Fronts Et Frontières Des Sciences Du Territoire Frontiers and Boundaries of Territorial Sciences

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Fronts Et Frontières Des Sciences Du Territoire Frontiers and Boundaries of Territorial Sciences 27-28 mars 2014 Université Paris Diderot 2e colloque international Fronts et frontières des sciences du territoire Frontiers and boundaries of territorial sciences PROCEEDINGS Organisé par GIS Collège international des sciences du territoire www.gis-cist.fr Partenaires fondateurs Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS Partenaires institutionnels ADEME, DATAR, IAU îdF, INED, IDR Cofinancé par la ville de Paris dans le cadre du dispositif Colloques internationaux à Paris © Collège international des sciences du territoires, février 2014 Imprimé en france Préambule Ce recueil réunit les 60 propositions de communication qui ont été retenues pour le 2e colloque international du CIST (27 et 28 mars 2014). Ces propositions, qui prennent ici la forme d’un texte court, donnent un aperçu des présentations orales et préfigurent es publications à venir. Elles répondent aux objectifs du CIST et plus largement à des questionnements théoriques nouveaux amorcés depuis quelques temps par le « spatial turn » dans lequel les sciences sociales se sont engagées. Ces contributions appro- fondissent les pistes de recherche lancées lors du 1er colloque du CIST « Fonder les sciences du territoire », qui s’est tenu en 2011. De nouveaux moyens techniques (bases de données, cartographie, analyse des flux RSS, analyses textuelles, bibliométrie, image- rie, etc.) ouvrent de nouveaux espaces de réflexion et contribuent à mieux répondre à une demande sociale en quête d’instruments plus fins d’analyse des territoires au service de politiques publiques mieux ciblées. Le CIST entre à présent dans sa quatrième année d’existence. Il réunit aujourd’hui 21 équipes et plus de 400 chercheurs qui interrogent par des regards croisés le territoire. Différentes thématiques constituent ses axes de recherche autour desquelles s’orga- nisent régulièrement des rencontres et des réponses collectives à des projets (www. gis-cist.fr/axes-scientifiques). Pourquoi avoir choisi d’intituler « Fronts et frontières des sciences du territoire », ce 2e colloque international ? Deux raisons peuvent être avancées. Si les territoires sont à la fois une construction sociale et une matérialité observée par différents champs discipli- naires, cette interdisciplinarité large est difficile à mettre en œuvre, mais nécessaire pour progresser dans la connaissance des territoires. En cela, elle constitue un front pionnier. Une autre frontière à dépasser est celle qui, trop souvent, éloigne les chercheurs des différents acteurs du développement territorial. Les données territoriales, produites et recueillies à différentes échelles du territoire, constituent un des domaines par lesquels les confrontations entre la recherche et l’action sont rendues fécondes. Ce colloque se propose de défricher ces nouveaux fronts en invitant à explorer six thématiques prioritaires dans lesquelles s’inscrivent les communications qui font l’objet de ce recueil. Thématique 1 – Données locales, données citoyennes, demande sociale La décentralisation des données, à la fois dans leurs productions, leurs recueils et leurs usages, modifie en profondeur les relations entre chercheurs, citoyens et acteurs du déve- loppement territorial. Ce thème porte notamment sur la profusion de données produites à l’échelle individuelle, les nouveaux modes de recueil et de traçabilité de ces données (données citoyennes, données Internet…) ; les outils de traitement et de représentation des données territoriales permettant d’animer le débat public ; les nouveaux rapports de pouvoir liés à la disponibilité de ces données (open data…) ; les sciences participatives… Thématique 2 – Intégrations régionales et cohésion territoriale : regards croisés Les dynamiques d’intégration et parfois de désintégration régionale affectent la cohésion des territoires : remise en cause du cadre national, connexion directe du local à l’inter- national, accent mis sur le transfrontalier, constitution de nouveaux territoires (macro- régions…). Ce thème comparera par exemple des territoires régionaux d’Europe, de Méditerranée, d’Amérique latine et d’autres régions. 