In Memory of the 7 Million Victims of Artificial Famine in Ukraine (.IPRAR'u M T * Ot — Publish Uk,B'"'UA

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BULLETIN OF THE ANTIBOLSHEVIK BLOC OF NATIONS

In Memory of the 7 Million Victims of Artificial Famine in Ukraine (.IPRAR'U M t * ot — Publish Uk,B'"'UA

Victor Cymbal: "The Year 1933"

Verlagspostamt: München 80 January-February 1973 Vol. XXIV No. 1 CONTENTS : Suzanne Labin (France) False Words Leading to True Bloodshed . . . 3 Withdrawal of Russian Troops from Occupied Coun tries — A Precondition to Security . 6 Basil Mailat (Rumania) Peoples' Right to National Sovereignty or European Security as Favoured by M o sco w ...... 8 Duong Hong Due (South Vietnam) A Message from the Front ...... 12 Pro). Dr. Theodor Oberländer (Germany) For a Europe United in F r e e d o m ...... 14 The Martyrology of Yuriy Shukhevych . . . 16 John Kosiak (Byelorussia) A Nation in Soviet Russian Captivity . . . 21 Levan Zourabichvili (Georgia) Moscow and the "Helsinki Deal” ..... 24 ABN Appeals for Joint A c tio n ...... 30 Hon. Walter H. Judd (USA) Our Strongest A llie s ...... 32 The Restive N o n -R u s s ia n s ...... 34 AF-ABN Protest on the Occasion of the 50th Anni versary of the U S S R ...... 37 N ew s and V i e w s ...... 41 From Behind the Iron C u rta in ...... 43

Forty years ago, in. 1932/1933, Russia had perpetrated the most outra geous genocide in the history of mankind. Over seven million Ukrainians, hundreds of thousands of Don Cossacks, North Caucasians, Byelorussians and other non-Russians fell victim to artificial famine, systematically or ganized by Russian colonialists. The Russian position in Ukraine had been undermined. Millions of Ukrainian peasants resisted forced collectivization. The collectivization of agriculture is not only an economic category, but also a military one. It is a tool of Russia's domination over the subjugated nations. Collectivi zation is a Russian way of life, which Russia imposes forcefully upon the oppressed peoples in order to rule over them. It is a means of stifling private initiative, a totalitarian form of imperio-colonialist domination. Hundreds of thousands of privately owned farms are tantamount to hun dreds of thousands of points of resistance to the Russian way of life. A collectivized village means total control over the farmer. It is a massive attempt at mastering him. It is an attempt to prevent food assistance to the insurgents as well. The collective farms in the subjugated countries are the Russian control centers of his phase of life too. A Ukrainian pea sant is an individualist. He despises collective economy. He stands for a peasant's private ownership of land. Collectivization of agriculture, there fore, is a thoroughly political and ideological category, not only an econo mic one. A kolkhoz and private property means a collision of two worlds — Russia and Ukraine — in the national and political respect. It is a clash of an amorphous mass, a herd, controlled by the tyrants and — the indi viduality which has its own dignity, its own human and national "I". Col lectivization is a levelling of life in order to stifle everything creative in a human being. Collectivization is a method of national oppression with the help of massive efforts to impose a hostile ideology of life upon a sub jugated nation. The French, the English, the Dutch or the Belgians by no means impos ed their way of life upon the countries acquired by them. The Russians do the contrary. They force their way of life upon the subjugated nations as a means of dominating them. And thus, for instance, in literature or art soc-realism is a form of Rus sian imperialism. It is an attempt at spiritual Russification, which hand in hand with linguistic Russification is to force the subjugated peoples to accept the "reality" of Russian slavery, the dictates of Russia as a form of their creativity. Militant atheism is a form of Russian imperialism in the religious sphere, for, by destroying Christianity and other traditional religions, it attempts to liquidate the millenary spiritual traditions of a nation and to reduce a human being to cattle. The Russian official Kremlin-style "Ortho doxy", as a Caesaro-papist religion, as a "Church" which serves the

1 atheistic Russian regime is another form of Russian imperialism, which follows the line of the "Third Rome". Side by side with linguistic Russi fication there is an attempt at the Russification of the spirit.. . Sovietiza- tion is Russification. The Soviet people do not and cannot exit. There are only the Russian people and the subjugated peoples, who engage in a ceaseless and merciless struggle for life or death. Widespread nationaliza tion and socialization are also a form of Russian colonialism in Ukraine and other subjugated nations are a difficult category for total control, of the subjugated nations are a difficult category fod total control. For this reason, all measures adopted by Russia in the subjugated countries must be viewed as nothing other than the forms of Russian im perialism, and colonialism. Forty years ago, Russia committed the greatest crime of genocide in or der to drive Ukrainians into the kolkhozes. Ukraine — the richest agri cultural country of Europe — lost over seven million inhabitants. Russia sent its troops to take away the harvest, the bread, from Ukraine by force. Hundreds of thousands of Russian troops plundered Ukrainian villages, confiscating all grain and killing people. The Ukrainian peasant resisted joining the kolkhoz, resisted giving his land to the Russians. An uneven battle ensued. The Ukrainian village rose against collectivization. The peasants perished in battle with Russian troops, but did not go to the kol khozes. The struggle continued for many months. The Russian armies crushed the peasants' uprising against collectivization. They took bread from Ukraine to Russia. The Ukrainian peasants perished by the millions in the villages and in the streets of cities. Dantean scenes were the order of the day. Ukraine did not succumb. When the mothers and children, and the elderly and the sick were dying in the streets of towns and villages, the insurrection was crushed by the Russians. The Russian tyrants, Stalin and Molotov, temporarily crushed the resistance of the Ukrainian nation at the price of millions of Ukrainian victims. Several million so-called kulaks, i. e. Ukrainian well-to-do farmers, were forcefully deported to Siberia either to concentration camps or to dig canals. At that time, the Ukrainian nation lost over ten million victims of Russian Bolshevik terror. However, Russia failed to break the Ukrainian nation. It revived again. The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) organized the struggle of the nation anew and con tinue to do so at present. Ukraine continues to fight. The Ukrainian people will never forgive the Russian occupants for the ten million victims of Russia's hunger siege of Ukraine. On this fortieth anniversary of the greatest crime of genocide known in the history of mankind, Ukraine warns the free world against the Rus sian tyrants who are preparing a similar genocide for it. It is a tragedy for the free world that it is silent in the face of such out- rageus crimes and continues to support Russian domination over hun dreds of millions of people and scores of nations. Caveant consules !

2 Suzanne Labin False Words Leading to True Bloodshed On D ecem ber 10, 1922, of w hich w e munism and consider Thieu’s admin mourn today the 50th anniversary, the istration as the legitimate one. Yet, Bolsheviks decided to rebaptize the Rus President Thieu is called an oppressor sian empire into the' "Union of So viet So and an American puppet, while the cialist Republics". In fact, during these Communist puppets and butchers are fifty years, there has been no Union, no called emancipators- And this is not a Socialism, no Soviets and no Repub mere playing upon words. It leads the lics. The event occurred once all the Western world to demand the resigna national republics had been crushed tion of the elected president of Saigon, by Lenin's soldiers; once every bit not of the tyrant of Hanoi, or the for of Soviet power and socialist inspira mation in Saigon of a tripartite gov tion had died with the last sailor shot ernment including the Vietcong. To by Lenin in Kronstadt; once the Cheka properly weigh the partiality involved (secret police) had plunged the Union here, imagine that, during the last of peoples into' the bloodiest terror. world war, America would have sud Thus, on that date, the Bolsheviks denly stopped its help to Great Britain, crowned their method of using words and requested W inston C hurchill to' to designate the exact opposite of what include Sir Oswald Mosley and the they meant, a method which they had German Nazis in his cabinet, while already illustrated by calling "revolu Hitler's power would have been left tion" a mere military coup, and "eman untouched in Berlin. cipation" a black dictatorship. The fraud is not smaller in Europe. I often wondered whether the sys During the last Summit Conference tematic hiding of the Communists be held in Paris, the flood of misleading hind fake labels, meant for them a words has been as intense as that cov weakness or a strength. Philosophi ering the sell-out of Vietnam. It was cally, it is rewarding, because the said that Europe had to build an "auto Western world, unused to an absolute nomous civilization" and an "indepen lie, has always been mystified by tire dent personality". In practice, all the Communists. values which can be the pillars of a The most cynical and tragic example European civilization are identical to' of the use of false labels is occurring those of the American civilization: now in Vietnam. It is obvious that the political freedom, human dignity, re Communist forces have assailed a free spect of the law, social progress, free and peaceful country in order to1 sub dom of conscience. Speaking of Euro jugate it. This is especially blatant pean "autonomy" in this field is only since the invasion of the South by the a hypocritical way of implying that regular army of the North. Yet, those America embodies some inferior kind invaders are called liberators, w hile of society, which is a gross distortion the Americans who defend the country spread to Stir up anti-American feeling against their aggression are called in in Europe, the best trump card of Com vaders, and not only by Moscow and munism. Peking, but also’ by the West. It is ob The "independent" personality of vious that the Vietnamese people, by Europe is also a hypocritical way of fleeing in mass from the regions oc saying that Europe should not b e at cupied by the Reds to seek protection America's side in the front against in those governed by President Thieu, Communism, but must build a so- have demonstrated that they hate Com called "third force" between both

3 camps. This is pure desertion of Euro decision without looking over his pean defense. The Communist menace shoulders to see whether it pleases is of such proportions that we hardly Moscow. have enough of the unified forces of But even that sinister farce finds Europe and America to face it. What a lot of advocates in our ranks. They would the Europeans have said, when explain that the three hundred div confronted by the Nazi aggressors, if isions of the gentle Brezhnev are there Washington had told them: "Well, my only because of the twelve divisions friends, you are too systematically op of the ferocious Nixon; while, ob posed. We shall build an independent viously, the twelve divisions of the third force between freedom and gentle Nixon are there only because tyranny." of the three hundred divisions of the The idea of a third force tends to hide ferocious Brezhnev. the reality of the Communist danger, and thus dissolves the solidarity of the Moscow can also count on the new iso Europeans before a common enemy. lationists in America who are now on The Kremlin adopts the old strategy of the left, and work hard to make the the wolf which tries to convince the American people disgusted with the Little Red Riding Hood that there is heavy financial load of maintaining no wolf, because now, between the troops in Europe; while their leftist wolf and our villages, there is still an countrerparts' in Europe work hard to enormous obstacle made up by the make the Europeans indignant at the American troops. Since the end of the American shield. last world war, the Kremlin's para But opening our flesh to the Com mount obsession has been the with munist dagger is still not enough. An drawal of these troops which would other conference is being prepared leave Europe at the mercy of the Rus about "Security and Cooperation in sians- But the Kremlin is too1 weak to Europe". Again, nice names to1 hide break this fortress by an open attack ugly facts. By "cooperation" you have from outside- So- it resorts to1 its old to understand that the resources, ta method of dissipating the political will lents, money and technology of Europe of the opposite camp by deception, will hereafter fertilize the rotten, im infiltration, propaganda and intrigues. potent and moribund .economy of the You know that a conference is being Communist regimes, without the slight prepared to organize — so its title est reciprocity in favor of the demo says —- "the simultaneous and balanc cratic world, giving some meaning to ed reduction of armed forces in Eu the "co" prefix in the word "co rope". This sounds like a treaty of operation". As a matter of fact, for fair play. But, don't forget the usual fifty years the Russians have never misuse of words by the Communists. ceased tO' pump into their miserable They pretend that there shall be a economy, be it by the good will of balance, if their forces deploy be a thousand capitalists, be it by direct hind a paper line 400 miles from plundering of the occupied countries, the heart of Europe, while the Amer goods, machinery and services worth ican forces will cross the Atlantic billions of dollars, without which the Ocean to return to their homes Communist system would have col 4,000 miles away from our shores. And lapsed a long time ago1. The only no from that day on the towns of Europe velty is that, from now on, this per would be wide open to the crushing manent rescue of the executioner by superiority of the Russian ground its victims will be called: cooperation. troops. Believe me, there would be no In other words, the lean Russian bear minister in Europe who would take a has led the fat European sheep to< fill

4 his lair with food and commodities, mit the crime called in our civilized and, in addition, to bless this lair. This codes: "Refusal to assist persons in is indeed the true meaning of the other danger." panel of that conference, the one cal I should like to emphasize that we, led "security". This means concretely whom many liberals try to discredit that Europe, which is the threatened by calling us "systematic anti-Com- area, will guarantee the security of munists", ought to claim that label the USSR, which is the threatening w ith pride, for we bear it in excellent power. How? By consecrating solemn company. Indeed, the most systematic ly the borders which Communism anti-Communists of the world are the and Russian imperialism have con peoples of the Communist dominated quered by sword and deceit, by countries, and we can be proud of recognizing openly the legitimacy of ourselves for having' been always dictatorships, which have never been wholeheartedly in tune with them- Yes, legitimated by the consent of their the free world owes its survival, today, peoples, and by admitting that, in all to' the irréconciliable hatred th a t the the extent of these territories, what masses of Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary, ever the aspirations of the nations Poland, Ukraine, Byelorussia, China, living there may be, the Russian impe Vietnam, have never ceased to show rialists have the right to impose their to their Communist rulers, be it by inhuman order by blood and lies. And, silent refusal, be it by open revolt. It last but not least, the security of those is they w ho will, one day, bring our makers of world insecurity w ill be deliverance together with their own. guaranteed by denying the right to independence to all the peoples If the final aim of our policy is to enslaved by Russian imperialism and destroy the dictatorship in Moscow Communism behind the Iron Curtain. A and Peking, and to reinstate free and right, mind you, which is proclaimed independent, states of all the subjugat supreme in the United Nations Charter ed peoples the best way of doing so, without a world war, is to have it and whose violation should entail the overthrown, from within, b y its re expulsion from the UN. bellious subjects, for, as long as Com Here, my friends, we reach the bot munist dictatorship stands no man, tom of an abdication of the civilized anywhere on earth, will be able to nations, the parallel of which is un face the future with confidence. The known in history. Sanctioning the to liquidation of the Communist system talitarian power of the Communist in and the dissolution of the Russian pri the area of their colonialism, implies son of nation will guarantee a just not only the betrayal of all political and lasting peace in the world. But principles, but also the cruel insens this policy obliges us to help, with all ibility to the blood, sweat and our heart and might, the resistance of tears shed by the subjugated peo those captive peoples, because they ples- Under the Communist yoke, there are, altogether, the most effective, the are millions of your brethren — who most valuable and the most exposed should b e the brethren of all free men allies of the free world. And their sub — who suffer every day from physical lime sacrifice, not only obliges us to and moral terror, from police perse denounce their tyrants, but also- shows cution, from an economy of starvation, us what can weld our union. It is the from a black censorship, from religious fire that inspires them, all races alike; persecution, from national oppression. it is the fire that glows in the forge When the civilized countries sprinkle of all our civilizations, and the name on that horror the blessed waters of of this fire is: FREEDOM AND NA their diplomatic agreements, they com TIONAL INDEPENDENCE!

5 Withdrawal of Russian Troops from Occupied Countries - A Precondition to Security

The Soviet Russian imperialists and Communists, and their fellow- travellers throughout the world are observing this year, particularly on Decem ber 30, 1972, the 50th anniversary of the USSR, allegedly a volun tary union of nations. As the British League for European Freedom pointed out during Cap tive Nations Week in June of this year, when the European Common Market is expanded to cover Britain and other countries — it will still only represent half of Europe. The other half, in the main, lies in the Russian Empire, the only remaining empire in the world today. Britain, which has granted independence to over fifty of her own for mer colonies, has time and again exerted her undoubted right and duty to demand that Russia does the same. But these demands have so far been unanswered by the Russians, who have also completely ignored demands that basic human rights, as defined by the United Nations, be extended to the peoples subjugated within the Soviet Russian Empire. Curiously enough, it is Russia — no longer able to point a finger of fury at the British Empire — which now accuses Britain and the United States of what it calls "neo-colonialism." There is nothing "neo" about Russia's imperialism. The non-Russians within the USSR number as many as the Russians themselves. They all long for freedom and independence from the Rus sian yoke, which is maintained only by military and police power. When Russia seized the Baltic countries of Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania, with a large chunk of West Ukrainian territory, in the 1940s, thousands of their people were seized and sent eastwards in cattle-trucks to the slave camps of Siberia, many of them dying on the way. But much the same happened to peoples which had long been within the Russian Empire. The Ukrainian population rvas decimated by artificial famine and exile in the 1930s,- the Volga-Germans, various Caucasian peoples, the Crimean Tartars, the Mongol Kalmycks and many, many others, suffered a similar fate. Some of these peoples have histories and cultures far older than those of the Russian people (which date only from about the time of the Norman Conquest in Britain). Inside the 22 captive nations colonial exploitation and a vicious policy of Russification designed to wipe out native cultures and languages, coup led with the persecution and annihilation of individuals who dare to protest about the denial of basic human rights, is carried out by the KGB (Russian Secret Police). Take as examples, the fate of Yuriy Shukhevych, only one of many thousands that can be cited from every captive nation inside the Russian Empire. Shukhevych was only 15 when he was first arrested by the KGB. His crime? He was the son of the Ukrainian General who, in the 1940s led the Ukrainian Insurgent Army against the Russians and the Nazi Germans in an attempt to regain Ukrainian independence. Because he.

