Studies in the Linguistic Sciences
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Conditional Tenses: -Nge-, -Ngali- and -Ki- Tenses and Their Negations
Chapter 32 Conditional Tenses: -nge-, -ngali- and -ki- Tenses and Their Negations n this chapter, we will learn how to use conditional tenses: the -nge-, I-ngali- and -ki- tenses. These tenses indicate a condition, hypothesis or an assumption. The -nge- tense shows a condition in the present tense eg: If I were to study, etc. while the -ngali- tense shows a condition in the past tense eg: If I had studied, etc. We will also discuss the -ki- tense which shows a condition in the present tense which has future implica- tions eg: If I study, etc. Also, the word kama can be used with both the affirmative and negative conditional tenses to emphasize the conditional- ity. In addition, the -ki- tense can also be used as a present participle tense which will also be discussed in this chapter. Note that in conditional clauses, past tense shows a present condi- tion, a past perfect tense shows a past condition while a present tense shows a future condition. Section A: -nge- Tense The -nge- tense is used to show a hypothesis in the present tense. Similar to other tense markers, sentences using -nge- tense markers are con- structed in the following manner. Subject Prefix + -nge- Tense Marker + Verb Copyright © 2014. UPA. All rights reserved. © 2014. UPA. All rights Copyright Example: Ningesoma vizuri, ningefaulu. If I were to study well, I would pass. Almasi, Oswald, et al. <i>Swahili Grammar for Introductory and Intermediate Levels : Sarufi ya Kiswahili cha Ngazi ya Kwanza na Kati</i>, UPA, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hselibrary-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1810394. -
The Metamorphoses of Abraham's Initially Authentic Vedism
International Journal of Sanskrit Research 2017; 3(6): 90-98 International Journal of Sanskrit Research2015; 1(3):07-12 ISSN: 2394-7519 IJSR 2017; 3(6): 90-98 The metamorphoses of Abraham’s initially authentic © 2017 IJSR www.anantaajournal.com Vedism Received: 16-09-2017 Accepted: 17-10-2017 Milorad Ivankovic Milorad Ivankovic Omladinski trg, Abstract Vrsac, Serbia The authentic pristine form of Vedism as practiced initially by the biblical prophet Abraham (see Note 1) has been undergoing dramatic changes ever since, being subject to many deviations, distortions, corruptions and contaminations from various Near Eastern traditions. Under the harmful influence of Zoroastrianism, it has mutated into Schizotheism, a manifestly pathological form of religion. Keywords: Vedism, reductionism, panenhenotheism, monotheism, schizotheism Introduction The most influential scientists of modern era, viz. Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein (all ethnic Jews) devoted much of their research to Religion and the true nature of God. Karl Marx came at the famous conclusion: “Religion is the opium of the people. The abolition of Religion as the Illusory Happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness”. However, Marx and his epigones (Engels, Lenin etc.) failed to realize that Communism was equally an Illusion being Anti-Dialectical just like so-called Monotheism, since it denies Reality as the unity of opposite principles, viz. Communism matching Monotheism, for they both: a) annihilate the opposites (in a classless society) or the Dark principle b) promote the cult of personality or the cult of One dictatorial God c) both being manifestly Anti-Dialectical belong to the realm of illusions. -
1646 KMS Kenya Past and Present Issue 46.Pdf
Kenya Past and Present ISSUE 46, 2019 CONTENTS KMS HIGHLIGHTS, 2018 3 Pat Jentz NMK HIGHLIGHTS, 2018 7 Juliana Jebet NEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS 13 AT MT. ELGON CAVES, WESTERN KENYA Emmanuel K. Ndiema, Purity Kiura, Rahab Kinyanjui RAS SERANI: AN HISTORICAL COMPLEX 22 Hans-Martin Sommer COCKATOOS AND CROCODILES: 32 SEARCHING FOR WORDS OF AUSTRONESIAN ORIGIN IN SWAHILI Martin Walsh PURI, PAROTHA, PICKLES AND PAPADAM 41 Saryoo Shah ZANZIBAR PLATES: MAASTRICHT AND OTHER PLATES 45 ON THE EAST AFRICAN COAST Villoo Nowrojee and Pheroze Nowrojee EXCEPTIONAL OBJECTS FROM KENYA’S 53 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Angela W. Kabiru FRONT COVER ‘They speak to us of warm welcomes and traditional hospitality, of large offerings of richly flavoured rice, of meat cooked in coconut milk, of sweets as generous in quantity as the meals they followed.’ See Villoo and Pheroze Nowrojee. ‘Zanzibar Plates’ p. 45 1 KMS COUNCIL 2018 - 2019 KENYA MUSEUM SOCIETY Officers The Kenya Museum Society (KMS) is a non-profit Chairperson Pat Jentz members’ organisation formed in 1971 to support Vice Chairperson Jill Ghai and promote the work of the National Museums of Honorary Secretary Dr Marla Stone Kenya (NMK). You are invited to join the Society and Honorary Treasurer Peter Brice receive Kenya Past and Present. Privileges to members include regular newsletters, free entrance to all Council Members national museums, prehistoric sites and monuments PR and Marketing Coordinator Kari Mutu under the jurisdiction of the National Museums of Weekend Outings Coordinator Narinder Heyer Kenya, entry to the Oloolua Nature Trail at half price Day Outings Coordinator Catalina Osorio and 5% discount on books in the KMS shop. -
