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Pohoria Burda Na Dostupných Historických Mapách Je Aj Cieľom Tohto Príspevku

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Pohoria Burda Na Dostupných Historických Mapách Je Aj Cieľom Tohto Príspevku OCHRANA PRÍRODY NATURE CONSERVATION 27 / 2016 OCHRANA PRÍRODY NATURE CONSERVATION 27 / 2016 Štátna ochrana prírody Slovenskej republiky Banská Bystrica Redakčná rada: prof. Dr. Ing. Viliam Pichler doc. RNDr. Ingrid Turisová, PhD. Mgr. Michal Adamec RNDr. Ján Kadlečík Ing. Marta Mútňanová RNDr. Katarína Králiková Recenzenti čísla: RNDr. Michal Ambros, PhD. Mgr. Peter Puchala, PhD. Ing. Jerguš Tesák doc. RNDr. Ingrid Turisová, PhD. Zostavil: RNDr. Katarína Králiková Jayzková korektúra: Mgr. Olga Majerová Grafická úprava: Ing. Viktória Ihringová Vydala: Štátna ochrana prírody Slovenskej republiky Banská Bystrica v roku 2016 Vydávané v elektronickej verzii Adresa redakcie: ŠOP SR, Tajovského 28B, 974 01 Banská Bystrica tel.: 048/413 66 61, e-mail: [email protected] ISSN: 2453-8183 Uzávierka predkladania príspevkov do nasledujúceho čísla (28): 30.9.2016. 2 \ Ochrana prírody, 27/2016 OCHRANA PRÍRODY INŠTRUKCIE PRE AUTOROV Vedecký časopis je zameraný najmä na publikovanie pôvodných vedeckých a odborných prác, recenzií a krátkych správ z ochrany prírody a krajiny, resp. z ochranárskej biológie, prioritne na Slovensku. Príspevky sú publikované v slovenskom, príp. českom jazyku s anglickým súhrnom, príp. v anglickom jazyku so slovenským (českým) súhrnom. Členenie príspevku 1) názov príspevku 2) neskrátené meno autora, adresa autora (vrátane adresy elektronickej pošty) 3) názov príspevku, abstrakt a kľúčové slová v anglickom jazyku 4) úvod, metodika, výsledky, diskusia, záver, literatúra Ilustrácie (obrázky, tabuľky, náčrty, mapky, mapy, grafy, fotografie) • minimálne rozlíšenie 1200 x 800 pixelov, rozlíšenie 300 dpi (digitálna fotografia má väčšinou 72 dpi) • každá ilustrácia bude uložená v samostatnom súbore (jpg, tif, bmp…) • používajte kilometrovú mierku, nie číselnú • mapy vytvorené v ArcView je nutné vyexportovať do formátov tif, jpg,... v minimálnom rozlíšení 2000 x 1000 pixelov • k ilustráciám uveďte popis v slovenskom aj anglickom jazyku • tabuľky spracovať vo formáte xls (MS Excel), v prípade použitia textového editora MS Word, tvorte ich pomocou funkcie „Tabuľka“ alebo pomocou tabulátorov, nepožívajte v tabuľke pre zarovnávanie medzerník • políčka v tabuľke nenechávajte prázdne, ale ich vyplňte, napr. pomlčkou • spolu s grafmi posielajte aj ich dáta umiestnené na ďalšom liste vo formáte xls (MS Exel) Vedecké mená rodov, druhov, nižších taxonomických jednotiek a syntaxónov píšte kurzívou (aj v tabuľkách, aj v litera- túre) Pri vytváraní bibliografického odkazu • mená autorov od roku neoddeľujte čiarkou, napr. OBUCH 2003; podľa Obucha (OBUCH 2003) • mená autorov v citáciách a v zozname literatúry uvádzajte kapitálkami • pri citovaní prác s dvoma autormi sa medzi nimi píše znak „&“ • pri citovaní prác s viac ako dvoma autormi sa medzi predposledným a posledným autorom píše znak „&“ • v texte sa uvádza: podľa Adamca (ADAMEC 2003), alebo podľa Kaňucha a Krištína (KAŇUCH & KRIŠTÍN 2003) • v prípade citácie príspevku alebo publikácie dvoch autorov uveďte mená oboch (KAŇUCH & KRIŠTÍN 2003); pokiaľ sú traja a viacerí autori, uveďte len meno prvého + „et al.