6 refused to denounce his own father, Yuriy served 20 years in Russian concentration camps. He was released in 1968 to live in exile. In January of this year he was arrested again. Now he has been given another ten years in prison, making 30 years in all, and all for loyalty to the memory of his father. Such examples are commonplace inside the so-called Soviet Union. The fate of Yuriy Shukhevych and the many thousands of non-Russians who inhabit the dreaded concentration camps, the fate of millions of Europeans inside the captive nations cannot be ignored by anyone who professes to love liberty. Lenin himself said: "A nation which oppresses other nations cannot itself be free." It is well to remember this maxim at a time when the Russians are expressing an interest in "European Security". A precondition to such security is the withdrawal of all Russian troops from occupied countries and the .re-establishment of their national in dependence. Without this, there will be no security or peace in Europe, and without it, the people of the subjugated nations cannot achieve even basic human rights. 1972 The British League for European Freedom EFC Opposes the So-Called European Security Conference London, November 23, 1972 TELEGRAM

To the Helsinki Perliminary Conference The Executive Board of the European Freedom Council (EFC) supports the reinforcement and expansion of NATO and opposes the so-called European Security Conference, which is desired by Moscow in order to remove the USA gradually from Europe, to reinforce the status quo of its conquests, to defeat NATO and Western Europe's unification efforts and to open the road to fur ther Russian conquests in the still free part of Europe and the world. The policy of liberation of nations subjugated by Moscow and Communism alone will guarantee a just and lasting peace in Europe and in the world. A precondition to security is the withdrawal of Russian troops from all oc cupied countries and the reestablishment of their national independence. Without the realization of the concept of independence of nations subjugated by Russian imperialism and Communism, there cannot be security and peace in the world. The European Freedom Council upholds national independence and human rights. The EFC Executive Board:

O. B. Kraft (Denmark) Suzanne Labin (France) Ivan Matteo Lombardo (Italy) Jane Birdwood (Great Britain) Varoslav Stetsko (Ukraine) John Graham (Great Britain) Dr. Theodor Oberländer (Germany) Paul Vankerkhoven (Belgium)

7 Basil Mailat Peoples' Right to National Sovereignty or . European Security as Favoured by Moscow

I. The Object of the European sooner or later become Moscow's Security Conference hinterland. Russians and their satellites are The first idea is to consolidate the talking nonsense when declaring that base for an attack in a first phase, the one of the most important, problems second to carry out the attack. at present is to organize a "conference 1) Consolidating the status quo for the settlement of European secur ity". Moreover, they pretend that "The realities of post-war history world peace depends on the security must be admitted", Ceaucescu, Mos in this part of the world. We do not cow's emissary, claims. It is the West share this view at all for we know that must give in and recognize the that, on the contrary, such a confer borders established by Moscow after ence is rather an instrument of of the last war. Hence, all countries new fense at the service of Moscow's ly acquired by Russia, including East policy of conquest. Germany, Slovakia, Czechia, and the Japanese Kurile Islands are going to The Programme of the Conference disappear definitively in the Russian Let us start by examining what ac Empire. tually lies behind those grand words: As a result of this conference the European Security Conference. It West should no longer support any should first of all be stressed that desiderata of the peoples subjugated tremendous publicity is used to insist by Russia and should abstain from on the necessity of such a conference exerting pressure favouring the libe but that it has not been laid down ration of these nations. Otherwise, exactly what the programme and order such pressure would he regarded as an of the day of this conference would be. inwarrantable interference in the in Perusing the innumerable comments ternal affairs of the annexationist state. expressed through the mass communi- 2) The attack against a united Eu nication media in the West as well as rope comprises a series of measures, in the East, and looking through the such as: speeches of the Communist chiefs in Abolishing political and military particular, we have come to recognize blocs: "Europe should no longer be its outlines. One of Moscow's most divided into blocs", Moscow requests treacherous emissaries, the Chief of on all occasions. What is actually the Rumanian Communist Partv, help meant is 1he disappearance of the ed us in realizing the following: ■ Western bloc for, as far as the "Eastern" Two basic ideas can be derived from bloc is concerned., its disappearance these speeches: would only be apparent. However, in 1) Moscow wants the Western pow reality the ostentacious existence of ers to acknowledge in the debates the "Eastern" bloc is no longer of use to of the conference the actual sta Communism, but on the countrary, it tus quo, and is detrimental because it uncovers its 2) it aims, by all means, at prevent subversive activity and thus prevents ing European unification. If this it from displaying efficient activity in gamei can be played to its very free Europe and, in a more general end all of Western Europe will way, in the whole world-

8 The fear encumbering the Western culture is destined to neutralize and world must be dissipated as soon as iinally annihilate the Western con possible. For this particular reason cepts of liberty and replace them by Moscow wants this bloc to disappear the precepts of the barbarian Commu formally. The cohesion of the "Eastern" nist doctrine. bloc, however, is not guaranteed by Respecting independence and sov the alliance« between Moscow and the ereignty: Another object of the pro other Communist-dominated countries posed conference is to force the West within the framework of the bloc, but to respect the so-called "national in by bilateral treaties of alliance. dependence and sovereignty" of Com On the other hand, Western countries munist states. This request is repeated are instigated to actually destroy "their by these countries' representatives on bloc". In other words, they must first all occasions. The so-called impera renounce their alliance with the United tive, however, is not directed against States of America and the free coun Russian imperialism and, if the tries of other continents (destruction Western press declares so it is com of NATO), then dismantle their econ pletely mistaken (for these countries omic community (the European Com consider themselves completely inde mon Market) and finally integrate pendent and sovereign as regards themselves in the political, economic their relations with Moscow). Their and cultural system of Moscow. appeal is directed to Western countries Politically the Western countries only which might threaten this inde would have to respect the system pendence. These countries are reques established by Moscow and not fight ted to« respect the existence of against it as well as lay open their real states which were not created by the aim s before« th e w hole world. respective peoples but were imposed Economically they would have to by a foreign power- support the bankrupt economy of this Abstaining from interfering in inter bloc by granting capital loans and sup nal affairs: The West should not in plying goods which will neither be terfere in the internal affairs of Com returned nor paid off. munist slates. Their regime of terror W.e cannot refrain from citing two suppressing individual and national li exam ples: berty should not be disturbed. "The After the establishment of diplomatic West should definitely renounce the relations between the Federal Republic use of force or threats to use force of Germany and the Soviet Republic against them". In other words, the West of Rumania, the Rumanian commercial should be brought to give up any acti debts were increasing incessantly, vity for the liberation of the peoples amounting to about two billion Ger imprisoned in the Russian empire. man Marks now. Bucharest has only re The Communists know quite well turned a few millions of the total debt. that they will never accept a compro Communist Poland accepted a US loan mise with the West as far as the fate of more than IV2 billion dollars to of these peoples is concerned and that consolidate her economy. Half of this they w ill never agree to a peaceful sum was given to Fidel Castro for settlement to render these peoples or financing subversive activities in Latin their countries free. They also know America organized by Cuba. that the subjugated peoples within A s far as culture is concerned, their zone act as a forceful dynamite Western countries would have to tole favoring the free Western world, a rate Communist literature as well as dynamite that would blow up with un other Communist intellectual works in heard of violence in case of armed their countries. This atheist "pseudo«" conflict.

9 Communism is a form of Russian im munism replaces this history by its own perialism. The Communists are its history, the Party history, and forces henchm en. the peoples to live according to its For this reason one of the main ob rules. W hoever refuses to do1 so' is jects of the conference would be to persecuted and annihilated. force the West to abstain from sup The final stage porting any struggle of these peoples Finally the delegates of the Com for their liberation in the future. They munist bloc will constitute a common must be abandoned to. Moscow's discre front with the Communist parties and tion which might either tolerate their prepare an overthrow of the present existence or punish them in case they order. In other words, "the forces of rise against, it. The recent cruelties in evil are going to be united". Recently the Baltic countries, in Ukraine, Ceaucescu, Moscow's proconsul in Ru Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary and so on mania, declared in an interview that are obvious examples. The West would "therei are forces in the world suffi have to refrain from any protest cient to put an end to imperialist against such acts of cruelty (as West politics (of the West naturally) and Germany does whenever murders are insure the development of humanity committed at the border of the so- in the Communist sense". Under the called Democratic Republic of Ger pressure of subversive forces that must many), for protest means interference act internally (as for example the in the internal affairs of any allied Baader-Meinhof gang which just takes state. On the other hand however, a rest for the time being) Western Eu Moscow has abundantly infiltrated the rope would renounce an alliance with Western countries with its well- America, would no longer have the instructed agents. And these spies are force to' constitute a "united Europe" employing citizens of the respective and would automatically pass quietly states to prepare a Communist revolu into1 the system of Communist allian tion by any possible means. Today ces. If the Eastern countries achieved these agents are detected and expelled all these results they would not need for subversive activity. Tomorrow guns for extending Communist domi when treaties have been concluded on nation over Western Europe. In that the basis of the negotiations of the case one could really claim that the security conference such spies would European Security Conference as ad have to be tolerated and respected as vocated by Moscow would be success representatives of friendly states. ful. The Russian empire would gradu Renouncing aggression: "The W est ally be extended as far as thei Atlantic. should renounce aggression towards Communist states". This request is II- Peoples' Right to National Inde constantly repeated and has become pendence a sort of Communist slogan. In fact, We, free Europeans, reject the Eu Communism requests others to- aban ropean Security Conference as pro don aggression. However, it commits posed by Moscow. We request "a the most barbarous kind of aggression Tribunal of the Free World" instead, all the time towards the peoples sub which would compel imperialist Mos jugated by Communism. It violates cow to- grant all peoples imprisoned liberty, faith in God and these peoples' within the Russian empire the right desire to' think and to behave according to national independence. These peo to their own laws and habits based on ples must be allowed to decide their their own history. For present history fate themselves. "Any free country is based on past history comprising has the right to choose a system of their traditions and experience. Com government corresponding to its situa

10 tion, its country and the customs of aim s at consolidating its dictatorship! its inhabitants", a Russian minister It does not even respect the laws it declared at the beginning of the past decrees itself. Although the constitu century. This means the retreat of tion of every Communist-governed Russia from all countries it conquered, country without any exception, gua not the consolidation of its power. rantees freedom of speech and of the "All peoples have the right to free press, those who criticize (even in self-determination and they freely gov directly) the regime in power in any ern their state accordingly and pro way are sentenced to prison or con ceed with their economic, social and fined to mental asylums. The same cultural development" (see Human Constitution guarantees the right of Rights Committee of the United Na assembly, but whoever dares to de tions). monstrate is sentenced for "anti-Com- Jurisprudence confirms these desires munist" agitation. and principles. It also asserts that eve Stalin already declared that "under ry nation must be free in order to be the Communist regime the right of the able to decide how it wants to regulate working class to consolidate its power its external and internal legal relations prevails over the peoples' right to free (see French Dictionary of Law "Dictio- self-determination which therefore has naire juridique"). to be subordinated to the first" (see In accordance with these principles, Stalin's speech at the XII Congress we demand the liberation of all peo of the Soviet Communist Party). And ples living within the Communist this is taking place because a Commu sphere of dom ination, i. e. not only nist regime is a Russian imperialistic those of the satellite states — the East regime which must protect the empire ern Zone of Germany, Poland, Hunga against the peoples' realization of their ry, Rumania, Czecho-Slovakia, Bulga self-determination, i. e. their national ria — but also' those living within the independence. borders of the USSR, i. e. in Ukraine, This conception has absolutely no Byelorussia, Georgia, Turkestan, Li thing in common with the W estern con thuania, Estonia, Latvia, Armenia, etc. ception of the right to free self-deter At present the fate of these peoples mination. The Communist concept sup is decided by the Communist Party ports tyranny and imperialism a n d con since according to Moscow's doctrine sequently we reject it. the Party represents "the people's con If Soviet Russia believes that she can science itself". There could not be any go on subduing peoples in the name other party for the Communist Party of this tyranny she is mistaken for the alone is to represent this "people's con peoples living on the territory of the science" and it alone decides that they Russian empire do not constitute a po are obliged to live according to Marx- tential for her to fight against the West, ist-Leninist doctrine. This is the real but an explosive barrel that might meaning of the slogan "the people blow up with a force greater than a should be allowed to decide their fate nuclear explosion. In case of conflict, themselves", which is professed by the this explosive force would definitely Communists on all occasions. And the shake the foundations of the Russian- Communist Party is the spokesman of Communist structure and destroy the Russian imperialism and colonialism in Russian empire. modern form. Tyranny has never been able to re The Western world must realize that strain the national struggle for liberty, the Communist Party does not intend and Soviet Russia ought to know that to satisfy the needs of the people and she is not an exception to this rule solve their problems, but that it only either.

li A MESSAGE FROM THE FRONT

First of all, I would like to thank the European Freedom Council for its mes sage to our President expressing the upport of the Council for his stand at this most important stage of negotiations in the Vietnam conflict.

I would also like to thank this distinguished audience for its approval of the above message of support.

I wish to congratulate the Organizing Committee for holding this import ant meeting today to remind the wo Id that the success of the Communist Revolution in Russia so many years ago resulted in the enslavement of hun dreds of millions of people.

The meeting also serves to remind the world that in the search for peace, the free world at Yalta created certain conditions enabling the Russians to impose Communist regimes in Central Europe after the reoccupation of U- kraine, Byelorussia, and other non-Russian nations, with the direct help of Soviet Russian troops, as in the cases of Hungary and Poland, and via a co alition government in Czechoslovakia.

The one constant factor in world politics in the last 25 years has been a consistent Communist policy aim, that is, the Communist domination of the world.

The Marshall plan and NATO have stopped Communism from spreading beyond the unfortunate Central European countries. Only collective efforts and immediate response of the free world, under the name of the United Nations, saved South Korea from Communist aggression.

Is President Thieu an obstacle? Yes, he is. But only to the Communists' ambition of conquest; and so are the 18 million South Vietnamese people. The only obstacle to peace is the very presence of 13 North Vietnamese divisions in South Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos.

To those who, because they are Communist sympathizers, ask us to accept the 9 point plan of Hanoi, I don't need to answer.

But there are many people in the world who are greatly disturbed by the news of the war in Indochina and who want to see an end to the killing. I would like to remind those people that we, the Vietnamese people, would love, more than anybody else, to see he war ended. The children killed or wounded by the war are ours. The land destroyed by the war is ours. But if these people asked us to surrender o the Communists for their own peace of mind, my answer is never.

South Vietnam is longing for peace, a peace with freedom, democracy and national independence.

12 Since this meeting was discussing the problem of the European Security Conference, I would like to say that thtugh negotiations are a commendable way of seeking peace — for this reason my Government is always ready to meet the enemy, and to try to settle the conflict in a spirit of reconcilia tion, past experiences in dealing with the Communists have shown us that we should always remain clear-sighted, vigilant and united in negotiating with thie Communists.

Learning their lesson in Europe and in Korea, the Communists are now trying to open a breach in the defence of the free world in Vietnam, ex ercising their strength by conventional warfare assisted by massive world pro paganda.

The Vietnamese people are unfortunate to see their land chosen by the Communist bloc as a battlefield for its war of expansion. But they also feel proud of being on the front line of defence of the free world.

Today I am glad to bring to you a message from the front.

Recent events in the past week have shown that only a close co-operation between South Vietnam and its allies and the clear-minded attitude and vigil ance of the South Vietnamese leader, President Thieu, together have saved South Vietnam from a surrender to the Communists.

Indeed, President Thieu has clearly seen in the 9 point plan for which Hanoi has allegedly obtained American agreement, a plan set up to fool international opinion.

Accepting a standstill ceasefire without a North Vietnamese troop with drawal means another Hungary or another Poland. Accepting a coalition with the Communists only means allowing the occurrence of another Czecho slovakia.

After the failure of their aggression last March, the North Vietnamese Com munists are trying now to convince the world that President Thieu is the sole obstacle to peace.

If the Communists' aim is the domination of the world, I think that the free world's aim should not only be peace. We should ask ourselves whether the more than one hundred million non-Russian people now in the Russian Em pire — the USSR, or persecuted in Red China, in North Vietnam, etc. are living in peace?

With their fate in mind, I think the free world should oppbse the Commu nist policy aims of conquest with the aims of freedom, democracy and na tional independence. DUONG HONG DUC First Secretary, Embassy ol Vietnam, London

13 Prof Dr. Theodor Oberländer For a Europe Uniied in Freedom (Speech delivered at the Mass Rally in London, November 4, 1972)

What are the European Democrats finance. This unification should have expecting from the conference in Hel been achieved before any decisive ne sinki? We know that next year a Euro gotiations take place. Chancellor Aden pean conference on security will be auer told us: When Western Europe is held in Helsinki. The Soviet Union is united, then it can negotiate with the demanding a guarantee of security for Eastern powers. its gains of the Second World War, the Secondly, we demand an obligatory expulsion of the United States from acceptance of human rights and the European soil and the dissolution the right to national independence of of NATO. the subjugated nations by all the The Helsinki conference has three members of this conference. It is im options: possible to conclude binding treaties between states for which human rights 1) to abolish the division of Europe, and the right to national independence 2) to- facilitate the consequences of are a pressing obligation of political the division of Europe, life and states which refuse to uphold 3) to consolidate the division of human rights and the right to national Europe. independence in accordance with the The belt of the satellites, the Baltic Charter of the UN. An equal basis of states, Ukraine, Byelorussia and the rights and an equal carrying out of countries of th e Caucasus are also- a laws are preliminary conditions of the part of Europe. If the Soviet Union conference. feels itself responsible1 for the Com We propose an examination of all munist parties in Western Europe, then treaties to see whether they corres Western Europe must also be respon pond with human rights and the peo sible for the silent majority of the ples' right to self-determination. The ac population of the subjugated countries. commodation of treaties and constitu The nations of Eastern Europe cannot tions to human rights and the right speak freely, and their dictators re of self-determination, and the inspec ceive their orders from Moscow. We, tion whether these rights are only the members of the free nations, fight written or also practiced in everyday for freedom and independence of all life are the most important tasks of members of the European community. this conference. The conference should National sozialism once deceived the resolve that all treaties which contra free states of Western Europe. We do dict human rights and the principles not want to be deceived a second time. of the UN are invalid. In the time of self-determination we All treaties signed by imperialists and are asked: What are the aims of that dictatorships without the application conference for us? Peace and security of the right of self-determination are for Europe- How to get this peace? not valid. If the Munich Agreement First of all, we want the political is null and void, then the Ribbentrop- unification of Western Europe. We Molotov treaty is also invalid as well have the Common Market and we are as the occupation of the Baltic states, glad that Great Britain became a mem Ukraine, Byelorussia, Turkestan, Geor ber of it. But we do' not yet have poli gia, etc. Only life in accordance with tical unification in all problems of the principles of the UN gives security. foreign policy, defense, security and These principles must be restored.

