DOCSLIB.ORG

A Literary History of the Arabs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Literary History of the Arabs 1 ' !iitillP!H'i;'i4!it!i!|jtti'!iaa '"'•''' iil'ii'' '•' I 1 1 '''illI ' I ! Hi hi ! .' ' I ' i lii'l? '''•'ill* .'lil' (I (I 11 ! ill !l Mii'ti!r..(V,i' ' 'Ii I I I iin,|t',v!l! .,ii,t"ii'" V II ,1 iSiiiili iiiif.. , lii l|yi2;&S ! 1! llfil ''''III I I'll' ' ' i"'i ' ik I (' I liii dm ' I I'i'.V lilil'llVl'j'"' '" ii«^^^^^^^^ III''"' i ii ;i nttl4"ii'li!|l 'iii'i' .ii!i; [iii!Ji||l|a W Li |tl Vu'" 'lit' [) l.jm I 1 L i! illSi iili'iii'ii'^^'''' 111! ,l' ' f Ill ililli ' '[I ll I'lJii'i If'' I'll I :i|f Ji I ij > "ii 1 I 'It ' 1 ' 1 ,! I m I mi fliiiiiiiiiito I I ! i,tl I r< m I eiL'it'lii;>r:!;ijii,:;i!ti.irii BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUN^ THE GIFT OF ,- Henrg 131. Sage ' fj.inut L ':1../s/l All books are subject to recall after two weeks ^ * | Olin/Kroch Library | DATE DUE Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924083936561 ^h fikErg £rf filersrg fistorg A LITERARY HISTORY OF INDIA. By R. W. Frazee, LL.B. A LITERARY HISTORY OF IRELAND. By Douglas Hyde, LL.D. A LITERARY HISTORY OF AMERICA. By Barrett Wendell, A LITERARY HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. By J. H. Millar, LL.B. A LITERARY HISTORY OF PERSIA. By Edward G. Browne, M.A. (In Two Volumes.) A LITERARY HISTORY OF FRANCE. By Emile Faguet. A LITERARY HISTORY OF THE ARABS. By Reynold A. Nicholson, M.A. Other Volumes in Preparation. LITERARY A HISTORY OF ROME. By J. Wight Duff, M.A. A LITERARY HISTORY OF THE JEWS. By Israel Abrahams, M.A. A LITERARY HISTORY OF SPAIN. By James Fitz- maurice-Kelly. A LITERARY HISTORY OF RUSSIA. ETC. ETC. ETC. THE LIBRJRr OF LITERJRr HISTORT A Literary History of the Arabs A Literary History of the Arabs By Reynold A. Nicholson, M.A. Lecturer in Persian in the University of Cambridge, and sometime Fellow of Trinity College New York Charles Scribner's Sons 153-157, Fifth Avenue 1907 (y4// rights reserved.) v:e Preface The term 'Literary History' may be interpreted in such diflFerent ways that an author who uses it is bound to explain at the outset what particular sense he has attached to it. When Mr. Fisher Unwin asked me to contribute a volume on the Arabs to this Series, I accepted his proposal with alacrity, not only because I welcomed the opportunity of making myself better acquainted with Arabic history and literature, but also and more especially in the hope that I might be able to compile a work which should serve as a general introduction to the subject, and which should neither be too popular for students nor too scientific for ordinary readers. Its precise character was determined partly by my own predilections and partly by the conditions of time and space under which it had to be produced. To write a critical account of Arabic literature was out of the question. Brockelmann's invaluable work, which contains over a thousand closely-printed pages, is confined to biography and bibliography, and does not deal with the historical development of ideas. This, however, seems to me the really vital aspect of literary history. It has been my chief aim to sketch in broad outlines what the Arabs thought, and to indicate as fer as possible the influences which moulded their thought. I am well aware that the picture is sadly incomplete, that it is full of gaps and blanks admitting of no disguise or apology ; but I hope that, taken as a whole, it is not unlike. Experience has convinced me that young students or X PREFACE Arabic, to whom this volume is principally addressed, often find great difficulty in understanding what they read, since they are not in touch with the political, intellectual, and religious notions which are presented to them. The pages of almost every Arabic book abound in familiar allusions to names, events, movements, and ideas, of which Moslems require no explanation, but which puzzle the Western reader unless he have some general knowledge of Arabian history in the widest meaning of the word. Such a survey is not to be found, I believe, in any single European book ; and if mine supply the want, however partially and inadequately, I shall feel that my labour has been amply rewarded. Professor E. G. Browne's Literary History of Persia covers to a certain extent the same ground, and discusses many important matters belonging to the common stock of Muhammadan history with a store of learning and wealth of detail which it would be impossible for me to emulate. The present volume, written from a different standpoint and on a far smaller scale, does not in any way clash with that admirable