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Taxonomic and Faunistic Studies of Big-Headed Flies (Diptera: Pipunculidae)

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Taxonomic and Faunistic Studies of Big-Headed Flies (Diptera: Pipunculidae) TAXONOMIC AND FAUNISTIC STUDIES OF BIG-HEADED FLIES (DIPTERA: PIPUNCULIDAE) Mihály Földvári Ph. D. thesis 2004 Taxonomic and faunistic studies of big-headed flies (Diptera: Pipunculidae) Mihály Földvári Tomosvaryella sp. (after De Meyer 1993) University of Szeged, Faculty of Science Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, Conservation Ecology Doctoral Program Program leader: Prof. Dr. László Gallé Supervisor: Prof. Dr. László Papp Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Zoology Hungarian Natural History Museum 2004 CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Objective of the Ph.D. thesis ..................................................................................................... 3 General features of Pipunculidae ............................................................................................... 4 Review of literature of big-headed flies ................................................................................................. 5 History of the family ................................................................................................................. 5 Systematics of Pipunculidae ...................................................................................................... 5 Life cycle ................................................................................................................................... 9 Host .............................................................................................................................. 9 Egg .............................................................................................................................. 10 Larva ........................................................................................................................... 10 Puparium .................................................................................................................... 12 Adult ........................................................................................................................... 13 Review of literature on Afrotropical Eudorylini .................................................................................. 14 Materials and methods ......................................................................................................................... 15 Collections ............................................................................................................................... 15 Examination of material .......................................................................................................... 15 Drawings ................................................................................................................................. 16 Microscopic slides ................................................................................................................... 16 Morphology and terminology of Pipunculidae ........................................................................ 16 Head ............................................................................................................................ 16 Thorax ........................................................................................................................ 17 Legs ............................................................................................................................ 18 Wings .......................................................................................................................... 18 Abdomen .................................................................................................................... 19 Descriptions ............................................................................................................................. 21 Illustrations .............................................................................................................................. 21 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 21 Results and Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 22 1. Species of the genus Tomosvaryella ................................................................................................ 22 2. Pipunculidae fauna of Hungary ........................................................................................................ 22 3. Faunistic studies of European Pipunculidae ..................................................................................... 23 a) Canary Islands and Madeira ................................................................................................ 23 b) Denmark .............................................................................................................................. 23 1 4. Taxonomy of the tribe Eudorylini in the Afrotropical Region ......................................................... 24 a) Revision of the genus Claraeola Aczél, 1940 ..................................................................... 24 b) Revision of the genus Clistoabdominalis Skevington, 2001 ............................................... 27 c) Revision of the genus Dasydorylas Skevington, 2001 ........................................................ 31 d) Revision of the genus Eudorylas Aczél, 1940 .................................................................... 38 e) Key to Afrotropical Eudorylini ........................................................................................... 90 Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 98 Összefoglalás ...................................................................................................................................... 100 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ 102 Literature cited ................................................................................................................................... 103 Appendix (Figs 15–55.) 2 INTRODUCTION Objective of the Ph.D. thesis The target group of our work is the family Pipunculidae (big-headed flies), which is the closest relative of Syrphidae (hover flies), and they are endoparasites of Auchenorrhyncha during their larval stage. The aim of our studies was to reveal species richness within this family in Hungary, in other parts of Europe and in the Afrotropical Region. Our work concentrated on four major topics: genus Tomosvaryella in Central and West Europe, Pipunculidae of Hungary, faunistic studies in different parts of Europe and revision of the Afrotropical Eudorylini. The genus Tomosvaryella needed a revision, since many species were doubtful and very few descriptions were detailed enough (most of them without drawings). The last specialist who dealt with Hungarian Pipunculidae was Márton Aczél in the 1940s and there were no new records or publications, and also a rearrangement and identifications based on recent results was lacking. To extend the faunistic work we planned to treat other European collections (Denmark, Canary Islands and Madeira) in order to reveal what species exist in the West Palaearctic Region. After the type species of Eudorylas had been cleared and the genera had been defined within Eudorylini (ICZN 2002, Skevington and Yeates 2001), it was necessary to revise all species of the tribe to gather more information on the diversity of this group. The present thesis is aiming the Afrotropical part of the world fauna. Taxonomic and faunistic objectives are defined in terms of thorough descriptions, identification keys, species new to science, synonyms proposed and species lists for the different faunas investigated. 3 General features of Pipunculidae Pipunculidae or big-headed flies are usually small or medium sized, inconspicuous flies (except for Nephrocerus spp.) and are characterised by the large compound eyes occupying most of the hemispherical head. They are closely related to the hover flies (Syrphidae), but they can easily be differentiated by the wing venation (Fig. 1.), the cell r4+5 being open and the vena spuria being absent. Fig. 1. Wing of Eudorylas zonellus (after Coe 1966) The males have holoptic eyes in most of the genera (Dorylomorpha is an exception), and females possess a well sclerotized ovipositor to lay eggs in the abdomen of the homopteran host. About 1300 species have been described world-wide so far, but the fauna is still considered to be poorly known and an estimate of well over 2000 is given by Skevington and Yeates (2001). During the larval stage pipunculids are endoparasitoids of leafhoppers (Auchenorrhyncha: Homoptera), mainly of the families Cicadellidae, Delphacidae and Cercopidae. Together with Dryinidae (Hymenoptera) and Strepsiptera they are considered as the most important parasites of Auchenorrhyncha (Freytag 1985, Waloff and Jervis 1987). The family is important as biological control agent of pest species of leafhoppers, and considerable research has been done on those species that are parasites of rice leafhoppers (Hardy 1971, Jervis 1980, Koizumi 1959, Waloff and Jervis 1987, Yano 1979, Yano et al. 1984). 4 Review of literature of big-headed flies History
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