14 We want the evacuation of foreign dependence become obligatory for troops from Czechoslovakia because all members of the conference. Europe occupation has been carried out will become a garden of nations in against the will of the overwhelming which every nation will grow and dev majority of the population. elop without interference from any We demand the withdrawal of Rus other nation. The European Freedom sian occupation troops from Ukraine, Council fights for national independ Georgia, Byelorussia and all the sub ence and human rights for all Euro jugated countries, and from German pean nations on one united European soil in particular. continent Europe is not only Western Europe, Our reflections are suggestions for but the whole of Europe. We have not Western governments which have abolished our colonial policy in Asia agreed to negotiate with respect to the and Africa only to get a new colonial so-called European Security Confer policy in Europe- ence. All kinds of violence and terrorism, Our position is as follows: no nego especially on the frontiers, must be tiations with Moscow will ever be suc forbidden and severely punished. cessful. The only road to the liberation Walls, barbed wire, and orders to of the subjugated nations are the na shoot upon men are not an expression tional liberation revolutions of these of detente and security and must be nations, supported by the free world. abolished during this conference. Only national states, reestablished We can only negotiate the unifica upon the ruins of the Russian empire tion of the whole of Europe when toppled by national uprisings, will be human rights and the right of the a guarantee of a just and lasting peace subjugated nations to national in in the world.

London, November 4, 1972 Presidium of the Mass Rally held to protest the 50th anniversary of the founding of the USSR.

15 The Marlyrology of Yuriy Shukhevych

In recent years some Klym Dmytruk cated cases as that of Yu. Shukhevych appears in the press (the newspaper (1958), the case of L. L ukyanenko at al Visti z Ukrainy (News from Ukraine), (1960-61), the case of the U krainian N a the Lviv oblast newspaper Vilna U- tional Committee in Lviv (1961). kraina (Free Ukraine) and others) with To give an idea of the ethical prin articles about the OUN Movement (Or ciples and methods of K. Halskyi's ganization of Ukrainian Nationalists). w ork w e shall cite th e case of Yu- His book is about to be published by Shukhevych. the Lviv publishers "Kamenyar". As is known, in 1947 Yu. Shukhevych, The readers have noticed that con a minor, was arrested and sentenced trary to other authors who write or to 10 years actually for the fact that have w ritten on this subject (Yu. Mel- he was the son of the leader of the nychuk, T. Byelyayev, T. M yhal and OUN (Organization of Ukrainian Na others), this author in particular makes tionalists) movement, Gen. Roman Shu an extensive use of secret files of the khevych. KGB, secret documents and testimonies One-and-a-half year prior to the ex which were made by the participants piration of his term, Yu. Shukhevych of the OUN movement during interro was released as someone sentenced gations under merciless tortures in Sta while still a minor. But the USSR Pro linist times. Therefore, an opinion ex secutor General Rudenko, without any isted that Klym Dmytruk is a formal significant grounds, protested against employee of the KGB. the release of Shukhevych, who was Now it has been accurately establi then arrested again and sent to> the shed that Klym Dmytruk is the pseudo Vladimir prison to complete his 10-year nym of KGB major Klymentiy Yevhe- term- novych Halskyi — the organizer or ac Shortly before his final release, K- complice of a number of serious crimes Halskyi came to Vladimir for "discus against justice, for which he should sions” with Yu. Shukhevych. bear criminal responsibility. It was demanded of the latter to pub K. Halskyi is a Pole by nationality, a licly denounce his father and take a native of the Zhytomyr region, aged stand against the movement which he 45-50. Everybody knows about his ser headed. Yu. Shukhevych categorically vice in the KGB (MVD) organs in the refused. last years of the war. It is known that On the day of his release, Yu. Shu in 1944 h e had been in th e Radekhiv khevych was confronted with a new district of the Lviv region where he1 charge of "anti-Soviet propaganda and was involved in a series of illegal acts agitation" in the cell and a new, total toward peaceful inhabitants suspected ly fabricated case was instituted a- of links with the underground. He car gainst him, on the basis of which Yu. ried out such actions in other districts Shukhevych was sentenced to another of the Lviv region as well. In particu 10 years of imprisonment. lar, he participated in the murdering The "case" was prepared in full by of prisoners and in the "fabrication" of K. Halskyi, having exploited for this "cases". He emerged as a more promi two, totally demoralized criminals, es nent figure in the post-Stalinist times pecially planted in the same cell with already, when the most crucial cases Yu. Shukhevych. One of them — Olek- were entrusted to him. He worked in sander Fomchenko from the vicinity of the operative apparatus of the Lviv M oscow -— w as convicted in 1947 to 25 UKGB. He participated in the prepara years for robbery; in 1951 he was sent tion of such totally or partially fabri enced to 25 years in prison for the se

16 cond time for membership in a provo promising freedom at the price of co cative camp organization, the "Double- operation. headed eagle". People who came in contact with The second — also a Russian from Halskyi characterize him as a cunning, the Voronezh region, homosexual Bur treacherous man, a cynic who face kov, was sentenced to 10 years in pri to face with a prisoner does not con son for cutting somebody's throat with ceal his thoughts and intentions. He is a razor. a fierce Ukrainophob, not in the line Halskyi bought their services rather of duty, but out of conviction. Possibly cheaply — they were not even pro this is connected with his nationality. mised release, but a change from pri He searches for an individual approach son confinement to that of camp. Seve to each prisoner: he is "friendly" to ral days prior to his release, the said some and uses his fists with others. Burkov signed a grievance, slipped to The last recorded fact of this nature is him, to the prosecutor's office in which Halskyi's beating of writer and jour he, as a Soviet man, expressed his in nalist M. Osadchyi during the 1965-66 dignation at the fact that such an ene inquiry, about which M. Osadchyi ex my as Shukhevych, who engages in tensively informed the public and noti anti-Soviet agitation even in a cell, is fied the chiefs of the republican KGB. about to be released. It has become known that recently An investigation was started which Halskyi was transferred from the Lviv was transferred to Lviv. This "investi UKGB to a responsible position with gation", prepared by Halskyi, was con the republican KGB apparatus. It is al ducted by Capt. Vinogradov renowned so known that in recent time he was for the fact that still in the Stalinist given the task of "feeling out" (or pos times, he tortured prisoners brutally- In sibly even recruiting) Ukrainians from particular, he mercilessly beat up the abroad, who come to Ukraine as tour arrested women, K. Zarytska, O. Hu- ists or on official assignments. In doing syak and H. Didyk. this, Halskyi appears under an assumed Yu. Shukhevych was tried in com name. (Ukrainskyi Visnyk, Issue 6) plete secrecy. The testimony of Burkov Dr. Horbovvyi Released and Fomchenko was ineffective. For instance, Yu. Shukhevych's "intention" after 25 Years of Imprisonment to' flee abroad after his release was Dr- Volodymyr Horbovyi, a one-time "confirmed" by the fact that "he stu law yer w ho in 1947 w as sentenced w ith died foreign languages" while in the out trial to 25 years of imprisonment cell and so forth. The witnesses forgot in Soviet Russian concentration camps, what they should say and what they has been reportedly released. Dr. Hor had said at the inquiry; they became bovyi, now 73 years old, is in extreme confused. ly poor health. After the trial Halskyi again met with Dr- Horbovyi was bom in Halychyna Shukhevych. He cynically ridiculed the in 1898. A n outstanding jurist, h e gain trial, without denying that it was en ed great stature and popularity as a tirely fabricated. Halskyi said that if defender of Ukrainian nationalists at Shukhevych agrees to cooperate or the trials in Poland in the 1930s. writes an article attacking nationalism, H e was arrested in Prague in 1947, the verdict will not be confirmed. All deported to the Ukrainian SSR despite this occurred in December 1958. the fact that he held Czecho-Slovak ci Shukhevych refused and spent an tizenship, and sentenced to 25 years of other 10 years behind bars. In 1961 Yu. imprisonment by an edict of the Ukrain Shukhevych was again brought to Lviv, ian SSR's Ministry of Internal Security, where Halskyi talked to him again, issued on Ju ly 6, 1949.

17 An Anii-Russian Leaflet from ihe Prison of Naiions

Dear Citizens: On June 1, 1972, ten years have posted since the day on which the prices ior the necessities of live have been aised. Ten years ago the resolutions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and of the Soviet of Ministers of the USSR mphasized: “The increase in price on meat and meat products, as well as on butter, is a temporary measure. The realization of steps outlined by the March (1962) plenum oi 'the Central Com mittee will provide an opportunity for decreasing the prices on agricultural products in the near future. There is no doubt that in a short time it will be possible to lower retail prices." Now the people understand that this was a subsequent "promise", a sub sequent unscrupulous lie of the comrades in the Kremlin. According to newspaper reports, during these ten years our people have suc cessfully realized the decisions of dozens of plenums and two five-year plans. But the prices not only have not fallen but continue to rise. A hidden price increase is taking place on products, food and industrial goods by way of re-classilicalion, the lowering of quality, the sticking of new labels and so forth. Recall the uproar raised in connection with the adoption of the "Program oi the Building of Communism" at the 22nd Congress in 1961. The authors of this fantastically deceptive program promised us: “Already in the span of the first decade (i.e. up to 1970) all strata of the Soviet people will be able to enjoy prosperity, will enjoy financial security... the housing shortage will be done away with". It contained a great deal of figures which proved that at the present time we should have been standing at the gates of para dise leading to material prosperity. But instead of deceptive promises of a better life, prices continue to rise in the country. In the last ten years, prices on almost all products have risen 20-30 per cent; construction of housing has decreased 20 per cent and coope ratives are being introduced more and more. Dear Citizens! Our country has the richest resources in the world; it is the second largest industrial country in the world. But as far as the standard ot life is concerned, the workers of the USSR have the 26th place in the world, the last place among the developed countries. For his pay, our worker can buy 7-12 times less than the American, the English or the West German one. The average area oi our worker's apartment is 2-5 times smaller than that oi the workers of other countries. Among the Americans, 80 °/o oi the families own a car, among the English — 60°/o, among the Germans — 50°lo, while in the USSR less than 0.1 °lo. In comparison with Western countries mi serable are the pensions, disability benefits, invalid and child-birth benefits

18 in the USSR. The USSR workers have the shortest paid vacation among the above-mentioned countries. For his unemployment benefits, the unemployed in the West can buy 2-4 times more products than our worker or employee for his wages. And there are no more than 2-4 °/o unemployed in the West ol the total work lorce. Not without reason do the Kremlin rulers completely muftle foreign radio broadcasts. Even Hiller had not done this in peace time. Dear Citizens! Very lew know that the greater majority of products in our country are sold at prices 2-4 times greater than the expenses ol state pro duction and their realization (including the income ol the enterprise). As stipulated by our economists, the pay ol the Soviet worker makes up about 1/3 ol his real earnings. And aside from these hidden deductions, taxes are exacted from our worker in addition, Where do these huge hidden profits from your work and mine go? These huge hidden profits are secretly and openly appropriated by the Kremlin rul ers and their servants— the great and middle particracy, aparatchiks and so forth. These profits are spent on their luxurious life, on their datchas, villas, limousines, on their huge salaries and premiums, on their rations hidden from the peoplei. Special resorts, hospitals, sanatoria. The rulers of the Kremlin and their stooges live better, more expensively, than the tsarist nobles had done prior to the revolution, calling themselves at the same time "the avant- garde ol the Soviet people", their servants. Servahls, indeed! They fleece their "m aster" — the w orker — three times over... And "the owners of the country" — the toilers, the workers, can hardly make ends meet. The second point is the squandering of the national wealth abroad. The Kremlin rulers do not carry out trade in the interest of the people, but in their own vanguard political interests of achieving world domination. For their "unselfish aid“ at the expense of the misery of their own nation, they at tempt to impose the same yoke in other countries as in their own country. Robbing their own people, the Kremlin leaders export a huge amount of the highest quality products: meat, butter, fish, caviar, grain, cotton cloth, leath er, valuable raw materials and other deficit goods. At the same time, we must import grain from aboard (Canada) spending for this the nevetheless poor national reserves. Huge sums are thrown out by those in the Kremlin in order to supply arms lor the so-called “freedom fighters", for the support of dictators who grant military bases to the Soviet Union (Egypt, Syria, Cuba and others) and the maintenance abroad of an immense espionage network, and for bribery of foreigners "advantageous" to our rulers. Billions were wasted on the regime of Mao Tse-tung (now this regime is our fierce enemy). Three million rubles a day were wasted on the arming of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and its attempt to seize South Vietnam, one million rubles a day on Cuba, 15 million rubles a day on the Arabs.

19 The Kremlin leaders do not spare anything. There is enough of wealth in Russia to last for their lifetime. Dear Citizens! There is no socialism in our country. It is not socialism, when there are 20 times more of various types of parasites and supervisors (nachalniks) than had been in tsarist Russia. It is not socialism when the average wage of a worker constitutes 100 rubles, while the income of a large manager is several thousand a month. It is not socialism when the people are virtually deprived of the most basic rights: freedom of speech, the right to vote, to strike and others. It is the very absence of these rights which makes it possibile for the Kremlin leaders to mercilessly rob, both secretly and openly, and to oppress our people. And we are not advancing toward Communism — all this is a lie. Our system is state capitalism — the worst and the most rapacious system of state which permits the rulers without any control to dispose of all the treasures and profits of the country, to perpetrate arbitrariness and violence. Such form or mercilessly predatory rule prevailed in Germany prior to Hitler's "socialism". ~ ” Dear Citizens! The workers of Western countries achieved their high stan dard of living and broad political freedoms as the result of struggle. The tried weapons of struggle are strikes and demonstrations. When in June 1970 in Poland a strike was declared and a demonstration staged, the results were the removal of Gomulka from office, aid the almost complete reshuffling of the Central Committee and the government. The new secretary of the Cen tral Committee, Gierek, reversed the price increase, raised wages and pen sions and relaxed censorship. r_ The people of our country are already taking up the struggle. In the last ten years, strikes, demonstrations and other actions have taken place in many cities: Novocherkask, Temir-Tau, Chyrchyk, Leningrad. The workers at the Moscow factories also went on strike. And recently, mass actions of workers occurred in Kaunas. Our writers, prominent scientists, employees and workers write protests. They demand freedom of speech, press, unions, imprrovement of the people's living condi tions; they demand toe government's account to the people. They are perse cuted, proclaimed insane, imprisoned because they take up the cause alone. Dear Citizens! Fight for your rights, for the improvement of your life. Protect one another: one for all and all for one. Only through struggle is it possible to achieve changes for the better. If we fail to fight, we shall be transformed more and more into slaves of the leadership of the CPSU, into working cattle. Long live freedom, democracy and independence of the subjugated peoples.

Citizens' Committee (Familiarize as many people as possible with this leaflet.)

