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Rekayasa Agroekosistem Dan Konservasi Musuh Alami Revisi Pak

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Rekayasa Agroekosistem Dan Konservasi Musuh Alami Revisi Pak Rekayasa Agroekosistem dan Konservasi Musuh Alami NANANG TRI HARYADI HARI PURNOMO UPT Percetakan dan Penerbitan Universitas Jember 2019 Nanang Tri Haryadi dan Hari Purnomo. ii Rekayasa Agroekosistem dan Konservasi Musuh Alami Penulis: NANANG TRI HARYADI HARI PURNOMO Desain Sampul dan Tata Letak M. Arifin M. Hosim ISBN: 978-623-7226-56-7 Copyright © 2019 Penerbit: UPT Percetakan & Penerbitan Universitas Jember Redaksi: Jl. Kalimantan 37 Jember 68121 Telp. 0331-330224, Voip. 00319 e-mail: [email protected] Distributor Tunggal: UNEJ Press Jl. Kalimantan 37 Jember 68121 Telp. 0331-330224, Voip. 0319 e-mail: [email protected] Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang. Dilarang memperbanyak tanpa ijin tertulis dari penerbit, sebagian atau seluruhnya dalam bentuk apapun, baik cetak, photoprint, maupun microfilm. NANANG TRI HARYADI HARI PURNOMO iii Rekayasa Agroekosistem dan Konservasi Musuh Alami KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillah marilah kita panjatkan puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT, Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah meridhai segala aktivitas kita, teristimewa pada selesainya pembuatan buku ajar dengan judul “Rekayasa Agroekosistem dan Konservasi Musuh Alami”. Buku ini sangat penting dalam bidang pertanian khususnya dalam proses peningkatan produksi pertanian. Masalah-masalah yang sering muncul dan dihadapi dalam budidaya pertanian yaitu semakin banyaknya model pertanian yang monokultur dalam skala yang luas. Model pertanian seperti ini kecenderungan mempunyai keanekaragaman hayati yang rendah sehingga cenderung rentan terhadap serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT). Populasi OPT pada umumnya lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan populasi musuh alaminya. Solusi untuk mengatasi kondisi agroekosistem dengan keanekaragaman hayati yang rendah yaitu dengan merekayasa agroekosistem semirip mungkin dengan ekosistem alami. Buku ini menjadi salah satu referensi bagi mahasiswa dan masyarakat umum untuk merekayasa sebuah agroekosistem dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan peran musuh alami sehingga proses keseimbangan ekosistem dapat terwujud. Buku ini juga telah dilengkapi dengan contoh-contoh keberhasilan dalam merekayasa agroekosistem pada tanaman pangan dan hortikultura, sehingga dapat dijadikan sebagai model dalam melakukan rekayasa agroekosistem tanaman. Buku ini selain membahas tentang rekayasa agroekosistem juga membahas tentang cara konservasi musuh alami seperti penyediaan pakan bagi musuh alami jika populasi hama turun, penyedian tempat untuk berkembang biak dan tempat berlindung. Saya sebagai seorang agronomis, secara pribadi mendukung dan mengucapkan selamat atas selesainya buku Rekayasa Agroekosistem dan Konservasi Musuh alami. Buku ini sangat sesuai untuk menjadi pegangan bagi mahasiswa dan masyarakat umum dalam membuat sebuah agroekosistem yang sehat. Dr. Ir. Miswar, M.Sc Agronomis Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Jember Nanang Tri Haryadi dan Hari Purnomo. iv PRAKATA Puji Syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena atas limpahan rahmat-Nya sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan buku ajar tentang Rekayasa Agroekosistem dan konservasi musuh alami. Buku ajar ini dapat digunakan sebagai panduan bagi mahasiswa dan masyarakat umum dalam mengelola agroekosistem agar menjadi sebuah agroekosistem yang sehat. Buku ini akan membahas lebih detail tentang bagaimana cara konservasi musuh alami agar musuh alami dapat bertahan dalam habitat pertanian. Rekayasa agroekosistem sangat penting dilakukan saat ini, karena semakin banyaknya permasalahan dalam budidaya pertanian seperti serangan hama penyakit tanaman yang dipicu adanya pola tanam yang monokultur. Kami mengucapkan terimakasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam penyusunan buku ini, serta ucapan terimakasih kami berikan kepada Direktorat Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Kemenristekdikti yang telah mendanai penelitian terapan tahun 2017-2019, sehingga hasil penelitian dapat digunakan sebagai bahan penyusunan buku ajar ini. Semoga buku ini dapat bermanfaat bagi masyarkat dalam menngelola agroekosistem. Jember, Juli 2019 Penulis v Rekayasa Agroekosistem dan Konservasi Musuh Alami DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................. ii PRAKATA ............................................................................................................... iii UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH .................................................................................... iv DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................ v DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................... viii DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................... xii TINJAUAN MATA KULIAH ................................................................................ xiii BAB 1. EKOLOGI,AGROEKOLOGI DAN KONSEP AGROEKOSISTEM .. 1 A. Definisi dan Ruang Lingkup Ekologi .............................................................. 1 B. Definisi agroekologi dan agroekosistem .......................................................... 8 C.Komponen Agroekosistem ................................................................................ 13 D. Rangkuman ...................................................................................................... 14 E. Bahan Diskusi ................................................................................................... 15 F. Latihan Soal ...................................................................................................... 15 F. Referensi ........................................................................................................... 15 BAB 2. INTERAKSI SERANGGA DAN TANAMAN ........................................ 17 A. Koevolusi Serangga dan Tanaman ................................................................... 17 B. Serangga Phytophagous/Herbivora .................................................................. 20 C. Polinasi / Penyerbukan ..................................................................................... 24 D. Sistem Organ Olfaktori Pada Serangga ........................................................... 26 E. Mekanisme Pengenalan Bau Tanaman Inang Oleh Serangga ......................... 29 F.Peran Senyawa Volatil Tanaman bagi Serangga ............................................... 32 G. Rangkuman ...................................................................................................... 34 H. Bahan Diskusi .................................................................................................. 35 I. Latihan Soal ....................................................................................................... 35 J. Referensi ............................................................................................................ 35 Nanang Tri Haryadi dan Hari Purnomo. vi BAB 3. SERANGGA BERGUNA DAN TEKNIK PENGENDALIAN HAYATI ..................................................................................................................... 37 A. Pengendalian hayati ......................................................................................... 37 B. Macam-macam Agen Pengendali Hayati ......................................................... 42 C. Teknik Pengendalian Hayati ............................................................................ 69 D. Rangkuman ...................................................................................................... 80 E. Bahan Diskusi ................................................................................................... 80 F. Latihan Soal ...................................................................................................... 80 G. Referensi .......................................................................................................... 80 BAB 4. REKAYASA AGROEKOSISTEM .......................................................... 82 A. Definisi Rekayasa Agroekosistem ................................................................... 82 B. Tanaman Berbunga untuk Konservasi Musuh Alami ...................................... 88 C. Teknik Push dan Pull dalam manipulasi habitat .............................................. 107 D. Rekayasa ekologi dengan Budidaya polikultur ................................................ 109 E. Rangkuman ....................................................................................................... 114 F. Bahan Diskusi ................................................................................................... 114 G. Latihan Soal ..................................................................................................... 114 H. Referensi .......................................................................................................... 115 BAB 5. FUNGSI DAN PERAN TUMBUHAN BERBUNGA BAGI MUSUH ALAMI ....................................................................................................... 118 A. Peran Tanaman Berbunga untuk Konservasi Musuh alami ............................. 118 B. Rangkuman ...................................................................................................... 126 C.Bahan Diskusi ................................................................................................... 126 D. Latihan Soal ..................................................................................................... 127 E. Referensi
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