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Biocontrol Science and Technology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713409232 Biology and prey range of nodiceps (Coleoptera: ), a potential biological control agent for the scale, (: ) V. F. Lopez; M. T. K. Kairo; J. A. Irish

Online Publication Date: 01 August 2004 To cite this Article: Lopez, V. F., Kairo, M. T. K. and Irish, J. A. (2004) 'Biology and prey range of (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a potential biological control agent for the coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)', Biocontrol Science and Technology, 14:5, 475 - 485 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/09583150410001683493 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583150410001683493

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The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. © Taylor and Francis 2007 Downloaded By: [NEICON Consortium] At: 10:18 11 September 2007 icnrlSineadTcnlg Ags 04,Vl 4 o ,475 5, No. 14, Vol. 2004), (August Technology and Science Biocontrol 89 -al [email protected] E-mail: 2859; o ae n 19.6 and males for orsodnet:M .K ar,CB isineCrbenadLtnAeiaRgoa Centre 10.1080/09583150410001683493 Regional DOI: (online)/04/050475-11 America 1360-0478 (print)/ISSN Latin 0958-3157 ISSN and Caribbean Bioscience Tel.: Indies. CABI West Tobago, Kairo, & Trinidad K. Curepe, Street, T. Gordon (CLARC), M. to: Correspondence de of the understanding of our aspects increase to order In countries. against programmes nodiceps Cryptognatha of Range Prey and Biology asad141.0 and days cl n h etewr de were the and scale eiu eto oou nmn rpcladsbrpclcutiso sa fia the Africa, Asia, of countries subtropical and tropical many in coconut of pest serious a that showed biology and days feeding 7.8 on time, doubling Studies 1.1, increase, days. of rate 41.1 finite 0.09, time, increase, generation of rate intrinsic 9.99, oou Scale, Coconut oto gn fteccntscale coconut the of agent control nodiceps Cryptognatha INTRODUCTION control biological range, prey Pseudo- and coconut Keywords: Aphididae, the prey. upon. this on fed on not fed occurred were Diaspididae reproduction families, also two no in but Adults species (Aleyrodidae) prey Coccidae. on reproduced and and fed coccinellid The oligophagous. odtos(26 conditions AIBocec aiba n ai mrc einlCnr (CLARC), Centre Regional America Latin and Caribbean Bioscience CABI ocnlia) oeta ilgclCnrlAetfrthe for Agent Control Biological Potential a Coccinellidae), Coccinellidae, odnSre,Crp,Tiia oao etIndies West Tobago, & Trinidad Curepe, Street, Gordon 9 9 .F OE,M .K KAIRO K. T. M. LOPEZ, F. V. / 2 / v 56eg,respecti eggs, 35.6 9 8 lpetl reproducti elopmental, ,55 C, / . asfrfmls eaelonge Female females. for days 0.2 siitsdestructor Aspidiotus ( Recei siitsdestructor Aspidiotus Á asal(oepea ocnlia)i nipratbiological important an is Coccinellidae) (Coleoptera: Marshall asali nipratntrleeyue nbooia control biological in used enemy natural important an is Marshall / rpontanodiceps Cryptognatha 5 H a are u.I diin ehd o utrn the culturing for methods addition, In out. carried was RH) 65% v d2 No 22 ed v lpd h a The eloped. siitsdestructor Aspidiotus v v me 00 cetd2 etme 2003 September 25 accepted 2000; ember l.Lf al ttsiswr sflos reproducti follows: as were statistics table Life ely. rpontanodiceps Cryptognatha v n edn ilg ne osaten constant under biology feeding and e v rg uaino de of duration erage Sgoe) nitoue eto oou nmany in coconut of pest introduced an (Signoret), Diaspidae, , .nodiceps C. v t n ieiefcniyws35.6 was fecundity lifetime and ity Hmpea Diaspididae) (Hemiptera: AND Sgoe)(isiia:Hemiptera), (Diaspididae: (Signoret) Á / 485 siitsdestructor Aspidiotus .A IRISH A. J. luoiu cocois v h rsn td oquantify to study present the ,  lpetws19.2 was elopment / 6-4-68 Fax: 868-645-7628; # 04Tyo rni Ltd Francis & Taylor 2004 ) (Coleoptera: .nodiceps C. v  ironmental 9 / biology, , 1-868-663- / (Curtis) . days 0.1 v rate, e 9 was / 5.1 Downloaded By: [NEICON Consortium] At: 10:18 11 September 2007 t ryrneudrlbrtr odtos ehiusfrculturing for Techniques conditions. on laboratory data under experimental generate range to prey and its biology, reproductive and developmental coccinellid’s upi risadsruigptt ues h hieo h attowsbsdo the on based was two last the 50 growing, of naturally Young, choice (1970). Ghani The and tubers. Ahmad potato of observations sprouting and fruits pumpkin Hosts. Techniques Rearing METHODS AND MATERIALS developed. study present of the reliable understanding of and Additionally, objective our biology decision-making. main improve the informed the on organisms. to Thus, allow required. knowledge was non-target to are adequate mainly on techniques agent have been culturing agents potential to have laboratory introduced any necessary These of is of Fiji. it impacts ecology to background, potential coccinellid this about the Against concerns of introduction to Fiji. into last due coccinellid the the since re-introduce that undertaken to made suggest (Pranish being to islands was neighbouring seemed consideration and and evidence Tuvalu extinct Anecdotal on become occurred comm.). have pers. scale Prasad, the of outbreaks serious eotdfo uaa takn both attacking Guyana, from reported a enue ucsflyi eea lsia ilgclcnrlporme,particularly programmes, control biological classical several in successfully against used been