“ (napr. ELIÁŠ et al. 2003) • v zozname literatúry je potrebné v oboch prípadoch uviesť všetkých spoluautorov [Kaňuch, P. & Krištín, A. 2003: Ne- topiere (Chiroptera) južnej časti Krupinskej planiny. Ochrana prírody, 22: 97-100.; resp. Eliáš, P. Dítě, D. & Sádovský, M. 2003: Rastie Acorellus pannonicus (Jacq.) Palla na Slovensku? Ochrana prírody, 22: 23-25.] • uveďte všetky literárne pramene (bibliografické odkazy) použité v texte príspevku, resp. pri ilustráciách, vrátane in- ternetových zdrojov • v prípade elektronických zdrojov – pre online dokumenty je povinný dátum citovania a dostupnosť dokumentu: POVAŽAN, R., GETZNER, M. & KADLEČÍK, J. 2014: Hodnotenie ekosystémových služieb v chránených územiach Karpát so zameraním na Slovensko – metodický postup pre rýchle hodnotenie. Quaestiones rerum naturalium, I (II): 7-44. [cit. 2015-05-04]. Dostupné na internete: <http://www.fpv.umb.sk/katedry/katedra-biologie-a-ekologie/veda-a-vyskum/casopis-quaestiones-rerum-naturalium/ archiv.html>. Ochrana prírody, 27/2016 / 3 Ochrana prírody, Banská Bystrica, 27: 5–21, 2016 POHORIE BURDA NA STARŠÍCH MAPÁCH PETER PIŠÚT1, JURAJ PROCHÁZKA2, PETER BANDURA3 Burda Mts. on historical maps Abstract: The aim of this article is a revision of Burda Mts. (Kováčovské kopce) sketch on historical maps. Seven map series from the period beginning 1742 (map of the historical Hont county) and ending 1959 (topographic maps 1:50 000 in Gauss-Kruger projection) were used. Land cover development and the local map of toponyms was analysed in the context of regional historical data. It indicates that a key differential factor for land use of the Burda Mts was the terrain of the area (geo - relief characteristics). Therefore, the digital terrain model and aspect-slope maps were constructed and used. This resulted in detailed space-temporal analysis of the land use of the Burda Mts. Anthropic pressure on local woodlands is evidenced from the medieval ages onward. Forests were locally grazed, used as coppiced woodland and for charcoal burning. In 13th century, large part of woodlands served as King’s hunting district. Chaotic forest management with presumably the largest area of damaged and open woodlands was typical for the period of Ottoman wars (16th – 17th century). In relation to this, a system of gully landforms developed in the valleys with local forest tracks and transverse roads interconnecting the foothills settlements. Erosion of gullies was accelerated by extreme precipitation during the Little Ice Age. Deforestation, vineyard’s expansion, forest management arrangements and secondary succession of forest in the latest period was also documented. On the other hand, woodland management practices may have supported the survival of several heliophilous and thermophilic plant and animal species. Key words: Burda Mts, historical maps, toponymy, land cover ÚVOD Burda (starší názov Kováčovské kopce) sú pomerne dobre preskúmaným pohorím nielen z pohľadu výskytu vzácnych biocenóz, chránených a ohrozených teplomilných druhov, ale aj pokiaľ ide o geologickú stavbu, tektoniku, geomorfologický vývoj a fyzickogeografické pomery územia (ENCYKLOPÉDIA SLOVENSKA 1977; VAŠKOVSKÝ ET AL. 1982; PRIADKA 1999). Prírodné pomery tohto územia však od