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Regional Population Dynamics of Argyrotaenia Citrana in Northwest

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THIS OF Alan Lee Knight for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology presented on April 3, 1986. Title: Regional Population Dynamics of-Argyrotaenia citrana in Northwest Caneberry: Phenology, Overwintering Survivorship, and Movement as Measured by Pheromone Traps and Larval Sampling. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Developmental requirements were determined for both larva and pupa as 503 and 176 degree-days (dd) above a lower threshold of 5°C. Adult emergence occurred from 300 to 700 dd accumulated from January 1st. Cumulative male emergence preceded female's by 50- 80 dd. A PETE phenology model modified to include a temperature-dependent female activity function to regulate oviposition significantly improved prediction of egg hatch. Two pheromone trap catch peaks occurred in fields with overwintering populations. The first coincided with peak male emergence; as female emergence peaked, pheromone trap catches declined. The second peak occurred after 750 dd and varied in size with the first peak. The influence of female moth/pheromone trap competition on temporal patterns of trap catch was studied in a semi-enclosed courtyard. Three distinct periods of pheromone trap catch interpretation each bounded by a specific ratio of active males-to-calling females were seen. Two trap catch peaks typically occurred. Field sampling of overwintering populations, laboratory temperature bioassays, and controlled field experiments demonstrated that age-specific differences in cold hardiness exist among larval stages and correlation of historical winter temperatures with pheramone trap catch suggests winter severity is a major factor influencing the timing of spring emergence. A large grid of pheromone traps canbined with larval sampling were used to assess regional overwintering survivorship and seasonal movement patterns. Populations overwintered primarily in marionberry fields within compact massess of dead leaves tied with canes on wire trellises. Capture of males was affected by temperature, wind direction, mating status of the population, and vegetational structure surrounding each trap. Summer larval samples indicate females dispersed into caneberry sites adjacent to mariohberrry fields. Regional Population Dynamics of Argyrotaeniacitrana in Northwest Caneberry: Phenology, Overwintering Survivorship,and Movement as Measured by PheromoneTraps and Larval Sampling. by Alan Lee Knight A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillmentof the requirements for thedegree of Doctor of Philosophy inEntomology Completed April 3, 1986 Commencement June 1986. APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy professor ofEntamLogyin charge of major Redacted for Privacy Head of Department of Entamol Redacted for Privacy Dean of aduateSchgl Date Thesis is presented April 3, 1986 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge Susan Holdeman for her love,patience, support, and help in all aspects of this study. Thanks to Len Coop for introducing me to this wonderful little insect. Thanks to Gail Gredler for her aid in locating fields, answering questions, and making it fun to study caneberries. Thanks to Peter Follett for his help in checking traps, larval sampling, and his good spirit. Thanks to Lindsey Flexner for his help ingetting me interested in pheromones and for sharing our office - the hub of ideas and sociality. Thanks to Hugo van de Bean for sharing countlesscoffee breaks at the Bean and for being the 'role model'. Thanks to Kevin Curran for his help in teaching me to abuse a computer.Thanks to Glenn Burket for his dry humor and true welding that kept the data flowing. Thanks to Rufus LaLone, Gary Garth, and Ron Collins for their help in locating fields and teaching me about orange tortrix and pheromone trapping. Thanks to the Washington Red Raspberry, Oregon Caneberry, and Oregon Blueberry Commissions for their generous financial supportfor this project. And finally, thanks to Brian Croft for his support and good ideas. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 Taxonomy 4 Description of life stages and biology 4 Seasonal biology 6 Pest status and control 8 Caneberry and blueberry production 10 Use and development of predictive phenology models 11 Use of pheromone traps 14 Overwintering survivorship of insect populations 18 A regional perspective in insect 21 pest management SECTION I. FACTORS INFLUENCING SPRING DEVELOPMENT 24 AND PHENOLOGY OF ARGYROTAENIA CITRANA ON CANEBERRY: MODELLING EMERGENCE AND EGG HATCH IN RELATION TO PHEROMONE TRAP CATCHES. Abstract 25 Introduction 26 Materials and Methods 28 Results 33 Discussion 37 SECTION II. TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF COMPETITION BETWEEN 58 A PHEROMONE TRAP AND FEMALE MOTHS FOR MALES OF ARGYROTAENIA CITRANA IN A SEMI-ENCLOSED COURTYARD. Abstract 59 Introduction 60 Materials and Methods 62 Results 67 Discussion 71 SECTION III. IMPACT OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON LARVAL 87 SURVIVORSHIP OF ARGYROTAENIA CITRANA OVER- WINTERING ON SMALL FRUITS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. Abstract 88 Introduction 89 Materials and Methods 91 Results 95 Discussion 99 SECTION IV. REGIONAL POPULATION DYNAMICS AND SEASONAL 113 SPATIAL PATTERNS OF ARGYROTAENIA CITRANA AS MEASURED BY A PHEROMONE TRAP GRID AND LARVAL SAMPLING. Abstract 114 Introduction 115 Materials and Methods 117 Results 121 Discussion 126 BIBLIOGRAPHY 153 APPENDIX 166 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE I-1. Schematic diagram of the modified PETE-A model 46 for A. citrana. 