (2014) Featured Creatures: Squash vine borer. University of Florida. Available from: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/squash_vine_borer.htm.

Kato K, Hanada K, and Kameya-Iwaki M (2000) Melon yellow spot virus: A distinct species of the genus Tospovirus isolated from melon. Phytopathology 90:422-426.

Khan SM and Khattak NI (1992) Chemical control of red pumpkin beetle Aulacophora foveicollis (Lucas) attacking muskmelon crop. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 8: 363-368.

Kikkert JR, Hoepting CA, Shelton AM, Chen M (2009) Swede midge. Intergrated pest management of vegetable crops, Cornel University. Available from: https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/43303/swede-midge-FS- NYSIPM.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

Kobayashi Y, Ozawa T, Ohhashi T, Ohishi A and Hattori T (1988) Control effects of synthetic sex pheromones against the tortrices (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and the common cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on rose in glass- and vinyl-houses. Proceedings of the Kansai Plant Protection Society 30: 63-69.

Koike ST and Davis RM (2007) UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Lettuce. Lettuce Chlorosis and Lettuce Infectious Yellows. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources (UC ANR) Publication 3450. Available from: http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r441101611.html

Korus K, Lang JM, Adesemoye AO, Block CC, Pal N, Leach JE, Jackson-Ziems TA (2017) First Report of Xanthomonas vasicola Causing Bacterial Leaf Streak on Corn in the United States. Plant disease. 101;1030.

Kostova D, Lisa V, Rubino L, Marzachi C, Roggero P, Russo M (2003) Properties of cucumber Bulgarian latent virus, a new species in the genus Tombusvirus. Journal of Plant Pathology 85: 27-33.

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Kraft J.M. and Pfleger F.L. (2001) Compendium of Pea Diseases and Pests (2nd ed.). APS PRESS, United States.

Kulkarni HY (1973) Comparison and characterisation of maize stripe and maize line viruses. Annals of Applied Biology 75: 205-216.

Lal OP (1990) Host preference of Epilachna ocellata Redt. (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) among different vegetable crops. Journal of Entomological Research 14: 39-43.

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Laska M, 2011. Biology of Triza apicalis – A Review. Plant Protection Science 2: 68–77

Lenardon SL, March GJ, Nome SF, Ornaghi JA (1998) Recent outbreak of “Mal de Rio Cuarto” virus on corn in Argentina. Plant Disease 82: 448-448.

Le Veen E and Hodges AC (2014) Featured Creatures: Bagrada bug. University of Florida. Available from: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/VEG/Bagrada_bug.htm.

Lee D-H, Short BD, Joseph SV, Bergh JC, Leskey TC (2013) Review of the biology, ecology, and management of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in China, Japan and the Republic of Korea. Environmental Entomology 42: 627-641.

Lorenzato D and Corseuil E (1982) Effectso of different control measures on the main pests of soyabean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) and its predators. Agronomia Sulriograndense 18, 61-84

Lv M, Xie L, Yang J, Chen J, Zhang HM (2016) Complete Genomic Sequence of Maize Rough Dwarf Virus, a Fijivirus Transmitted by the Small Brown Planthopper. Genome Announcements 4: e01529- 15.

Mandal B, Landston DB, Pappu HR,. Beard GH, Kucharek TA, Flanders JT, Whiddon JP, Smith JE, Kelley WT (2001) First Report of Cabbage leaf curl virus (Family Geminiviridae) in Georgia. Pant Disease 85: 561-561.

Mackesy, D.Z., and M. Sullivan. 2016. CPHST Pest Datasheet for Tospovirus Groundnut bud necrosis virus. USDA-APHISPPQ-CPHST.

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McLeod R (2005) Bug guide: Anicla infecta - Green Cutworm Moth. Iowa State University. Available from: http://bugguide.net/node/view/18130.

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MAF Biosecurity New Zealand (2009) Draft import risk analysis: Onions (Allium cepa Liliaceae) fresh bulbs for consumption from China MAF Biosecurity New Zealand. Available from: https://mpi.govt.nz/document-vault/2879.

Malbran I, Mourelos CA, Mitidieri MS, Ronco L, Lori GA (2014) Fusarium Wilt of Lettuce Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae in Argentina. Plant Disease 98: 1281-1281.

Malein PJ (1993) Fungicidal control of Peronosclerospora sacchari (T. Miyake) Shirai and K. hara in sugarcane in Papua New Guinea. International Journal of Pest Management 39: 325-327.

Mali M, and PHA (2008) Threat Specific Contingency Plan: Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata. Plant Health Australia, Deakin, ACT. Available from: www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/wp- content/uploads/2013/03/Sorghum-shoot-fly-CP-2008.pdf.

Margolies, D. C. (1987). Conditions eliciting aerial dispersal behaviour Banks grass mite, Oligonychus pratensis (Acari: Tetranychidae). Environmental Entomology, 16: 928-932.

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Melamed-Madjar V (1969) Studies on the Biology of Apion arrogans Wenck. (Col. Curculionidae) in Israel. Journal of Applied Entomology. 64: 251-259.

Michigan State University (2010) Michigan State University’s invasive species factsheets: Egyptian cottonworm Spodoptera littoralis. Available from: www.ipm.msu.edu/uploads/files/Forecasting_invasion_risks/egyptianCottonworm.pdf.

Midega AO, Van der Berg J, Khan ZR (2007) Habitat management in control of Astylus atromaculatus (Coleoptera: Melyridae) in maize under subsistence farming conditions in South Africa. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 24: 188-191.

Mikel MA, D’Arcy CJ, Ford RE (1984) Seed transmission of Maize dwarf mosaic virus in sweet corn. Journal of Phytopathology 110: 185-191.

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Montezano DG, Specht A, Bortolin TM, Fronza E, Sosa-Gomez DR, Roque-Specht VF, Pezzi P, Luz PC, Barros NM (2013) Immature stages of Spodoptera albula (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Developmental parameters and host plants. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 85: 271-284.

Munyaneza JE, Fisher TW, Sengonda VG, Garczynski SF, Nissinen A, Lemmetty A (2010) First report of “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” associated with psyllid affected carrots in Europe. Plant Disease 94: 94-95.

Murray G.M. and Plant Health Australia (2009) Threat Specific Contingency Plan. Leaf spot of field peas. Alternaria humicola. Available from: www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/wp- content/uploads/2013/03/Leaf-spot-of-field-pea-CP-2009.pdf.

Murray GM and PHA (2009b) Threat specific contingency plan: Philippine downy mildew of maize (Perenosclerospora philippensis) and Downy mildew of sorghum (P. sorghi). Plant Health Australia, Canberra, ACT. Available from: www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/wp- content/uploads/2013/03/Downy-mildew-of-maize-and-sorghum-CP-2009.pdf.

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