has cocois Aleurodicus osi n rvlsn itr n anandi notorraigfclt.Te were 1:1 They a facility. in rearing pots Nutrex outdoor and diameter urea an 30-cm with alternately in in fertilized maintained and potted weekly and Trinidad, twice watered mixture in gravel/sand beach and the topsoil along collected were plants pae ihgbeilcai 10pm,didadpae nadr omi 30 in room dark a in placed and dried ppm), (100 acid gibberillic with sprayed neamnh h lnsto bu ot obcm salse.Cenpat ihtwo with plants Clean 15 established. ‘crapaud-back’), culturing become name for to (local used month were fronds a open about three took to plants The month. a once anda 26 at tained conditions. Laboratory rearing niiulpmkn lcdo 5c imtrpatcptt omasru.Teed of ends The shroud. a form to pot plastic diameter 15-cm a on placed pumpkins individual netto aidwt h ot h rcdr sdt ntaeclue npmkn is pumpkins on cultures for initiate used to techniques used The procedure plants. The laboratory were host. infest below. scales the described to other with used varied and were leaves infestation the mites, before coccinellids, removed parasitoids, including contaminants salsmn n aneac of harbouring maintenance plants. coconut and for Establishment used were material same the of ry oecuaesruig hntesruswr 2 were sprouts the When sprouting. encourage to trays aiba,Foia(S)adtePcfc rc 11)frtrcre h ocnli preying coccinellid the recorded first (1914) Urich on Pacific. the and (USA) Florida Caribbean, 476 ehcohwr sdfrpmkn/oaos leecgs esrn 60 measuring cages, Sleeve pumpkins/potatoes. for used were cloth mesh osee n1 Chlorox 1% in moistened eodro a riiillgtn 1 ih:2hdark). h light:12 h Cages. (12 lighting artificial had room rearing second for used were aycagshv curdi o lsia ilgclcnrlporme are programmes control biological classical how in occurred have changes Many hce iems a u nopee esrn bu 60 about measuring pieces into cut was mesh wire Chicken .destructor A. .destructor A. .destructor A. he otmtraswr sesdfrsiaiiyi ern h cl:ccntplants, coconut scale: the rearing in suitability for assessed were materials host Three ea aefae esrn 60 measuring frames cage Metal 9 .destructor A. / 2 8 n eaiehmdt f60 of humidity relative a and C nccnti rndd rudtesm time, same the Around Trinidad. in coconut on Cri)(okn 94 97 Aerdde.Oe h years, the Over (Aleyrodidae). 1917) 1914, (Bodkin, (Curtis) . einn ihFj n12 Tyo,12) nrcn er,however, years, recent In 1928). (Taylor, 1928 in Fiji with beginning , .destructor A. net eeclue ntocnrle-eprtr om main- rooms controlled-temperature two in cultured were † gsadcalr eeosre ne h irsoeadall and microscope the under observed were crawlers and eggs olwdb eteso ihadycoh la oaoswere potatoes Clean cloth. dry a with swob gentle a by followed , Á / 0c ndaee,wsue fe laigwt otcloth soft a with cleaning after used was diameter, in cm 30 .destructor A. .F LOPEZ F. V. ne aua ih.Ccntpat eeue nthe in used were plants Coconut light. natural under .destructor A. .nodiceps C.  / .destructor A. 60  9 TAL ET / / 0c n oee ihati ht nylon white thin a with covered and cm 60 0.I n om upisadpotatoes and pumpkins room, one In 10%. cultures. . n al tgso h oou whitefly, coconut the of stages early and yeuiaigsleteeet fthe of elements salient elucidating by Á / mln,teptte eeue for used were potatoes the long, cm 3 og-kne upi variety pumpkin rough-skinned A . il-olce oou leaves coconut Field-collected  / 0c n rpe around wrapped and cm 60 † .nodiceps C. NPKrto20:20:20) ratio (N:P:K .nodiceps C. .nodiceps C. Á / 5c alcoconut tall 75-cm Á / 100   .nodiceps C. / 40 / 30 a have may eealso were a also was Á  / 0cm, 60 / 2-cm Downloaded By: [NEICON Consortium] At: 10:18 11 September 2007 ri.Teifse efprin eelf o 3 the for onto drop left to were scales portions hatching allow leaf to pumpkin infested the The facing side fruit. infested the with shroud, nodiceps De of Biology above. emergence. described adult as for maintenance, dishes culture Petri for diameter used 6-cm were in larvae adults placed the emerging When and pumpkins. The collected infested heavily were onto they brush fine pupated, a with manually transferred then ubro ryfdwscutdadrcre.Atrec ot h ubro prey of number the molt, each pupae two After and and development day recorded. during every died and changed One were counted calculated. discs was leaf was instar The each fed by feeding. consumed for prey discs of leaf stage on number prepupal larvae the the to to adult emergence provided Non-ovipositing from larva. consumed each prey for recorded of was number The experiment. above the adult ovipositing 15 to Ten paper. adult of numbers netd la oou lnswr netdb lcn hmhrznal ntelwrshelf. lower the on horizontally them placing 1 by infested After were plants coconut Clean infested. upiswr netd il olcin eesopd h rcdr o culture for the 2 procedure with of made dexion The being using one constructed stopped. upper was the were and rack solid two-shelf being collections A shelf below. lower field described is infested, maintenance were pumpkins upiswr xmndtieprwe ormv n otmnns ne50 Once contaminants. Infested pumpkins. any of remove sets to two infest week to per used twice thus examined was leaves were of pumpkins batch Each pumpkin. hc ietefo oreo h upi a eoedpee.Aot20 by About stages, depleted. instar become third had early pumpkin and to the second visible Females on late not source dead. the were food in were larvae the visible adults instar time became first which the only