20 John Kosiak A Nation in Soviet Russian Captivity The government of the Soviet Rus tion of independent states; c) Merging sian empire, caiied the USSR, during of all nations into class organizations the entire year of 1972 w idely observ and educating them in the spirit of pro ed the 50th anniversary of its exist letarian internationalism. ence. The USSR was presented as a These theses were designed for pro voluntary union of sovereign states, paganda purposes. Their obvious con and an ideal solution to the national tradictions were clarified by Lenin in problem for all peoples of the world- the article, "On the Review of the Par The Byelorussian nation is in Soviet ty Program". Lenin stated: "On our Russian captivity today, and it is un part we have no desire for partition. We able to express its opinions about its want as large a state as possible, as own situation inside the USSR. There close a union as possible of as many fore, we would like to express Byelo nations as possible, which are living in russian views on this problem. the neighborhood of the Great Rus sians". In this way Lenin injected into' Until N ovem ber 1917 th e tsarist Rus Russian Bolshevism the basic contra sian empire existed on the territory of diction between propagandistic decla the contemporary USSR. The govern rations and real policies intended for ment of this empire openly ruled over the non-Russian countries under Rus many conquered nationalities and sian domination. states. These non-Russian nations were oppressed politically, exploited econo The same false tactics were used by mically and Russianized culturally by the Bolsheviks after their usurpation of the Russian tsarist government. In re pow er in Russia in 1917. The basic do ality these subjugated nations were cument of Soviet government, "The Russian colonies in the exact meaning Declaration of Rights for Nationalities of this word- of Russia", of November 15, 1917, pro claimed the liberation of the non-Rus After the usurpation of power, the sian nations from national oppression. Communist government of Soviet Rus The shameful policies of national op sia wanted to keep all those nations pression, existing in tsarist Russia, must in its possession. However, planning lo be changed to. the policies of volun extend Communist rule to the entire tary and equitable union of nations, world, the Russian Bolsheviks laid the belonging to Russia. groundwork for a universal Commu nist state, the USSR. The formula The Bolshevik "Declaration of Rights tion for creation of the USSR was in of Working and Exploited People" pro vented by Lenin, the father of Russian claimed that the Russian Soviet Repub Bolshevism. Many years before assum lic has to be erected on the basis of a ing power in Russia, he composed a voluntary union of independent na program for the Bolshevik Party, in tions, as a federation of Soviet national which he formulated a status for the republics. However, the policies imple non-Russian nations, previously con mented by Russia in the non-Russian quered by the tsarist Russian empire. countries represented a complete con His theses were as follows: a) Com tradiction to these declarations. plete equality of rights for all nations; In Byelorussia the following events b) Granting to all non-Russian nations occurred at the time. On December 15, the right of self-determination includ 1917 the First A ll-Byelorussian Con ing secession from Russia and the crea gress had assembled in Miensk. It con-

21 sisted of 1,872 representatives, elected the Byelorussian people for self-deter by the people of all the ethnographic mination and independence, turning territories of Byelorussia- This was a them into a colonial people of Soviet national Byelorussian constituent as Russia. sembly, whose aim was to decide the The formal creation of the USSR took future statehood of Byelorussia. The place later, after all the independent Bolshevik Russian delegates were in a non-Russian republics were conquered small minority. They were not able to and destroyed by Soviet Russian ar influence Congressional decisions. Af mies, and satellite Soviet republics ter the Congress had chosen independ were created in their place. On October ence for the Byelorussian state, the So 6, 1922, the session of the Central Com viet Russian army dispersed this as mittee of the Russian Communist Party sembly. (Bolsheviks) adopted a draft by Lenin However, the Council of the First formulating the creation of the USSR. All-Byelorussian Congress proclaimed On December 18, 1922, the 4th A ssem b independence of the Byelorussian De ly of the Soviets of the BSSR adopted m ocratic Republic on M arch 25, 1918. a declaration on the necessity of the In opposition to this independent Bye creation of the USSR. On D ecem ber 30, lorussian state, the Soviet Russian go 1922, the representatives of the Soviet vernment created the Byelorussian So republics signed the declaration and v iet Socialist Republic (BSSR). This fic agreement formally establishing the titious state was created and its go USSR. vernment was selected in Moscow. Of In reality, the USSR is a continuation ficial proclamation of the BSSR took of the previously existing centralistic place on January 1, 1919 in the city of Russian empire, using a different name, Smalensk which at this time was con as well as a different political, social quered by Russia. and economic structure. The ruling Subsequently, the Soviet Russian ar force in the USSR is the Russian Com my conquered most of Byelorussia. munist Party. This party represents a Concluding the peace treaty with Po new Russian upper class, replacing no land in Riga in 1921, the M oscow go bility in the former Russian empire. vernment, without representatives from The Polit-Bureau of this party is a tota the BSSR, divided the territory of Bye litarian and dictatorial body, which lorussia as follows: the BSSR was al- establishes, executes and controls all loted a territory of six counties of the policies for the USSR from Moscow, Miensk region alone, with a popula including those for the non-Russian re tion of approximately 1.2 million. Po publics- land was given approximately 100,000 A consolidation of the conquered sq. kms. of Byelorussia with a popula non-Russian countries by Russianiza- tion of 4-0 million. Approximately tion of their population is a continuous 250.000 sq. kms. of Byelorussian terri political process, pressed by the Mos tory with a population of over 9.0 mil cow government. This action includes: lion were annexed directly by the 1. Suppression of ethnic cultures of the RSFSR. non-Russian nations of the USSR and The government of the BSSR is al forcibly merging them in the one Rus ways selected by the Russian Commu sian stream. 2. Spreading of the Rus nist Party- Its functions are limited to sian language by schools, publications, those of local administration for the broadcasting, television, administra central Russian government in Mos tive use, etc. 3. Erection of buildings cow. Thus, the Soviet Russian govern in Byelorussia using the Russian style ment brutally suppresses the aims of of the present time, and destruction of

22 the previous distinctive Byelorussian S. Gorshkov, declared openly that the monuments of architecture- 4. Depor Soviet Union's nuclear submarines, tation of nationally conscious segments "armed with ballistic missiles and long- of the population, especially of the in range torpedoes, and backed by missile telligentsia, to the other republics in carrying planes and ships, are capable Asia. 5. Sending into Byelorussia of of destroying an enemy in any region many Russians for all leading positions, of the world's oceans". from ministers down to administrators This menace can be avoided by the of kolkhozes. 6. Annihilation of those liberation of Byelorussia and other non- Byelorussians opposed to this dena Russian subjugated nations from Rus tionalization. 7. Unlimited and merci sian bondage and restoration of their less exploitation of the subjugated truly independent states. The Russian countries and their population -for the state, limited to the Russian ethnogra benefit of the Russian imperial aims. phical territories, will not be capable 8. Giving a high priority to the growth of armed expansion in global dimen of the Russian formidable military sions. might and imperial expansion, neglect The Byelorussian people are fighting ing the needs of the incorporated non- for their liberation from Russian occu Russian nations. As a result of these pation throughout the 50 years of the colonial policies of Soviet Russia over -existence of the USSR. The second All- six million Byelorussians were anni Byelorussian Congress, which met in hilated during the past 55 years. 1944 in M iensk, th e capital of Byelo Lenin envisaged the creation of the russia, annulled all ties of Byelorussia USSR for the entire globe, obviously with the USSR. This Congress ap under Soviet Russian leadership. Sub proved a proclamation of the indepen sequent governments of Soviet Russia dent Byelorussian Democratic Repub are gradually realizing this goal. The lic, according to1 the declaration of fundamental means for reaching this M arch 25, 1918. The B yelorussian N a goal is military takeover. Communist tional Defense fought for the liberation theoretical considerations and program and independence of Byelorussia. formulations are only playing a pro However, in the existing totalitarian pagandists role in this .expansionist and terroristic conditions of Soviet design. At present their military activi Russian occupation, the Byelorussian ties, covering many parts of the globe, people are not able to liberate them on land, sea, underwater, in the air and selves at this time. Therefore, we ask stratosphere, often are surpassing those all freedom-loving peoples- of the world of other countries. This systematically to support the aims of the Byelorussian growing threat to the security of free nation for liberation from the horrors countries is the greatest menace to hu of Soviet Russian colonialism, and for manity of our time. On the occasion of the restoration of an independent Bye Soviet Navy Day, Admiral of the Fleet, lorussian state.

From a Statement by Dr. Ku Cheng-kang, Honorary Chairman of the World Anti-Communist League on President Nixon's Re-election W e earnestly hope that President Nixon will uphold the American national spirit, act in accordance with his profound understanding of the evil nature of Communism, hold fast to his stand for peace with honor, refrain from de serting any of America's allies, solemnly continue to lead the free world unity, and march steadily toward the form of peace that he envisages.

23 Levan Zourabichvili Moscow and the "Helsinki Deal"

We are on, the verge of the "Helsinki fist and that one cannot blame it for Deal" which the Communist bloc pro the recent "road incidents" of Gdansk poses to free Europe. or Prague because these measures were Some political parties in the West "requested by the local population", ern countries make glitter the treache respectively, striving to safeguard its rous promise of a lasting European "socialist prosperity" threatened by peace guaranteed at this price. In do some heretics and slanderers. On an ing so they want to profit from a cli other panel we are persuasively told mate thus created in an electoral cam that the USSR is incapable of doing paign and label the opposing non- any harm to Europe because "there is Marxist parties that are not enfeoffed China behind its back". On the last pa by Moscow as "advocates of war". nel innumerable alluring offers are presented for profitable trade and in One cannot repeat too often what vestment agreements with the USSR, Moscow is actually aiming at: the USSR requesting long-term loans 1) It wants your free countries to' re from the West. Could there be any cognize the status quo* as regards the better guarantee for real peace — Com subjugated central and eastern part of munist spokesmen maintain — than Europe- Due to a splendid pledge given these "constructive" bonds? at Helsinki, Russia would henceforth re main — as she already is within her Evidently everything is based on fallacious "voluntary union" called confidence in "pacifist" Soviet Russia's USSR — the absolute mistress of the willingness. In this case, I really mean dreadful destiny of the nations belong Soviet Russia, not Soviet Union, for ing to the so-called Warsaw Pact. the invader, destroyer and oppressor is 2) It intends to coagulate and petri Moscow, but there are people who fy Western Europe in a neutralist spirit would like to make the general public in order to obtain American disengage which easily forgets realities believe ment in Europe and the Mediterranean that Russia's main victims, i. e. the Bal area as soon as possible. Politically, tic peoples, Ukrainians and Georgians, economically and militarily this would are responsible for all that. place Europe, which is still free, at the So- far I have not told you anything mercy of Soviet Russia. Is there any you do not know already. However, I other real pledge for maintaining Eu should like to recall an irrefutable and rope’s confidence in Moscow whose definite proof of Soviet Russia’s "paci superiority in conventional armaments fism" showing how far one may trust — the ratio1 being about 5 or 6 to 1 — her promises, engagements and "gua would be sufficient to sweep Europe rantees”. I am thinking of a document away in less than three weeks? entitled "Treaty between the' Demo No doubt, the masses in Europe are cratic Republic of Georgia and the So not blind. However, to make the Hel viet Republic of Russia" that was pub sinki manoeuvre credible, Moscow’s lished 50 years ago (signed in Moscow blind supporters are displaying a fasci on M ay 7, 1920). It seem ed to- be a ge nating screen of publicity in order to nuine treaty of non-aggression imply conceal the trap. On one panel of the ing legal recognition and non-inter screen we are repeatedly told (the ference in internal affairs. Neverthe French Communist Party being in front) less, 9 months later the Russian army that the USSR has always been paci invaded Georgia (on February 11, 1921)

24 without declaring war or avowing its attended by a general action destroy motive and conquered Georgia after 5 ing subversive myths and inculcating weeks of struggle- And one must not slogans favouring a Europe united in attribute this crime to' Stalin alone al freedom and justice. though he committed many other It ought to be explained to the masses crimes. This criminal invasion, preme what positive results a united Europe ditated and preceded by a reassuring would bring about for them; further, treaty took place when Lenin was still they should be told in what way a se alive, the same Lenin who by now is curity plan that might be1 contrived in glorified by the UNESCO as an exem Helsinki would bury the prospect of a plary humanitarian figure. united Europe. From this I conclude the following: As far as we are concerned we do It is evident that not those few hund not want a Europe where a conspiracy reds of signatures placed under the re between totalitarian Marxists and the solution of warning voted here — Big Business supplying the USSR would whatever their prestige might be. — henceforth create conditions of delu will be able to prevent the disaster in sion leading to servitude; we want an this particular case. Even if these sig independent Europe capable of impos natures, over and above their moral ing her own conditions and giving a consequence, engage important, expe starting hope to some 350 million peo rienced organizations — I am thinking ple who are compelled to serfdom be of apolitical Associations of Ex-Ser hind the Iron Curtain and for whom vicemen — we cannot content our a united Europe remains the last sheet- selves with resolutions. They must be anchor.

(Text of a speech delivered at the closing meeting of the European symposium of Antibes organized by the European Academy of Political Science, the Movement for European Unification and the College of Young European Leaders on September 17, 1972t

The European Freedom Council Expresses Solidarity with President Thieu

November 4th, 1972 President Thieu, , W e send this testimony of our admiration to you, Mr. President, to the armed forces and people of South Vietnam, who prevented Communism from establishing its tyranny over your country. W e congratulate you for firmly refusing that Communism be installed through the political surrender which is being demanded of you by defeatist circles of the West. We ask you to demand free elections in North Vietnam. We are fully at your side in your courageous fight, which is the fight of all free men, and we thank you for the example of fortitude, which you are giving to the world.

Respectfully yours,

Yaroslav Stetsko (Ukraine) Suzanne Labin (France) Jane Birdwood (Great Britain) Prof. Dr. Theodor Oberländer (Germany) Paul Vankerkhoven (Belgium)

25 Europe — A Realistic View

National and social revolutionary of their European conception in order movements are growing more con to avoid misunderstanding and failure. scious. Methods of political struggle It is the psychological background of and readiness to act together and co the European development towards, so operate are developing at the interna lidarity in particular as well as the po tional level. The nationalist solida litical implications of the common Eu rity is no longer merely an idea but ropean front that must be taken into is gradually becoming a reality. The account. There are the following psy new nationalism has a new quality dif chological implications inherent in Eu ferentiating it basically from past "na ropean nationalism: tionalism" (incorrectly designated as (1) Any national revolutionary-na such) which was often identical with tionalist movement in any European pure chauvinism. Today nationalism country is undoubtedly a minority implies solving problems with a view movement due to the fact that the to natural human and national interests, spoiled population is not committed to whereas Marxism-Communism is try politics. In the confusion prevalent in ing to> solve the problems of humanity Western society, the national revolu by means of anti-natural ideas. Natio tionary associations have thei weakest nalism is the peoples' logical reaction personal, financial and organizational to the Communist attempt at forcing an resources which, however, does not evil international order on humanity give any evidence against their intel by means of violence and terror. There lectual quality. In such a situation one fore, a nationalist is always a humanist is very much tempted to try to trans representing the real interests of his form a national weakness into a Eu people, whereas a Marxist must be a ropean force by stepping up. to the Eu doctrinaire ignorantly passing over the ropean level. However, adding a weak natural national interests for the sake ness to another weakness unfortu of an abstract, pseudo-religious ideo nately does not result in strength, but logical substitute. The Communist In rather remains weakness within the ternational is an artificial set-up car European framework. An ill-consi ried by national minorities and directed dered approach to> the European di by an imperialist superpower. The na mension even implies the danger that tionalist solidarity is rooted, even national efforts are neglected. Other if it is not quite aware of it, in the na national revolutionary movements in tions; the Communist International, Europe might too easily be regarded as however, rests merely on national mi always mobilizable auxiliary forces for norities. overcoming their own national help Thus, nationalist solidarity in Europe lessness. Emphasizing the European constitutes a particularly valuable sign front against the national front-line re of progress and, consequently, its ideo sults in neglecting one's own political logical and strategic conditions must struggle and spoiling the national be precisely analyzed in order to pre forces of the movement. Thus the joint serve it from unreal intellectual con force of the national revolutionary structions for its maintenance and movements in Europe is also, greatly growth. Though nationalist solidarity damaged because everyone is counting among peoples is obvious, it is a pre on the particular force of the other. cious and easily vulnerable phenome It is, therefore, highly important for non. Therefore, national revolutionary achieving a political success that each movements must finally start to dis European revolutionary nationalist cuss in detail the theory and strategy movement should try to solve its parti

26 cular problems and obtain power in its ples which, however, is once- again be own country, by means of its own ing interrupted at present. If, therefore, forces. Only if the feeling prevails that the nationalist tendency in Germany a national movement can achieve its requests the abolition of the states in ends alone if necessary, without the favour of a European Federal State, a help of similar movements in other European nation, the psychological countries, the various national revolu background of this trend is quite evi tionary forces in Europe can become dent. Germans have not yet enjoyed a considerable force, if put together. It their temporary national existence ve is obvious, indeed, that like-minded ry much and thus easily tend to deny European movements support one an the state as such. However, German other in their struggle for a new order, nationalists would make a fatal mis if possible. Setting up a new order, take if they concluded from their own however, must be started in the indi readiness to> do. without a state that vidual countries: it can organically ex there is a similar trend in other Eu pand from the bottom only and not ropean countries. The German problem from above, i. e. an abstract European of identity suggests a break with their idea. own state. It is a particular German (2) A salient feature of the European concern, however, that cannot be national revolutionary movements is claimed to be generally valid. The. na their common front-line against the So tional revolutionary movement in Ger viet Russian imperialist, socially reac many must, therefore, keep free of the tionist power. This objective is alto German extremist tendency striving gether justified and requires a broad either to found vast empires or to1 dis European community that might im solve itself in vast empires and it prove the chances of success. One should join the front of the nationalist must, however, consider that the soli movements, instead. Analogous move darity of European national revolu ments in other countries would get ir tionary movements is not primarily ritated if those who- presently do, not turned against their common enemy have an acceptable state are emphati but is based on the intrinsic needs, of cally talking about the abolition of the respective movements. There has states. The creation of a joint Europe not been any general agreement on the of nations must be looked upon as a basic question of ideology and politi natural process of gradual mutual ap cal struggle. Meanwhile, an exchange proach. Artificial precipitancy does not of ideas is at best beginning as regards serve a new order in Europe, but rather the* nationalist solidarity. A lasting prevents, its being set up. alliance of the European national (4) The European idea is not at all revolutionary movements will be ad new. If it is put in the foreground by a vanced if they do not deny their na national revolutionary movement, the tional origin and aims but incorporate movement gets into conflict, with the them as dynamic factors, in the front established European idea, in particu of revolutionary European nationalism. lar that of the1 50s showing Carolingo- The movement for a new order can on West-European traits,, while disregard ly be based on the strength and will ing the subjugated East European na of the individual national forces. This tions. The European national revolu is where it obtains its energy from, not tionary movement must eliminate the from propagating an abstract European danger of being confused with this in idea. sufficient and one-sided vision of Europe (3) The national consolidation of if it does not want to play a subordinate Germany is a rather recent phenome role. Up to now, however, the tradi non within the European family of peo tional national movements have not

