DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolutionary History of Philaenus Spumarius (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae) and the Adaptive Significance and Genetic Basis of Its Dorsal Colour Polymorphism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolutionary History of Philaenus Spumarius (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae) and the Adaptive Significance and Genetic Basis of Its Dorsal Colour Polymorphism UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS Evolutionary history of Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae) and the adaptive significance and genetic basis of its dorsal colour polymorphism Doutoramento em Biologia Especialidade em Biologia Evolutiva Ana Sofia Bartolomeu Rodrigues Tese orientada por: Professor Doutor Octávio Paulo Doutor Chris Jiggins Documento especialmente elaborado para a obtenção do grau de doutor 2016 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS Evolutionary history of Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae) and the adaptive significance and genetic basis of its dorsal colour polymorphism Doutoramento em Biologia Especialidade em Biologia Evolutiva Ana Sofia Bartolomeu Rodrigues Júri: Presidente: ● Doutora Maria da Luz da Costa Pereira Mathias, Professora Catedrática da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Presidente do júri por subdelegação de competências Vogais: ● Doutor Thomas Schmitt, University Professor (W3) da Faculty of Natural Sciences I da Martin Luther Universität Halle Wittenberg (Alemanha) ● Doutor Diogo Francisco Caeiro Figueiredo, Professor Catedrático da Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Évora ● Doutora Maria Alice da Silva Pinto, Professora Adjunta da Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Bragança ● Doutor José Alberto de Oliveira Quartau, Professor Catedrático Aposentado da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa ● Doutor Octávio Fernando de Sousa Salgueiro Godinho Paulo, Professor Auxiliar da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa ● Doutora Sofia Gonçalves Seabra, Professora Auxiliar Convidada da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Documento especialmente elaborado para a obtenção do grau de doutor 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS AGRADECIMENTOS \ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii ABSTRACT v RESUMO vii CHAPTER 1 – General Introduction 1 1.1 – A view of the adaptation process 3 1.2 – Colour polymorphisms and the study of adaptation 5 1.3 – Genetic basis of colour variation 6 1.4 – Colour genes for pigmentation variation 8 1.5 – From genetics to genomics 10 1.6 – Meadow spittlebugs as models to study colour polymorphisms 12 1.6.1 – The meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius 12 1.6.2 – Dorsal colour variation 13 1.6.3 – Evolutionary history of the species 17 1.6.4 – Philaenus species 18 1.7 – Objectives and thesis structure 19 1.8 – References 21 CHAPTER 2 – New mitochondrial and nuclear evidences support recent demographic expansion and an atypical phylogeographic pattern in the spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae) 37 CHAPTER 2 – Supporting information 51 CHAPTER 3 – Differential survival and reproduction in colour forms of Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae) give new insights to the study of its balanced polymorphism 69 CHAPTER 4 – Assessing genotype-phenotype associations in three dorsal colour morphs in the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) using genomic and transcriptomic resources 79 CHAPTER 4 – Supporting information 113 CHAPTER 5 – Genetic variation of the yellow gene in spittlebugs of genus Philaenus (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae) 141 CHAPTER 5 – Supporting information 163 i CHAPTER 6 – General Discussion 167 6.1 – General Discussion 169 6.2 – Final Remarks 176 6.3 – Future Directions 177 6.4 – References 178 NOTE: The varying format of some chapters in this thesis reflects the specific requirements of the scientific publications to which the presented manuscripts were submitted. ii AGRADECIMENTOS / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Gostaria de agradecer a todos aqueles que contribuiram para a realização deste trabalho e sem o apoio dos quais esta tese não teria sido possível. Ao Professor Doutor Octávio S. Paulo e à Doutora Sofia Seabra por me terem sugerido este projeto de doutoramento e pelo apoio no planeamento e realização do mesmo. Por terem partilhado os seus conhecimentos e me atrairem para o mundo da Biologia