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Read More and Download the Report As Free REPORT 2018 Ellen Fantini, JD, Executive Director Möllwaldplatz 5, A-1040 Vienna, Austria Tel: +43 (0)1 274 98 98 Email: [email protected] www.IntoleranceAgainstChristians.eu Permission granted for unlimited use. Credit required. Cover photo by Hugues de BUYER-MIMEURE on Unsplash. The Observatory’s Mission To contribute to a Europe where Christians may fully exercise their fundamental rights to freedom of religion, conscience, expression, and association, without fear of reprisals, censorship, threats, or violence. Who we are The Observatory on Intolerance and Discrimination against Christians is a registered non- governmental organization in Austria and a member of the Fundamental Rights Platform of the EU-Fundamental Rights Agency. What we do » Research, analyze, document, and report cases of intolerance and discrimination against Christians in Europe; » Inform and educate the public, lawmakers, and international institutions about the range of hostilities and marginalization Christians and Christian institutions face in Europe by providing reliable and objective data; » Empower Christians to tell their stories and freely live their faith in the public square; » Advocate for remedies; and » Emphasize the vital role religion plays in a mature and peaceful society. The Observatory’s task is to analyze the situation for Christians in Europe. We do so not in order to compare or diminish the persecution they experience in other parts of the world, but to stay vigilant in the protection of human rights. Our work aims at encouraging victims of intolerance and discrimination to tell their stories, and to raise awareness among all people of good will that the phenomenon ought to be taken seriously and is in need of a common response. Since 2005, we have published more than 2,100 cases of intolerance and discrimination against Christians in Europe. Report a case! Have you been discriminated against because of your Christian faith? Have you been verbally attacked when stating a Christian position? Have you heard or read media reports about an incident negatively affecting Christians or Christian buildings, symbols, or institutions? If so, please email us your story: [email protected] Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 3 PART ONE Defining Terms 5 Chapter 1 Intolerance and Discrimination 9 Squeeze and Smash 9 Chapter 2 Why are Christians Targeted: Engines and Drivers 10 Examples 10 Chapter 3 Recommendations 14 PART TWO Incidents of Intolerance and Discrimination against Christians in Europe in 2016 and 2017 17 Austria 19 Belgium 21 Bulgaria 23 Croatia 23 Cyprus 23 Estonia 23 Finland 23 France 23 Germany 35 Greece 41 Hungary 42 Ireland 42 Italy 42 Luxembourg 44 Monaco 44 Netherlands 44 Norway 45 Poland 45 Portugal 45 Romania 46 Slovakia 46 Slovenia 46 Spain 46 Sweden 55 Switzerland 57 United Kingdom 58 European Institutions 63 International/Other 63 Endnotes 65 3 Introduction Persecution against Christians in 2016 and 2017 was at But Christians in Europe are not simply experiencing “po- a record high, according to the Open Doors World Watch lite persecution.” Christians, including clergy, have been List, with over 200 million persecuted Christians in 50 killed or attacked for their faith. As in 2015,4 we have countries. More than 3,000 Christians were killed in the continued to see threats and attacks against Christian most recent reporting period, more than twice in previous refugees and asylum seekers in Europe. We have seen years.1 churches all over Europe vandalized, robbed, and burned; and Christian symbols destroyed. The Observatory’s task is to analyze the situation for Christians in Europe. We do so not in order to compare or The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe’s diminish the persecution they experience in other parts Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the world, but to stay vigilant in the protection of hu- (ODIHR) published its annual report on hate crimes in the man rights. Our work aims at encouraging victims of in- year 2016 on November 16, 2017 (the most recent avail- tolerance and discrimination to tell their stories, and to able report).5 The report provides an overview of official raise awareness among all people of good will that the data collected on hate crimes, including hate crimes phenomenon ought to be taken seriously and is in need against Christians, as well as hate incidents reported by of a common response. civil society organizations. In 2016, 166 of the incidents submitted by the Observatory were included in the final In April 2016, Pope Francis said there are two types of report. Christian persecution. The first is the clear and explicit targeting of a person for confessing the name of Christ, The number of hate incidents reported to the ODIHR does such as the martyrdom of Pakistani Christians on Easter not always provide a complete picture of the situation for in March 2016. The second form is more subtle: what Christians in Europe. While we commend the ODIHR