The all Larvae pumpkins. eye. the until naked on continued the eggs was of This numbers large period. oviposited similar a for pumpkins o 3 for h lxbewr eebogttgte n idtgtyaon h o ihasrn.Field string. a with pot 3 into the cut around were tightly leaves coconut tied the and of together portions brought infested were wire flexible the il-olce aveadppewr sdt sals utrsof cultures establish to used were pupae and larvae field-collected of maintenance with covered frame. and individually light Establishment were a plants under coconut trays The placed Two above. cage. and described similar cages cages a the sleeve in to placed transferred and were potatoes pot clean of a on placed were pumpkins a aeul xmndudrtemcocp n ee ae ntemto ulndby outlined method the on based sexed and 20 microscope About the (1935). Taylor under examined carefully was lcdo h pe hl.Ti loe h rwest do on n netteclean the infest 30 and down’ in ‘drop placed were to potatoes eggs/crawlers crawlers with sprouted the pumpkins 25 allowed infested This About and shelf. below. shelf upper pumpkins lower the the on on placed placed were pumpkins niiulyo r itrppri er ih h aeo mrec n e fthe of sex and emergence of placed date and The leaf dish. the Petri abundant from a an detached in ensuring were paper recorded. days, they was filter alternate adults formed, dry emerging were on were moulting a changed pupae and on survival were Once individually on discs Data to food. study. leaf through this of daily followed for the observed supply was up and and set larvae dish were daily the Petri eggs of recorded diameter 56 development total, 3-cm hatched, In a stage. eggs in pupal carefully paper of the filter stages When scale moist mixed egg-hatch. the placed on harbouring for was of placed egg disc then covering Each leaf was paintbrush. the coconut fine disc new a and with a microscope removed on were a which individually eggs, under the locate observed to then removed were discs leaf odtrietert ffeigin feeding of rate the determine To v lpetlbiology. elopmental Á / asfrfeigadoioiin h dlswr hnmvdt nte e of set another to moved then were adults The oviposition. and feeding for days 4 Á / eerae on reared were as h netdhsswr eoe n xmndfrcnaiat.The contaminants. for examined and removed were hosts infested the days, 3 .nodiceps C. .destructor A. Á .destructor A. l net sdi h xeiet nbooyadpe ag of range prey and biology on experiments the in used insects All / 5piswr eesdo orhaiyifse upis nacage a in pumpkins, infested heavily four on released were pairs 25 ILG OF BIOLOGY eepae n5c imtrPtidse nmitfilter moist on dishes Petri diameter 5-cm in placed were .nodiceps C. .nodiceps C. .nodiceps C. RPONTANODICEPS CRYPTOGNATHA npmkn.La ic fccnthrorn large harbouring coconut of discs Leaf pumpkins. on cultures. eerlae ntela ic o 4h The h. 24 for discs leaf the on released were bevtoswr aeo 2lra from larvae 12 on made were observations , Á / asadte rnfre oanother to transferred then and days 4 .destructor A. Á / -mlnt tisadpae nthe on placed and strips length 6-cm dlsrae rmunparasitized, from reared Adults  / -mhayguewr.Clean wire. gauge heavy 2-cm  / eecutdpirt being to prior counted were 0c ry eesimilarly were trays 30-cm .nodiceps C. .destructor. A. Á / 0lra were larvae 40 ahadult Each . h leaf The 477 Á / 60 C. Downloaded By: [NEICON Consortium] At: 10:18 11 September 2007 de sncsay nuigta hr a lasasfiin upyo prey. of supply SPSS sufficient a the prey and/or always were or was changed survival settling were there adult Leaves if that terminated. on determine ensuring was observations necessary, experiment to and the as discs other moist when added at days leaf kept 6 and the was for release daily paper on after recorded filter settled immediately The have prey occurred. to the feeding to appeared coccinellids they the when of times response throughout. tests the no The maintained controls. on and were two made prey conditions the no of similar as with but well second batches up, as two the set species prey were in and controls each provided, conducted of on Hosts/host water were up types diameter. Two with set 3-cm 1. were but Table replicates of prey Ten in water. dishes given no are Petri comprising tested in first prey paper the of filter stages and moist used on plants placed were tested being Pseudococcidae). and Psyllidae Aphididae, Aleyrodidae (Coccidae, families For ucin epciey;teitiscrt fincrease of rate intrinsic the respectively); functions Kaplan iia rcdr a sdt ettepe ag ftepeaoycoccinellids, predatory the of range prey the A ornamentals. test or to plants crop bicolor of used testing either Additionally, representatives plants, was order. valuable with procedure Thus but same continues unrelated similar the testing. against and within out centrifugal families host carried of and also target is subfamilies principle the e.g., the of taxa, on distant relatives for tests more closest based specificity with host is during starts This done testing agents. is as control way similar biological a weed in selected were species prey Potential Tests Feeding Prey optdacrigt ehd ecie yBrh(98.Tu h e erdcierate, reproductive net the Thus (1948). Birch were by parameters growth described The R Population methods parameters. cultures. to table female according life from compute computed of to males used fecundity were mature production and with longevity dead. was replaced stages, were adults females of were the Mortality