Nature Redacted September 7,2017 Certified By
The Universality of Concord by Isa Kerem Bayirli BA, Middle East Technical University (2010) MA, Bogazigi University (2012) Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September 2017 2017 Isa Kerem Bayirli. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature redacted Author......................... ...... ............................. Departmeyf)/Linguistics and Philosophy Sic ;nature redacted September 7,2017 Certified by...... David Pesetsky Ferrari P. Ward Professor of Linguistics g nThesis Supervisor redacted Accepted by.................. Signature ...................................... David Pesetsky Lead, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SEP 2 6 2017 LIBRARIES ARCHiVES The Universality of Concord by Isa Kerem Bayirh Submitted to the Deparment of Linguistics and Philosophy on September 7, 2017 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics Abstract In this dissertation, we develop and defend a universal theory of concord (i.e. feature sharing between a head noun and the modifying adjectives). When adjectives in a language show concord with the noun they modify, concord morphology usually involves the full set of features of that noun (e.g. gender, number and case). However, there are also languages in which concord targets only a subset of morphosyntactic features of the head noun. We first observe that feature combinations that enter into concord in such languages are not random. -
Information to Users
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfihn master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter fece, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back o f the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 A WORD-AND-PARADIGM APPROACH TO REDUPUCATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Andrew D. -
Basicbootcamps1#1 Selfintroductions:Basic Greetingsinswahili
LESSON NOTES Basic Bootcamp S1 #1 Self Introductions: Basic Greetings in Swahili CONTENTS 2Swahili 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 4 Cultural Insight # 1 COPYRIGHT © 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. SWAHILI 1. Wema: Hello. Jina langu ni Wema. Jina lako ni nani? 2. Maria: Hello Wema. Jina langu ni Maria. 3. Wema: Nimefurahi kukutana na wewe. 4. Maria: Mimi pia. ENGLISH 1. Wema: Hello. My name is Wema. What's your name? 2. Maria: Hello Wema. My name is Maria. 3. Wema: Nice to me e t yo u. 4. Maria: Me too. VOCABULARY Swahili English Class Mimi I Pro no un Hello hello interjection Langu My adjective jina name noun ni is (to be, present tense) verb nimefurahi nice adjective kukutana to meet verb SWAHILIPO D101.CO M BASIC BOOTCAMP S1 #1 - SELF INTRODUCTIONS: BASIC GREETINGS IN SWAHILI 2 mimi pia me too phrase SAMPLE SENTENCES Mimi ni Maria. Hello, sijakuona kwa muda sasa. "I'm Maria." "Hello, haven't seen you for a while." Gari langu limepotea. Jina lake limetajwa. “I have lost my car.” “His name has been called.” Jina lake ni Mtwapa. Nimef urahi kwa kukuja kwako. “His name is Mtwapa.” “I am glad you came.” Ningelipenda kukutana nawe Mimi pia naenda nyumbani. kesho. “I too, am going home." “I would have liked to meet you tomorrow.” VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE Jina is the noun "name" and is used mainly to inquire about a name specically or mentioning a name. For Example: 1. Jina lako ni nani? "What is your name?" 2. -
Swahili Conditional Constructions in Embodied Frames of Reference: Modeling Semantics, Pragmatics, and Context-Sensitivity in Uml Mental Spaces