neolitu ovplyvnil a naďalej ovplyvňuje aj človek, zvlášť výrazne v posledných storočiach, a to Obr. 1. Pohľad na cisárskym vojskom v roku 1595 dobytý Ostrihom (Strigonium. Gran) a ľavobrežnú tureckú predsunutú pa- lánku na mieste bývalej dediny Kakat (N. Goggarn, oder Kakaita). V pozadí vľavo za korunami stromov juhozápadné a južné svahy Burdy nad ohybom Dunaja. Rytina G. Hufnagela. Fig. 1. View of Ostrihom (Strigonium, Gran) conquered by Imperial Army in 1595 and left-side military fort (redoubt) in the place of former village Kakat (N. Goggarn, oder Kakaita). In the background of the picture, behind the tree canopy there are south and southwest hillslopes of Burda Mts. above Danube bend. Engraving of G. Hufnagel 1.2.3 Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, Prírodovedecká fakulta, Katedra fyzickej geografie a geoekológie, Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava 4, e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Ochrana prírody, 27/2016 / 5 nielen priamymi zásahmi do pôvodných lesných fytocenóz, ale aj tvorbou nových antropogénnych foriem a biotopov (= kame- ňolomy po ťažbe najmä brekcií a konglomerátov) či urýchľovaním geomorfologických procesov (napr. výmoľovej erózie). Jedinečným a cenným zdrojom informácií o vývoji krajiny a jej antropicky podmienených zmenách v posledných storo- čiach sú staré mapy. Zhodnotenie vývoja mapového zobrazenia a zákresov územia pohoria Burda na dostupných historických mapách je aj cieľom tohto príspevku. Študované – prevažne vojenské mapy – sme analyzovali pomocou moderných geogra- fických metód (v prostredí GIS) a získané výsledky konfrontovali aj s niektorými poznatkami z terénu a z literatúry. Naším cieľom je pokúsiť sa sprostredkovať odbornej, ale i laickej verejnosti niektoré menej známe, prípadne doposiaľ neznáme po- znatky o stave a vývoji georeliéfu, využívaní krajiny a lesov pohoria Burda. Tieto by mohli prispieť k lepšiemu porozumeniu historického vývoja miestnych biotopov a ekosystémov, ktoré je potrebné aj z hľadiska manažmentu tu sa nachádzajúcich chrá- nených území. Na druhej strane, podrobná analýza máp spätne umožňuje aj objektívnejšie zhodnotenie jednotlivých mapo- vých diel z hľadiska ich obsahovej správnosti, polohopisnej presnosti, možných chýb a skreslení, ba aj okolností ich vzniku. Súčasťou predkladaného príspevku je aj digitálny model reliéfu a z neho odvodené geomorfometrické charakteristiky vo forme sklonu svahov georeliéfu a orientácie svahov georeliéfu voči svetovým stranám. METODIKA Kľúčový informačný zdroj využívaný v tejto práci, mapové listy rôznych historických mapových diel, sa vyznačuje ne- jednotnosťou z hľadiska metodických postupov uplatňovaných pri ich vzniku, ktoré zohľadňujú dobové technické možnosti, mierku a v neposlednej miere účel mapy. Z tohto dôvodu v prípade práce s mapami, ktorá je založená na časo-priestorových zmenách prírodnej a kultúrnej krajiny, je nevyhnutným prvým krokom transformácia máp do v súčasnosti využívaného súrad- nicového systému jednotnej trigonometrickej siete katastrálnej (S-JTSK). Samotnej transformácii predchádzalo získanie kópií podkladových máp v mierke 1:1 (xerox mapových listov 1:1 a ich naskenovanie v rozlíšení 300 DPI) alebo využitie skenov zo zakúpených
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