all males recorded. when eggs terminated Leaf dead of was began. number oviposition and experiment the once and stopped daily days was 2 this recorded every mating; record changed to were h discs 15:00 and 09:00 between hstcnqe h tnaderro h uuaiepooto uvvn ttime at surviving proportion cumulative the of error k standard the technique, this h ubro etso esrdcssa time at cases censored or deaths of number the er ihcnann oou efds abuigalrenme fmxdsae of stages mixed of number large a harbouring end. disc distal leaf the coconut at a destructor instar containing final dish the Petri was of a skin the the ecdysed of of the width Reproducti capsule of the and head Only remains longest the molt. the the of each of (at after width because immediately width recorded the measured and larvae, was For length instars recorded. the various were was adults, respectively) emerged emerged points that newly recorded. widest and females) was eggs oviposition five For no and microscope. time males which (four during days adults 7 nine for in monitored Feeding similarly develop. to failed 478 time, : o aafo h w raswr oldfraayi.Sria aawsaaye using analysed was data Survival analysis. for pooled were trials two the from Data were Observations dish. Petri each in released was adults ovipositing mature, of pair One species prey the of numbers sufficient harbouring plants host various of sections Leaf en n tnaderr eecluae o h aao eeomna ae fvarious of rates developmental on data the for calculated were errors standard and Means opooia aaeeso h aiu tgswr esrdudradissecting a under measured were stages various the of parameters Morphological  se .nodiceps C. / / ( a g t k 0  ) Á odn(Lopez Gordon l  / x ertcnqewsue,wihalwdfraayi fcnoe aa Using data. censored of analysis for allowed which used, was technique Meir / ln o h is e as h dlswr bevddiyfrproso 30 of periods for daily observed were adults the days, few first the For . † m v S biology. e x R ( ttsia akg Nrss 93.Frcmaio fsriosi,the survivorship, of comparison For 1993). (Norusis, package statistical t o (where k /r ) etpe nlddmmesblnigt eea lsl eae homopteran related closely several to belonging members included prey test , s m h iiert fincrease, of rate finite the ; a ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi i k  l 1 x n ite el mre dlswr ard ahpi a eesdin released was pair Each paired. were adults emerged newly Sixteen i and tal et ( n i d  i m ,19)and 1997) ., d x i ) r h uuaiediysria n yp production nymph and survival daily cumulative the are where .F LOPEZ F. V. S cmu cocci Scymnus ( t k .nodiceps C. stecmltv uvvlprobability, survival cumulative the is ) l  TAL ET t i and e r m . n obigtm,DT time, doubling and ; n r i m stenme fcssaiepirto prior alive cases of number the is v  h aao uvvladegg and survival on data The . ora / / a e ya (Peterkin Ayyar  r m xl x m x  1 engeneration mean ;  tal et / ln(2) Nephaspis Á ,1998). ., / /r 0min 60 m d . i A. is Downloaded By: [NEICON Consortium] At: 10:18 11 September 2007 Acarina uaino de of Duration high with of hosts infestations. Biology medium On to plants. low with coconut hosts reared, on and be possible could pumpkins was scales of generation both generation second one on a only surface, but entire reared the almost be covering infestations could scales of tg atdaot5dy.Ec ftefu ntr n h r-ua tgslse 1 lasted stages pre-pupal the and instars four the of Each days. 5 about lasted stage oaos ahraigcceof cycle rearing Each potatoes. ae instars. later time stages prey plant Host Coleoptera Species Hemiptera for tests range Family prey the for used Species 1. TABLE ehd h la upiswr vnycvrdwt ae fstldcalr ihn2 within crawlers settled of layer a with covered evenly were pumpkins clean the method, follows: ua tg,hwvr atdsihl ogri eae 48dy)ta nmls(. days). and (4.2 days males 19.2 The (males, in respectively. development than of days duration days) 1.9 and overall days). (4.8 the and males 19.6 in females 12.9 females, both reflected in and of also days, was longer stages increase slightly 2.0 prepupal This and lasted and however, 13.0 larval stage, and being the days) pupal similar, (2.1 of first very duration the was by The followed females days), days). (2.7 (2.0 stage longest prepupa the the of was instar fourth The days. rear to used were pumpkins of 80% about cycle, each In days. eann eeue o utr aneac of maintenance culture for used were remaining utrsof Cultures Techniques Rearing RESULTS at number the are weights the (BS) point. statistic time Breslow each the at For points. risk time distinct of number Tetranychidae Psyllidae Coccinellidae Diaspididae Pseudococcidae Pseudococcidae Aphididae Aphididae Aleyrodidae Aleyrodidae Aleyrodidae Coccidae Coccidae Diaspididae ie dl n mauestages; immature and adult Mixed t i ocmaesria ucin,teBelwsaitcwsue n hsi optdas computed is this and used was statistic Breslow the functions, survival compare To . U a  .nodiceps C. .destructor A. a v i k  elopment. Tetranychus Crawford cubana Heteropsylla rpontanodiceps Cryptognatha destructor Aspidiotus lnccu citri Planococcus hirsutus Maconellicoccus citricida Toxoptera gossypii Aphis woglumi Aleurocanthus floccosus Aleurothrixus cocois Aleurodicus Coccus bennetti Parlagena Aonidiella 1 w i  ( v O iridis i edl salse npmkn n oous u o nsprouted on not but , and pumpkins on established readily sp.  