SWAHILI CONDITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN EMBODIED FRAMES OF REFERENCE: MODELING SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS, AND CONTEXT-SENSITIVITY IN UML MENTAL SPACES by RODERICK D. FISH Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN LINGUISTICS in the FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES TRINITY WESTERN UNIVERSITY February 2020 © Roderick D. Fish, 2020 . ii Abstract Studies of several languages, including Swahili [swa],1 suggest that realis (actual, realizable) and irrealis (unlikely, counterfactual) meanings vary along a scale (e.g., 0.0–1.0). T-values (True, False) and P-values (probability) account for this pattern. However, logic cannot describe or explain (a) epistemic stances toward beliefs, (b) deontic and dynamic stances toward states-of- being and actions, and (c) context-sensitivity in conditional interpretations. (a)–(b) are deictic properties (positions, distance) of ‘embodied’ Frames of Reference (FoRs)—space-time loci in which agents perceive and from which they contextually act (Rohrer 2007a, b). I argue that the embodied FoR describes and explains (a)–(c) better than T-values and P-values alone. In this cognitive-functional-descriptive study, I represent these embodied FoRs using Unified Modeling LanguageTM (UML) mental spaces in analyzing Swahili conditional constructions to show how necessary, sufficient, and contributing conditions obtain on the embodied FoR networks level. Keywords: Swahili, conditional constructions, UML, mental spaces, Frames of Reference, epistemic stance, deontic stance, dynamic stance, context-sensitivity, non-monotonic logic 1 The ISO 639-3 identifier [swa] stands for Swahili. ISO 639-3 is a standardized code of three-letter identifiers for all known languages (Eberhard, Simons, & Fennig 2019). -
Pidgin and Creole Languages: Essays in Memory of John E. Reinecke
Pidgin and Creole Languages JOHN E. REINECKE 1904–1982 Pidgin and Creole Languages Essays in Memory of John E. Reinecke Edited by Glenn G. Gilbert Open Access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Licensed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 In- ternational (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits readers to freely download and share the work in print or electronic format for non-commercial purposes, so long as credit is given to the author. Derivative works and commercial uses require per- mission from the publisher. For details, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The Cre- ative Commons license described above does not apply to any material that is separately copyrighted. Open Access ISBNs: 9780824882150 (PDF) 9780824882143 (EPUB) This version created: 17 May, 2019 Please visit www.hawaiiopen.org for more Open Access works from University of Hawai‘i Press. © 1987 University of Hawaii Press All Rights Reserved CONTENTS Preface viii Acknowledgments xii Introduction 1 John E. Reinecke: His Life and Work Charlene J. Sato and Aiko T. Reinecke 3 William Greenfield, A Neglected Pioneer Creolist John E. Reinecke 28 Theoretical Perspectives 39 Some Possible African Creoles: A Pilot Study M. Lionel Bender 41 Pidgin Hawaiian Derek Bickerton and William H. Wilson 65 The Substance of Creole Studies: A Reappraisal Lawrence D. Carrington 83 Verb Fronting in Creole: Transmission or Bioprogram? Chris Corne 102 The Need for a Multidimensional Model Robert B. Le Page 125 Decreolization Paths for Guyanese Singular Pronouns John R. -
Swahili Vocabulary Dictionary 427
Contents Foreword v Acknowledgments and Dedication vii 1. About the Swahili Language 1 2. The Alphabet, Pronunciation, and Common Mistakes 7 3. Personal Subject Prefixes, Personal Pronouns and Their Negations 15 4. Swahili Greetings 23 5. Present and Future Tenses and Their Negations 37 6. Simple Past and Past Perfect Tenses and Their Negations 47 7. The Swahili Noun Class System: M-/WA- and M-/MI- 57 8. Swahili Noun Classes: JI-/MA- Class and KI-/VI- Class 69 9. Swahili Noun Classes: N- and U- 81 10. Swahili Noun Classes: PA- and KU- and Noun Class Agreement 91 11. Object Infixes 101 12. Possessives 111 13. Adjectives 125 14. Demonstratives 139 15. Comparatives and Superlatives 151 16. Question Words, Phrases and Statements 161 17. The Verbs ‘To Be,’ ‘To Have’ and ‘To Be in a Place’ 173 18. Numbers 183 19. More About Swahili Numbers 193 20. Telling the Time in Swahili 207 21. Days, Months, and Dates in Swahili 219 Copyright © 2014. UPA. All rights reserved. © 2014. UPA. All rights Copyright 22. Adverbs 229 23. Passive Form of the Verb 241 24. Stative Form of the Verb 255 Almasi, Oswald, et al. <i>Swahili Grammar for Introductory and Intermediate Levels : Sarufi ya Kiswahili cha Ngazi ya Kwanza na Kati</i>, UPA, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hselibrary-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1810394. Created from hselibrary-ebooks on 2019-06-09 04:05:13. iv Contents 25. Causative Form of the Verb 267 26. Prepositional Form of the Verb 277 27. Reciprocal Form of the Verb 287 28. -
Disentangling Ethnicity in East Africa, Ca. 1 – 2010 CE: Past Communities in Present Practices