work ; on the contrary, numerous instances occur to me in which my omissions are justified by the fact that Professor Browne has already said all that is necessary. If I have sometimes insufficiently emphasised the distinction between history and legend on the one hand, and between popular legend and antiquarian fiction on the other, and if statements are made positively which ought to have been surrounded with a ring-fence of qualifications, the reader will perceive that a purely critical and exact method cannot reason- ably be expected in a compilation of this scope. As regards the choice of topics, I agree with the author of a famous Arabic anthology who declares that it is harder to select than compose {ikhtiyiru 'l-kaldm as^abu min td'Hfihi). Perhaps an epitomist may be excused for not doing equal justice all round. To me the literary side of the subject appeals more than the historical, and I have followed my bent hesitation for without ; in order to interest others a writer must PREFACE xi first be interested himself. In the verse-translations I have tried to represent the spirit and feeling of the original poems. This aim precludes verbal fidelity, which can only be attained through the disenchanting medium of prose, but scholars, I think, will recognise that my renderings are usually as faithful as such things can or should be. To reproduce a typical Arabic ode, e.g., one of the Mu^allaqit ('Suspended Poems'), in a shape at once intelligible and attractive to English readers is probably beyond the powers of any translator. Even in those passages which seem best suited for the purpose we are baffled again and again by the intensely national stamp of the ideas, the strange local colour of the imagery, and the obstinately idiomatic style. Modern culture can appreciate Firdawsf, 'Umar Khayyam, Sa'df, and IJafiz : their large humanity touches us at many points ; but the old Arabian poetry moves in a world apart, and therefore, notwithstanding all its splendid qualities, will never become popular in ours. Of the later poets who lived under the 'Abbasid Caliphate one or two might, with good fortune, extend their reputation to the West : notably the wise sceptic and pessimist, Abu *l-'Ala al-Ma'arr{. The following versions have at least the merit of being made directly from the original language and with a uniform motive. Considering the importance of Arabic poetry as (in the main) a true mirror of Arabian life, I do not think the space devoted to it is at all extravagant. Other branches of literature could not receive the same attention. Many an eminent writer has been dismissed in a few lines, many well- known names have been passed over. But, as before said, this work is a sketch of ideas in their historical environment rather than a record of authors, books, and dates. The transliteration of Arabic words, though superfluous for scholars and for persons entirely ignorant of the language, is an almost indispensable aid to the class of readers whom I have especially in view. My system is that recommended by the Xll PREFACE in his Royal Asiatic Society and adopted by Professor Browne the letter which he Literary History of Persia ; but I use z for fre- denotes by dh. The definite article al, which I have quently omitted at the beginning of proper names, has been here restored in the Index. It may save trouble if I mention ' ' for the abbreviations b.' for ibn ' (son of) ; J.R.J.S. for Zeitschrift Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society i Z.D.M.G. der Deutschen Morgenldndischen Gesellschaft ; and S.B.IV.A. for Sitzungsherichte der Wiener Akademie. Finally, it behoves me to make a full acknowledgment of my debt to the learned Orientalists whose works I have studied and freely ' conveyed ' into these pages. References could not be given in every case, but the reader will see for himself how much is derived from Von Kremer, Goldziher, Noldeke, and Wellhausen, to recall only a few of the leading authorities. At the same time I have constantly gone back to the native sources of information, and a great portion of the book is based on my own reading and judgment. Although both the plan and the execution are doubtless open to censure, I trust that serious mistakes have been avoided. The warmest thanks are due to my friend and colleague, Professor A. A. Bevan, who read the proofs throughout and made a number of valuable remarks which will be found in the footnotes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Meter of Classical Arabic Poetry
