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Module III – Fire Analysis Fire Fundamentals: Definitions
Module III – Fire Analysis Fire Fundamentals: Definitions Joint EPRI/NRC-RES Fire PRA Workshop August 21-25, 2017 A Collaboration of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) & U.S. NRC Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research (RES) What is a Fire? .Fire: – destructive burning as manifested by any or all of the following: light, flame, heat, smoke (ASTM E176) – the rapid oxidation of a material in the chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. (National Wildfire Coordinating Group) – the phenomenon of combustion manifested in light, flame, and heat (Merriam-Webster) – Combustion is an exothermic, self-sustaining reaction involving a solid, liquid, and/or gas-phase fuel (NFPA FP Handbook) 2 What is a Fire? . Fire Triangle – hasn’t change much… . Fire requires presence of: – Material that can burn (fuel) – Oxygen (generally from air) – Energy (initial ignition source and sustaining thermal feedback) . Ignition source can be a spark, short in an electrical device, welder’s torch, cutting slag, hot pipe, hot manifold, cigarette, … 3 Materials that May Burn .Materials that can burn are generally categorized by: – Ease of ignition (ignition temperature or flash point) . Flammable materials are relatively easy to ignite, lower flash point (e.g., gasoline) . Combustible materials burn but are more difficult to ignite, higher flash point, more energy needed(e.g., wood, diesel fuel) . Non-Combustible materials will not burn under normal conditions (e.g., granite, silica…) – State of the fuel . Solid (wood, electrical cable insulation) . Liquid (diesel fuel) . Gaseous (hydrogen) 4 Combustion Process .Combustion process involves . – An ignition source comes into contact and heats up the material – Material vaporizes and mixes up with the oxygen in the air and ignites – Exothermic reaction generates additional energy that heats the material, that vaporizes more, that reacts with the air, etc. -
Space Applications for Civil Protection
Space Applications for Civil Protection A Roadmap for Civil Protection with Particular Interest to SatCom as Contribution to the Polish EU Council Presidency in 2011 Report 37 September 2011 Erich Klock Mildred Trögeler Short title: ESPI Report 37 ISSN: 2076-6688 Published in September 2011 Price: €11 Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute, ESPI Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria http://www.espi.or.at Tel. +43 1 7181118-0; Fax -99 Rights reserved – No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose with- out permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “Source: ESPI Report 37; September 2011. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before pub- lishing. ESPI is not responsible for any losses, injury or damage caused to any person or property (including under contract, by negligence, product liability or otherwise) whether they may be direct or indirect, special, inciden- tal or consequential, resulting from the information contained in this publication. Design: Panthera.cc ESPI Report 37 2 September 2011 Space Applications for Civil Protection Table of Contents Executive Summary 5 1. Introduction 9 2. Previous User-Driven Activities Initiated by ESA 11 2.1 ESA Short Term Action Plan 11 2.2 ESA Proposal for a Satellite Communication Programme in Support of Civil Protection 12 2.3 CiProS Project 14 2.4 IP-based Services via Satellite for Civil Protection 16 2.5 The “Decision” Project: Multinational Telecoms Adapter 17 2.6 Multinational Pan European Satellite Telecommunication Adapter 19 3. -
FA-128, a Handbook on Women in Firefighting, January 1993
FA-128/January 1993 A Handbook on Women in Firefighting The Changing Face of the Fire Service Federal Emergency Management Agency United States Fire Administration This document was scanned from hard copy to portable document format (PDF) and edited to 99.5% accuracy. Some formatting errors not detected during the optical character recognition process may appear. The Changing Face of the Fire Service: A Handbook on Women in Firefighting Prepared by: Women in the Fire Service P.O. Box 5446 Madison, WI 53705 608/233-4768 Researchers/Writers: Dee S. Armstrong Brenda Berkman Terese M. Floren Linda F. Willing Disclaimer This publication was prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s U.S. Fire Administration under contract No. EMW-1-4761. Any points of view or opinions expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the Federal Emergency Management Agency or the U.S. Fire Administration. In August of 1979, the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) convened a “Women in the Fire Service” seminar in College Park, Maryland. This seminar brought together a group of fire service leaders and others to discuss the relatively new phenomenon of women -- perhaps 300 nationwide -- employed as firefighters. Today, women in firefighting positions have increased to approximately 3,000. As a result of the symposium, the USFA in 1980 published a document called The Role of Women in the Fire Service. The publication summarized the issues discussed at the seminar, presented the participants’ recommendations and personal insights into many aspects of women’s work in the fire service, and described existing initiatives and resources in the area. -