27 succeeded in clearly distinguishing an adequate means for a new all-Euro their conception from the established pean order. The premise of West-Eu narrow European idea. This again ropean integration is the political and shows that the European idea is play social status quo in Europe. Thus, the ing a secondary role in a helpless na West-European conception of the status tional situation. The European idea of quo' in Europe is diametrically opposed the revolutionary movements, how to the all-European national revolu ever, has not gone beyond some gene tionary path which is to help all Euro ral slogans either. It is not sufficient pean nations to' freedom, national to talk about a nationalist Europe other independence and social reform. It is than that of "Strasbourg and Brussels" left to the East-European peoples to for convincingly showing a substantial approach the West-European Bloc; difference. Therefore, a discussion however, it is certain that these coun should finally begin in order to clari tries cannot make such a step. The fy what the new European order meet fact that the Soviet Russian imperialist ing the requirements of the peoples power smothered Czecho-Slovakia's at should be like. The national revolu tempt to approach Europe and that tionary view must be clearly and un meanwhile West-European politics ambiguously defined and the principles passed over this European tragedy must be laid down. with equanimity clearly shows where After clarifying the psychological the enemy of all-European liberty and background of the nationalist view on reform is to be found. The established Europe the political implications must West-European governments are har be examined. The result will show that moniously compromising with the im it is necessary to take a clear position perialist, socially reactionist super and differentiate. power of Soviet Russia suppressing Ukraine, the Baltic nations and other 1) West-European integration can East-European peoples. This way they not be considered a precursor of a new have lost their claim on representing European order for the benefit of all the interests of an all-European peace nations. On the contrary, it consoli ful order. The so-called European Se dates the existing European condition curity Conference promoted by the So and stabilizes the power of the Com viet Union and the West-European munist Russian regime. It does not countries is to round off the recogni strengthen the camp of the European tion of the German border through a national revolutionary movements, but general recognition of the status quo only that of their oppressors. at the European level. If the European national revolutionary movements 2) The presently prevailing Euro want to maintain their chances of suc pean idea which, at any rate, has lost cess, they must decisively safeguard its political force and fascination long their European conception against the ago1 and has fallen back to' economic prevailing West-European idea and cooperation is limited only to the offer their respective nations a clear countries of Western Europe. In alternative, including in the European spite of much ado, it does not have an concent the liberation of Ukraine, Bye all-European character. Its political lorussia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary structure does not allow an overall and other subjugated nations. European dimension either, because it does not support the liberation 3) The national revolutionary move of the subjugated nations. If the ments cannot justify tolerance towards West-European conditions are in fa the West-European process of integra vour of integration this "partly Euro tion by expounding the economic im pean" path cannot be recommended as plications alone- If it is recognized

28 that peoples are led towards So Released after 25 Years viet Russian imperialist domination by their short-sighted governments being After having served a full 25-year in a state of material abundance and sentence in prison, Kateryna Zarytska, political shortage, it should not be too physically ill and an invalid, was freed difficult to' m ake a decision. W henever from a concentration camp in Mordo a nation faces great danger any poli via. She was forbidden to live with her tical movement gets the chance to draw loved ones in her birthplace, Lviv, as the attention of the population to' its well as in any part of Western Ukraine, own conceptions and thus accede to where she was. bom. pow er. Kateryna Zarytska, a volunteer of the Ukrainian Red Cross, who took 4) The conditions, of a national re care of the wounded of the. Ukrainian volutionary struggle greatly vary in Insurgent Army, was sentenced by a European countries. Apart from the front Russian court in 1947 to. 25 y ears' hard line position vis-a-vis. reactionary Soviet labour in prison and concentration Russian imperialism the national revo camps under severe regime- A large lutionary movements have different portion of her sentence was served in starting points in their respective the infamous Vladimir prison. countries. The German national revo lutionary movement must conceive the national and social question as. a * unity. Apart from this particularity there is the central geographical, poli Ihor Kalynets Sentenced tical and psychological significance in herent in the German attitude towards Ihor Kalynets, a well known Ukrain Europe. The destiny of Europe', the li ian poet, was sentenced by the Russian berty and independence of all its occupation regime in Lviv in Novem peoples depends, it may sound phan- ber 1972 to three years (according to- tastic, on Germany's destiny. If the another report to- 5 years) of imprison Germans fail to solve their national m ent and three, years of exile. Hei w as problem, Europe will also1 fail. There tried on the basis of Article 187-1 of won't be liberty and self-determination' th e Crim inal Code of th e Ukr. SSR, He in Europe if the Germans capitu was immediately taken to. the Vladimir late before the Russians. To adhere to prison. an all-German national revolutionary movement thus means to serve the in * terest of an all-Europe. Europe needs the maintenance of Germany's exist Telegram to ABN ence as well as Germany needs Europe in a joint struggle for liberation. In Thank you for your congratulations: this joint liberation struggle either on the World Freedom Day. Large-scale Europe will grow up or there will world rally will be held in Taipei and be no free, self-determining, human information regarding the rally will be istic Europe comprising the united peo forwarded to you afterwards. I since ples. A. E. (Berlin)" rely hope that your organization would initiate world activities there, echoing our common cause for consolidating *) The above article was received from freedom efforts and endeavouring to1 the young German anti-Communist emancipate the enslaved peoples. circles, who favor the dissolution of the Russian empire into national states, as a Dr Ku Cheng-kang, subject for discussion. Honorary Chairman of WACL

29 ABN Appeals for Joint Action at the Mass Rally in London, November 4, 1972

A wave of Stalinist terror is again powers, and launch a policy of libera inundating the nations subjugated by tion of the subjugated nations — the Russian imperialism and Communism. neglected superpower to whom the This is coupled with a threat of famine, future belongs. resulting not so much from crop failure, The catastrophe caused by starva as from the anti-natural collectivistic tion can be prevented by the pressure economic system which contradicts the of the free world's powers on the substance inherent in the subjugated USSR compelling the Russian imperia nations and is forced upon them by lists to discontinue armaments, by the the Bolshevik bayonets, as a means West's opposition to the expansion of of national and social enslavement. their navy in order to oust the aggres Moscow's colonial and imperialistic sive Bolshevik influence from Cuba policy, which does not take assidous or Bangla Desh which Russia supplies care of the needs of the population with food stuffs in order to keep these of the subjugated nations, fulfils its countries under its dictates. A prompt avaricious commitments toward its political offensive of the West is cap new, planned victims, thus under able, while reinforcing resistance of mining the means of livelihood of the the subjugated nations, to help make population of the oppressed nations. it impossible for Moscow to- lay a new They face starvation. Moscow is short hunger siege of the enslaved nations, of 70 million tons of grain, even ac which rose to a decisive battle'. cording to- the needs stipulated by it. In Ukraine, one kilogram of bread Not indulgence with respect to Mos already costs one ruble. Crop failures cow in the convening of the so-called occur in other countries, as well, but European Security Conference, but its they do not have such catastrophic rejection and an active opposition to consequences, when the government its acts of aggression in the whole is not colonialistic and imperialistic world will assist the subjugated na and when it does not impose a way of tions in raising a new hunger siege life which is anti-natural for other prepared for them by Russia. nations. Moscow exploits the economic It is not a chance occurrence that situation for an even greater curbing terror has been intensified against the of the national liberation struggle of subjugated nations, against their figh the subjugated nations. But the peoples ters for national independence and are rebelling. human rights of their nations. Forty years ago, Russia attempted to It is not a chance occurrence that break resistance to her colonial domi the Russians advance against workers nation und forced collectivization, as and peasants in Ukraine, Lithuania, means of national subjugation, by a Georgia, Armenia, Byelorussia, Turke hunger siege of Ukraine, the peoples stan, Azerbaijan, on the Don, in Esto of the Caucasus, Byelorussia, the Don nia, Latvia and Siberia, against the Cossacks and others. Tatars, because the carriers of the The free world should not only re ideas of the national struggle for libe ject the so-called policy of peaceful ration in the subjugated countries are coexistence, so destructive for it, but not only the intellectual elite, but the also counteract the policy of so-called broad popular circles of peasants, world balance of power between the workers, intelligentsia, youth, of the thermonuclear, technological super people as a whole. The entire nations

30 are the champions of struggle. There self as a sign of protest against the fore events as those in Kaunas (Lithua Russian colonial slavery in his native nia) and in Dniprodzerzhynsk and Dni- land. "To wait o-r to act"? was asked propetrovsk (Ukraine), characterizing by the Estonian intellectuals announc the quality and the universality of ing a march of tanks not on Prague struggle, came to pass. or Bratislava, but on Moscow and Leningrad. II The Russian Communists have erec Against this background, the figure ted a monument to Pyotr Morozov in of Yuriy Shukhevych, sentenced anew Leningrad for denouncing his father to to 10 years of prison and 5 years of ex the Che-Ka, w hile the- O ccident should ile after spending 20 years in confine not only bow its head before Yuriy ment as. a young boy solely because he Shukhevych, a loyal son of this heroic had been and remained a loyal son of father, fo-r which he has been suffering his heroic father, is characteristic of the fcr decades, but his namei should be struggle of the entire nations. come- a banner for all the- y o u n g people of the West. W e appeal to. the- en tire w orld to stage- a massive campaign in defense He stood up for the ideals which of th e son who- did not b etray his were always cherished by the Occi father, and for this must languish in dent. Hence, wei call to a joint action prisons for 35 years. in defense of all fighters for national and human rights, for freedom of We. appeal to the whole world to creativity, for freedom of religion, for launch actions in. defense of I- Svit- independence- of nations and freedom lychnyi, I. Dzyuba, Ye. Sverstyuk, of individuals-. Rev. Vasyl Romanyuk and three hund red other cultural leaders in Ukraine, "It is better to die in flames than to as well as. those in other subjugated live under Russian colonial yoke!" — countries — Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, this is a testament left for us by the Byelorussia, Turkestan, the nations of martyr JAN PALACH. the Caucasus, Slovakia, Czechia, Bul Central Committee of the garia, Croatia, Rumania . . . Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN) Infatuation with the national idea is so great and so- powerful that nothing will destroy it. Along the path of its development Russia Will Be Put on Trial stand the 58-year-old Vasyl Makukh, In the event of the Russian mock a peasant, member of the Organization trial of I. M. Svitlychnyi and his asso of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and ciates, as well as of continued impri the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), sonment and systematic poisoning of who immolated himself in Kyiv in Valentyn Moroz in the Vladimir pri 1968 w ith the exclam ation: "Long live son, public court proceedings will be in free Ukraine!" and the young student stituted against Russia thanks to- the Jan Palach, a Czech nationalist, who efforts of the legal, intellectual, eccle perished in flames of his own free will siastical and humanitarian circles in with an insurpassible exclamation: "It various countries of the free world. is better to die in flames, than to- live They will be based on he legal pre under Russian colonial yoke", Prague, cedent of the Nuremberg trials, on the January, 1969. "Long live free Lithua UN Charter, which was signed by the nia!" was- shouted by the w orker and USSR, but trampled by Moscow, as evening student Romas Kalanta in well as on the Constitution o-f the USSR K aunas in 1972, w hile im m olating him end the Ukr. SSR.

31 Hon. W alter H. Ju dd Our Strongest Allies

All know Communism's glowing pro The USSR doesn't want to wage mi mises. But what does it do to and for litary warfare if it doesn't have to. It people? just wants us, free peoples, to leave the Communist apparatus completely There is one sure test. alone while it is permitted, during Which way does the human traffic "peaceful coexistence", to wage its re go1 on the border between a. Commu volutionary warfare against us, within nist and a free country? our own borders and everywhere else. Are people escaping over the1 Berlin That is, when they advocate "peace Wall from West to East? Or from East ful coexistence" it is to them not a de to> W est? claration of peace, but a declaration of their kind of war. From Florida to Cuba? Or from Cuba to1 Florida? Brezhnev made this point crystal clear in both his welcoming and his From Hongkong to Communist Chi farewell speeches during Castro's visit na? Or the reverse? only some months ago. He said there Fleeing from South Vietnamese de must be international peace and secu fenders to join the North Vietnamese rity — that is, peace between nations. invaders? Or desperately seeking to But, he added, "Success in this impor escape to- the South? tant matter in no* way signifies a pos sibility of weakening the ideological Our most important task still is edu struggle. On the contrary," he said, cation regarding the true nature of "we must be prepared for intensifica Communism-—■ its philosophy, its goals, tion of this struggle betw een th e two- its basic strategies and its skilfully de social systems, and we have no> doubt ceptive tactics. These and the deter as to the outcome". mined dedication of its disciples are The friendlier attitude is because the main reasons for its successes, both Peking and Moscow are in trouble. coupled with the failures to appreciate Peking is afraid of the Soviet Union its dangers on the part of the free peo and Russia is concerned about possible ples who are its intended victims. Peking action against Siberia. Each The most crucial reasons for these needs and seeks to use the US against failures, as I have observed them, are: the other. If either can establish a link ignorance, wishful thinking, infiltra with the US, that is bound to give the tion, pride- other a pause. So why shouldn't each appear cordial in receiving the Presi Communism is said to be mellowing, dent of the United States? moderating, maturing, evolving. Isn't the Soviet Union introducing some ca But there is one more component of pitalist incentives? Yes, but that is not the total picture we must not neglect. evolution; that is reversion — rever Our concern for the free is not enough; sion to what Lenin had done- in his we must also keep faith with the en New Economic Policy when he offered slaved. We must help them become the people land —- private property — free again- to get their political support. Once in Any proposal from whatever source control, the land was- taken away from must be tested by this criterion: What them. would be its probable effect on the

32 more than a billion people behind the "In their mortal peril, the Greeks Iron and Bamboo Curtains? They ar.e turned to us for succour. Strained as our strongest allies; they cannot be were our own resources, we could not fooled by any Communist tricks; and say no to them. By solemn guarantee they are in a position to do the enemy given before the war, Great Britain had great damage at the right time. promised them her help. They declared We must never do anything to de they would fight for their native soil stroy the hope or weaken the will or even if none of their neighbors made strike despair into the hearts of the common cause with them, and even if captive peoples. They cannot be ex we left them to their fate. But we could pected to continue to resist the tyrants not do that. There are rules against from within if we help those tyrants that kind of thing, and to break those from without. rules would be fatal to the honor of the British .empire, without which we Our true hope is in the oppressed, would neither hope nor deserve to win not in the oppressors. I believe that this hard war." you and I were bom to be free. If that is true, then so1 were the Czechs, and That is true greatness. Mr. Churchill the Chinese, the Ukrainians and the could not save Greece but he rallied Koreans. If they were not bom to1 be his own people and saved England — free, then neither were you nor I. and much of Western civilization. On A pril 27, 1941, Mr. Churchill w ent We must be as true and as steadfast on the air to say this to the British now- Military defeat is not fatal to a people: great nation, moral default is.

His Excellency October 20, 1972 Richard M. Nixon President of the United States

The World Anti-Communist League representing sixty-four nations of five continents expresses to Your Excellency its deep concern for alarming news that by accepting different pressures you are willing to impose on the he roic people of South Vietnam arrangements on armed struggle in that count ry which would practically result in US defeat in the face of Communist aggression along with hopeless consequences of future takeover by Commu nist aggressors first of South Vietnam and later of the rest of Southeast Asia.

We ask Your Excellency not to be dominated by pressures and to consi der above all the sacred interests of the Vietnamese people, of the American nation and of the free world, abstaining from accepting agreements which •would mean a shameful defeat for the United States and a tragedy ior the peoples of Indochina.