Evolutiva. Pelo seu entusiasmo e encorajamento face aos muitos desafios colocados ao longo deste trabalho. Agradeço ainda pela confiança depositada nas minhas capacidades e pela oportunidade de aprender um pouco mais sobre este inseto fascinante. To Dr Chris Jiggins for kindly accepting to be my co-adviser and for giving me access to his laboratory at Zoology Department of Cambridge University. For contributing with his expertise to this project. Thank you so much for your patience to attend all my requests and to comment the drafts of my thesis and manuscripts. To the Financial support provided from National Funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal under projects PTDC/BIA-BEC/098783/2008 and UID/BIA/00329/2013, and grant SFRH/BD/73879/2010. A todos aqueles que colaboraram e me ajudaram na recolha de amostras no campo: Sara E. Silva, Eduardo Marabuto, José A. Quartau, Paulo A.V. Borges, Rui Nunes, Luís Ferreira, Carla Pereira, Paulo Fonseca, Vera Nunes, Filipe Ribeiro, Paula Simões, Andreia Penado, Selçuk Yurtserver, Olli Halkka, Liisa Halkka, K. Halkka, Mike Wilson, Vinton Thompson, Andy Beckenbach, Martin Corley, Vera d' Urso, Federico Lessio, Jerome Constant e MajaDerlink. To everyone that helped me in the laboratory work at Faculdade de Ciências and at Zoology Department of Cambridge University, specially to Sofia Seabra, Sara E. Silva, Carla Ribeiro and Dr. Simon Baxter. À Sara, uma amiga que acompanhou de perto todos os altos e baixos desta minha caminhada e com quem tenho partilhado esta aventura ciêntifica desde o 1º ano da faculdade. Obrigada pelos bons momentos passados no campo e por aturares os meus “stresses”. Obrigada por me ajudares no laboratório e pela disponibilidade que demonstraste quando te pedi para reveres os manuscritos da tese e artigos. Sobretudo, obrigada pela tua amizade. iii À Carla Ribeiro, uma amiga com quem partilhei esta aventura. Obrigada pela tua ajuda no laboratório e não só. Agradeço pela tua boa disposição e alegria que me contagiaram nos momentos menos bons. Não me esqueço das boleias que me deste sempre que os senhores revisores e maquinistas dos transportes públicos resolviam tirar uns dias para “descansar”. Obrigada por teres sido uma companheira nesta viagem, pelas palavras de conforto e incentivo. Ao Francisco Pina Martins, agradeço pela disponibilidade e paciência demonstrada aquando dos meus “stresses” bioinformáticos. Obrigada por me ajudares a entrar neste mundo agora não tão assustador. Hoje posso dizer que sei escrever um script, ler código e resolver problemas básicos de programação. Contudo, não sou uma “expert” e sei que ainda te vou chatear muito, afinal és o único capaz de pôr o PC a funcionar apenas por estares presente. À Catarina Dourado, por todo o carinho e amizade. Pelos bons momentos que passámos juntas e pelas palavras de conforto. Obrigada pelos momentos de descontração e procrastinação. Agradeço-te a ti e à Claúdia pelo tempo passado na vossa companhia e que me permitiu esquecer um pouco os “stresses” do trabalho. Pelas nossas aventuras e passeios pela Europa que espero continuar a partilhar com vocês. Ao Eduardo, pela imprescindível ajuda no trabalho de campo. Pela sua boa disposição e palavras de incentivo. Mas principalmente por ser um bom amigo. À Telma, pelas suas palhaçadas que me fizeram rir nos bons e maus momentos. Pelo incentivo e apoio. Pelas nossas conversas sobre tudo e sobre nada. Aos meus restantes amigos e colegas do CoBig, agradeço pela amizade e pelos momentos de boa disposição, pela entreajuda e partilha de conhecimentos e sobretudo pelo encorajamento nos momentos mais difíceis da tese. A toda a minha família, em especial à minha mãe e à minha irmã, pelo apoio e incentivo que sempre me deram ao longo destes anos e por estarem comigo nos momentos mais difícies da realização desta tese. Mãe obrigada pela tua força e coragem e por todos os sacrifícios que fizeste por mim e que me permitiram chegar até aqui. A todos aqueles que me esqueci de mencionar mas sem os quais esta tese não seria possível. iv ABSTRACT Understanding the genetic basis of adaptive traits and how natural populations adapt to their environment, are fundamental problems in evolutionary biology. Colour polymorphisms are good systems in which these issues can be addressed. This work exploits the adaptive significance of the dorsal colour polymorphism in Philaenus spumarius and describes the efforts to identify genomic region(s) linked to the dorsal colour variation in this species. It also involves the investigation of the evolutionary pattern of P. spumarius. The phylogeographic results