Private Units Blitzing It 12 CONTENTS 31
Private units blitzing it 12 CONTENTS 31 Cover story 32 Private units blitzing it COVER PHOTO: SALLY PATTERSON 03 Incidents 06 Statewide news 06 CO’s column 08 CEO’s column 21 Learning from experience 24 25 Health matters 36 31 Brigade news 44 Youth 46 Through the ages 48 Memberlink Sally lets her photos do the talking Excellent photos of roadside planned burns in smoke can be produced by a small fire in safe conditions, south-west Victoria by Sally Patterson have been and then extend their thinking to what this same fire Private units blitzing it appearing on the Lismore and District Group’s could be like in hot and windy conditions. She wants Facebook page. communities to realise that fires can be deadly and early Sally, an operational member with Lismore Fire Brigade preparation is essential. and the secretary/treasurer of Lismore Group, is also a “I hope the locals who see my photos think about keen photographer. how much time and effort the vols put in to keep the “I love to capture a moment in time. Photography has community as safe as possible,” she said. made me look at the world in a different way,” Sally said. STORY SALLY WHITE Much of her photography focuses on planned burning around Lismore, an activity she’s passionate about. The photo on the cover of this issue, the photos of the ultra-heavy tanker on page 7 and two of the shots in the private units feature starting on page 32 are Sally’s. “When I was a very small child, my mother left it too late to leave home in a bushfire and, when the wind changed, three firefighters perished at our front gate,” Sally said. -
Material Safety Data Sheet
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Page 1 Speedy Clean, LLC 24 Hour Emergency #: 800-255-3924 4550 Ziebart Place Telephone Number: 702-736-6500 Las Vegas, NV 89103 PRODUCT: RESCUE 911 - WHITE Section 01: CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION MANUFACTURER ................................................. SPEEDY CLEAN, LLC 4550 ZIEBART PLACE LAS VEGAS, NV 89103 PRODUCT NAME................................................... RESCUE 911 - WHITE CHEMICAL FAMILY................................................ ORGANIC COATING. MOLECULAR WEIGHT........................................... NOT APPLICABLE. CHEMICAL FORMULA........................................... NOT APPLICABLE. TRADE NAMES & SYNONYMS.............................. RESCUE 911 - WHITE PRODUCT USES.................................................... COATING. FORMULA/LAB BOOK #......................................... 002-21-270. Section 02: COMPOSITION/INFORMATION INGREDIENTS Hazardous Ingredients % Exposure Limit C.A.S.# LD/50, Route,Species LC/50 Route,Species HEPTANE 15 - 40 400 ppm 142-82-5 >15000 mg/kg ORAL-RAT NOT AVAILABLE TOLUENE 10-30 50 ppm 108-88-3 5000 mg/kg ORAL - RAT 8000 ppm (4 hr) INHAL - RAT ACETONE 5 - 20 750 ppm 67-64-1 >9750 mg/kg ORAL - RAT >16,000 ppm (4 hr) INHAL - RAT PETROLEUM DISTILLATES 1-5 100 ppm 8052-41-3 5 g/kg ORAL-RAT 5500 mg/m3 INHAL-RAT (STODDARD SOLVENT) PROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL 1-5 N/E 108-65-6 8500 mg/kg ORAL - RAT >4345 ppm (6 hr) INHAL - ETHER ACETATE RAT DIMETHYL ETHER 10-30 1000 ppm 115-10-6 NOT APPLICABLE 164000 ppm (4h) RAT - INHAL ISOBUTANE 5-10 1000 ppm 75-28-5 NOT APPLICABLE 142,500 ppm (4h) INHAL - RAT PROPANE 5-10 1000 ppm 74-98-6 >5000 mg/kg NOT AVAILABLE DERMAL-RABBITS Section 03: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION ROUTE OF ENTRY: INGESTION............................................................. MAY CAUSE HEADACHE, NAUSEA, VOMITING AND WEAKNESS. -
Fire and Emergency Services Training Infrastructure in the Country
Directorate General NDRF & Civil Defence (Fire) Ministry of Home Affairs East Block 7, Level 7, NEW DELHI, 110066, Fire Hazard and Risk Analysis in the Country for Revamping the Fire Services in the Country Final Report – Fire and Emergency Services Training Infrastructure in the Country November 2012 Submitted by RMSI A-8, Sector 16 Noida 201301, INDIA Tel: +91-120-251-1102, 2101 Fax: +91-120-251-1109, 0963 www.rmsi.com Contact: Sushil Gupta General Manager, Risk Modeling and Insurance Email:[email protected] Fire-Risk and Hazard Analysis in the Country Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. 2 List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... 4 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 6 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 7 1 Fire and Emergency Trainings ....................................................................................... 9 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Aim of Training ....................................................................................................... -
Introduction to Fire Behavior Modeling (2012)
