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Données Satellitaires Synthèse - Données Satellitaires Description Générale

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Données Satellitaires Synthèse - Données Satellitaires Description Générale Synthèse - données satellitaires Synthèse - données satellitaires Description générale Objectif de la recherche Analyser des données satellitaires pour réaliser une cartographie qui permettra à NAE de connaître l’accessibilité des données, et plus particulièrement la possibilité d’utilisation des données satellitaires pour un projet sur l’analyse visible et IR de flux routiers en très haute resolution et en temps réel ou presqu’en temps reel, et de connaître les possibilités d’utiliser ces données pour d’autres projets. Cette analyse comprend (cf. fichier Excel) : 1. Disponibilité 2. Coût 3. Opérateur 4. Satellite 5. Fréquence 6. Résolution 7. Type de données 8. Contact Synthèse - données satellitaires Résultats Temps de revisite Conclusion № Temps de revisite 1. Le nombre de satellites (bases de données) avec un 70 accès ouvert et accessible sur Internet n’est 60 62 actuellement pas suffisant pour obtenir les fréquences 50 (temps de revisite) souhaitées – chaque 3-5 min ou en 40 temps reel. 30 20 Cause : 21 10 12 10 6 4 3 5 3 3 2 4 6 2 6 2 1 5 6 1 • les satellites qui ont fait partie de l’étude étaient construits pour des 0 missions où la fréquence de repassage de 12 h est déjà considérée t - 0 0,5 h 0,78 h 1 h 1,6 h 4 h 5,3 h 12 h 21,6 h 24 h 26,5 h 33,6 h 48 h 62,4 h 72 h 100 h 120 h 192 h 240 h 384 h comme plus que suffisante. № = nombre des satellites* t = temps d’obtention des données 0 = temps réel n/a = nombre des satellites pour lesquels «t» n’est pas disponible (une recherche plus approfondie est nécessaire) Recommandations 1. Faire une recherche complémentaire approfondie sur le temps exact de repassage des satellites afin de mélanger l’imagerie provenante de constellations différentes pour obtenir une bonne fréquence ~ chaque 30 min +/- 20 min. 2. Elargir les cadres de l’étude et faire la recherche sur des bases de données russo-ukrainiennes, japonaises, purement américano- canadiennes etc. orientées vers le business. 3. Faire une recherche sur le marché des nano-satellites et sur la faisabilité de leur lancement. 4. Négocier avec le CNES, le Ministère de la Défense et l’ESA un accès limité aux satellites et aux bases de données fermées. Synthèse - données satellitaires Résultats Temps d’obtention des données Conclusion 2. Le temps d’obtention de données publiquement ouvertes n’est № Temps d'obtention des données généralement pas assez rapide. 35 Causes : 30 25 • le temps d’envoi des données par le satellite sur une base terrestre et le temps du transfert de ces données au client final varie et peut être trop long pour certaines 20 32 constellations; 15 10 • le temps complémentaire est nécessaire pour traitement des données par les 18 laboratoires / les opérateurs; 5 9 6 6 7 4 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 0 1 • de nombreux satellites qui ont fait partie de cette étude étaient construits pour t - 0 0.21 m 1 m 3 m 5 m 15 m 30 m 45 m 60 m 120 m 144 m 180 m 24 h 48 h 30 j des missions où la rapidité du traitement n’était pas initialement prevue. № = nombre des satellites* t = temps d’obtention des données 0 = temps réel n/a = nombre des satellites pour lesquels «t» n’est pas disponible (une recherche plus approfondie est nécessaire) Recommandations 1. Contacter chaque opérateur et laboratoire du traitement pour négocier un accès direct aux données pré-traitées ou diminuer le temps d’obtention des données bruts 2. Faire une recherche complémentaire sur le marché des nano-satellites et sur la possibilité de construire des nano-satellites à des fins spécifiques et capables d’envoyer les données prêtes à être utilisées sans traitement complémentaire sur la Terre. 3. Élargir les cadres de l’étude et faire la recherche sur des bases de données américano-canadiennes, russo-ukrainiennes, japonais etc. 4. Faire une recherche plus approfondie sur les bases de données fermées. Synthèse - données satellitaires Résultats Temps d’obtention des données + Temps de revisite Graphique Temps de revisite + Temps d’obtention des données 10 9 9 9 9 9 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 t = 0 0,517 h 1,083 h 24 h 24,017 h 24,5 h 24,75 h 25 h 26,4 h 2 j 15 m 2 j 1 h 2 j 3 h 3 j 1 h 5 j 2,4 h 5 j 3 h 8 j 1 m 8 j 1 h 10 j 2,4 h 16 j 1 m 16 j 3 m 16 j 2 h № = nombre des satellites* t = temps d’obtention des données 0 = temps réel n/a = nombre des satellites pour lesquels «t» n’est pas disponible (une recherche plus approfondie est nécessaire) Synthèse - données satellitaires Résultats Cout et accessibilité des données Conclusion 3. Le cout d’accès aux bases de données fermées et du traitement des données ouvertes n’est habituellement pas communiqué sans rendez-vous et sans présentation du projet bien cadré. 