3 Thématique 3 – Mobilité, territorialité, territorialisation : approches critiques La révolution de la mobilité et la contraction de l’espace-temps sont maintenant bien étudiées. On a plus de mal à saisir, à l’échelle nationale comme internationale, les inscrip- tions spatiales multiples des individus et leurs effets sur les territoires. On s’interroge notamment sur les nouveaux rapports entre distance spatiale et proximité sociale. Par ailleurs, la mobilité des capitaux et des entreprises induit la création de nouveaux terri- toires, mouvants et pluri-scalaires, qui défient la cohérence des territoires locaux. Dans certains secteurs d’activité à forte empreinte spatiale comme par exemple l’agriculture ou les activités extractives, on observe des réactions identitaires fortes mobilisant le territoire comme argument. Thématique 4 – Science des territoires : les fronts pionniers de l’interdisciplinarité La science des territoires se positionne à l’interface entre plusieurs grands domaines scientifiques. Des enjeux sociaux majeurs à dimension territoriale obligent à avancer sur ce front pionnier de l’interdisciplinarité et favorisent un dialogue large entre sciences sociales, science de la vie et de la terre, sciences de l’ingénieur… Quelques pistes privilégiées sont suggérées : l’analyse de la dimension territoriale des risques ; les inte- ractions entre santé, vieillissement et mobilité ; les échelles territoriales de la transition énergétique… Thématique 5 – Images des territoires : media, représentations La question des territoires est indissociable de la question de leur image. L’image des territoires conditionne leur dynamique et agit de manière rétroactive sur leur représenta- tion et les politiques publiques qui s’y inscrivent. Ces rétroactions sont particulièrement explicites par exemple lors de la survenue de catastrophes, dans les pratiques de marke- ting territorial, dans la conduite de politiques territorialisées… Thématique 6 – Des Systèmes d’Information Territoriale au service de nouvelles problématiques scientifiques ou pratiques sociales À la vision spatiale de portions d’espaces précisément localisées par leurs coordonnées géographiques de latitude et longitude (SIG) s’oppose désormais de plus en plus une vision territoriale de lieux identifiés par des toponymes caractérisés par des localisa- tions imprécises et des contours flous (SIT). Comment faire entrer dans ces systèmes – souvent figés – de l’information dynamique sur l’action (acteurs, perceptions, flux et transferts…) qui caractérise les territoires ? Comment développer des modélisations inté- grant différents niveaux d’organisation ? Les contributions reçues reflètent la grande richesse et la diversité que recouvre « une science des territoires » en construction. L’ambition initiale du CIST, qui vise à fonder une science des territoires, trouve un écho favorable dans la présence de chercheurs venant de différents continents. La forte présence de nos collègues sud-américains montre l’ac- tualité mais aussi le caractère global de notre questionnement. Au delà de cet intérêt transatlantique, c’est aussi la participation des pays dits du Sud à nos débats qui entre en résonnance avec les préoccupations du Nord. France Guérin-Pace, responsable du colloque et directrice adjointe du CIST Pierre Beckouche, directeur du CIST, et Jean-Yves Moisseron, directeur adjoint du CIST Claude Grasland, président du conseil scientifique du CIST, etÉvelyne Mesclier, vice-présidente 4 Données institutionnelles et données contributives sur la biodiversité, quelles légitimités ? AUTEURS Xavier AMELOT, Laurent COUDERCHET, Matthieu NOUCHER RÉSUMÉ Les politiques de conservation de la biodiversité, grandes consommatrices d’informa- tions géographiques, sont aujourd’hui confrontées à un double mouvement : la faiblesse des moyens consacrés par les pouvoirs publics à la reconnaissance des milieux et la montée en puissance des initiatives contributives. La connaissance officielle qui peine à progresser est ainsi débordée par les démultiplications d’informations réunies et diffu- sées en dehors des circuits officiels par le biais d’Internet. Les initiatives de collecte plus ou moins spontanée n’ont pourtant pas attendu le web 2.0 pour exister. La base de connaissance Znieff, mise en place au début des années 1980, constituait les prémices de ce mouvement participatif. Elle constitue aujourd’hui un des piliers des politiques de conservation en France. Les données sur la faune des fédérations de chasse ou celles des atlas de faune contributifs sont plus confidentielles. Elles sont constituées sur des principes comparables avec une régularité différente ; le maillage spatial et la simplicité de la donnée produisant une plus grande régularité de la donnée dans l’espace. Nous discutons ici la légitimité de ces données de la biodiversité et leur recevabilité par les politiques de conservation. MOTS CLÉS Information géographique « volontaire », légitimité des données, politiques de biodiver- sité, cartographie contributive ABSTRACT The politics on biodiversity conservation are great consumers of geographical informa- tion, but they are confronted today to a double movement: on the one hand, the scarcity of means devoted by public instances to the assessment of settings, and on the other the increasing presence and power of contributive initiatives. While official knowledge finds it hard to progress, it is drenched in the mass of information
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