ILG OF BIOLOGY aao uaino eeomn r ie nTbe2 h egg The 2. Table in given are development of duration on Data p oou ie stages Mixed Coconut sp. E Glover i ) Rso irsTidinstars Third Citrus (Risso) b .destructor A. where gsadalimtr stages; immature all and eggs utsCcntMxdimtr stages immature Mixed Coconut Curtis ilasCcntMxdstages Mixed Coconut Williams iklyCtu ie stages Mixed Citrus Kirkaldy D.L. (Signoret) asalCcntEggs Coconut Marshall Ashby Maskell RPONTANODICEPS CRYPTOGNATHA re iicsOiasadtidinstars third and Ovisacs Hibiscus Green w i stewih o h iepoint time the for weight the is , rpontanodiceps Cryptognatha ecealeucocephala Leucaena oo nucifera Cocos egaeMxdstages Mixed Citrus guaja Psidium Seagrape u Coccoloba (hibiscus) rosa-sinensis Hibiscus atdaot30 about lasted .destructor A. p ctu)Mxdimtr stages immature Mixed (citrus) sp. v ifera v c a ccnt ie stages Mixed (coconut) gseryisastse eaaeyfrom separately tested instars eggs/early gaa ie mauestages immature Mixed (guava) sarp)Mxdstages Mixed (seagrape) nyoeo w generations two or one Only . Á / 5dy.Uigtetwo-shelf the Using days. 35 .nodiceps C. ie mauestages immature Mixed ie stages Mixed i and , hl the while , a a a a a a a Á / 3or1 k sthe is 479 Á Á / / b c b b 4 3 Downloaded By: [NEICON Consortium] At: 10:18 11 September 2007 ua4 3 1 17 12 42 1 1 1 44 1 42 49 49 50 50 50 (egg-adult) Total Pupa Prepupa stage) (larval Total larva instar Fourth larva instar Third larva instar Second larva instar First eudt (Mean Fecundity e erdciert ( rate reproductive Net g nuain5 4 56 incubation Egg iestage Life obigtm D)7.815 ( increase for capacity Innate (DT) time Doubling ( time Generation eaefcniyadsria ae r rsne nTbe3 eaeaut ie o an for lived adults Female 3. Table on in data presented from are calculated 35.6 rates parameters of survival table average and Life fecundity life. female adult throughout observed repeatedly 0.35 te rybcuete i o oaeo hs pce u oe otetpo h Petri the of top the to 95 moved days, but 7 species these After on remained. forage they not where did dish, they because prey other roioiinpro f7.9 of period preoviposition pce etd oaigwsosre meitl fe xoueo dl ete ofour to prey adult homopteran the of Among exposure h. after v 24 immediately within observed eggs species: was the coccid on foraging cannibalism tested, to species led food of Absence per scales Tests 22.3 Feeding Prey and 19.3 2). of (Figure average one 7 an slowly day feeding to by (Figure respectively, began increased instar female, Adults gradually first and hosts. this than male of and more number emergence times similar 20 after consumed and day females 12 and 2, Males consumed instars 1). fourth and third second, feeding. of Rate aaee Estimate (Mean (days) survival Female Parameter for parameters table Life 3. TABLE stages. of Size of stages immature of development of Duration 2. TABLE 480 nrni aeo nrae( increase of rate Intrinsic it fteha asl nrae ihec ol,mauig0.16 measuring moult, each with increased capsule head the of width fteautsae ae eesotrlvdta eae (20.7 females than shorter-lived were Males scale. adult the of h ausddntdfe infcnl ewe ae n eae vntog eae were females though even Reproducti females and males larger. between slightly significantly differ generally not did values The xlddfo h analysis. the from excluded iridis a oro h 6fmlsstu idwti eko mrec otlkl u ohnln n were and handling to due likely most emergence of week a within died up set females 16 the of Four 9 / .0 n 0.50 and 0.003 Gen n75 in (Green) v biology. e 9 siitsdestructor Aspidiotus G 9 / gsmaue 0.50 measured Eggs E 141 SE) 41.12 ) / .3dy uigwihtm hyoioie 141.1 oviposited they time which during days 5.13 avlfeigrtsicesdcnieal ihec ntr hsthe Thus instar. each with considerably increased rates feeding Larval R Á 0 9 9.99 ) / 5 ftecss nteohrhn,aut eentatatdt the to attracted not were adults hand, other the On cases. the of 85% r m / .0 m ntefrt eod hr n orhisas respectively. instars, fourth and third second, first, the in mm, 0.003 0.0887 ) aigocre 4 occurred Mating l 9 1.093 ) / E 35.6 SE) 9 / .3dy.Eg eeivral adudrteepycovering empty the under laid invariably were Eggs days. 0.23 rpontanodiceps Cryptognatha , 9 .F LOPEZ F. V. Aonidiella / .0 mi eghad0.26 and length in mm 0.003 N Á / Á asatreegneadmtnswere matings and emergence after days 5 / 0%o ete xoe otefu coccid four the to exposed beetles of 100% TAL ET sp., rpontanodiceps Cryptognatha algn bennetti Parlagena . uaino development of Duration ag Mean Range 9 Á Á Á Á Á Á Á Á Á / / / / / / / / / / 319.4 4.4 2.0 13.0 2.7 1.7 1.5 23 2.1 7 5.0 3 15 4 3 4 3 6 .8days). 7.38 9 / 0 mi it.The width. in mm 005 9 ilasand Williams 9 / 37 gsatra after eggs 23.73 9 / 9 .0,0.25 0.001, / 23.73 / 5.12 a 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 / / / / / / / / / 0.16 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.05 Coccus / 9 SE / 001, Downloaded By: [NEICON Consortium] At: 10:18 11 September 2007 l dl ete idwti aso ees.Hwvr oefeigocre hnmixed when occurred feeding some However, on release. Survival of days 4 of of within stages instars died first beetles and adult eggs all on occurred none while survival, IUE2 edn ae fadult of rates Feeding 2. FIGURE on occurred feeding some Aleyrodidae, on the Among Survival and species surviving. still citri were Planococcus above species stages immature of rates Feeding 1. FIGURE luoatu woglumi Aleurocanthus asatremergence. after days luoiu cocois Aleurodicus Rso a n 5,rsetvl.Sm edn curdo h two the on occurred feeding Some respectively. 