showed that main demographic and evolutionary events for the European populations seem to have occurred during Pleistocene, probably as a consequence of the main climatic oscillations that characterised this period. Evidence of recent gene-flow among Mediterranean peninsulas, as well as a close relationship between Iberia and North Africa, a probable British origin for the populations of the Azores and New Zealand, and indication that both western and north-eastern Europe colonised North America, were also found. Captivity experiments, testing the adaptive function of P. spumarius' dorsal colour polymorphism, indicated a higher longevity, a higher number of oviposition events, and a higher number of eggs laid for trilineatus than for marginellus and typicus. A total of 1,837 genomic markers (SNPs) and 928 loci were obtained through RAD sequencing for 33 individuals of three colour phenotypes (trilineatus, marginellus and typicus), and a genome wide association study performed to identify regions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA Animal Personality
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA Animal personality shapes the outcome of species interactions and thereby the structure of ecosystems A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology by James Leo Loving Lichtenstein Committee in charge: Professor Erika Eliason, Chair Professor Hillary Young Professor Adrian Stier September 2020 The dissertation of James Leo Loving Lichtenstein is approved. _____________________________________________ Adrian Stier _____________________________________________ Hillary Young _____________________________________________ Erika Eliason, Chair August 2020 Acknowledgements: Funding for this research was provided by the University of California Santa Barbara, the Pape and McKinley Foundations of the University of Pittsburgh, the National Science Foundation grant awards to J.N.P. (1352705 and 1455895), and a National Institutes of Health grant awarded to J.N.P (R01GM115509). I thank the Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology of the University of Pittsburgh for patiently hosting these outlandish projects over the years. I particularly want to thank Dr. Cori Zawacki, Chris Davis, Jessica Barabas, Nick Mihailoff, Glenn Robinson, and Linda Fries for their help in getting these projects off the ground. I thank Jonathan Pruitt for his erstwhile help and support in many aspects of this work. Finally, I thank Erika Eliason, Hillary Young, and Adrian Stier for being on my committee. Copyright notice: Chapter 2, “The multidimensional behavioral hypervolumes of two interacting species predict their space use and survival” and Chapter 3, “Habitat structure changes the relationships between predator behavior, prey behavior, and prey survival rates” are reproductions of the following two articles respectively: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.08.010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04344-w.
    [Show full text]
  • Insects & Spiders of Kanha Tiger Reserve
    Some Insects & Spiders of Kanha Tiger Reserve Some by Aniruddha Dhamorikar Insects & Spiders of Kanha Tiger Reserve Aniruddha Dhamorikar 1 2 Study of some Insect orders (Insecta) and Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Kanha Tiger Reserve by The Corbett Foundation Project investigator Aniruddha Dhamorikar Expert advisors Kedar Gore Dr Amol Patwardhan Dr Ashish Tiple Declaration This report is submitted in the fulfillment of the project initiated by The Corbett Foundation under the permission received from the PCCF (Wildlife), Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, communication code क्रम 車क/ तकनीकी-I / 386 dated January 20, 2014. Kanha Office Admin office Village Baherakhar, P.O. Nikkum 81-88, Atlanta, 8th Floor, 209, Dist Balaghat, Nariman Point, Mumbai, Madhya Pradesh 481116 Maharashtra 400021 Tel.: +91 7636290300 Tel.: +91 22 614666400 [email protected] www.corbettfoundation.org 3 Some Insects and Spiders of Kanha Tiger Reserve by Aniruddha Dhamorikar © The Corbett Foundation. 2015. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used, reproduced, or transmitted in any form (electronic and in print) for commercial purposes. This book is meant for educational purposes only, and can be reproduced or transmitted electronically or in print with due credit to the author and the publisher. All images are © Aniruddha Dhamorikar unless otherwise mentioned. Image credits (used under Creative Commons): Amol Patwardhan: Mottled emigrant (plate 1.l) Dinesh Valke: Whirligig beetle (plate 10.h) Jeffrey W. Lotz: Kerria lacca (plate 14.o) Piotr Naskrecki, Bud bug (plate 17.e) Beatriz Moisset: Sweat bee (plate 26.h) Lindsay Condon: Mole cricket (plate 28.l) Ashish Tiple: Common hooktail (plate 29.d) Ashish Tiple: Common clubtail (plate 29.e) Aleksandr: Lacewing larva (plate 34.c) Jeff Holman: Flea (plate 35.j) Kosta Mumcuoglu: Louse (plate 35.m) Erturac: Flea (plate 35.n) Cover: Amyciaea forticeps preying on Oecophylla smargdina, with a kleptoparasitic Phorid fly sharing in the meal.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrophysiological and Behavioural Response of Philaenus Spumarius To