    Pegs, Cords, and Ghuls: Meter of Classical Arabic Poetry Hazel Scott Haverford College Department of Linguistics, Swarthmore College Fall 2009 There are many reasons to read poetry, filled with heroics and folly, sweeping metaphors and engaging rhymes. It can reveal much about a shared cultural history and the depths of the human soul; for linguists, it also provides insights into the nature of language itself. As a particular subset of a language, poetry is one case study for understanding the use of a language and the underlying rules that govern it. This paper explores the metrical system of classical Arabic poetry and its theoretical representations. The prevailing classification is from the 8th century C.E., based on the work of the scholar al-Khaliil, and I evaluate modern attempts to situate the meters within a more universal theory. I analyze the meter of two early Arabic poems, and observe the descriptive accuracy of al-Khaliil’s system, and then provide an analysis of the major alternative accounts. By incorporating linguistic concepts such as binarity and prosodic constraints, the newer models improve on the general accessibility of their theories with greater explanatory potential. The use of this analysis to identify and account for the four most commonly used meters, for example, highlights the significance of these models over al-Khaliil’s basic enumerations. The study is situated within a discussion of cultural history and the modern application of these meters, and a reflection on the oral nature of these poems. The opportunities created for easier cross-linguistic comparisons are crucial for a broader understanding of poetry, enhanced by Arabic’s complex levels of metrical patterns, and with conclusions that can inform wider linguistic study.* Introduction Classical Arabic poetry is traditionally characterized by its use of one of the sixteen * I would like to thank my advisor, Professor K.
    [Show full text]
  • New York State Thoroughbred Breeding and Development Fund Corporation
    NEW YORK STATE THOROUGHBRED BREEDING AND DEVELOPMENT FUND CORPORATION Report for the Year 2008 NEW YORK STATE THOROUGHBRED BREEDING AND DEVELOPMENT FUND CORPORATION SARATOGA SPA STATE PARK 19 ROOSEVELT DRIVE-SUITE 250 SARATOGA SPRINGS, NY 12866 Since 1973 PHONE (518) 580-0100 FAX (518) 580-0500 WEB SITE http://www.nybreds.com DIRECTORS EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR John D. Sabini, Chairman Martin G. Kinsella and Chairman of the NYS Racing & Wagering Board Patrick Hooker, Commissioner NYS Dept. Of Agriculture and Markets COMPTROLLER John A. Tesiero, Jr., Chairman William D. McCabe, Jr. NYS Racing Commission Harry D. Snyder, Commissioner REGISTRAR NYS Racing Commission Joseph G. McMahon, Member Barbara C. Devine Phillip Trowbridge, Member William B. Wilmot, DVM, Member Howard C. Nolan, Jr., Member WEBSITE & ADVERTISING Edward F. Kelly, Member COORDINATOR James Zito June 2009 To: The Honorable David A. Paterson and Members of the New York State Legislature As I present this annual report for 2008 on behalf of the New York State Thoroughbred Breeding and Development Fund Board of Directors, having just been installed as Chairman in the past month, I wish to reflect on the profound loss the New York racing community experienced in October 2008 with the passing of Lorraine Power Tharp, who so ably served the Fund as its Chairwoman. Her dedication to the Fund was consistent with her lifetime of tireless commitment to a variety of civic and professional organizations here in New York. She will long be remembered not only as a role model for women involved in the practice of law but also as a forceful advocate for the humane treatment of all animals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Metamorphoses of Abraham's Initially Authentic Vedism
    International Journal of Sanskrit Research 2017; 3(6): 90-98 International Journal of Sanskrit Research2015; 1(3):07-12 ISSN: 2394-7519 IJSR 2017; 3(6): 90-98 The metamorphoses of Abraham’s initially authentic © 2017 IJSR www.anantaajournal.com Vedism Received: 16-09-2017 Accepted: 17-10-2017 Milorad Ivankovic Milorad Ivankovic Omladinski trg, Abstract Vrsac, Serbia The authentic pristine form of Vedism as practiced initially by the biblical prophet Abraham (see Note 1) has been undergoing dramatic changes ever since, being subject to many deviations, distortions, corruptions and contaminations from various Near Eastern traditions. Under the harmful influence of Zoroastrianism, it has mutated into Schizotheism, a manifestly pathological form of religion. Keywords: Vedism, reductionism, panenhenotheism, monotheism, schizotheism Introduction The most influential scientists of modern era, viz. Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein (all ethnic Jews) devoted much of their research to Religion and the true nature of God. Karl Marx came at the famous conclusion: “Religion is the opium of the people. The abolition of Religion as the Illusory Happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness”. However, Marx and his epigones (Engels, Lenin etc.) failed to realize that Communism was equally an Illusion being Anti-Dialectical just like so-called Monotheism, since it denies Reality as the unity of opposite principles, viz. Communism matching Monotheism, for they both: a) annihilate the opposites (in a classless society) or the Dark principle b) promote the cult of personality or the cult of One dictatorial God c) both being manifestly Anti-Dialectical belong to the realm of illusions.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced firom the microfilm master. UMT films the text directly fi’om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter 6ce, while others may be fi’om any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing fi’om left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Ifowell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARABIC RHETORICAL THEORY. 500 C £.-1400 CE. DISSERTATION Presented m Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Khaiid Alhelwah, M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • NP 2013.Docx
    LISTE INTERNATIONALE DES NOMS PROTÉGÉS (également disponible sur notre Site Internet : www.IFHAonline.org) INTERNATIONAL LIST OF PROTECTED NAMES (also available on our Web site : www.IFHAonline.org) Fédération Internationale des Autorités Hippiques de Courses au Galop International Federation of Horseracing Authorities 15/04/13 46 place Abel Gance, 92100 Boulogne, France Tel : + 33 1 49 10 20 15 ; Fax : + 33 1 47 61 93 32 E-mail : [email protected] Internet : www.IFHAonline.org La liste des Noms Protégés comprend les noms : The list of Protected Names includes the names of : F Avant 1996, des chevaux qui ont une renommée F Prior 1996, the horses who are internationally internationale, soit comme principaux renowned, either as main stallions and reproducteurs ou comme champions en courses broodmares or as champions in racing (flat or (en plat et en obstacles), jump) F de 1996 à 2004, des gagnants des neuf grandes F from 1996 to 2004, the winners of the nine épreuves internationales suivantes : following international races : Gran Premio Carlos Pellegrini, Grande Premio Brazil (Amérique du Sud/South America) Japan Cup, Melbourne Cup (Asie/Asia) Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, Queen Elizabeth II Stakes (Europe/Europa) Breeders’ Cup Classic, Breeders’ Cup Turf (Amérique du Nord/North America) F à partir de 2005, des gagnants des onze grandes F since 2005, the winners of the eleven famous épreuves internationales suivantes : following international races : Gran Premio Carlos Pellegrini, Grande Premio Brazil (Amérique du Sud/South America) Cox Plate (2005), Melbourne Cup (à partir de 2006 / from 2006 onwards), Dubai World Cup, Hong Kong Cup, Japan Cup (Asie/Asia) Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, Irish Champion (Europe/Europa) Breeders’ Cup Classic, Breeders’ Cup Turf (Amérique du Nord/North America) F des principaux reproducteurs, inscrits à la F the main stallions and broodmares, registered demande du Comité International des Stud on request of the International Stud Book Books.
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Islamic State Propaganda
    Contents 1. Key findings ............................................................................................................... 3 2. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 5 3. Methodology ............................................................................................................. 6 4. Islamic State narratives and incentives ..................................................................... 7 4.1. The caliphate: a shield and safe haven for Sunni Muslims ....................................... 7 4.2. Hijra: a religious obligation ....................................................................................... 8 4.3. Finding roots in a jihadi feminism ........................................................................... 11 4.4. A new wave of jihadi torchbearers ......................................................................... 13 5. Life for women in the caliphate .............................................................................. 14 5.1. Well-defined parameters: rules and regulations .................................................... 14 5.2. Islamic State women: mothers first and foremost ................................................. 20 5.3. Patient and steadfast supporters ............................................................................ 21 5.4. Women in combat: the revival of the early Islamic mujahida ................................ 22 5.5. Women and education ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Examining Usama Ibn Munqidh's Knowledge of "Frankish": a Case Study of Medieval Bilingualism During the Crusades