Disentangling Ethnicity in East Africa, ca. 1 – 2010 CE: Past Communities in Present Practices Daren Ellsworth Ray Mesa, AZ Master of Arts, University of Virginia, 2008 Bachelor of Arts, Brigham Young University, 2006 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Virginia May 2014 Joseph C. Miller John E. Mason Roquinaldo Ferreira Adria LaViolette ii Dedication For my wife Patience, Subira kuvuta heri iii Acknowledgements I have received funding, counsel, and encouragement from many organizations and individuals as I researched and composed this dissertation. Monetary support for most of my research in Kenya came from the Social Science Research Council as a Dissertation Proposal Development Fellow in 2008 and from the United States Department of Education as a Fulbright-Hays Dissertation Research Aboard Fellow from November 2009 to October 2010. A grant from the John Anson Kittredge Fund supported my research and writing in 2011-2012. The Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia awarded me several grants to present research at conferences and improve my language skills, a Research Travel Grant in May 2011, and a Dissertation Completion Fellowship in 2012-2013. I also benefitted from the workshops on “Muslim Modernities” sponsored by the Social Science Research Council and led by Bruce Lawrence and Charles Kurzman in May 2008, September 2008, and April 2013. The workshop provided opportunities to discuss my research with other early career scholars from several disciplines and institutions which enriched my scholarship and provided professional contacts for future collaborations. -
Swahili Forum 26
SWAHILI FORUM 26 SPECIAL ISSUE VARIATION IN SWAHILI edited by Daisuke Shinagawa & Nico Nassenstein 2019 ISSN 1614-2373 SWAHILI FORUM 26 (2019): 1-45 SPECIAL ISSUE: Variation in Swahili, ed. by Daisuke Shinagawa & Nico Nassenstein ON VARIATION IN SWAHILI: CURRENT APPROACHES, TRENDS AND DIRECTIONS NICO NASSENSTEIN & DAISUKE SHINAGAWA This overview paper aims to present general approaches to variation in Swahili, both from a structural/typological and from a sociolinguistic angle. Recently, building upon earlier dialectological studies of Swahili, varieties in the periphery have been the focus of scholarly attention, as well as urban dialects from East Africa and Swahili in the diaspora. This introductory paper intends to summarize some of the approaches and directions that address the geographical and sociolinguistic diversity of Swahili, studied from different angles. These include both traditional approaches (descriptive sketches, dialectological and dialectometrical analyses, lexicostatistics etc.) and more recent directions in Bantu studies, such as micro-parametric analysis in the field of microvariation. Moreover, current (socio)linguistic trends are discussed, which mostly deal with language contact, diversity and change in touristic settings, in relation to new media, and in regard to youth language practices, or with new approaches to urban fluidity such as metrolingualism and translanguaging. In this contribution, we aim to give an overview of current trends in the study of Swahili by analyzing processes of linguistic and scholarly diversification and variation in the Swahili-speaking world. 1. On the study of contact, change and variation in the Swahili-speaking world This introductory paper for the present volume intends to offer an overview of the previous studies on Swahili1 as a macro-language consisting of diverse varieties, and to give an outline for current approaches, as well as directions for future investigations. -
A Literary History of the Arabs
1 ' !iitillP!H'i;'i4!it!i!|jtti'!iaa '"'•''' iil'ii'' '•' I 1 1 '''illI ' I ! Hi hi ! .' ' I ' i lii'l? '''•'ill* .'lil' (I (I 11 ! ill !l Mii'ti!r..(V,i' ' 'Ii I I I iin,|t',v!l! .,ii,t"ii'" V II ,1 iSiiiili iiiif.. , lii l|yi2;&S ! 1! llfil ''''III I I'll' ' ' i"'i ' ik I (' I liii dm ' I I'i'.V lilil'llVl'j'"' '" ii«^^^^^^^^ III''"' i ii ;i nttl4"ii'li!|l 'iii'i' .ii!i; [iii!Ji||l|a W Li |tl Vu'" 'lit' [) l.jm I 1 L i! illSi iili'iii'ii'^^'''' 111! ,l' ' f Ill ililli ' '[I ll I'lJii'i If'' I'll I :i|f Ji I ij > "ii 1 I 'It ' 1 ' 1 ,! I m I mi fliiiiiiiiiito I I ! i,tl I r< m I eiL'it'lii;>r:!;ijii,:;i!ti.irii BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUN^ THE GIFT OF ,- Henrg 131. Sage ' fj.inut L ':1../s/l All books are subject to recall after two weeks ^ * | Olin/Kroch Library | DATE DUE Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924083936561 ^h fikErg £rf filersrg fistorg A LITERARY HISTORY OF INDIA. By R. W. Frazee, LL.B. A LITERARY HISTORY OF IRELAND. By Douglas Hyde, LL.D. A LITERARY HISTORY OF AMERICA. By Barrett Wendell, A LITERARY HISTORY OF SCOTLAND.