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Electrophysiological and behavioural response of Philaenus spumarius to essential oils and aromatic plants Sonia Ganassi1,5, Pasquale Cascone2,5, Carmela Di Domenico1, Marco Pistillo3, Giorgio Formisano2, Massimo Giorgini2, Pasqualina Grazioso4, Giacinto S. Germinara3, Antonio De Cristofaro 1* & Emilio Guerrieri 2 The meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius, is a highly polyphagous widespread species, playing a major role in the transmission of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa subspecies pauca, the agent of the “Olive Quick Decline Syndrome”. Essential oils (EOs) are an important source of bio-active volatile compounds that could interfere with basic metabolic, biochemical, physiological, and behavioural functions of insects. Here, we report the electrophysiological and behavioural responses of adult P. spumarius towards some EOs and related plants. Electroantennographic tests demonstrated that the peripheral olfactory system of P. spumarius females and males perceives volatile organic compounds present in the EOs of Pelargonium graveolens, Cymbopogon nardus and Lavandula ofcinalis in a dose- dependent manner. In behavioral bioassays, evaluating the adult responses towards EOs and related plants, both at close (Y-tube) and long range (wind tunnel), males and females responded diferently to the same odorant. Using EOs, a clear attraction was noted only for males towards lavender EO. Conversely, plants elicited responses that varied upon the plant species, testing device and adult sex. Both lavender and geranium repelled females at any distance range. On the contrary, males were attracted by geranium and repelled by citronella. Finally, at close distance, lavender and citronella were repellent for females and males, respectively. Our results contribute to the development of innovative tools and approaches, alternative to the use of synthetic pesticides, for the sustainable control of P.
    [Show full text]
  • 76 ©Kreis Nürnberger Entomologen; Download Unter
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Galathea, Berichte des Kreises Nürnberger Entomologen e.V. Jahr/Year: 1997 Band/Volume: 13 Autor(en)/Author(s): Dunk Klaus von der Artikel/Article: Ecological studies on Pipunculidae (Diptera) 61-76 ©Kreis Nürnberger Entomologen; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at galathea 13/2 Berichte des Kreises Nürnberger Entomologen1997 • S. 61 -76 Ecological studies on Pipunculidae (Diptera) K laus von der D unk Zusammenfassung: Es wird über Freilandbeobachtungen an Augenfliegen berich­ tet. Räumlich begrenzte Vorkommen erwiesen sich als erstaunlich artenreich. Sie werden im einzelnen vorgestellt, sowie eine bemerkenswerte Begleitfauna genannt. Betrachtungen von Verhaltensweisen runden das Bild ab, zeigen aber gleichzeitig die Notwendigkeit für weitere Studien. Abstract: Studies on Pipunculid flies in their natural environment are presented. Certain places are described, which proved to be astonishingly rieh in species. Some remarkable associating insect species are listed. As far as investigated comments on the behaviour of the adult flies are added. Key words: Diptera, Pipunculidae, behaviour, ecology Introduction Pipunculid flies are rather small mostly black insects, developing as parasitoids inside leafhoppers, with the ability of hovering (relationship to Syrphidae) and with enormous compound eyes, useful for males in search for females, and for females in search for a potential victim, a cicad larva. Most specimen of Pipunculidae studied so far were collected by Malaise traps. This material allows to describe the existing species, to secure their systematical stand, and to mark their distribution. Many questions in this chapter are still open. On the other hand the development as parasitoids in leafhoppers show fascinating aspects of adaptations to this life and even has an ecological/economical content regarding pest control.