25%, and 0 was (Risso) Tetranychus ILG OF BIOLOGY 4%o a )wstelneto o-ocdseisand species non-coccid a on longest the was 7) day on (40% rpontanodiceps Cryptognatha p,rsligi uvvlo 0 0ad5,respectively. 5%, and 10 10, of survival a in resulting sp., eepoie,rsligi %sria tteedo days. 7 of end the at survival 5% in resulting provided, were RPONTANODICEPS CRYPTOGNATHA rpontanodiceps Cryptognatha luohiu floccosus Aleurothrixus on aoelccu hirsutus Maconellicoccus siitsdestructor Aspidiotus luoatu woglumi Aleurocanthus on siitsdestructor Aspidiotus uigtefis seven first the during eutn n15% in resulting , re and Green . sb and Ashby 481 Downloaded By: [NEICON Consortium] At: 10:18 11 September 2007 luoatu woglumi Aleurocanthus IUE3 uvvlpten of patterns Survival 3. FIGURE experiment. the of duration the throughout Kaplan prey the this from on Results consistently recorded was feeding 482 ihalohrpe swl stetocnrl Tbe4.Sria nvrospe etdwas tested prey various on ( Survival 4). (Table different controls two the significantly as well as also prey other all with rso ttsi,sria nalfu ocd a infcnl ( significantly was coccids four all on survival Statistic, Breslow arwpe ag.While range. prey narrow Lopez 1995; Murphy, & (Kairo Gordon gossypii Mjrs&Kan,18) aafo h rsn td ugssthat suggests study present foods the these from on reduced Data or 1989). and prevented Kearns, suitable feed be less & can however, and may, species pollen (Majerus nectar, oviposition Many as and 1989). such Kearns, foods Development inadequate’ prey. & but (Majerus ‘accepted alternative adults on in survive production egg and stages coccinellids other as in such found ranges also prey are narrow adaptations have Such to specialization. known prey death. and to adaptation occurred prior Oviposition days day. supply, few per food a eggs limited ceased four of and with estimate life conditions (1935) throughout Taylor’s crowded than under higher Female slightly and 1935). day, (Taylor, days days 28 25 to and extended 19 between ranged ego ot o culturing for hosts good be ipiidadefcietcnqe o aneac flreclue of cultures large of maintenance for prey techniques effective and Simplified DISCUSSION eomne o ag-cl rdcinbcuei smr mnbet laboratory unclear. to was this amenable for reason all-male more the an but occasionally, is coconuts that on except particularly it produced, encountered, was because were population problems production major No large-scale manipulation. for recommended npeaoyccield,‘seta’fosspotfeigadsria fdevelopmental of survival and of feeding support degree foods ‘essential’ high coccinellids, predatory a In suggested hosts to proximity close in behaviour laying egg Female uaino eeomn of development of Duration siitsdestructor Aspidiotus Glover, Tetranychus , luohiu floccosus Aleurothrixus Á eedvlpd ohpmkn n oou lnswr on to found were plants coconut and pumpkins Both developed. were / ee uvvlaayi r eitdi iue3 ae nthe on Based 3. Figure in depicted are analysis survival Meier siitsdestructor Aspidiotus rpontanodiceps Cryptognatha p and sp. P siitsdestructor Aspidiotus .nodiceps C. B / .5 oprdt ohcnrltetet,except treatments, control both to compared 0.05) .F LOPEZ F. V. .hirsutus M. tal et .nodiceps C. ooi iceryae Rodolia nTiia a iia ota nFj,which Fiji, in that to similar was Trinidad in ,1997). ., TAL ET , eeoslacubana Heteropsylla e narneo ryoe -a period. 7-day a over prey of range a on fed oias,wihwr nprwt control. with par on were which (ovisacs), a etepeerdpe,sria of survival prey, preferred the be may . oee,teueo upi is pumpkin of use the However, . ad naeae bu ieeg per eggs five about average, on laid, asnand Janson P B / .5 ihrcompared higher 0.05) ..Crawford, D.L. .nodiceps C. .nodiceps C. ehsi bicolor Nephaspis n its and a a has Aphis AL .Belwsaitc o oprsno uvvlo adult of survival of # comparison for statistics Breslow 4. TABLE 73.*3.*3.*3.*2.*032.*3768 06 . . . . . 6.9* 2.9 1.3 0.4 0.1 13.0* 1.8 10.3* 0.3 0.7 4.1* 7.4* 0.2 2.8 0.9 5.0* 20.6* 0.76 7.6* 0.2 6.7* 6.8* 0.0 12.5* 27.9* 0.4 16.9* 0.3 3.7 18.0* 9.8* 2.0 0.04 5.9* 22.7* 13.8* 24.1* 2.4 0.5 11.1* 7.5* 32.7* 2.1 7.6* 0.3 4.1* 14.1* 1.1 8.7* 1.5 22.5* 7.5* 21.9* 33.0* 0.4 10.7* 33.5* 4.7* 0.1 38.5* 1.0 1.3 38.9* 11.1* 0.0 38.5* 27.8* 23.5* 17.6* 38.9* 33.7* 35.8* 8.4* 32.5* 27.8* 33.2* 6.6* 35.0* 33.7* 35.8* 32.5* 22.1* 33.2* 27.8* 35.0* 27.1* 35.8* 16.4* 22.1* 26.8* 27.8* 27.1* 29.3* 16.4* 17 26.8* 22.8* 16 29.3* 11.9* 15 22.8* 14 11.9* 13 12 11 10 mxdsae) 14. stages); (mixed 7. 37 37 02 02 . .*66 0.1 6.6* 6.5* 4.8* 2.2 21.5* 3.0 2.1 3.0 30.2* 30.1* 20.7* 30.2* 25.1* 30.1* 36.5* 23.7* 25.1* 35.9* 0.0 24.1* 36.5* 23.7* 18.9* 35.9* 24.1* 29.8* 1.0 18.9* 28.2* 1.0 29.8* 9 28.2* 1.0 8 1.0 7 0.0 6 5 4 3 2 1 Prey1234567891011121314151617 ryseis 1. species: Prey lnccu citri Planococcus siitsdestructor Aspidiotus ;8. eeoslacubana Heteropsylla pi gossypii Aphis

Downloaded By: [NEICON Consortium] At: 10:18 11 September 2007 ;9. ;15 ;2. ootr citricida Toxoptera Tetranychus . algn bennetti Parlagena p;1.Cnrl(ae) 7 oto n water). (no Control 17. (water); Control 16. sp.; 10. ; ;3. luoiu cocois Aleurodicus rpontanodiceps Cryptognatha Aonidiella p;4. sp.; 11. ; Coccus luohiu floccosus Aleurothrixus n1 ryseis infiatdfeecs( differences significant species, prey 15 on v iridis ;5. aoelccu hirsutus Maconellicoccus 12. ; luoatu woglumi Aleurocanthus tidisa) 6. instar); (third P B / .5 r akdwt nasterisk an with marked are 0.05) eg/is ntr;13. instar); (eggs/first .hirsutus M.

.woglumi A.

