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And Others Grammatical Phonetics. Studies in Honour of Jack C DOCUMENT RESUME ED 338 061 FL 019 768 AUTHOr Kelly, J., Ed.; And Others TITLE Grammatical Phonetics. Studies in Honour of Jack Carnochan. York Papers in Linguistics 15. INSTITUTION York Univ. (England). Dept. of Language and Linguistic Science. REPORT NO ISSN-0307-3238 PUB DATE JUl 91 NOTE 284p.; For individual papers, see FL 019 769-779. AVAILABLE FROM York Papers in Linguistics, Department of Languages and Linguistic Science, University of York, Heslington, York YO1 5DD, England, United Kingdom (13.50 British Pounds, including airmail). PUB TYPE Collected Works - Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT York Papers in Linguistics; v15 Jul 1991 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC12 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Akan; Dutch; Foreign Countries; Interpersonal Communication; *Intonation; Japanese; Language Research; Linguistic Theory; Nouns; *Phonology; Poetry; Regional Dialects; Structural Analysis (Linguistics); *Suprasegmentals; Swahili; *Tone Languages; *Uncommonly Taught Languages IDENTIFIERS Cushitic Languages; Turn Taking ABSTRACT Papers in this volume include: "The Role of Tone in Some Cushitic Languages" (David L. Appleyard); "Downdrift in a Tone Language with Four Tone Levels" (G. N. Clements); "Non-Pitch Exponents of Accent and Structure in Japanese" (John Coleman); "Clause Structure and Tone ir Sandawe" (Edward D. Elderkin); "Tone and Accent in the Qafar Noun" (R. J. Hayward); "Glides and Phonological Change in Mombasan Swahili" (John Kelly); Tone Spacing" (Ian Maddieson); "A Performance of a Swahili Poem Analysed" (Joan Maw); "Pitch, Loudness, and Tarn Regulation in Akan Conversation" (Samuel Gyasi Obeng); "Pharyngeal Fricatives, and Pike's 'Fricative' and 'Frictional' Categories" (R. K. Sprigg); "A Study of Quantity in Mestreechs" (L. van Buuren); and "Professor Jack Carnochan: Biographical Note" (G. Furniss and P. J. Jaggar). (MSE) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from 'he original document. U.SDEPARTMENT OP EDUCATION Ceb: e iii Educational Research arm Moo...went EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (EITICI 11/Tnis docurnonlhas tAreir reproduced So tArCved Nom 11141 Demon or peonraetean orriprratmg .1 CheegeS nave Nape made! 10 unprove IeDroduceue Queer,. POInts opre.ona alIlled.n true 1.10CU mem ekr nol necessarwr retoeteeI eftIcrsi OE RI peaaron or 00her, ..........r.i. .,^ .... .,.... '.........0.~FV.0.... er'"."'UVV[VVVVVV........:...............".............."4",,Z=1"44"=VVV...avta...0.10000.01VIV442VIVOUPP. York Papers In Linguistics Ed lugs .1 Kclly J Maw and 1 Coleman ISSN 0307-3238 JULY 1991 Grammatical Phonetics Studies in Honour of Jack Carnochan DEPARTMENT OF 1.AN(11 !ACP AND IINCIII1ST1C SCIENCE umvugsrry OF YORK, IIESLINGTON, YORK YO1 ENG1AND fIlPf`o, .s, ) ' t ' X 47, $ Aosit ,10- - "se (4, * 4 k a! 4 4 .11 A g to 0 gam° t ?OAT )4014 4U 4;04 IC 4 .11 Professor Jack Carnochan We have both known Jack Carnochanfor over twenty-five years: and the acquaintance has been forus an unmixed pleasure.This is the first thing to be said. Thenwe must go on to acknowledge the profit that we have derived fromknowing him. He was, and still is, an outstanding teacher,committed to the total well-being of his students, approachable, endlesslypatient, and possessed of a deep and intuitive good sense whenever and wherevermatters of language description and languageuse are under debate. 'Alm self- same qualities he brought to his duties as a Head of Departmentand to his activities as a senior member of the linguisticcontmunity in Great Britain. In West Africa and the MiddleEast, too, and for the same reasons, his name is held in respect. For all this, and for his unfailing ebullienceand good humour, even in times of crisis, we and the other contributorsto this volume are happy and privileged to salute himon this, the occasion of his seventy-second birthday. JK JM. L. CONTENTS 1 The Role of Tone in Some Cushitic Languages (David L. Appleyard, SOAS) 5 2 Downdrift in a Tone Language with Four ToneLevels (G. N. Clements, Cornell) 33 3 Non-Pitch Exponents of Accent and titructurein Japanese (John Coleman, York) 41 4 Clause structure and tone 'n Sandawe (EdwardD. Elderkin, SOAS) 93 5 Tone and Accent in the Qafar Noun (R. .1.Hayward, SOAS) 117 6 Glides and phonological change in MombasanSwahili (John Kelly, York) 139 7 Tone Spacing (Ian Maddieson, UCLA) 149 t) 8 A performance of a Swahili poem analysed (Joan Maw, SOAS) 177 9Pitch, Loudnest. and Turn Regulation in Akan Conversation (Samuel Gyasi Obeng, Ghana) 221 10 Pharyngeal fricatives, and Pike's 'fricative' and 'frictional' categories (It. K. Sprigg) 237 11 A Study of Quantity in Mestreechs (L. van Buuren, Amsterdam) 251 12 Professor Jack Caruochan: Biographical note (G. Furniss and P. J. Jaggar, SOAS) 281 Acknowledgements Our thanks go to others involved in theproduction of this vol- ume: in York toJames Bowen, who was