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Current Legal Issues for Satellite Earth Observation Current Legal Issues for Satellite Earth Observation Treaty Verification and Law Enforcement through Satellite Earth Observation Privacy Conflicts from High Resolution Imaging Report 25 August 2010 Edited by Matxalen Sánchez Aranzamendi Rainer Sandau Kai-Uwe Schrogl Short title: ESPI Report 25 ISSN: 2076-6688 Published in August 2010 Price: €11 Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute, ESPI Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria http://www.espi.or.at Tel. +43 1 7181118-0; Fax -99 Rights reserved – No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose with- out permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “Source: ESPI Report 25; August 2010. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. ESPI is not responsible for any losses, injury or damage caused to any person or property (including under contract, by negligence, product liability or otherwise) whether they may be direct or indirect, special, inciden- tal or consequential, resulting from the information contained in this publication. Design: Panthera.cc ESPI Report 25 2 August 2010 Current Legal Issues for Satellite Earth Observation Table of Contents Foreword 5 1. The State of the Art in Earth Observation, by Rainer Sandau 6 2. Treaty Verification and Law Enforcement Through Satellite Earth Observation 9 2.1 Emerging Legal Issues with Satellite Earth Observation, by Ray Purdy 9 2.1.1 Technical Background 9 2.1.2 Monitoring and Enforcement Potential 9 2.1.3 Privacy Issues with the Use of Earth Observation 11 2.1.4 Future Initiatives in Satellite Earth Observation 12 2.2 What‘s in GMES for Treaty Monitoring and Law Enforcement, by Gunter Schreier 13 2.2.1 The European GMES Scenario 13 2.2.2 German Space Segment Contributions to GMES 15 2.2.3 Treaty Monitoring & Law Enforcement in GMES. Past and Ongoing Projects 16 2.2.4 Data Policies for German National Missions 19 2.2.5 Some Technical Considerations on EO Data for Treaty Monitoring and Law Enforcement – Global Presence 20 2.3 The Disaster Charter and Highlighting Issues of Haiti Earthquake, by Atsuyo Ito 22 2.3.1 Introduction 22 2.3.2 The Background of the Disaster Charter 22 2.3.3 The Scope of the Disaster Charter 23 2.3.4 The Mechanism of the Disaster Charter 23 2.3.5 The Legal Environment of the Disaster Charter Regarding the Principle of Sovereignty 24 2.3.6 The Impact of Charter Operations from the Standpoint of Disaster Response 24 2.3.7 Politics Involved in Disaster Response 25 2.3.8 Slow Response Experienced in the Haiti Earthquake 25 2.3.9 The Issues Raised by from Haiti Case with Respect to the Charter 25 2.3.10 Conclusion and Recommendation 26 2.4 Use of Satellite Data for Treaty Monitoring, by Jana Jentzsch 27 2.4.1 Definition: What Is Verification? 27 2.4.2 Verification and Monitoring 27 2.4.3 Disarmament and Arms Control Treaties 28 2.4.4 Environmental Protection 28 2.4.5 International Conflicts, Peace Missions & Agreements 29 2.4.6 Human Rights 29 2.4.7 Conclusion 29 2.5 Satellite Data and Applications for Law Enforcement Purpose, by Jean-François Mayence 30 2.5.1 Satellite Applications 30 2.5.2 Use of Satellite Data and Applications for Law Enforcement Purpose: Non-Judicial Procedure 31 2.5.3 Use of Satellite Data and Applications for Law Enforcement Purpose: Judicial Procedure 32 2.5.4 U.S. Law 33 2.5.5 Conclusion 35 ESPI Report 25 3 August 2010 3. Privacy Conflicts from High Resolution Imaging 36 3.1 Overview on Legal Issues, by George Cho 36 3.1.1 Introduction 36 3.1.2 Some Questions 36 3.1.3 Historical Background to Space Law 36 3.1.4 Privacy as a Legal Matter 38 3.1.5 Legal Frameworks and Legal Theories 42 3.1.6 Addressing Privacy Issues 48 3.1.7 Conclusion 49 3.2 What Is Privacy?, by Catherine Doldirina 50 3.2.1 Introduction 50 3.2.2 Approaches to Definition 50 3.2.3 The Changing Concept 51 3.2.4 Why Protect? 52 3.2.5 What to Protect? 52 3.2.6 Protect – to What Extent? 53 3.2.7 Impact of New Technologies 54 3.2.8 Conclusion 54 3.3 The European Convention on Human Rights and EU Law – Two European Legal Approaches to Privacy, as Relevant to High-Resolution Imaging, by Frans von der Dunk 55 3.3.1 Introduction 55 3.3.2 The Council of Europe, the European Convention on Human Rights and Privacy 56 3.3.3 The European Union, EU Law and Privacy 58 3.3.4 Concluding Remarks 60 4. Roundtable Discussion and General Conclusions 61 by Matxalen Sánchez Aranzamendi, Rainer Sandau, and Kai-Uwe Schrogl List of Acronyms 64 Workshop Programme 66 About the Contributors 67 ESPI Report 25 4 August 2010 Current Legal Issues for Satellite Earth Observation Foreword Satellite Earth Observation applications are tute of Space Law (IISL) in this exercise, almost without limits. More and more policy which led to a conference on 8/9 April 2010 and economic areas as well as social life rely at ESPI in Vienna. This international confer- on them as tools for achieving benefits for ence, with speakers from Europe, the U.S., prosperity worldwide. Technology is progress- Canada, Japan and Australia, focused on ing fast and methods for applications are treaty