(ovisacs);

483 ILG OF BIOLOGY RPONTANODICEPS CRYPTOGNATHA Downloaded By: [NEICON Consortium] At: 10:18 11 September 2007 B eaegaeu oD ..BohadD ..Wto o ofimn h dniyof identity the confirming REFERENCES for Watson G.W. Dr and Booth R.G. Dr nodiceps to Cryptognatha grateful are We ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS introduced. A 95 484 orientalis motto hnvrahmpeosps nae e ein.Peiu successful Previous region’. new a for invades considered pest be will homopterous reveal they programmes a and control whenever biological importation human-assisted and occurring naturally latter the Pakistan, in 1985). in rainfall failures higher (Rao Similar to Polynesia 1960). due Simmonds, French possibly 1965; regions, Cochereau, southern 1972; and 1956, central (Castel-Branco, in not but north the ie oitouto fteseisi ra where areas in be species should on the consideration based However, of serious invaluable. programmes, introduction be control will to biological introduced of given been in range prey has use the it successful on where studies previous areas Field coccinellid. in even the when coccinellid of survive species, introduction the to further predator non-target of the risk on allow the may assessing effects it as undesirable beneficial homopteran biologically potentially two destructor be least also of at may in indicative it species though prey is on feed This to potential families. the has coccinellid the However, h bec of absence the vdne ypeec fvrosdvlpetlsae)wsosre on observed was stages) developmental except various all of on low presence destructor very by was adults evidenced of survival but Hemiptera, cocois other Aleurodicus on occurred feeding lyoia ihteeseiswe hyocre ln Lpz&Kio 03.However, 2003). Kairo, & (Lopez alone occurred they like when species species these with Aleyrodidae including tested lentv prey, alternative Fiji, adult In by larvae. feeding for exploited be ihcmaal lmtcadevrnetlcniin.I rnie f h os fWest of coast of control the long-term off and establishment Principe, Lucia) quick In St. in Grenada, conditions. resulted (e.g., importation environmental islands Africa, and Caribbean several climatic (Clausen, not comparable Florida but with in 1985) established (Cock, became Jamaica it and instance, 1978) For results. inconsistent with diaspidids, ae,17) olwn hs h ocnli a sdagainst used was 1964; coccinellid (DeBach, the programme control this, biological Following classical successful 1974). highly a Hagen, of example an as n ihlneiy eudt n ipra ae faut Tyo,1935). (Taylor, stages adults immature of and rates adult dispersal voracious and enemies, breeding fecundity continuous natural longevity, as serious such high no factors and with other several year with the together throughout ability this to attributed was uigfedsresi Trinidad, in surveys field During IRCH, HMAD, codn oOrciadKig(98,‘ocnliswl otnet lyarl in role a play to continue will ‘coccinellids (1998), Kring and Obrycki to According h ucsflitouto of introduction successful The Á / 0%adoioiinwsrcre na es he pce fDapdde( Diaspididae of species three least at on recorded was oviposition and 100% 15 uubtfruits. cucurbit L Á / . 26. R C , . . , &G 14)Teitiscrt fntrlices fa netpopulation. an of increase natural of rate intrinsic The (1948) Aonidiella ouain r ae socre nFj.Ti ilne ob osdrdwhen considered be to need will This Fiji. in occurred as rare, are populations .bennetti P. luoiu cocois Aleurodicus HANI, siitsdestructor Aspidiotus .nodiceps C. luoiu cocois Aleurodicus Pseudaulacaspis ehia ultn omnelhIsiueo ilgclControl Biological of Institute Commonwealth Bulletin, Technical utemr,n vpsto a eoddo n ftepe species prey the of any on recorded was oviposition no Furthermore, . M .nodiceps C. . p and sp. A and . and 17)Ant nteraigo cl net n elbg nptt uesand tubers potato on mealybugs and insects scale of rearing the on note A (1970) tal et a on ofe n uvv,abi eutnl,o tlatone least at on reluctantly, albeit survive, and feed to found was oiilaorientalis Aonidiella oiilaorientalis Aonidiella ,17)adAgl eanuepand(als 95 Cock, 1965; (Valles, unexplained remain Angola and 1971) ., .bennetti P. hc taksmlrhs lnsas plants host similar attack which , .nodiceps C. ( sa fetv ilgclcnrlaetof agent control biological effective an as .nodiceps C.  ne il odtos erdcinby reproduction conditions, field Under . .nodiceps C. Tyo,13) nfc,tescesof success the fact, In 1935). (Taylor, / Diaspis .F LOPEZ F. V. n n pce fCcia ( Coccidae of species one and ) ) oFj a enrpael ie nteliterature the in cited repeatedly been has Fiji to pentagona u hspe ilntspotdvlpetof development support not will prey this but TAL ET a ee nonee on encountered never was respectively. , esed(..Lpz nulse data). unpublished Lopez, (V.F. Newstead . .destructor A. agoi&Tzet nmler,in mulberry, on Tozzetti & Targioni siitsdestructor Aspidiotus ora fAia Ecology of Journal .destructor A. a enaccidentally been has Coccus 13 .nodiceps C. 105 , .hirsutus M. .destructor A. .nodiceps C. .destructor A. v iridis Á / 107. Aspidiotus n other and Aonidiella .Some ). nFiji in ,may and (as 17 A. in . , Downloaded By: [NEICON Consortium] At: 10:18 11 September 2007 T C T R C D L C P C L C S N K V