    Re-examining Usama ibn Munqidh's Knowledge of "Frankish": A Case Study of Medieval Bilingualism during the Crusades Bogdan C. Smarandache The Medieval Globe, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2017, pp. 47-85 (Article) Published by Arc Humanities Press For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/758505 [ Access provided at 27 Sep 2021 14:33 GMT with no institutional affiliation ] RE-EXAMINING USAMA IBN MUNQIDH’S KNOWLEDGE OF “FRANKISH”: A CASE STUDY OF MEDIEVAL BILINGUALISM DURING THE CRUSADES BOGDAN C. SMARANDACHE a Syrian gentleman, warrior­poet, Muslim amir, and fāris (488–584/1095–1188)—described variously as uignorancesaMa Iofbn the Munq FrankishIdh language in his Kitab al-iʿtibar (The Book of Learning (knight)—professes by Example), when recounting one of his childhood memories. Born to the Arab dynasty of the Banu Munqidh, who ruled the castle and hinterland of Shayzar on the Aṣi (or Orontes) River, Usama had grown up in close proximity to the Frankish Principality of Antioch. In the decade following the First Crusade (488–492/1095–1099), the Banu Munqidh and their Frankish neighbours engaged begun his military training. Recalling that time decades later, he remembers that in periodic raids and skirmishes. By that time, Usama was a youth and might have Tancred, the Christian ruler of Antioch (d. 506/1112), had granted a guarantee unfortunate young cavalier was actually heading into a trap that cost him his right of safe-conduct to a skilled horseman from Shayzar, a man named Hasanun. (The ­ Ifranjī eye, but he had trusted in Tancred’s good will.) After describing the initial negotia 1 tion of safe-conduct, Usama adds that “they speak only in Frankish ( ) so we had no idea what they were saying.” To date, Usama’s statement has deterred scholars from investigating the small number of Frankish loanwords preserved in his book, it appears to leave extent of his second language acquisition in greater depth.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Content
    REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOODS BULGARIAN STUD BOOK AUTHORITY BULGARIAN THOROUGHBRED STUD BOOK Volume 3 Sofia, 2013 ADDRESSES Table of Content: 1. Foreword............................................................................................... 2. Regulations for registration of Thoroughbred horses in the Republic of Bulgaria..................................................................................................... 3. Statistical analysis.......................................................................... 4. Used abbriviations and list of country codes................................ 5. Index 6. Boodmares whit their produce 7. Slallions whit their progeny 8. List of foreign stallions given products in utero …............................. 9. List of foals born without names.................................................... 10. Inported horses 11. Exported horses 12. FOREWORD Volume III of the Bulgarian Stud Book of Thoroughbred horses contains the information about the pedigrees and a summary of the breeding activity for the period of 2010- 2013 including. The breeding activity data has been obtained on the basis of the documentation of the stud farms in the country. The reliabilty of the origin of the born foals is confirmed through a DNA test from GeneControl GmbH – Germany. The Bulgarian Stud Book has been compiled in accordance with the requirements of the International Stud Book Committee (ISBC). In compliance with the requirements of the ISBC, the information about the horses has been presented in (?) sections. Each section contains specific information and the necessary data about the horses. The Bulgarian Stud Book starts with the rules and regulations for registering Thoroughbred horses in the Republic of Bulgaria. For all horses registered in the present volume, after their name the suffix of the country in which they are born and identified. The registration of the imported stallions and mares is on the basis of export certificates issued by the country from where they have been imported.