Introduction to Fire Behavior Modeling Introduction to Wildfire Behavior Modeling Introduction Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................ 5 Chapter 1: Background........................................................................................ 7 What is wildfire? ..................................................................................................................... 7 Wildfire morphology ............................................................................................................. 10 By shape........................................................................................................ 10 By relative spread direction ........................................................................... 12 Wildfire behavior characteristics ........................................................................................... 14 Flame front rate of spread (ROS) ................................................................... 15 Heat per unit area (HPA) ................................................................................ 17 Fireline intensity (FLI) .................................................................................... 19 Flame size ..................................................................................................... 23 Major influences on fire behavior simulations ....................................................................... 24 Fuelbed structure ......................................................................................... -
The Winston Churchill Memorial Trust of Australia
THE WINSTON CHURCHILL MEMORIAL TRUST OF AUSTRALIA 2015 Churchill Fellowship Report by Ms Bronnie Mackintosh PROJECT: This Churchill Fellowship was to research the recruitment strategies used by overseas fire agencies to increase their numbers of female and ethnically diverse firefighters. The study focuses on the three most widely adopted recruitment strategies: quotas, targeted recruitment and social change programs. DISCLAIMER I understand that the Churchill Trust may publish this report, either in hard copy or on the internet, or both, and consent to such publication. I indemnify the Churchill Trust against loss, costs or damages it may suffer arising out of any claim or proceedings made against the Trust in respect for arising out of the publication of any report submitted to the Trust and which the Trust places on a website for access over the internet. I also warrant that my Final Report is original and does not infringe on copyright of any person, or contain anything which is, or the incorporation of which into the Final Report is, actionable for defamation, a breach of any privacy law or obligation, breach of confidence, contempt of court, passing-off or contravention of any other private right or of any law. Date: 16th April 2017 1 | P a g e Winston Churchill Fellowship Report 2015. Bronnie Mackintosh. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 PROGRAMME 6 JAPAN 9 HONG KONG 17 INDIA 21 UNITED KINGDOM 30 STAFFORDSHIRE 40 CAMBRIDGE 43 FRANCE 44 SWEDEN 46 CANADA 47 LONDON, ONTARIO 47 MONTREAL, QUEBEC 50 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 52 NEW YORK CITY 52 GIRLS FIRE CAMPS 62 LOS ANGELES 66 SAN FRANCISCO 69 ATLANTA 71 CONCLUSIONS 72 RECOMMENDATIONS 73 IMPLEMENTATION AND DISSEMINATION 74 2 | P a g e Winston Churchill Fellowship Report 2015. -
Cool-Flame Combustion Studies of Some
COOL-FLAME COMBUSTION STUDIES OF SOME HYDROCARBONS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By GEORGE KYRYACOS, B.S., M.S. •vKHHH;- The Ohio State University 1956 Approved by: Adviser Department of Chemistry ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author is indebted to Professor Cecil E. Boord whose enthusiasm and faith in him made the progress herein reported possible. His eternal gratitude goes to his wife, LaVerne, who has stood by him with encouragement and who has sacrificed much. This investigation was made financially possible by the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company Fellowship for which the author is deeply grateful. ii TABLE OP CONTENTS Page LIST OP TABLES............ iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS..... v CHAPTER I...............INTRODUCTION.......... 1 CHAPTER II. LITERATURE SURVEY ....... 3 Gas Chromatography . 3 The Cool F l a m e . 10 Mechanism of Oxidation . 15 CHAPTER III.............EXPERIMENTAL.......... 25 Gas Chromatographic Apparatus . 25 The Cool-Flame Apparatus. 35 Sampling Procedure.......... 39 The Cool Flame . J4.I Blending Studies . i+7 Hydrocarbon Cool-Flame Temperature Profiles . Lj.9 Cool Flame to Explosion .... 62 CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS OF THE COOL-FLAME COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF SOME HYDROCARBONS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 6^ n-Pentane. 6I4. n - H e x a n e . 71 2-Methylpentane ............... 77 3-Methylpentane ............... 82 2,2-Dimethylbutane 87 n-Heptane. 93 Discussion of the Results . 99 CHAPTER V.................SUMMARY.............118 CHAPTER VI. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH. 120 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................. 123 iii LIST OP TABLES TABLE Page 1. ANALYSIS OP STOICHIOMETRIC MIXTURE OP n-PENTANE-AIR BEFORE AND AFTER COOL FLAME .. -
Oil Spill Volunteer Management Manual Posow