Report. Entomologist’s F.W. (1914). Urich, O B B M H IMMONDS, ETERKIN ALLES, AYLOR, AYLOR, OPEZ OPEZ, ODKIN, ODKIN, OCK OCHEREAU, LAUSEN ASTEL- ASTEL- AO BRYCKI, ORUSIS, AIRO, AGEN, E AJERUS B V.P., G , ACH ya)Ccielde cmia) oeta ilgclcnrlaetfrteHbsu , Hibiscus the for agent control biological Caribbean the potential in (Green) a hirsutus Maconellicoccus ), Coccinellidae; Ayyar) destructor Entomology destructor nttt fBooia oto,Tiia.Cmowat giutrlBrax luh UK, Slough, Bureaux, Agricultural region Pacific Commonwealth Trinidad. the 149. Control, and p. Biological Asia South-East of in Institute pests other and t. luh K .103. p. UK, Slough, Ltd., otgeeWs Africa. West Portuguese Trinidad. of Research ora fApidEntomology Applied of against Journal releases inoculative in use for potential eOrta de Georgetown giutr Handbook Agriculture oeta ilgclcnrlaeto h prligwiey luoiu ipru (Aleyrodidae dispersus Aleurodicus whitefly, spiralling the 32. of p. Control, agent Biological of control Institute International biological potential oto fPssi h omnelhCrbenadBruau o1982 145 to pp. up UK, Royal, Bermuda Farnham and Bureaux, Caribbean Agricultural Commonwealth Commonwealth the 9. No. in Pests of Control acad ra ei Zoologia Serie Orta, de Garcia oeta ilgclcnrlaetof agent control biological potential Aleyrodidae). finsects. of ...(d)(95 xoto etbooia oto gns cl net,in insects, scale agents: control biological pest of Export (1985) M.J.W. (Ed.) , V.F., K , V M .lophanthae L. B B K E .(1964) P. , . G G ..(1978) C.P. , ...&K & M.E.N. , T T F RANCO, RANCO, M . .. K D.D., , . . T . . . J . S . 16)[set fbooia oto ngnrladoecs nparticular in case one and general in control biological of [Aspects (1965) H H E E . . &K . J . K HANI F J . . . . . 17)Tesgicneo rdcosCcieldei ilgclcnrladitgae control integrated and control biological in Coccinellidae predaceous of significance The (1974) P . 4 C C 11)Ntso h ocdeo rts Guiana. British of Coccidae the on Notes (1917) . 11)Tesaeiscso rts Guiana. British of insects scale The (1914) . AIRO J . 26 225 , (1993) &K . )]. &M . . . Entomophaga 16)[h ilgclcnrlof control biological [The (1965) giutrlJunl eateto giutr,Fiji Agriculture, of Department Journal, Agricultural AIRO, 13)Tecmag against campaign The (1935) 12)Pors eoto h ocnlia motdfo rnddt control to Trinidad from imported Coccinellidae the of report Progress (1928) ,1 16)Booia oto fteccntscale, coconut the of control Biological (1960) 8 .. S M.A., , 43 VJundsSil Journadas IV A A 106 , nentoa ora fPs Management Pest of Journal International ...&C & M.T.K. , ilgclCnrlb aua Enemies Natural by Control Biological Á URPHY, Á . RING, 295 , . AIRO J J / / 102. . 238. . PSfrWnos aesse srsgie ees 6.0 Release guide: user’s system Base Windows: for SPSS F F lid Clotr:Coccinellidae)]. (Coleoptera: Blaisd. M EARNS . . nrdcdprstsadpeaoso rhoo et n ed:awrdre world a weeds: and pests arthropod of predators and parasites Introduced Á 15)[ ocdatcigccnto h sado rnie( Principe of island the on coconut attacking coccid [A (1956) 17)[ilgclcnrlof control [Biological (1972) . / ...&G & M.T.K. , 124. Á T / 321. . ANKARAN T ntdSae eateto giutr,No. Agriculture, of Department States United . K S . J . . P.W.E. (1989) , T . ultno noooia Research Entomological of Bulletin 7 20)Pe ag of range Prey (2003) . ,25 ILG OF BIOLOGY 19)Peaiu ocnlia nbooia control. biological in Coccinellidae Predacious (1998) 19)Telf itr of history life The (1995) ARL v Á o-Agronomia / 44. 119 1 ..(1997). K.P. , ,T.&M ,17 487 , AUTAM Á / iue fteMeigo h rnddBado Agriculture of Board Trinidad the of Meeting the of Minutes 36. luoiu dispersus Aleurodicus Ladybirds RPONTANODICEPS CRYPTOGNATHA Á ATHUR / 491. siitsdestructor Aspidiotus ..(1998) R.D. , .destructor A. 2 ose nNpassbclr(ocnlia:Synne,a Scymninae), (Coccinellidae: bicolor Nephapsis on Dossier 259 , crapattersoni Icerya ehsi bicolor Nephaspis ..(1971) K.C. , siitsdestructor Aspidiotus auait adok 0 ihodPbihn Co. Publishing Richmond 10. Handbooks Naturalist’ . AIBocec,Tiia n oao .34. p. Tobago, and Trinidad Bioscience, CABI . Á ora fteBado giutr nBiihGuiana, British in Agriculture of Board the of Journal / ooi iceryae Rodolia 279. abig nvriyPes abig,p 323. p. Cambridge, Press, University Cambridge . Oleagineux nteiln fVate of island the on ultno noooia Research Entomological of Bulletin 49 ose nSynscocci Scymnus on Dossier ehia omncto,Commonwealth Communication, Technical . ,75 51 n other and Are siitsdestructor Aspidiotus 223 , esed(o. agdde ncoffee. in Margodidae) (Hom., Newstead Á 1 in nFiji. in Sign. / 88. odn(oepea ocnlia) a Coccinellidae), (Coleoptera: Gordon ,7 v 20 e ftebooia oto finsects of control biological the of iew asn(o. ocnlia)adthe and Coccinellidae) (Col., Janson Á Á 507 , / / 237. 10. 480 in nteiln fPrincipe]. of island the on Sign. Aleurodicus Á .545. p. , PSIc,Ciao IL. Chicago, Inc., SPSS . / 512. ehia Communication Technical . NwHbie)b means by Hebrides) (New ´ Á / 149. ARe ultno Entomological of Bulletin Á .destructor A. / h oou cl ( scale coconut the v e fteBiological the of iew v nulRe Annual r (Ramakrishna ora in nPrincipe, in Sign. p.(Homoptera: spp. 8 103 , Aspidiotus )]. v e of iew Garcia o 6 No. Á 6 v / 485 33. , 109. iew. A. ). ,