responsible forthe pre- liminary typing of all the papers, and atSOAS to Paul Fox, who provided the photograph of Frof. Carnochari. This volume was prepared for publicition by John Coleman, using IATEX typesetting software. THE R6LE OF TONE IN SOMECUSHITIC LANGUAGES David L. Appleyard 1 Introduction It has for some time beenrecognised that tone playsa significant role in many Cushitic languagest,yet because of the at times subtle nature of Cushitic tonal marking it hasoften been ignored inear- lier work and even todayis sometimes relegated toa few dismissive and apologetic lines, particularlyin preliminary descriptions of lan- guages. The reasons for this may bemany, but by way of defence it has to be conceded that it isnot always at first sight clear howtone and accent operate in individualCushitic languages. Indeed, it isto 1It will perhaps not be remissto clarify from the beginning that I apply the term 'Cushitic' here only to whatmay be called.the nuclear, or orthodox Cushitic languages as now generally accepted bythe majority of scholars workingin the tidd For the purposes of this discussionI have restricted myself to the following languages and language groups; Bela (whichalone forms the branch of North Cushitic there is some dissent as to whether Beja shouldbe included within the Cushitic family], Agaw (also calledCentral Cushitici, and East Cushitic (further divided principally into Lowland East Cuehitic (LEC) whichincludes the languages of whose accentualsystems we have the best descriptions: Afar, Oromo, Somali, etc., Highland EastCushitic (HEC) and Du Ilay (formerly also called Werisoid)I have excluded so-called SouthernCushitic, the precise status of which is essentially still unclear, andOmotic, which is certainly to be dis- tinguished from 'nuclear' Cushitic,most probably as a separate language family within Afroasiatic. York Papers in Linguistics 15 (1991)6 -32 ()David L. Appleyard YORK PAPERS IN LINGUISTICS 15 some extent incorrect to speak of Cushitic languages as 'tone lan- guages', at least ;11 the sense that is generally understood. In most Cushitic languages, for instance, tone seems to operate in concert with stress in such a way that it might not at first Seem apparent that one is dealing with a tonal system at all, but rather with a stress-based a..:centual system.It is, none the less, only compara- tively recently that scholars have been able to provide an adequate analysis of tone and accent in Somali, by far and away the best de- scribed of all Cushitic languages and one major language where the tonal nature of the accent is particularly clear. It is probably true, therefore, to say that most, if not all Cushitic languages can be identified as tonal accent languages, typically with a simple High Non-high contrast on short vowels plus in addition the possibility of a High-fall tone on long vowels.Although itis not the intention here to provide an analysis of the nature of tone in Cushitic, as this has indeed already been done for a number of languages2, it will be relevant for the understanding of the exam- ples provided if a few words are said about the analysis of syllables. Thus, in most of the languages cited here the three-term realisation of the tonal accent on long vowels (Non-high VV, High VV, High-fall VV) can be directly.related to the two-term system on short vowels (Non-high V, High V) by, counting the mom: a double mora with a High on the first mora /VV/ is realised as a high-falling tone, IVVI; a double mora with a High on t'ae second mora /VV/ is realised as a level (or slightly rising) tone, IVVI3. In many languages stress is also associated with High tone, and some languages seedi to show signs of moving towards a system of straightforward stress accent.Un- like in a number of other African languages, tone in Cushitic hardly ever serves to distinguish lexical items, bet is closely bound up with the morpohology, p;aying a significant role in both noun and verb morphology. In Beja, for instance, many morphological formatives 'Thus for Beja, Hudson 1973 and 1976, pp. 100-102; for Afar, Parker and Hayward 1985, pp. 218-222; for Oromo (Booran), Owens 1980; for Somali, Hy- man 1981, to cite but a few 31n the examples that follow 1 shall maintain the three-term system of mark- ing, rather than the strictly more phonemic one. Iti 6 TONE IN SOME CUSHITIC LANGUAGES have an associated accent, althoughas in simple instances each word unit may have only one accent, within the morpheme-chainthese are generally suppressed in favour of the 'dominant' accent!.In a small number of cases, accent alone hasa morphological function, as in the possessive pronoun suffixes, 1.sg. /V, 3.sg. /#/6: Pi-gaw-uu-V 1?igiwuuj 'my house', Pi-gaw-uu- V [Agawdul 'hishouse'. Similarly, tone plays a rale in plural marking in nouns, often alongside vowel length: Ibikkiarj 'hut% Ibikkari 'huts% Poobiati 'bride', klóobaatl 'brides%timid 'camel', Iltimj 'camels% idietl 'mother', Peet)'moth- ers'. In Somali, too, accent alone (Highv.
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