Raimundo Guerrero Chairman of the World Anti-Communist League

33 The Resiive Non-Russians

Leading figures from all the world's the Finns and Poles had been brought other 13 Communist countries, except back under Moscow's centralized rule. for Albania and China, joined Soviet But this was done without upsetting leaders in the Kremlin's Palace of Con the formal federal structure of the So gresses on D ecem ber 22, 1972, for the viet Union, and it was done under a celebrations of the 50th anniversary of "liberal" new constitution adopted at the founding of the Soviet Union. In the height of Stalin's great purges in February a Soviet central committee 1936. resolution extolled the Soviet Union as That constitution is still in force to "the most viable and perfected form of day. Under it, the Soviet Union is di organization for a multinational state". vided into 15 "union" republics, each But the growing unrest among the of which is at least ostensibly identi country's non-Russians suggests that fied with a nationality — the Russians, its nationality problems are far from the Ukrainians, the Uzbeks and so on. solved, and could be getting worse. There are 16 "autonomous" republics On Decem ber 30, 1922, Joseph Stalin, which are dotted about on the territo then Lenin's commissar for nationality ry of the biggest, Russian republic, questions, proudly hailed the merger which extends from Kaliningrad in the of the Soviet republics of Russia, Bye west to1 Vladivostok in the far east. lorussia, Ukraine and Transcaucasia There are also a number of small auto into a Union of Soviet Socialist Repub nomous regions. The "union" republics lics as "the triumph of new Russia over have their own governments, legisla old Russia, over Russia the gendarme tures and Communist parties. They of Europe, over Russia the butcher of have, in outward form, the right to Asia". By an ironic coincidence, his their own armed forces and diplomatic ailing leader, Lenin, was that very day relations with foreign states- (Two of complaining in an official note about them, Byelorussia and Ukraine, have the suppression of the independent so been members of the United Na cialist government in Georgia. That, tions since 1945.) U nder A rticle 17 of had been carried out earlier in the the 1936 constitution, th ese republics year by Stalin, a native son of Geor even have the right to secede from the gia bu t by 1922, in Lenin's bitter words, Soviet Union. one of those "russified people" who' This federal structure, like the whole "always overshoot themselves in the formal political structure in the Soviet matter of the true Russian disposition". Union, is a gigantic piece of window- But even before that, when Lenin dressing. Political decisions are taken by himself was still well and in control, the leaders in Moscow without any re the government in Moscow had sup ference to1 any of these federal institu pressed the "national liberation" move tions- It is hardly an (exaggeration to> ments of such non-Russian peoples as say that a county council in Britain has the Ukrainians, the Tartars, the Ar more real autonomy than the supposed menians and others, many of whom ly sovereign Soviet republics. had originally supported the Bolsher But w hy should it m atter, in a country viks because of their opposition to the so lacking in even the most basic poli tsars' policy of systematic russification tical rights, whether somebody is un- of their non-Russian subjects. Stalin free merely as a Soviet citizen or, on saw himself very much as the heir of top of that, unfree also as a Latvian, a the1 tsars. By the time of his death in Ukrainian, a Jew or a Tartar? Appa 1953, all their form er subjects except rently it matters a good deal. The per

34 sistence and the growth of nationalist Ukrainian nationalists were reported dissent among the Soviet Union's non- to have been arrested in January and Russians show that Lenin and other May. The demotion in May of the U- Marxist prophets were wrong when krainian party secretary, Pyotr Shelest, they predicted that national feelings was probably a punishment for his fai would wither away under Communism. lure' to deal with the nationalist agita It may be that such feelings help to fill tion. the vacuum left by the declining attrac The three small Baltic republics, tiveness of the official Communist ideo Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (total po logy. Even more important, nationalism pulation 7 million), are in a special ca becomes a vehicle for expressing a de tegory. They were independent from sire for more freedom and for venti 1918 to 1940 but w ere occupied b y th e lating various (not always nationalist) Soviet arm y in 1940 and incorporated grievances against the remote, unre into1 the Soviet Union after the second sponsive government in Moscow. Mos world war, when large numbers of their cow's support of "national liberation" people were deported. But by the 1960s movements in Asia and Africa has also the arrival of substantial forces of Rus acted as a spur to non-Russians inside sian immigrants led to changes in the the Soviet Union. party leaderships in Latvia and Estonia. Where is most of this sense of na Latvian dissidents complain that the tionalism to be found? Ukraine has the proportion of Latvians in the popula largest non-Russian population in the tion of their republic has dropped from. Soviet Union — more than 40m — and 62 p er cent in 1959 to 57 p er cent in is by far the most important centre of 1970; th e proportions a re sim ilar in nationalist agitation, which comes from Estonia. This year the centre of dis- the fear of assimilation by the Ukrain sidence moved to predominantly Ro ians' Slav cousins, the more than three man Catholic Lithuania, where a young times more numerous Russians. After protester burned himself to death in Stalin's death, hopes for a more liberal May. This was followed by riots in policy in Ukraine were disappointed. Kaunas and two more instances of self- In the late 1950s many Ukrainians were immolation. alarmed by Mr. Khrushchev's plans for a gradual "coming together" and even Stalin's home republic of Georgia has "merging" of the nations of the Soviet been involved this year in a series of Union. The new policy was embodied political upheavals whose climax was in the programme which was adopted the sacking of the party secretary. V. at th e 22nd p arty congress in 1961, P. Mzhavanadze, in October. The purge which predicted a rapidly diminishing was set off by the publication of a book significance of the boundaries between praising the work of the socialist go the republics and even the achievement vernment of independent Georgia be of "complete unity" among the nations fore it was overthrown by Stalin in of th e USSR. 1922. T here is plainly a resurgent sense There was a brief period of relaxa of nationalism in what has always been tion after Mr. Khrushchev's fall in 1964, one of the most independent-minded followed by another crackdown on U- of Soviet republics. krainian intellectuals in 1966 and 1967. Elsewhere, too, there are continuing A number of leading intellectuals, some signs of dissent. The Crimean Tartars, of them party members who demanded whom Stalin brutally deported to Uz more teaching of the Ukrainian lan bekistan because some of them had guage and history, were sent to prison collaborated with the Germans during camps- There have been more arrests the second world war, are still asking this year; some hundreds of alleged for permission to return. Even the

35 Meshkethians, a small Moslem people in Ukraine is plainly worrying the So who suffered a similar fate during the viet government. But its concern must war, have started campaigning for per be greatest for the central Asian re mission to emigrate to Turkey, w hose publics such as Kazakhstan, Tadzhiki language resembles theirs. stan and Kirgizia. These places have so far seen the least nationalist dissidence, A lot of the new pressure for past and have benefited most from the So injustices to be remedied has probably viet policy of industrialization. But they been inspired by the relative success have a major problem in the high birth of the Jewish campaign for free emigra rate of the local Asian peoples, which tion to Israel, and by the Soviet go means that the Russians are rapidly vernment's decision to allow 3,000 eth losing the numerical preponderance nic Germ ans (out of a total of l-2m) to they have enjoyed in much of Soviet go to West Germany. The 2.5m Jews central Asia. In the near future: they and 1.2m Germans who remain in the may even find themselves under pres Soviet Union are no doubt a continuing sure to give up some of the positions source of worry for the Soviet leaders. they hold there as the local Kazakhs, But the problem of what to do with the Tadzhiks, Uzbeks and others start leav other discontented nationalities is far ing the over-populated countryside and worse. The Soviet leaders may be looking for jobs in the cities. To' avoid tempted to apply to them too the poli racial conflict in these strategically im cy of selective emigration and expul portant areas near the Chinese border sion that, they have been using with the Moscow government may even some success on the Jews and the li have to allow these Asians to emigrate beral intellectuals of Moscow. But to labour-scarce areas in European Rus where would exiled Ukrainians or Tar sia — which could cause racial tension tars or Balts go? And what would the there. The Moslem peoples are probab effect of further emigration be on those w ho stay? ly going to number 50m, up to a fifth of the Soviet Union's total population, The unrest among non-Russians has by 1980, w hile the proportion of Rus the makings of a real crisis. To give sians, who still formed a majority in the republics and autonomous areas 1970, is steadily declining, and has just some real power is not on the cards: probably fallen below the half-way it would dilute the central Communist mark- party's monopoly of power and be a The Soviet leaders do not want an step towards the political pluralism the outbreak of racial tension between Soviet leaders abhor. Open and harsh their own "white" and "coloured" peo repression, on the other hand, could ples in areas close to the Chinese bor create martyrs; it could widen public der. But the growth of nationalism will sympathy for the nationalists; it could be used by Soviet hardliners as an ar alienate whole regions of the country. gument against, the sort of political and Stalin's purges in the 1930s created economic reform that could keep the great numbers of disaffected people racial problem under control. The sense who were ready to welcome any for of insecurity felt by many Russians be eign enemy provided he was also the cause of their declining share in the enemy of their persecutors. Many U- total population could well strengthen krainians and Balts (and even Russians) the hardliners. So the growth of the welcomed the Germans in 1941 not out spirit of liberation nationalism of the of any affection for Germany but be subjugated nations is likely to go on as cause they hated Stalin's policies. the Soviet Union enters its second 50 The thought that China may now be years. intriguing with disaffected nationalists (The Economist, Dec. 23, 1972)

36 AF-ABN Protest on the Occasion of the 50 th Anniversary of the USSR

A mass protest action was organized empire did not fit the blueprint of the in New York by the American Friends Russian Communist rulers. Therefore, of ABN on the occasion of the 50th an through direct military invasion by the niversary of the founding of the USSR. Red Army, the Russian Communists On behalf of all the captive nations, occupied all the newly independent re the AF-ABN sent an open letter to Pre publics except Finland, the Baltic states sident Nixon. The letter was also sent and Poland. to> all US senators, congressmen, go "It took the Moscow government vernors and high government officials. about five years to conquer and occu On D ecem ber 29, 1972, Bulgarians, py these republics. Some of them were Byelorussians, Cossacks, Rumanians, completely liquidated — such as the Germans and Ukrainians distributed Cossack Republic — and others were over 20,000 copies of the above letter transformed into Soviet Socialist Re in thei streets of New York. On Decem publics with selected obedient govern ber 30th, the day when this anniversa ments that included Russian members. ry was being celebrated in Moscow, an "Then, on O ctober 6, 1922, th e ses impressive motorcade made up of cars sion of the Central Committee of the of Ukrainians, Bulgarians, Rumanians, Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Cubans, Germans, Slovaks, Cossacks adopted Lenin's draft to create the and other nationalities passed through Union of Soviet Socialist Republics the streets of New York City in pro (USSR). O n D ecem ber 30, 1922, the test- The motorcade stopped in four Moscow government, using its own ap places crowded with thousands of peo pointed delegates from the four Soviet ple and speeches were delivered Republics of Russia, Byelorussia, Trans through a loud-speaker. caucasia, and Ukraine, formally pro After the demonstration, a lunch was claimed the founding of the USSR. served to all the participants by the "The voices of all non-Russian na Ukrainian Women's Association. Mr. tions were omitted — their will was Leo Borscz, Chaiman of the AF-ABN suppressed and their right for self-de Ukrainian Division, made the opening termination was brutally destroyed. rem arks. Dr. Ivan Docheff, Chairman of The 'Prison of Nations' which Lenin AF-ABN, then addressed the' gathering. denounced during the tsarist regime Mr. Aristide Nicolaie (Rumania) and was re-established under the Russian Mr. Mario Aquilera (Cuba) spoke brief Communist dictatorship following the ly. Prof. Ivan W owchuk (Ukraine) der D ecem ber 30, 1922 proclam ation." livered the concluding speech. The letter goes on to' mention fur From an Open Letter ther Russian conquests during and af to President Nixon ter World War II in Europe (the Baltic states, Poland, East Germany, Czechia, "The Russian tsarist empire had do Slovakia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, minated, oppressed and exploited ma etc.) and Asia, as well as the .economic ny non-Russian nations until its de aid of the W est to' th e USSR. struction in February 1917 when these "Terror, torture, murder, genocide, nations revolted and started to1 estab forced famine, slave labor, concentra lish their own national, free, indepen tion camps, denial and suppression of dent and democratic republics... the basic human rights, mass deporta "The emerging freedom for the non- tions, mass killings, systematic destruc Russian republics of the former tsarist tion of faith in God, systematic Russi

37 fication of all non-kussian nationalities suppression of religion, political activi within the USSR, and many other ties and dissent; approval of their sub methods are the tools which have been version and even aggression within the used to this very day by the Russian free countries throughout the w orld. . . Com m unist regim e to' insure its domi "The greatest desire and struggle of nation. Millions and millions of inno the nations within the USSR is to be cent people were murdered —• young come free and independent.. . and old, men and women, learned and illiterate — without distinction for "Mr. President, we ask you to help creed, race, social status, or national all captive nations in their struggle for origin. The mass graves of Katyn, Vyn- liberation and restoration of their na nitsia, VyaLeyka and others are silent tional sovereignty." testimony. ■. And we cannot think of The letter was signed by Dr. Ivan a more infamous act of help Lo the So Docheff (Bulgaria), National Chairman viet Union than the forced repatriation of AF-ABN, Dr. Stepan I-Ialamay (U- of over five million refugees of various kraine), John Kosiak (Byelorussia), Ed nationalities to1 the USSR in 1945 and ward Derrik (Estonia), Col. Nicolas Na 46 — and the horrible 'Operation Keel zarenko (Cossackia), Aristide Nicolaie haul'. (Rumania), Charles Andreanszky (Hun "The Red leaders have achieved gary), Dr- George Young (China), Ma through treaties and agreements with rio Aquilera (Cuba), Erich Jenssen the Western Powers a recognition and (Germany), Anthony Nosich (Croatia), approval of their brutal conquests — Capt. Arslan Bek (North Caucasus), approval of their bloody crushing of Ivan Samel (Slovakia), Helen Kolbert the various freedom fighting forces (Lithuania) and Vera Michael (Ameri within their empire- approval of their can Friends).

Toronto, Canada, November 11, 1972 Mr. Avraam Shifrin, a long-time prisoner of the Russian concentration camps, speaking during a demonstration in defense of Yuriy Shukhevych.

38 From Letters to ABN

We now live in an hour oi the grea est contusion and danger in the history of mankind. It is our belief that the greatest cause of this chaotic situation stems from Communist ideology. Because of the ignorance of the people and the failure of leaders in free nations to make people understand the fallacy of Communism, the world has been gravely disturbed with hatred, violence and subversive activities by Communists. As a result, one-third of the world is under Communist subjugation and freedom in other countries is also gravely threatened. It is the most pressing necessity of our time to take counter-measures against direct and indirect aggression . .. The International Federation for Victory over Communism (1FVC) was or ganized to meet this urgent need. Since its establishment, the IFVC has been making various kinds of activities with energy and passion ... The IFVC is now considered as one of the most powerful international or ganizations in Japan dedicated to the cause of freedom and justice as ever against Communism. The IFVC has a powerful ideological weapon called the "Theory of Victory-over-Communism", which is a synthetic philosophy of politics, economics, history, ethics and religion. It is a complete answer to the Communist theory of Marxism-Leninism. Everybody can become a freedom-fighter once he learns this Theory of Victory over Communism. Therefore, the purpose of the IFVC is not simply to object to Communism, but to represent positive and moral ideology and per suade all people to join in realizing on earth a just and lasting peace, based on love and freedom for all mankind and independence for all nations ...

Sincerely yours,

Osami Kuboki, President International Federation for Victory over Communism

Freedom for the Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania! Please do your utmost to help to restore independence to the Baltic States and freedom to the Baltic Peoples. The case of the armed Soviet Russian oc cupation and incorporation of the Baltic States into the Soviet Union must be brought before the United Nations and the attention of the world must be directed to the denial of the right of self-determination to the peoples of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. (The Baltic States commemorate the 55th anniversary of their independence (1918-1973) in 1973: Lithuania on February 16th, Estonia on February 24th and Latvia on November 18th. These three Baltic States fought their War of Liberation against invading Soviet Russia's Army from 1918 till 1920 when

39 a peace treaty betxven the Baltic States and Soviet Russia was concluded. After 22 years of independence and liberty, the Baltic States were again in vaded by the\ Russians in June, 1940 and forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union. Many thousands of Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians wore mudered, deported or imprisoned by the Russian regime of the Soviet Union during the occupation which continues until today. (There was an intervening break in the Soviet Russian occupation of the Baltic States during the time of German occupation 1941 - 1944/45.) Genocide of the Baltic Peoples is the grisly goal of the Soviet Union. V. Grundmanis

„Crackdown on Dissent"

In an article entitled "Crackdown on ed was Dahylo Shumuk, 58, who had Dissent", the Time magazine of Decem previously spent 28 years in prisons ber 18, 1972 wrote the following about and camps — in prewar Poland for be repressive measures in Ukraine: ing a Communist, under Nazi occupa “ •.. From Ukraine where more than tion for the same reason, and under the 100 intellectuals have been arrested Soviet government for "Ukrainian na since last January (1972), the Chronicle tionalism ". A fter his release in 1967, reported the trial of eleven members Shumuk wrote his memoirs of prison of the Movement for Ukrainian Na life and apparently circulated the work tional Rights, a moderate group devot of Yugoslav Writer Milovan Djilas ed to Ukrainian civil rights. Charged (The New Class), for which he has with disseminating "anti-Soviet" pro been sentenced to an additional 15 paganda, the defendants were sent years. His wife has been arrested and enced to an average of ten years' hard his two-year-old son placed in an or labor and exile. Among those convict- phanage.