for Pope Francis called “polite persecution.” It is “disguised gathering data from civil society organizations such as as culture, disguised as modernity, disguised as pro- the Observatory, we note that incidents that qualify for gress … When someone is persecuted not for confessing inclusion in the hate crime report constitute a small frac- Christ’s name, but for wanting to demonstrate the values tion of the intolerance, discrimination, and legal restric- of the Son of God.”2 tions Christians face in some countries in Europe. He went on to say “we see every day that the powerful In Part One of this report, we explain the range of hos- make laws that force people to take this path, and a tilities, marginalization, and violence experienced by nation that does not follow this modern collection of Christians in Europe. We explain the terms we use and laws, or at least that does not want to have them in introduce new ones, take a look at the motivations behind its legislation, is accused, is politely persecuted.” This the incidents we report, discuss the categories of perpe- is form of persecution “takes away man’s freedom,” trators of such incidents, and give examples from 2016 including the right to conscientious objection. “God and 2017. Additionally, we offer our recommendations. made us free, but this kind of persecution takes away freedom!” We encourage the readers of this report to use similar terms in their own discourse as a concrete way to raise “If you don’t do this, you will be punished: you’ll lose awareness about the intolerance and discrimination your job and many other things, or you’ll be set aside.”3 Christians in Europe face in many facets of their lives. Across Europe, Christians have been fired, sued, and In Part Two, we provide short descriptions of more than even arrested for exercising their freedom of expres- 500 cases of intolerance and discrimination against sion or conscience. Christian-run businesses have been Christians in Europe we collected in 2016 and 2017, along ruined financially, Christian student groups have been with links for more information. silenced, and Christian symbols and celebrations have Ellen Fantini been removed from the public square. Vienna, April 2018 5 Part One Defining Terms 7 Chapter One “Intolerance” refers to the cultural or social dimension, including hate crimes. “Discrimination” refers to the legal dimension and denial of rights and access to justice. “Squeeze” refers to the pressure Christians experience in all areas of life. “Smash” refers to violence and aggression. “Intolerance and Discrimination against Christians” is freedoms of conscience, expression, and association the phrase we use to describe the ranges of hostilities to denial of access to justice and legal services. The and marginalization Christians and Christian institutions rights of Christian parents to raise their children in face in Europe. conformity with their faith are infringed. Christian- owned businesses are sued or forced out of business The term “intolerance” refers to the cultural or social di- because of discriminatory ‘equality’ policies. Christian mension and at its worst, includes hate crimes against religious symbols are removed from the public square, Christians; the term “discrimination” refers to the legal Christians are subjected to negative stereotyping in the dimension and includes interference with freedom of ex- media, and Christian groups are excluded from univer- pression, religion, conscience, association and assembly, sity campuses. rights of parents, contractual freedom, governmental re- moval of Christian symbols, laws that negatively impact Christians, and unequal access to justice. “SMASH” We find that two terms, “squeeze” and “smash” used “Smash” describes incidents of violence or aggression, by the Christian charity Open Doors in its annual World and ranges from vandalism and desecration of Christian Watch List6 to be informative as we discuss the situa- sites to threats and physical violence against Christians tion for Christians in Europe. While the World Watch List because of their faith. Many of these incidents are also tracks and reports the most extreme persecution7 of known as “hate crimes.” Christians, the concepts are useful in analyzing the situ- ation facing Christians in Europe. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe’s Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) defines a “hate crime” as an incident “SQUEEZE” with two distinct elements or features: first, the act is a criminal offense, and second, that it is motivated We witness Christians being “squeezed” in many by a bias or prejudice towards a particular group of different ways in Europe: from interference with people. 9 Chapter Two WHY ARE CHRISTIANS TARGETED? ENGINES “Secular intolerance” refers to attempts to erase reli- OF INTOLERANCE AND DISCRIMINATION AND gion from the public and private domain. It can include THE PERPETRATORS WHO DRIVE THEM opposition to traditional Christian views on marriage, sexuality, and life issues.
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