POSOW Preparedness for Oil-polluted Shoreline POSOW cleanup and Oiled Wildlife interventions OIL SPILL VOLUNTEER MANAGEMENT MANUAL in partnership with POSOW is a project co-financed by the EU under the Civil Protection Financial Instrument developed in cooperation with ISPRA, Cedre, Sea Alarm and CPMR and coordinated by REMPEC a regional Centre of the Barcelona Convention Disclaimer All material produced under POSOW is available free of charge and shall not be used for any commercial purposes. Any amendment, review, and update of the material produced under the project shall be authorised by POSOW’s Partners and shall refer to the origi- nal document developed under the project. POSOW’s Partners do not assert that this material is faultless and make no warranty, nor assume any legal liability for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of this manual. POSOW’s Partners do not assume res- ponsibility or liability for any direct, indirect or consequential da- mages from the use of this material. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrie- val system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electro- nic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior consent of POSOW’s Partners. www.posow.org Also available on POSOW website: Manuals, PowerPoint Presentations, Posters, Video, Brochure and Database of volunteers. OIL SPILL VOLUNTEER MANAGEMENT MANUAL Authors: The Oil Spill Volunteer Management Manual has been prepared by ISPRA in consultation with all project partners. Authors are grateful to Legambiente for its contribution to the development of the present Manual. Publication: February 2013 Legal deposit upon publication Printed in Malta, by Progress Press Co. -
Peta Doyle Profile 1 Copy
When most people think of firefighters they think WOMEN IN of sirens, smoke and pulling people from a burning building, but being a firefighter involves FIREFIGHTING so much more than this. Our firefighters not only manage major emergencies, but they often work Working as a firefighter can be a in specialist fields and have a strong presence in challenging journey, but if you ask the community, talking to residents about fire Peta Doyle, one of the NSW Fire prevention and making communities safer. Brigades up-and-coming firefighters, With more than 92 full-time female firefighters plenty of women have what it takes and 168 part time female firefighters in its ranks, to have long and rewarding careers the NSW Fire Brigades strongly encourages with the NSWFB. women to consider a career with the NSWFB. Three years ago, Firefighter Peta Doyle, who iiss currently stationed at the busiest firefire station in Australia,Australia, City of Sydney Fire Station, steeredsteered hherer life in a new direction, when she successfulsuccessfullyly appliedapplied for a role as a full-time firefighter afterafter years ofof training as a professionalprofessional athlete. Peta competed at state, national and OlympicOlympic trials over the papastst 12 yeyears,ars, and rrepresentedepresented AAustraliaustralia at various World CCupup SSwimmingwimming CChampionshipshampionships during her swim career. Peta aappliedpplied forfor a firefightingfirefighting role with the NNSWFBSWFB because she was attracted to the challenge ooff workinworkingg as ppartart ooff one ooff the leadinleadingg ffireire and rescue organisations in Australia. ““II needed a new challenge in my lifelife and I was craving job satissatisfaction.faction. Many people told me it was really didifficultfficult to gegett a popositionsition with the NNSWSW Fire Brigades, so I saw this as anotheanotherr challenge. -
Outgassing Phenomenon in Flash Point Testing for Fire Safety Evaluation
OUTGASSING PHENOMENON IN FLASH POINT TESTING FOR FIRE SAFETY EVALUATION Gregory E. Gorbett CFEI, CVFI, Christine Kennedy CFEI, Kathryn C. Kennedy CFEI, Patrick M. Kennedy CFEI, CFPS John A. Kennedy and Associates Fire and Explosion Analysis Experts Sarasota, Florida United States ABSTRACT Accurate ignitable liquid flash point testing provides an important component in the evaluation of a liquid material’s relative flammability danger. Government regulations and industry standards dealing with labeling, warnings, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS’s), and transportation and handling of ignitable liquids are frequently based on the physical property of flash point. “Outgassing” in flash point testing is the condition in a flash point test in which nonflammable components of a liquid mixture tend to inert the vapor space being tested, while the evolution of gasses to the atmosphere outside the test cup are ignitable. Outgassing can mask the true flammable nature of a substance. When outgassing occurs during flash point testing, products capable of producing dangerously flammable atmospheres are frequently listed as having no flash point and thereby are classified as non-flammable. This outgassing phenomenon most frequently occurs with liquids that contain certain halogenated hydrocarbons such as Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride) in mixtures of ignitable liquids. When using industry standard flash point tests in the fire safety evaluation of certain common consumer and industrial products, the phenomenon of outgassing has long been known but frequently overlooked. Improper understanding of this flash point behavior and the inappropriate application of the standards has led to the dangerous mislabeling of consumer products and undue public safety risks. The importance of truly recognizing and understanding the outgassing phenomenon becomes of critical importance when ignitable liquid manufacturers use halogenated hydrocarbon liquids, such as methylene chloride, in an attempt to “inert” an otherwise flammable liquid product.