NOTICE

We hereby bring to your attention that Mr- Yaroslav Shevchuk is the Chief Representative of the Financial Department of the Central Committee of ABN in the U.S.A- Mr. Ya. Shevchuk is authorized to collect debts owed to ABN. We, therefore, kindly request your cooperation in this respect. Please contact him at the following address: Mr. Yaroslav Shevchuk 3438 Heresford Drive Parma, Ohio 44134 U.S.A. Financial Department of the Central Committee of ABN in Munich

40 News and Views

Communist Governments Exploit pay 6,800 rubles — $ 8,160 at the offi Human Misery cial rate — for education they have re ceived in the Soviet Union. In the numerous news reports, co "It is the first time a non-Jew is lumns and editorials, the newspapers of known to have been told he is liable the West continuously and subjectively for the education tax. imply that the administrative ransom- "The parents of Lenko and Mrs. De exit decree "recently" adopted by the midenko brought them to Ukraine 16 Russian Communist government ap years ago. They have been trying for plies only to educated Jews seeking two years to get exit visas." to emigrate from the Soviet Union to settle in Israel. Actually it is an old On February 21, 1968, the W ashing decree practiced since Stalin's time (in ton Post carried a report by Charles the early 1930s Moscow openly offered Foley of the London Observer concern to sell exit passports to Soviet citizens ing the secret traffic in refugees which for foreign currency). It applies to has enriched the coffers of the East Euro members of all nationalities of the pean Communist countries by several USSR and not exclusively to the edu hundred million dollars. Communist cated but to all strata of Soviet socie Rumania, the country considered by ty, and has been in use in all Commu the US "Soviet experts" as the most nist countries for a long time. "progressive" of the Russian satellites In a dispatch from Moscow, dated and closest to the West, is in the fore O ctober 9, 1972, under th e heading front having grossed an estimated "Soviet Fee Blocks Exit of Non-Jews", S 250,000,000 by selling her unwanted the Washington Post said the follow human cargo. ing: "Two Canadian-born Ukrainians The closed conference room has re seeking to return to the land of their placed the slave block and the secret birth have been told they are subject barter of humans is engaged in, di to the new Soviet education tax on rectly, by the Communist governments emigrants to the West, according to and Western agencies. Ransoms range informed sources here. from $ 7,000 upwards depending on "They are Eugene Lenko, 34, and the individual's profession, age, ability, Mrs. Demidenko, 33, of Kyiv, w ho to etc. The greatest number of people to gether with their Soviet spouses staged be ransomed by Western agencies, a sit-in protest at the Canadian embas according to’ Mr. Foley, are Jews who sy here in August in support of their are sent to Israel while other na bid to emigrate- tionals, mostly Ukrainians, Lithuanians "The source said they had planned to and Armenians are usually taken to come to Moscow during the weekend America. This lucrative trade in hu to ask the embassy for a loan to help mans is only one phase of the wide pay the education tax, but they were spread exploitation of 'human misery detained for four hours by Kyiv police, by Communist governments. who confiscated their identity papers. The only thing new in the Kremlin "They have received no indication visa ransom is a higher price scale and whether their applications for exit per that the decree is now officially "rati mits will be granted, the sources said. fied" by the Supreme Soviet. Since the They were, however, told that they U.N. Human Rights Commission is si and their spouses would each have to lent on the violation of human rights

41 by Moscow and sine© the US govern tellectuals were distributed and reports ment is more interested in the trade on them were carried on T. V. in the status and "detente" with Moscow, it evening news. would be well for the Western press to focus objectively on this blackmail- Communism Incompatible and-ransom indignity imposed by the with Islam Kremlin leaders. V. Y. M ayew sky On Ju ly 19, 1972, a resolution w as Protest by Ukrainians from Boston enacted by the Central Committee of the Arab Socialist Union of Egypt to and Hartford dismiss the Russian Military advisors An exhibit, "Soviet Union: Arts and from Egypt. The number of the advisors Crafts in Ancient Times and Today", was estimated to be between 10,000 was on display at the Boston Museum and 20,000. of Fine Arts from August 4th to Sep Egypt's relations with the Soviet tem ber 3rd, 1972. M any of the item s in Union started in 1956 when the USA the collection were falsely identified stopped financing the Aswan Dam. The with the Russians taking credit for the Egyptian president found himself ob works of artists of other nationalities liged to' look for other resources. Rus of the Soviet Union or were left un sia was the only one available at that identified. This was particularly true time. of the Ukrainian articles- For this rea By the agreement signed between. son, the Ukrainian communities of Bos Russia and Egypt for the construction ton, Mass, and Hartford, Conn, staged of the Aswan Dam, the Middle East two protest demonstrations on August was opened for Russia. Syria, Iraq, Su 6th and 26th respectively to call the dan and South Yemen were invaded attention of the public to these misre by Communism. presentations. How ever, in 1971, Sudan discovered In the course of the second demon a military coup arranged by the Rus stration a letter was handed to the mu sians, and an immediate action took seum's director calling his attention to place to dismiss all the Russians from Sudan. The Communist Sudanese lead-' the false identification of articles in the ers were dismissed from key positions. exhibit which "is an example of the tech niques used by Russia to conceal the The withdrawal of Russian military true identity of the contributions of the advisors from Egypt is the first step artists in those nations enslaved by for a thorough withdrawal from Egypt, her," and additional literature was pro and gradually from the Arab world and vided. The letter was signed by John the Middle East. Woloschuk, Vice President of the U- Communism will never find a fa rainian Congress Committee of Ame vorable atmosphere in the Moslem rica, Boston Chapter; Orest Szczudluk, world, since it is a doctrine destructive Ukrainian Branch of American Friends of all religions and noble principles. of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations; Saudi Arabia, the original home of and Mrs. Sophie Radio, the Women's Islam, is religiously immune to' Com Association for the Defense of Four munism and all other destructive doc Freedoms for Ukraine, Hartford. trines. This' is illustrated by the fact that no relations have taken place be Subsequently, the above letter was tween Saudi Arabia and any country forwarded by the museum to the: De of the Communist world, neither admit partment of State in Washington. tance, nor political representation. This During both demonstrations leaflets is its policy from the beginning and demanding freedom for Ukrainian in will continue for the future.

42 C^UrtH vikiw ltkü tTltm

Arrests and Sentencing of Ukrainian Intellectuals Three Ukrainian intellectuals, all the basis of Article 187-1 of the Crimi from the group arrested last January nal Code of the Ukr. SSR to five years by the KGB (Soviet Secret Police), were in prison and three years of exile. Ap sentenced to long terms of imprison proximately at the same time, the writ ment and exile at a trial in Lviv last er Mykhaylo Osadchyi has been sent July. enced in Lviv to seven years of impri Iryna Stasiv-Kalynets, Stephania Sha- sonment and 3 years of exile. He was balura and Ivan Hel were tried on tried according to Article 62 of the Cri charges of "anti-Soviet agitation and m inal Code of the Ukr. SSR. propaganda" and meted out heavy Vasyl Stus, a poet and literary critic, sentences under Article 62 of the Ukr. was born in 1938 in the Vinnytsya re SSR Criminal Code. gion. He studied pedagogics. In 1963 his works began to be published in Iryna Stasiv-Kalynets, the 32-year- Kyiv periodicals. In 1965 h e did re old poetess, was sentenced to six years search work at the Institute of Litera of imprisonment and three years of ex ture of the Academy of Sciences of the ile- Ukr. SSR. He wrote letters in defense Stephania Shabatura, the 34-year-old of those repressed and arrested. In De artist in carpet designing, received a cem ber 1970, h e delivered a eulogy at five-year prison term and three years the funeral of Alla Horska, a Ukrainian of exile. artist who is believed to have been Ivan Hel, who was previously ar m urdered by th e KGB- A collection of rested in 1965 and sentenced to three poetry by V. Stus "Zymovi dereva" (Win y ears at hard labor in 1966, w as now ter Trees) was published in Brussels by sentenced to 10 years of imprisonment the "Literature and Art" Publishers. and five years of exile. (The maximum Mykhaylo Osadchyi, a writer and penalty under Article 62 of CC Ukr. lecturer, w as b o m in 1936 in th e Sumy SSR is seven years of imprisonment region. He graduated from the Faculty and five years of exile.) of Journalism of the Lviv University, Hel has been working as a welder where he later became a lecturer. He while attending evening classes in his w as first sentenced in 1966 to two tory at the Lviv University. Because years of imprisonment. He served his of previous arrest, his sentence ex sentence in Mordovia, returning to ceeds the maximum penalty. Lviv in 1968. H e is m arried and the father of two children. At the same time, it was reported Osadchyi is the author of the collec th at Ihor Kalynets, 34, the husband of tion of poetry "Misyachne pole" (Moon Iryna Stasiv-Kalynets and one of the field) which was destroyed immediate brightest and most popular Ukrainian ly after its publication by the "Kame- poets of the younger generation was nyar" Publishers for ideological rea arrested in Lviv on A ugust 11, 1972. sons- The essay "Bilmo" (Cataract), the Also arrested was Ivan Hel's sister. authorship of which is attributed to It has been reported from Ukraine Osadchyi was published in the West that in September 1972 the poet Vasyl in several editions. At his trial in Lviv, Stus has been convicted in Kyiv on the investigators were unable to prove

43 that Osadchyi was the author of the m inal Code of the U krainian S.S.R. as said work. Therefore, he was tried being the author of an extensive work only for poems of "anti-Soviet charac about Stalin's concentration camps ter" , which were allegedly found in his during and after the Second World home during a search. War, in which he underlines the wide According to reports from Ukraine, spread persecutions and the hardships all trials held in 1972 w ere conducted of life in those camps. in secret and in most cases not even His trial was the first of a series to the closest relatives were admitted to come for those arrested of the so-called them. All those convicted prior to- Oc Kyiv group. It was followed by the tober are said to be still in Ukraine. trials of Oleksander Serhiyenko, a tea cher, arrested on Jan u ary 12, 1972, Terror Victims in Ukraine and Volodymyr Rohynskyi also arrest ed in Jan u ary 1972. Both were- sent The trial of 58-years-old Danylo Shu enced to 7 years of imprisonment of muk began in K yiv on July 5, 1972, and most severe regime in concentration in the sentence, he was condemned to- camps and 3 years of exile. 10 years of imprisonment of most se vere regime in concentration camps In Ivano-Frankivsk, a young poet, and 5 years of exile. For Danylo Shu- Taras Melnychuk, was sentenced to 3 muk it is already his fourth conviction. years of imprisonment. He published Up to- now he already spent 27 years in his works in literary newspapers and journals in Kyiv and Lviv. Also in Iva Polish and Soviet Russian prisons and no-Frankivsk, a priest of Kosmach, concentration camps. Vasyl Romanyuk, was sentenced to 7 Born in Halychyna, Danylo Shumuk years of imprisonment and 3 years of was formerly a member of the Com exile. munist Party of Western Ukraine and The "Chronicle of Current Events", spent 7 years in prisons as a prisoner No. 20, reports that some of the ar of the Polish Defense. Liberated during rested Ukrainian intellectuals and ar the Second World War, he served in tists were confined to mental hospitals. the Red Army and, becoming prisoner Vasyl Stus, poet and literary critic, au in 1942, he escaped and got in touch thor of a collection of poems called with the Ukrainian Underground Move "Winter Tress" well known in the ment. In 1945, Shum uk w as arrested by West, has been confined to the Pavlov the KGB and sentenced to 10 years of sky mental clinic of Kyiv and Anatoliy imprisonment in Soviet concentration Lupynis, also- a poet, to th e D nipropet camps. Released in 1956, h e lived in rovsk mental clinic. Dnipropetrovsk but was arrested again A subsequent wave of arrests is in 1957 and, after refusing to be an in sweeping across Ukraine which began former among the political prisoners in mid-August, 1972. It is linked to the as was proposed to him by Major appearance and further dissemination Svedlov of the KGB, Danylo Shumuk of Ukrainian underground publications, was once more sentenced to 10 years the so-called samvydav. Hundreds of of jail- After the completion of that persons from various walks of life sentence, he had difficulties in obtain within the Ukrainian community are ing a residence permit in Kyiv but fi summoned for questioning by the KGB nally received it and, in 1969, he m ar organs and detained for several days. ried Nadia Svitlychnyi and they had a The homes of many individuals, in par son named Yarema. ticular students-, are searched several In his actual trial, D. Shumuk was times in an attempt to- find the mate charged under Article 62 of the Cri rials of Ukrainian samvydav, and peo •

44 pie who have prepared the 6th issue There were reports last year that of the Ukrainskyi Visnyk. Moroz was suffering from a liver ail In Kyiv, mostly young people who ment, possibly caused by deliberate just happened to pass near one of the food poisoning. There are numerous Kyiv jails are detained very often. The instances where Russian authorities agents of the KGB make this quite have resorted to this and other me openly so as to intimidate the national thods to break the individual. ly conscious youth or sympathizers of Two years ago, three Ukrainian in the liberation movement. One of the tellectuals — Levko Lukyanenko, My- Kyiv writers said: "Ukraine has not khaylo Horyn and Ivan Kandyba — known such KGB violence since the appealed to the United Nations in a Stalinist times . .. What a high price in letter smuggled to the West to investi victims must a nation pay in order to gate food poisoning by the Russian au survive the hard times..." thorities, citing their own cases as well Reports penetrating from the Kyiv as other instances. and Lviv prisons speak about the ap There are many observers in the plication of tortures and beating of pri West who feel that the recent assault soners in order to force statements of on Moroz was planned. repentance or testimony required by the KGB from them. Renowned for his The KGB Forced to Bring V. Moroz cruelty in the application of Stalinist Back to Ukraine methods is KGB major Halskyi, who writes under the pseudonym Klym At the beginning of October, the se Dmytruk. Halskyi specilizes in interro riously wounded Valentyn Moroz was gating Ukrainian prisoners. transferred from the Vladimir prison to Kyiv, where he was confined to the 19-year-old Lidiya Serednyak was prison hospital. Although the injuries sentenced in Kyiv to a year of concen received by Moroz have not been fatal, tration camp for alleged nationalist ac his life continues to be in danger. tivity. Vyacheslav Gluzman w as con victed together with her. Both of them are accused of "anti-Soviet agitation Ukrainian Engineer Commits and propaganda". They are said to be Suicide part of the group of 20 Ukrainians im 30-year-old engineer Katala commit prisoned in Jan u ary 1972. ted suicide in Lviv as a sign of protest against the arrests and repressions by Valentyn Moroz Knifed by the Russians in Ukraine- Criminals in Prison K atala w as bo m in 1942. H e w as a As reported by the United Press In close friend of Stephania Shabatura. ternational, V alentyn Moroz, the 36- After her arrest, he was summoned for year-old Ukrainian historian who was interrogation and urged to give false sentenced in 1970 by a Soviet Russian testimony against S. Shabatura, to de court to nine years at hard labor and nounce his acquaintance and friendship five years of exile, was assaulted in with her and to testify against her in Ju ly 1972 by four inm ates of the V la court. Being under constant moral pres dimir prison, east of Moscow, where sure, Katala feared that he can break he was being kept at the time and down under the influence of psycholo stabbed four times. He is said to have gical tortures and testify against his been taken to the prison infirmary, his friends. condition unknown. The report said According to reports, Katala was that Moroz was stabbed in the stomach summoned to the Lviv prison on May by "four criminals". 28, 1972 for a subsequent interrogation.

45 He was questioned in the women's words of the Ukrainian national an wing of the prison where an eye to them — transl.) eye encounter with Stephania Shaba- tura was to have been arranged for Expelled from the Writers' him. While being questioned, he dash Union of Ukraine ed out of the room of the interrogator, found himself in the corridor and with As reported by Literatuma Ukraina shouts of protest thrust a concealed of O ctober 20, 1972, at th e m eeting of pair of scissors into his heart. He was the Executive Board of the Kyiv Writ dead by the time the KGB officers ers' Union of Ukraine, chaired by Yu caught up with him. riy Zbanatskyi, which was held in mid- Fearing that the news of Katala's sui October, aside from obvious "short cide will spread and cause disturbances comings" in the activity of members in the city at the very time of US Pre of the said Union "the case of V. Za sident Nixon's visit to Kyiv, the KGB kharchenko, a prosaist from Cherkasy, intensified security around the entire was considered. V. I. Zakharchenko prison, suspended all visits and in the was excluded from membership in the night of 28/29th May buried Katala's Union for anti-social conduct, which body in an unknown place without contradicts the Charter of the Writers' even notifying his closest relatives a- Union and is incompatible with member bout it. ship in the writers' organization." No concrete reasons for expulsion Ukrainian Teacher Terrorized were provided. At one time the Ukrain ian underground publication Ukrain- Bohdan Keyvan, a resident of Kuty skyi Visnyk wrote about repressions in the Kosiv region of Ukraine, was against Vasyl Zakharchenko. At the sentenced in 1970 to a year of forced time of his journalistic work in Do labor. netsk, his apartment was searched on B. Keyvan was a teacher of the Eng Ju n e 8, 1970 in connection w ith th e lish language at the Kuty secondary case of Ivan Suk, a lecturer at the Me school. He was dismissed from work dical Institute, as the result of which and deprived of the right to teach by an unfinished manuscript of a novel, the decision of the court based on to private letters, notes and books were tally illegal grounds, namely that Key- confiscated- Having moved to Cher van's father had been a "kulak" at one kasy, V. Zakharchenko was dismissed time, that his father still has an "un from work in the editorial office of healthy" attitude and so forth. Molod Cherkashchyny (The Youth of Being an expert in the English lan the Cherkasy Region). When upon the guage, B. Keyvan subsequently earned assignment of the WUU he travelled his living by private lessons and lived to Donbas for appearances before the together with his father- He was found workers, his trip was interrupted upon guilty of "idleness". instructions of the Donetsk Oblast Committee of the Party, allegedly be Punished for a Ukrainian Slogan cause the miners were indignant that the speaks "in Ukrainian, a language Zhytomyr. — The home of pensioner not understood by them". For a biting Karpo Yavir, whose son Mykola is a remark on this occasion, expressed by student of the Kyiv University, was V. Zakharchenko to a KGB agent as searched and the entire library con signed to him, he was dismissed from fiscated because some books contained work. Vasyl Stus, a specialist of lite an ex-libris with the inscription: “U- rature recently sentenced to five years kraine has not perished yet". (The of imprisonment and three years of ex