    [Show full text]
  • Environment Vs Mode Horizontal Mixed Vertical Aquatic 34 28 6 Terrestrial 36 122 215
    environment vs mode horizontal mixed vertical aquatic 34 28 6 terrestrial 36 122 215 route vs mode mixed vertical external 54 40 internal 96 181 function vs mode horizontal mixed vertical nutrition 60 53 128 defense 1 33 15 multicomponent 0 9 8 unknown 9 32 70 manipulation 0 23 0 host classes vs symbiosis factors horizontal mixed vertical na external internal aquatic terrestrial nutrition defense multiple factor unknown manipulation Arachnida 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 Bivalvia 19 13 2 19 0 15 34 0 34 0 0 0 0 Bryopsida 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 Bryozoa 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Cephalopoda 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Chordata 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Chromadorea 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 Demospongiae 1 2 0 1 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 Filicopsida 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 Gastropoda 5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 Hepaticopsida 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 Homoscleromorpha 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Insecta 8 112 208 8 82 238 3 325 151 43 9 105 20 Liliopsida 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 Magnoliopsida 17 4 0 17 0 4 0 21 17 4 0 0 0 Malacostraca 2 2 0 2 0 2 3 1 2 0 0 0 2 Maxillopoda 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Nematoda 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 Oligochaeta 0 8 0 0 8 0 6 2 7 0 0 1 0 Polychaeta 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 Secernentea 0 0 7 0 0 7 0 7 0 0 7 0 0 Sphagnopsida 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Turbellaria 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 host families vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Rekayasa Agroekosistem Dan Konservasi Musuh Alami Revisi Pak
    Rekayasa Agroekosistem dan Konservasi Musuh Alami NANANG TRI HARYADI HARI PURNOMO UPT Percetakan dan Penerbitan Universitas Jember 2019 Nanang Tri Haryadi dan Hari Purnomo. ii Rekayasa Agroekosistem dan Konservasi Musuh Alami Penulis: NANANG TRI HARYADI HARI PURNOMO Desain Sampul dan Tata Letak M. Arifin M. Hosim ISBN: 978-623-7226-56-7 Copyright © 2019 Penerbit: UPT Percetakan & Penerbitan Universitas Jember Redaksi: Jl. Kalimantan 37 Jember 68121 Telp. 0331-330224, Voip. 00319 e-mail: [email protected] Distributor Tunggal: UNEJ Press Jl. Kalimantan 37 Jember 68121 Telp. 0331-330224, Voip. 0319 e-mail: [email protected] Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang. Dilarang memperbanyak tanpa ijin tertulis dari penerbit, sebagian atau seluruhnya dalam bentuk apapun, baik cetak, photoprint, maupun microfilm. NANANG TRI HARYADI HARI PURNOMO iii Rekayasa Agroekosistem dan Konservasi Musuh Alami KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillah marilah kita panjatkan puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT, Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah meridhai segala aktivitas kita, teristimewa pada selesainya pembuatan buku ajar dengan judul “Rekayasa Agroekosistem dan Konservasi Musuh Alami”. Buku ini sangat penting dalam bidang pertanian khususnya dalam proses peningkatan produksi pertanian. Masalah-masalah yang sering muncul dan dihadapi dalam budidaya pertanian yaitu semakin banyaknya model pertanian yang monokultur dalam skala yang luas. Model pertanian seperti ini kecenderungan mempunyai keanekaragaman hayati yang rendah sehingga cenderung rentan terhadap serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT). Populasi OPT pada umumnya lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan populasi musuh alaminya. Solusi untuk mengatasi kondisi agroekosistem dengan keanekaragaman hayati yang rendah yaitu dengan merekayasa agroekosistem semirip mungkin dengan ekosistem alami. Buku ini menjadi salah satu referensi bagi mahasiswa dan masyarakat umum untuk merekayasa sebuah agroekosistem dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan peran musuh alami sehingga proses keseimbangan ekosistem dapat terwujud.
