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Classical Biological Control of Insects and Mites: a Worldwide Catalogue of Pathogen and Nematode Introductions

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Classical Biological Control of Insects and Mites: a Worldwide Catalogue of Pathogen and Nematode Introductions United States Department of Agriculture Classical Biological Control of Insects and Mites: A Worldwide Catalogue of Pathogen and Nematode Introductions Forest Forest Health Technology FHTET-2016-06 Service Enterprise Team July 2016 The Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 by the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET Classical Biological Control of Insects and Mites: as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ A Worldwide Catalogue of The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information Pathogen and Nematode Introductions and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Forest Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. ANN E. HAJEK Department of Entomology Cover Image Cornell University Dr. Vincent D’Amico, Research Entomologist, U.S. Forest Service, Urban Forestry Unit, NRS-08, Newark, Delaware. Ithaca, New York, USA Cover image represents a gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larva silking down from the leaves of an oak (Quercus) tree and being exposed to a diversity of pathogens (a fungus, SANA GARDESCU a bacterium, a virus and a microsporidium) and a nematode that are being released by a Department of Entomology human hand for biological control (not drawn to scale). Cornell University Ithaca, New York, USA In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating ITALO DELALIBERA JÚNIOR in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, Department of Entomology and Acarology marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, ESALQ-University of São Paulo or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program Piracicaba, Brazil or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint For additional copies of this publication, contact: Form, AD-3027, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_filing_cust.html and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in Richard C. Reardon the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632-9992. Submit your completed form or U.S. Forest Service, FHTET letter to USDA by: (1) mail: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil 180 Canfield Street Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410; (2) fax: (202) 690-7442; or (3) email: [email protected]. Morgantown, WV 26505 304-285-1566 [email protected] Federal Recycling Program Printed on recycled paper CONTENTS Table F: Exotic Nematodes Released, by Target Pest Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae ...........................25 Introduction..........................................1 Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae ...........................25 Table A: Exotic Viruses Released, by Target Pest Curculionidae ...........................26 Diptera: Culicidae ..................................26 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae ............................4 Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae .............................7 Lepidoptera: Erebidae ..............................30 The first edition of this publication would not have been possible without the Erebidae ...............................7 Hymenoptera: Siricidae . .30 help of many people including P. Allsopp, T. Andreadis, J. Becnel, A. Bellotti, Noctuidae ..............................8 Table G: Accidental Introductions of Pathogens G. Blissard, D. Boucias, G. Carner, A. Diss, J. Eilenberg, H. Evans, B. Federici, Hymenoptera: Diprionidae ............................8 and Nematodes, by Pest Species J. Fuxa, P. Gullan, I. Hall, L. Harrington, D. Haugen, E. R. Hoebeke, K. Hodge, J. Huber, R. Humber, C. Ignoffo, P. Klasmer, M. Klein, C. Lange, J. Liebherr, Table B: Exotic Bacteria Released, by Target Pest Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae ............................33 J. Martin, S. Merkel, M. Montgomery, D. Moore, C. Nielsen, D. Pilarska, Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae ...........................10 Crambidae .............................33 Erebidae ..............................33 J. Podgwaite, G. Poinar, B. Ratcliffe, M. Schlabach, A. Sharov, D. Smith, Table C: Exotic Fungi Released, by Target Pest L. Smith, L. Solter, D. Sosa-Gomez, P. Stock, D. Streett, K. Teramoto, F. Vega, Hymenoptera: Siricidae . .34 Orthoptera: Acrididae ...............................11 L. Volkman, J. Weiser, S. Woods, O. Zethner, S. Zinder, Yang Zhong-qi and Diprionidae ...........................35 Hemiptera: Cercopidae..............................11 many more. We also sincerely thank the excellent Entomology and Mann Formicidae ...........................36 Libraries at Cornell University and the helpful and very knowledgeable librarians Cicadellidae .............................12 who work there. Finally, we wish to thank Dick Reardon, U.S. Forest Service, Aphididae...............................12 Appendix I: Taxonomic List of the Pathogens Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET), for supporting the project. Aleyrodidae .............................13 and Nematodes ....................................38 For the second edition, we also thank G. Blissard, M. Cock, J. Corley, Coccidae ...............................14 Appendix II: Taxonomic List of the Insect and J.J. Dombroskie, J. Eilenberg, E. Eskiviski, R. Giblin-Davis, T. Glare, Z. Handoo, Diaspididae .............................15 Mite Pests.........................................40 R. Humber, B. Hurley, L. Lacey, D. Shapiro, L. Solter, S. Subbotin, S. Wraight, Thysanoptera: Thripidae.............................17 References . .42 and B. Zelazny. S. Gardescu and W. Harding designed and formatted the revised Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae ...........................17 Indexes layout. Once again, we thank Dick Reardon, FHTET, for his support of this Curculionidae ...........................19 project. Insect and Mite Pests Diptera: Culicidae ..................................19 We thank Vince D’Amico for designing the lovely cover images for the first and Species.......................................52 Lepidoptera: Erebidae ..............................19 second editions of the catalogue. Families ......................................53 Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyidae .......................21 Pathogens and Nematodes Tetranychidae .....................21 Families ......................................53 Table D: Exotic Microsporidia Released, by Target Pest Species . 54 Orthoptera: Acrididae ...............................22 Release/Introduction Countries or Regions ...........55 Diptera: Culicidae ..................................22 Source Countries or Regions .......................56 Lepidoptera: Crambidae .............................22 Addendum to Table C ................................57 Erebidae ..............................23 Table E: Exotic Oomycete Released, by Target Pest Diptera: Culicidae ..................................24 INTRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION Classical biological control is a strategy that has been defined as “The 1. The target pest was an insect or mite. intentional introduction of an exotic biological control agent for permanent 2. The microbial pathogen or nematode was not native (an exotic) to establishment and long-term pest control” (Eilenberg et al. 2001). the area of release. We have included programs where the species of Numerous summaries of the many classical biological control programs microbe or nematode was exotic (introduced) as well as programs have been published (e.g., Cock et al. 2016, Hajek et al. 2007, Winston where only the strain or biotype released was exotic. et al. 2014). This strategy has been used extensively to control weeds and arthropods pests. For control of weeds phytophagous arthropods have We included programs for which, whether the releases were successful principally been used and for control of arthropod pests parasitoids and or not, the establishment of the microbe appeared to be a goal (i.e., long- predators have principally been used (Hajek 2004). term establishment and control) and establishment was either investigated or discussed or, for older programs, we can infer that establishment of Most programs using pathogens and nematodes for control of insects and the pathogen or nematode was a goal of the program. Note: Intentionally, mites have focused on mass production and inundative release.
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