verification and law enforcement continuingly extended and also drive technol- through satellite Earth Observation and on ogy development. At the same time, satellite privacy conflicts from high resolution imag- Earth Observation has to respect existing ing. Its results are contained in this publica- legal frameworks. Where these do not exist, tion, encompassing the elaborated presenta- it can even create the need for establishing tions together with conclusions and recom- regulations. New satellite technologies to- mendations emanating from the discussions. gether with broadening applications stimulate This first cooperation between the four insti- this need. tutions was conducted in an extremely fruitful In this context, the International Society for way bringing together the various communi- Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing ties involved in order to reach joint under- (ISPRS), the largest professional association standings and discussing joint approaches. It in the field of Earth Observation applications, happened at a time when ISPRS is celebrat- took the initiative through its International ing its 100th, and IAA and IISL are celebrat- Policy Advisory Committee (IPAC) to bring ing their 50th, anniversaries. The conference together the leading associations in the space hosted by ESPI and the publication of its pro- field to investigate specific topical questions ceedings are intended to provide to the mem- related to the regulation of satellite Earth bers of the involved institutions and all those Observation. ISPRS teamed with the Euro- interested in the field a reference publication pean Space Policy Institute (ESPI) and was for the topics discussed and a source of in- joined by the International Academy of As- formation as well as a manual for action for tronautics (IAA) and the International Insti- decision-makers. Orhan Altan President ISPRS Rainer Sandau Chairman ISPRS-IPAC Kai-Uwe Schrogl Director ESPI Jean-Michel Contant Secretary General IAA Tanja Masson-Zwaan President IISL ESPI Report 25 5 August 2010 1. The State of the Art in Earth Observation by Rainer Sandau There is an increasing need for Earth Obser- work Programme on Research and Develop- vation (EO) missions to meet the information ment. The contributions from the ESA mem- requirements in connection with for instance ber states support the majority of the GMES global change studies or disaster detection Space Component (GSC) programme, with and mitigation. This is perhaps most clearly Germany being the biggest contributor to the seen in the many current moves for interna- GSC programme. tional co-operation in the field of environment Due to the immense improvements in such where measurements from Earth Observation divers fields of technology as optics, mechan- satellites are an essential element. This is ics and materials, electronics, pattern recog- especially so where we need to acquire, ana- nition, signal processing, computer technol- lyse and use data documenting the condition ogy, communications and navigation, the of the Earth’s resources and environment on space borne Earth Observation is improving a long-term (permanent) basis. in all fields of resolution: spatial, spectral and For instance, in 2008 the Group on Earth temporal. Observations, which currently numbers some Let’s first have a look on the developments in 74 countries, the European Commission and connection with spatial resolution. The first 51 participating organisations, has concrete civil space-borne Earth surface imager was plans for its Global Earth Observation System flown in 1972 on the ERTS (Earth Resources of Systems. In 2008 the European Union’s Technology Satellite) spacecraft, later re- Space Council continued to advance Europe’s named to Landsat-1. The MMS (Multispectral Space Policy, reaffirming the need for rapid Scanner System) instrument provided a spa- implementation of the Global Monitoring for tial resolution of 80 m and a swath width of Environment and Security (GMES) program. 185 km. Space-borne systems reach now On the European Commission side, GMES is ground sample distances (GSD) of 0.5 meter. currently implemented with the 7th Frame- 100 Landsat-1 Resurs-O1-1 IRS-1A Landsat-4 Landsat-7 10 ADEOS SPOT-1 EO-1 GSD [m] IRS-1C SPOT-5 EROS-A1 IKONOS 1 QuickBird WorldView-1 0.5 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year of Launch Figure 1.1: Some civil Earth surface Imagers to show the trend of ground resolution (GSD) ESPI Report 25 6 August 2010 Current Legal Issues for Satellite Earth Observation Optical Small Satellites Spatial Resolution Spectral Resolution Temporal Resolution Increasing Increasing Unique opportunity for affordable Constellation Example: Eros-B/PIC-2 Example: Proba/CHRIS Launch 25.04.2006 Lauch 22.10.2001 Examples: DMC Mass 290 kg Mass 95 kg RapidEye GSD 0.82 m Hyperspectral Imager Figure 1.2: Status of spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions in the small satellite mission domain Figure 1.1 shows the trend of spatial resolu- Let’s now have a look on the other resolution tion improvement (decrease of GSD) of civil areas.
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