    [Show full text]
  • From Museum Specimen Database to Ecological Statement
    From Museum Specimen Database to Ecological Statement Christine A. Johnson1, Richard K. Rabeler2, Charles Bartlett3 © Tom Murray @Rob Naczi © Tom Murray 2 1 3 SPNHC – Cardiff - 2014 Tri-trophic Digitization Thematic Collections Network PI: Randall“Toby” Schuh (AMNH) 32 institutions: 18 insect collections, 14 herbaria NYBG is lead on botanical digitization, AMNH on entomological MAINE OSAC MIN UMEC CUIC MICH NY WIS EMC AMNH ISC CMNH CDFA INHS UDCC EMEC ILL CSUC MU CAS ILLS SEMC COLO MO UKIC KANU NCSU UCRC MEM Herbaria TEX Insect Collections TAMU BPBM Goals Plants Image and database 1.26M specimens from 20 families of vascular plants Unify these with 3.5M specimens from 3 data providers Mobilize total of 6.06M specimens Bugs Database 1.16M specimens from 92 families of Hemiptera Unify these with .38M specimens from 3 data providers Image selected specimens Parasitoids Database 45K specimens from 5 families of Hymenoptera Integrate trophic levels (7.65M records) in Discover Life Progress on Goals Start of Year 4 Botany: (currently at NY) 1,003 M images (79% of expected) data capture and georeferencing varies from skeletal to complete Insects + Parasitoids: 825K records completed (73.3% of expected) Happening Just Last Week Utilization of Collection Data Workshop UC-Riverside, June 17-18, 2014 data-mining and species distribution modeling use Tri-trophic Database as platform targeted to systematists and ecologists From Museum Specimen Database to Ecological Statement: Data Quality Inspection From Museum Specimen Database
    [Show full text]
  • Bees and Wasps of the East Sussex South Downs
    A SURVEY OF THE BEES AND WASPS OF FIFTEEN CHALK GRASSLAND AND CHALK HEATH SITES WITHIN THE EAST SUSSEX SOUTH DOWNS Steven Falk, 2011 A SURVEY OF THE BEES AND WASPS OF FIFTEEN CHALK GRASSLAND AND CHALK HEATH SITES WITHIN THE EAST SUSSEX SOUTH DOWNS Steven Falk, 2011 Abstract For six years between 2003 and 2008, over 100 site visits were made to fifteen chalk grassland and chalk heath sites within the South Downs of Vice-county 14 (East Sussex). This produced a list of 227 bee and wasp species and revealed the comparative frequency of different species, the comparative richness of different sites and provided a basic insight into how many of the species interact with the South Downs at a site and landscape level. The study revealed that, in addition to the character of the semi-natural grasslands present, the bee and wasp fauna is also influenced by the more intensively-managed agricultural landscapes of the Downs, with many species taking advantage of blossoming hedge shrubs, flowery fallow fields, flowery arable field margins, flowering crops such as Rape, plus plants such as buttercups, thistles and dandelions within relatively improved pasture. Some very rare species were encountered, notably the bee Halictus eurygnathus Blüthgen which had not been seen in Britain since 1946. This was eventually recorded at seven sites and was associated with an abundance of Greater Knapweed. The very rare bees Anthophora retusa (Linnaeus) and Andrena niveata Friese were also observed foraging on several dates during their flight periods, providing a better insight into their ecology and conservation requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Analysis of the Mitochondrial Genomes Of
    Comparative Analysis of the Mitochondrial Genomes of Callitettixini Spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) Confirms the Overall High Evolutionary Speed of the AT- Rich Region but Reveals the Presence of Short Conservative Elements at the Tribal Level Jie Liu1,2, Cuiping Bu1,3, Benjamin Wipfler1, Aiping Liang1* 1 Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, P. R. China, 2 Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, P. R. China, 3 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China Abstract The present study compares the mitochondrial genomes of five species of the spittlebug tribe Callitettixini (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Cercopidae) from eastern Asia. All genomes of the five species sequenced are circular double-stranded DNA molecules and range from 15,222 to 15,637 bp in length. They contain 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein coding genes (PCGs) and 2 rRNA genes and share the putative ancestral gene arrangement of insects. The PCGs show an extreme bias of nucleotide and amino acid composition. Significant differences of the substitution rates among the different genes as well as the different codon position of each PCG are revealed by the comparative evolutionary analyses. The substitution speeds of the first and second codon position of different PCGs are negatively correlated with their GC content. Among the five species, the AT-rich region features great differences in length and pattern and generally shows a 2–5 times higher substitution rate than the fastest PCG in the mitochondrial genome, atp8.