    [Show full text]
  • Arabic Origins of Cryptology (The Discovery of Ancient Manuscripts)
    Arabic Origins of Cryptology (The discovery of Ancient Manuscripts) University of Oxford, April 26th 2018 Mohammed I. Al-Suwaiyel King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Why Use Cryptology? We all use Cryptography every day! Historical Milestones in Cryptology Encryption is as old as civilization 2400BC Egypt, Non-standard hieroglyphs 1600 BC, Greek Phaistos Disk 1500BC, Mesopotamia Tablets 500BC, •Sun Tzu Chinese code •Scytale Greek code Ad-hoc 350 BC India’s Arthashastra Cryptanalysis 100BC, Caesar code 1988AD 800s- 1400AD Quantum Cryptography Arab Cryptography Other Schemes Arab Cryptanalysis ? What is next? 1400 AD Incas 1940s AD 1976AD See: The Codebreakers , The Story Khipu code of Secret Writing, David Kahn, WWI – WWII codes Public Key Cryptography 1967, The Macmillan Company A Prelude 1353 AD Ali ibn ad-Durayhim wrote the book “Miftah 1412 AD مفتاح صبح A-Kunuz fi Idah Al-Marmuz” , (Key to Shihab al-Din al–Qalqashandi wrote on الكنوز في العشى Cryptology in his encyclopedic manual Treasures on Clarifying Ciphers). The book is إيضاح في صناعة a major reference on Cryptology at the time.* for the secretaries “Subh Al-A’sha fi Sina’at Al-Insha”. (The Dawn of the المرموز النشاء Blind in the Writing Industry). He 1963 AD included “a section on codes” mostly Clifford Bosworth, of the University of St, from the book by ibn ad-Durayhim. Andrews wrote an article in which he translated “The Section on Codes” in al - 1967 AD Qalqashandi's Subh al-a‘shā,”, and added a commentary on Arabic cryptology. **. David Kahn, a prominent historian of cryptology, read the article by Bosworth, and described it as: 1967 AD “perhaps the most important single article on David Kahn wrote "Cryptology was the history of cryptology”.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Arthur John Arberry's And
    A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/102256/ Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications i A Comparative Study of Arthur John Arberry’s and Desmond O’Grady’s Translations of the Seven Mu‘allaqāt by Heba Fawzy El-Masry A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Translation Studies University of Warwick, Department of English and Comparative Literary Studies September 2017 I Table of Contents List of Figures IV Note on Translation and Transliteration V Acknowledgments VII Declaration VIII Abstract IX Abbreviations X 1. Introduction 1 1.1.Rationale for Undertaking the Research 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem 4 1.3. Survey of Arthur John Arberry’s and Desmond O’Grady’s Contributions to the Field of Translation 6 1.4. Definitions of Key Terms 10 1.5. Thesis Structure 11 2. Review of the Literature 13 2.1. Introduction: A Bourdieusian Approach to Studying the History of the Field of English Translations of the Mu‘allaqāt 13 2.2. Genesis of the Field of English Translations of the Mu‘allaqāt. 18 2.2.1.
    [Show full text]
  • SCOTLAND and the BRITISH ARMY C.1700-C.1750
    SCOTLAND AND THE BRITISH ARMY c.1700-c.1750 By VICTORIA HENSHAW A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham September 2011 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The historiography of Scotland and the British army in the eighteenth century largely concerns the suppression of the Jacobite risings – especially that of 1745-6 – and the growing assimilation of Highland soldiers into its ranks during and after the Seven Years War. However, this excludes the other roles and purposes of the British army, the contribution of Lowlanders to the British army and the military involvement of Scots of all origin in the British army prior to the dramatic increase in Scottish recruitment in the 1750s. This thesis redresses this imbalance towards Jacobite suppression by examining the place of Scotland and the role of Highland and Lowland Scots in the British army during the first half of the eighteenth century, at a time of change fuelled by the Union of 1707 and the Jacobite rebellions of the period.
    [Show full text]
  • Voicing the Voiceless: Feminism and Contemporary Arab Muslim Women's Autobiographies
    VOICING THE VOICELESS: FEMINISM AND CONTEMPORARY ARAB MUSLIM WOMEN'S AUTOBIOGRAPHIES Taghreed Mahmoud Abu Sarhan A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2011 Committee: Ellen Berry, Advisor Vibha Bhalla Graduate Faculty Representative Radhika Gajjala Erin Labbie iii ABSTRACT Ellen Berry, Advisor Arab Muslim women have been portrayed by the West in general and Western Feminism in particular as oppressed, weak, submissive, and passive. A few critics, Nawar al-Hassan Golley, is an example, clarify that Arab Muslim women are not weak and passive as they are seen by the Western Feminism viewed through the lens of their own culture and historical background. Using Transnational Feminist theory, my study examines four autobiographies: Harem Years By Huda Sha’arawi, A Mountainous Journey a Poet’s Autobiography by Fadwa Tuqan, A Daughter of Isis by Nawal El Saadawi, and Dreams of Trespass, Tales of a Harem Girlhood by Fatima Mernissi. This study promises to add to the extant literature that examine Arab Muslim women’s status by viewing Arab women’s autobiographies as real life stories to introduce examples of Arab Muslim women figures who have effected positive and significant changes for themselves and their societies. Moreover, this study seeks to demonstrate, through the study of select Arab Muslim women’s autobiographies, that Arab Muslim women are educated, have feminist consciousnesses, and national figures with their own clear reading of their own religion and culture, more telling than that of the reading of outsiders.
    [Show full text]