1-2. Female A. citrana sexual activity as a function 48 of time and temperature. Male and female emergence and weekly pheromone 50 trap catch for: (A) Tsugawa's red raspberry, Woodland, WA, 1983; (B) Duyck's boysenberry, Cornelius, OR, 1983; (C) Ditchen's marionberry, Salem, OR, 1984; and (D) Rowell's marionberry, Hillsbor, OR 1985. 1-4. Effects of high levels of parasitism on emergence 52 in: (A) 1983; and (B) 1984. 1-5. Weekly pheromone trap catch patterns: (A) Sniegrev's 54 evergreen blackberry and boysenberry, Woodburn OR; and (B) Jones' evergreen blackberry and red raspberry, Pioneer, WA. 1-6. Comparision of cumulative field egg hatch with PETE 56 and PETE-A model predictions for: (A) 1983; (B) 1984; and (C) 1985. II-1. Fall courtyard results plotted on a daily basis: 81 pheromone trap catch, number of mated females, and low night-time temperatures (°C). I1-2. Spring courtyard results plotted on a daily basis: 83 pheromone trap catch, number of mated females, and low night-time temperatures (0C). 11-3. Pheromone trap catch of A. citrana: (A) 85 hypothetical representation of three periods of catch in relation to male (M) and female (F) emergence; (B) weekly pheromone trap catch of males from red raspberry field located near Woodland, WA; (C) pheromone trap catch and number of females mated for each 2-day period during the immigration courtyard experiment, Corvallis, OR. III-1. Log time-probit response lines for 3rd and 5th 107 instar A. citrana tested at -5°, -10°, and -15°C. 111-2. Log time - probit response lines for 3rd and 5th 109 instar A. citrana: (A) sprayed with water and tested at -10°C (Wet); and (B) conditioned for 29 days with fluctuating temperatures of 6° and -1°C (Cond). 111-3. Weekly pheromone trap catch of A. citrana 111 for 1978-85 plotted with respect to degree-days accumulated from January 1st following (A) mild winters and (B) cold winters. Map of regional study site located in Washingtion 139 County, OR. IV -2. Recapture of marked -male moths as a function of 141 distance from the release site. IV -3. Recapture of marked moths released on (A) 23 August, 143 (B) 28 August, (C)3 September, and (D) total of all releases ( = location of traps catching,0 = release point. P-value for null hypothesis of slope = 0.0). IV -4. Distribution of weekly pheromone trap catches during 145 (A) warm week in spring 1984; (B) cool week in spring 1984;(C) peak trap catch in 1984;(D) peak number of traps catching in spring 1984; (E) last week of study in 1984; and (F) early spring, 1985. IV-5. Regression of cumulative pheromone trap catch of 147 A. citrana at 50% male emergence in caneberry fields with overwintering population density per 2 m of row (closed circles are data from regional study in 1984, open circles are data from 1983). IV -6. Map of region surrounding MARI showing 149 cumulative trap catches before 30 June and total season. IV-7. Weekly pheromone trap catches of trap (#61) located 151 in MAR1 and total of all traps located outside caneberry fields during 1984. A-1. Regression of daily trap catch vs ACTIVITY by 168 females: (A) during courtyard experiments; and (B) by ten females housed in sticky traps in Firestone's boysenberry, 1985. A-2. Calculation of ACTIVITY used in the phenology model 170 to regulate oviposition. A-3. Seasonal percent nitrogen and water moisture levels 172 in red raspberry foliage. A-4. Map of major caneberry production area in Oregon 174 and southwestern Washington with locations of NOAA temperature monitoring stations. LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I-1. Caneberry fields sampled for A. citrana from 1983-85. 41 1-2. Developmental data for A. citrana on 42 artificial diet and green leaves in the field and laboratory. 1-3. Degree-day totals calculated from five lower thresholds 43 for A. citrana larvae and pupae reared in the field on artificial diet. 1-4. COmparision of development times (x + s.e.) of 44 A. citrana larvae reared on several food sources varying in percent nitrogen, n = 20 at 25°C. 1-5. Comparision of development times (x + s.e.) 45 of A. citrana larvae reared at 20°C on varying concentrations of artificial diet, n = 40. II-1. Total number of male A. citrana released, 76 trapped in pheromone traps and female-baited traps, and the number of females mated during each pheromone trap/female moth competition experiment conducted in a semi-enclosed courtyard on the campus of Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 11-2. Temporal patterns of emergence, virgin female 77 density, pheromone trap catch, and female mating of A.
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