4. Les données ouvertes gratuites sont généralement publiées par les opérateurs tardivement (de quelques jours à quelques semaines). Pour avoir accès aux données récentes il faut le négocier avec les opérateurs et/ou contacter des laboratoires du traitement qui peuvent demander une rémunération pour le traitement instantané/très rapide. Causes : • Les données satellitaires européennes ouvertes ne sont habituellement pas orientées vers des fins du petit business ou du business de la taille moyenne; • Les conditions très spécifiques du marché des données satellitaires; • Les besoins des clients des laboratoires et des opérateurs sont très différents et souvent très spécifiques; • Le prix d’accès aux mêmes données peut être different pour des acteurs différents selon leur projet, leur besoins, leur taille et leur chiffre d’affaires etc. Recommandations 1. Prendre contact avec chaque opérateur et laboratoire du traitement. 2. Faire une recherche complémentaire sur des bases de données publiques et privées américaines, russes, japonais etc. orientées vers le business. 3. Contacter les opérateurs / laboratoires non-UE dont le business consiste dans le traitement des données spatiales. Synthèse - données satellitaires Résultats Conclusion globale Les programmes spatiaux européens sont principalement orientés vers des fins publics ou des besoins des grands industriels qui possèdent des satellites et/ou les opèrent certains paramètres des données satellitaires ne correspondent pas au projet initial Causes : • Malgré le développement très rapide et fructueux du marché spatial français et européen, le CNES et l’UE ne possèdent pas encore autant de satellites que les Etats-Unis+Canada et la Russie+l’Ukraine; • Les missions spatiales européennes sont orientées principalement vers des fins publiques et secondairement vers des besoins d’acteurs privées. Principales prochaines étapes 1. Faire une recherche complémentaire approfondie sur le temps exact de repassage des satellites : permettrait de diminuer le temps de repassage global des satellites sur une zone donnée. 2. Elargir le cadre de l’etude et faire une recherche des marchés des données satellitaires non-UE (notamment russe et américaine) orientés business. 3. Faire une recherche complémentaire sur les tendances actuelles des marchés des données satellitaires français, européen et mondial. 4. Faire une recherche sur les tendances du marché des nano-satellites et sur la faisabilité de leur lancement : permettrait de comprendre, le cout, la rentabilité, les opportunités, etc. du lancement d'un satellite / constellation des satellites avec des besoins propres à NAE + étudier les aspects lucratifs de la vente des capacités de ce satellite / cette constellation à d’autres acteurs du marché aérospatial. Annexes Synthèse - données satellitaires Annexe A «Nota bene» Types de l’imagerie spatiale Panchromatic Pansharpened Multispectral image image image Panchromatic image A panchromatic band is essentially a black and white band. It is one single band and typically it has a wide bandwidth of a couple of hundred nanometers. The wide bandwidth allows this band to have a high signal to noise, which is why panchromatic data is often available at the highest spatial resolution (e.g. 31 cm on WorldView-3). * nombre des satellites est comptée comme nombre des constellations des satellites par type de données Synthèse - données satellitaires Annexe A «Nota bene» Multispectral image A multispectral image is one that captures image data within specific wavelength ranges across the electromagnetic spectrum. The wavelengths may be separated by filters or by the use of instruments that are sensitive to particular wavelengths, including light from frequencies beyond the visible light range, i.e. infrared and ultra- violet. Spectral imaging can allow extraction of additional information the human eye fails to capture with its receptors for red, green and blue. Spectral bands: (The wavelengths are approximate; exact values depend on the particular satellite's instruments) • Blue, 450-515..520 nm, is used for atmosphere and deep water imaging, and can reach depths up to 150 feet (50 m) in clear water. • Green, 515..520-590..600 nm, is used for imaging vegetation and deep water structures, up to 90 feet (30 m) in clear water. • Red, 600..630-680..690 nm, is used for imaging man-made objects, in water up to 30 feet (9 m) deep, soil, and vegetation. • Near infrared (NIR), 750-900 nm, is used primarily for imaging vegetation. • Mid-infrared (MIR), 1550-1750 nm, is used for imaging vegetation, soil moisture content, and some forest fires. • Far-infrared (FIR), 2080-2350 nm, is used for imaging soil, moisture, geological features, silicates, clays, and fires. • Thermal infrared, 10400-12500 nm, uses emitted instead of reflected radiation to image geological structures, thermal differences in water currents, fires, and for night studies.
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