    [Show full text]
  • (Pipunculidae: Diptera) of Šúr Natural Reserve, Their Habitat Preference and Phenology
    Entomofauna carpathica, 2016, 28(1): 23-36 BIG-HEADED FLIES (PIPUNCULIDAE: DIPTERA) OF ŠÚR NATURAL RESERVE, THEIR HABITAT PREFERENCE AND PHENOLOGY Milan KOZÁNEK Scientica, s.r.o., Hybešova 33, 831 06 Bratislava, Slovakia, e-mail: [email protected] KOZÁNEK, M. 2016. Big-headed flies (Pipunculidae: Diptera) of Šúr natural reserve, their habitat preference and phenology, Entomofauna carpathica, 28(1): 23-36. Abstract: Extensive faunistic research of Šúr natural reserve performed in 2008-2009 resulted in extending the list of Pipunculidae recorded so far from this area to 52 species. Claraeola melanostola (Becker, 1897), Eudorylas angustimembranus Kozánek & Kwon, 1991 and Eudorylas pannonicus (Becker, 1897) were documented for the first time from Slovakia. Level of dominance, habitat preference and phenology were analyzed and discussed. Key words: Faunistics, pipunculids, Slovakia INTRODUCTION Šúr natural reserve (Šúr NR) is large, well-preserved remain of boggy alder forest. It is assumed, that it is the last biotope of this type of alder forest in central Europe. In 1990, Šúr NR was included in the list of international key wetlands according to the RAMSAR convenience and is considered an area of European importance registered in NATURA 2000 (SKUEV0279 Šúr). Šúr NR is situated in close vicinity of Bratislava. Its current area is 654.959 ha, with an altitude of 128- 132 msl. Despite negative anthropogenic factors influencing Šúr NR in last decades, resulting in the reduction of its natural values, it is still a place with unique flora and fauna (FŰRY 2010). Šúr NR has been in the center of interest of botanists and zoologists since the middle of the 19th century, when KORNHUBER (1858) published the first comprehensive list on its flora.
    [Show full text]
  • 46601932.Pdf
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OAR@UM BULLETIN OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MALTA (2012) Vol. 5 : 57-72 A preliminary account of the Auchenorrhyncha of the Maltese Islands (Hemiptera) Vera D’URSO1 & David MIFSUD2 ABSTRACT. A total of 46 species of Auchenorrhyncha are reported from the Maltese Islands. They belong to the following families: Cixiidae (3 species), Delphacidae (7 species), Meenoplidae (1 species), Dictyopharidae (1 species), Tettigometridae (2 species), Issidae (2 species), Cicadidae (1 species), Aphrophoridae (2 species) and Cicadellidae (27 species). Since the Auchenorrhyncha fauna of Malta was never studied as such, 40 species reported in this work represent new records for this country and of these, Tamaricella complicata, an eastern Mediterranean species, is confirmed for the European territory. One species, Balclutha brevis is an established alien associated with the invasive Fontain Grass, Pennisetum setaceum. From a biogeographical perspective, the most interesting species are represented by Falcidius ebejeri which is endemic to Malta and Tachycixius remanei, a sub-endemic species so far known only from Italy and Malta. Three species recorded from Malta in the Fauna Europaea database were not found during the present study. KEY WORDS. Malta, Mediterranean, Planthoppers, Leafhoppers, new records. INTRODUCTION The Auchenorrhyncha is represented by a large group of plant sap feeding insects commonly referred to as leafhoppers, planthoppers, cicadas, etc. They occur in all terrestrial ecosystems where plants are present. Some species can transmit plant pathogens (viruses, bacteria and phytoplasmas) and this is often a problem if the host-plant happens to be a cultivated plant.
    [Show full text]
  • Revealed by Genomic and Morphological Data
    Population structure, adaptation and divergence of the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae), revealed by genomic and morphological data Sofia G. Seabra1, Ana S.B. Rodrigues1, Sara E. Silva1, Ana Carina Neto2, Francisco Pina-Martins1, Eduardo Marabuto1, Vinton Thompson3, Michael R. Wilson4, Selcuk¸ Yurtsever5, Antti Halkka6, Maria Teresa Rebelo2, Paulo A.V. Borges7, José A. Quartau1, Chris D. Jiggins8 and Octávio S. Paulo1 1 E3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Facul- dade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal 2 CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal 3 American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA 4 National Museum of Wales, Department of Natural Sciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom 5 Trakya University, Biology Department, Science Faculty, Edirne, Turkey 6 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 7 cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Universidade dos Acores,¸ Angra do Heroísmo, Acores,¸ Portugal 8 Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom ABSTRACT Understanding patterns of population differentiation and gene flow in insect vectors of plant diseases is crucial for the implementation of management programs of disease. We investigated morphological and genome-wide variation across the distribution range of the spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera, Submitted 30 November 2020 Accepted 17 April 2021 Auchenorrhyncha, Aphrophoridae), presently the most important vector of the Published 1 June 2021 plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al., 1987 in Europe.
    [Show full text]