46 ile, wrote a protest letter in the case the fire brigades. Within two days, of I. Suk and V. Zakharchenko to the nine buildings were either destroyed Head of the Supreme Soviet of the U- or damaged. Many people were arrest krainian SSR, O. Lyashko, and the Sec ed afterwards. retary of the Central Committee of the On 19 September, 1972, in Dnipro- Communist Party of Ukraine, F. Ovcha- petrovsk a large-scale strike broke out renko. among the workers and the population Vasyl Zakharchenko was born in which gathered in masses and sur 1936 in H utyrivka, a sm all settlem ent rounded the headquarters of the re n ear Poltava. In 1958 he finished the gional Communist Party, protesting and Faculty of Journalism at the Kyiv Uni demanding a higher standard of living versity and worked for the press. His and more national freedom. The re short stories "Spivuchyi korin" (Sing gional Communist Party called out mi ing root) (1964), "Tram vay o shostiy litary and police units which opened hodyni vechora" (Trolley at 6 p. m.) fire on the demonstrators. (1966) and "Stezhka" (Trail) (1968) ap During 1 May parade in Lviv, some peared as separate books. one blocked the sewers. All the sewage came into the streets just arround the Unrest in Ukraine main platform and along the streets, which were full of people. O ver 10,000 people took p art in dis In several towns and cities in West turbances in Dniprodzerzhynsk (Ka- ern Ukraine have appeared carvings myans'ke, Dnipropetrovs'k region); of Ukrainian national emblems — damaged the KGB and Ministry of State Tryzub. They were carved in the stones Security buildings; destroyed all the and bridges in such a way that it was political documents, passports and ci difficult for the authorities to remove tizens' personal data; smashed win them. These emblems appeared in Lviv, dows; broke doors and tore down por Ivano-Frahkivsk, Khust (Carpatho-U- traits of Brezhnev, Lenin and other So kraine) and in Rachiv. viet leaders, killing one KGB agent. In the beginning of 1971 at a milita Other groups of demonstrators destroy ry factory near Ivano-Frankivsk a cer ed the buildings that housed the regio tain number of small arms disappeared. nal administrative, party and military But the KGB managed to locate the (including the Komsomol) bodies- place where members of the Ukrainian The riots in Dniprodzerzhynsk on 25 underground were guarding them. In and 26 Ju n e involved betw een 10,000 the shooting that developed several and 12,000 people, half of whom w ere people were killed- Later the KGB made young people and women. The emits a number of arrests in the district. of the KGB opened fire, killing 10 peo According to recent information from ple and injuring hundreds of others. Kyiv, I. M. Honchar, well known among One Ukrainian died in the fire at the theatre peoplei in the USSR and a rela KGB building. Several of the KGB tive of O. Honchar, author of the book agents and military police also died in Sobor (The Cathedral), member of the a similar manner, while about 50 were Communist Party, has been persecuted injured. by the KGB for several months now. The trouble began with the arrests His private museum has about 7,000 of several youths who- teased one of the exhibits and has been visited by many soldiers as being identified with the people. At one time such Soviet publi Russian occupation of the Ukraine. The cations as Narodna Tvorchist, Ranok or Russians used everything they had a- Literaturta Ukraina published friendly gainst the demonstrators — the local articles about the museum. (East-West military garrison, units of the KGB and Digest, No. 22, N ovem ber, 1972.)

47 The Struggle Inside the Empire frontier post in the Murman oblast in Intensifies 1970, a rather widespread trading with weapons and so forth." The underground periodical Demo- krat (Democrat), N o-4, w hich i9 publi Repatriate Ukrainians from Siberia shed in the USSR by the Russian chau vinist circles united under the banner Deportation of Ukrainians beyond of the so-called Democratic Movement the borders of Ukraine to Siberia, the of the Soviet Union (DMSU) carries a Far East, Kazakhstan and other Asiatic polemic article of an alleged Ukrain regions is not an occurrence of recent ian Insurgent A rm y veteran from 1943, days. It is a consequence of the anti- "Yuriy", attacking the position of the Ukrainian, colonial policy of both the Ukrainskyi Visnyk (The Ukrainian Her tsarist and the present Communist rer ald), No-. 3, 1970, w hich denies th at U- gime. Russia carries it out with iron lo krainian circles have anything to do gic and systematically. It is unnecesr with the formulation of the program sary to dwell more extensively on this of the DMSU. Among other things, it problem, for nobody can deny the facts. says the following: However, the problem arises that "The manifestations of protest are Ukrainians who- live in non-Ukrainian considerably broader, than is general territories serve as instruments of the ly known to the public. They appear Russian policy of assimilation by using in the form of written protests and pro Russian as the language of communi posals directed to the party and state cation with Turkestanis, Siberians and organs, dissemination of leaflets, multi other ethnic groups. More important is plied by hand, by typewriters, by the question of their return to Ukraine-, typographical methods, verbal propa in particular of the young people- who ganda of individuals, the creation of are most threatened by Russification. underground groups and even parties, Only the return of Ukrainians to including those of terrorist character their native land and their living in a and even in terror (for instance, the as compact group can save them for their sassination of city and oblast "fathers" own nation. The fraudulent Soviet Rus in Arkhangelsk) during the May 1st sian statistics reveal that many millions demonstration, the attacks on the mili of Ukrainians live beyond the borders tia detachments- in Latvia with the execu of the Ukr. SSR. Why are they not tion of several militiamen and the con living in Ukraine, their native land? fiscation of arms, sabotage on the rail The place of Ukrainians is on Ukrain roads of U kraine in 1968, disarm ing of ian territory, of the Russians on theirs, militiamen and soldiers, the procure of the Byelorussians, Turkestanis, Ar ment of arms from army barracks and menians, Georgians and others on their depots, attempts at armed crossing of respective territories. When the Kremlin the borders individually or in groups, leaders speak about the right of the including a total destruction of the Vietnamese to freedom, to- their own territory and state, then why are va rious nationalities forcefully intermin gled among themselves on the: territo ry of the USSR? Every Ukrainian knows why, only Moscow is silent on the sub ject. It is necessary to-tear off the mask at last from the Russian colonialist and ge-nocidal policy and to demand for all nations the right to live under their own sun of freedom.

48 London, November 4, 1972 Carrying their national flags and placards, the young people protest the subjugation of their native lands by Russia during the ABN and EFC demonstration.

Dear Readers of ABN Correspondence:

W hile sending you the periodical ABN Correspondence, w e w o u ld like to inform you at the same time that its publication costs (print ing, paper, postage, etc.) have grown considerably. However, we are not raising our subscription rates, for we do not want to burden our readers with increased expenses.

On the other hand, we are confident that you will meet us half way and will send us your annual subscription for ABN Correspond en ce in the sum of 6 US dollars. We hope that with joint efforts we shall not only be able to continue publishing our periodical but also to improve its quality, since we must continue to inform the free world about events occurring behind the Iron Curtain.

Financial Department of the Central Committee of ABN NEW PUBLICATIONS

OUR ALTERNATIVE

ABN and EFC Conferences Brussels, November 12th-15th, 1970

Speeches, reports and messages. In English and French.

Price: Hard cover — $ 5.00 Soft cover — $ 4.00

UKRAINIAN HERALD

Underground Magazine from Ukraine Issue IV

Containing details on the trial ot Valentyn Moroz and the brutal murder of Alla Horska, unpublished poems by Vasyl Symonenko and news of repressions against the Ukrainian intellectuals. Poetry translated by Vera Rich.

Price: § 6.00

Order from: Press Bureau of ABN 8 München 80 Zeppelinstr. 67 B 20004 F

BULLETIN OF THE ANTIBOLSHEVIK BLOC OF NATIONS

Mi ujssr mît msiriMîiiN Bï - c«

^ UKRAINISCHEN SPRÄCHE

30-hour hunger strike of 13 Ukrainian students protesting the imprisonment of Ukrainian patriots by the Russians.

Munich, West Germany, February 3-4, 1973

Verlagspostamt: München 80 March - April 1973 Vol. XXIV No. C O N T E N T S: History is Not the Teacher of Life 3

Robert Conquest (Great Britain) Empire Day in M o s c o w ...... 6

Prof. Ivan Vovchuk (Ukraine) The Empire in A g o n y ...... 12

Dr. K. Drenikolf (Bulgaria) The Balkan V o l c a n o ...... 16

Prof. Vasyl Plyushch, M. D. (Ukraine) Genocide of the Ukrainian People . . . . 21

Double Subjugation of S lo v a k ia ...... 29

What the West Fails to D o ...... 31

“A Scrap of P a p e r " ...... 34

Stop Trading with the R u s s i a n s ! ...... 37

News and V ie w s ...... 42

From Behind the Iron C u r ta in ...... 45

It is now exactly a year since the Soviet authorities intensified their persecution of intellectuals who have openly criticized official violations of the Soviet Constitution and of human rights in general. The repressions have been particularly severe in Ukraine, where about a hundred individuals — mostly young writers, artists and scholars of moderate political orientation -— were arrested during 1972. Their of fence consisted in openly protesting against what they believed to be of ficial discrimination against the Ukrainian language and culture within the Ukrainian SSR, as well as in criticizing other violations of the civil and nationality rights guaranteed by the Soviet Constitution. Some of this criticism was directed at the KGB, the procuracy and the courts for their repeated violations of Soviet law and legal procedure. Here are a few facts which have been carefully checked with those whose knowledge and judgment we trust, and which we believe to be fully au th en tic: At least 20 of those arrested in Ukraine have already been sentenced —■ de facto in camera — to inhumanly severe terms of imprisonment and exile of a kind which bear no relationship to the alleged "crimes" that are clearly designed to intimidate and silence the most courageous spokes men for civil rights in Ukraine. Thus, to cite only a few of the cases, Danylo Shumuk and Yuriy Shu- khevych, who served 20-year political sentences in various fascist and Stalinist concentration camps, were sentenced in 1972 to 10 years of forced labour camp plus five years' exile each for writing (not even apparently circulating!) their memoirs; and the writer Mykhaylo Osadchyi to seven years of labour camp and five years of exile for a similar "offense". The writer and artist I. Stasiv-Kalynets was sentenced to a total of nine years of camp and exile and her husband, Ihor Kalynets — one of the brightest young talents in Ukrainian literature — to three years*) on yet more such charges. Another writer, Vasyl Stus, got a total of eight years, and an Orthodox priest, Vasyl Romanyuk, seven years of forced labour camp plus three years' exile. The new victims have now joined, in the prisons and camps, the nu merous Ukrainian dissenters who are already there, including the young historian Valentyn Moroz, who, in 1970, was sentenced in cam era to nine years' imprisonment and five years' exile for writing essays critical of the Kremlin's nationality policy and for attacking KGB violations of the law.

*) According the the most recent reports Ihor Kalynets was sentenced to nine years' imprisonment and three years' exile.

1 A number of the arrested intellectuals are still awaiting trial, among them the prominent literary critics Ivan Dzyuba and Ivan Svitlychnyi, the journalist Vyacheslav Chornovil, and the writer Yevhen Sverstyuk. Again, their sole "offence" appears to have been openly and from moderate posi tions to criticize official violations of Soviet constitutional and legal norms (which, even in Soviet law, they are not forbidden to do.) Is the Soviet Government so insecure that it has to resort to such brutal sanctions for the kind of criticism of one's own government that we read daily in the British press? It is difficult to accept, in the light of such repressions, the Kremlin's claim that it has successfully solved the nationality question in the USSR. Now that the Soviet Union is seeking improved relations with the United Kingdom and other W estern countries, we implore the Soviet authorities to remember that actions of this kind on their part are, so far as British intellecuals and doubtless many others are concerned, the greatest obstacle to friendship between our two countries. (The above appeared as a letter to T h e T im e s of London on February 3, 1973. It was signed by the following faculty members of the London School of Economics: Prof. Maurice Cranston, Peggy Ashcroft, A. J. Ayer, Robert Birley, Denis Brogan, Stuart Hampshire, Frank Kermode, Yehudi Menuhin, J. B. Priestley, Robbins, Richard Wollheim.)

Ihor Kalynets Sentenced to Nine Years

As reported by ABN Correspondence, No. 1, 1973, the trial of poet Ihor Kalynets was held in Lviv, Ukraine in November 1972. According to the then information he was sentenced either to three or five years' imprisonment and three years' exile. Now news was received that in reality Kalynets received nine years o*f imprison ment and three years of exile.

It must be recalled that Mr. Kalynets' wife, Iryna Slasiv-Kalynets, was sentenced last July to six years of imprisonment and three years of exile. During her trial a dramatic situation developed when her young daughter, Dzvinka, attempted to present flowers to her mother. However, upon the orders from the judges and Prosecutor Boyechko, the guards snatched the flowers from the child's hands and threw them on the floor. In the absence of her parents, Dzvinka is being cared for by relativ es.

2 History Is Not the Teacher of Life Concerning Events in Vietnam

Most likely, the image of President Diem rose before the eyes of Pre sident Nixon as the world's greatest military power stood helpless in the face of the modern type of warfare: the guerrillas and the psychological, political and ideological war. Our age is the age of ideologies and of the guerrilla-partisan wars. Washington does not grasp its meaning. Techno logical and thermonuclear balance of power does not solve anything. This has been shown by Vietnam. The USA had every chance to win the war and to assist in the unification of Vietnam in freedom, if it had thought in political and ethical categories. President Diem, who died at the will of certain Washington circles, placed the unification of all of Vietnam in freedom as the aim of his policy. He was aware of the fact that there is no partial solution to the problem of Vietnam. Therefore his military strategy consisted of the following: a march to he North, the launching there of the guerrilla-partisan war of liberation, the creation of national "Viet- congs", guerrilla detachments, and assistance to them from the South, as had been done by Ho Chi Minh in South Vietnam, where he also dis patched his regular army units — about a quarter of a million men. Without transferring the war of liberation to the North it was impos sible to be victorious. How can one prohibit a single, united people to unite itself in a single state? How can one vivisect the living or ganism of a nation, dividing it at parallels and stop at parallels? Lincoln's idea has been forgotten by Presidents Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon. Half a nation cannot be free and another half enslaved. If Washington had not continued the absurd policy of division of spheres of influence, a division of the world among the superpowers, a complete victory of the national forces in Vietnam could have been achieved. Who is victorious in Viet nam today? Hanoi is celebrating its triumph, although it is not the victor either. Nevertheless, its chances of victory have remained greater since its army remains in South Vietnam. The peace treaty contains so many absurd decisions, ambiguities, and inaccuracies that each side can resume the war tomorrow. Washington has not saved its face at all, since it was lost with the death of Diem. The Russians are using their chances in an offensive man ner. They are not afraid at all to defend the concept of a united Vietnam with the assistance of arms, while Washington is respecting the senseless parallels. As far as the psychological war is concerned, Washington was really a loser in Vietnam for it even failed to explain why it has resumed the bombing after October 1972. According to Hanoi, in the course of this "heavy" bombing as many as 1,166 persons lost their lives, while in one day in the city of Hue the Communists massacred 5,000 people — women, children and old men. Millions of people are not fleeing from South Viet

3 nam, but from the North to the South, — but who had informed the broad popular masses about it? Entire villages — women, children and the elder ly — were murdered by the Vietcong, but Western television passed this over in silence. Each day and night there was a massacre in the vil lages of Vietnam. Rockets fired by the Vietcong and the North Viet namese troops annihilated innocent, civilian population in Saigon and other cities and villages of Vietnam by the thousands, but this had not been genocide, while the bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong had been. No body managed to stage a single demonstration or a demarche to stop the massacre of the population of South Vietnam and the bombing by rockets, but the propaganda of the West, with a very few exceptions, was on the side of Hanoi and Moscow. There are no American land troops in South Vietnam, but Saigon has not fallen. President Thieu is in power and this army is holding the “front victoriously and not surrendering its positions. Are all of them W ashing ton's mercenaries? Are the millions of refugees from the North to the South who have chosen freedom the hirelings of Washington as well? Washington has lost the political war. W ashington's defeat was not in the field of battle in Vietnam but in Bonn, Munich, London, New York, Oslo and Rome, in the streets of cities taken over by confused demonstrators, the so-called public opinion, which is dominated by Moscow. It was not the Pentagon who was the loser but the New York Times and television which has nothing better to show than the films about the cruelty of Fas cism, but finds no words to describe genocide in Ukraine which occurred forty years ago, nor the Russian concentration camps and insane asylums for freedom fighters . . . Fascism continues to be the boogeyman of the world, although there is no trace of it left anywhere in the world, while Bolshevism is a real adversary of today's mankind. Fascism passed away irrevocably, and there is no trace of Nazism, the second most criminal system after Bolshevism ... A battle is being fought with the windmills of Fascism and Nazism, in spite of the fact that nobody knows where this Nazism and Fascism are to be found. Lacking an object, everyone who is against Bolshevism is portrayed as a Fascist or a Nazi. Hence the aim is clear: only anyone not opposing Bolshevism is today not a Nazi. Therefore anyone who fa vours national independence and human rights and opposes totalita rianism — real, existing, Russian, Bolshevik — is so readily branded a Fascist and a Nazi today. "Fascists" and "Nazis" were Pope Pius XII, Churchill, Mac Arthur, Me Carthy, Adenauer, Strauss, Diem and similar people. It is interesting to note that Republican presidents usually bring wars of liberation to an end: Korea, Hungary and others. President Nixon's journeys to Moscow and Peking attested to his aim — to bring about a world "balance of power among the superpowers". From this point of view, Vietnam is only a "periphery", the clearing away of "trivialities"

4 which disturb "peaceful coexistence". It was not by chance that President Nixon while in Kyiv did not dare deliver a speech of similar content as that of Charles De Gaulle. The ceasefire in Vietnam is a consequence of a new concept propa gated by Kissinger. At the same time, however, Nixon has forgotten that the heart of the nation cannot be stilled by violence. The intensification of terror in Ukraine is also due to Nixon's policy of "peace" and his bow to Moscow. What demands could he have placed before Brezhnev with respect to the nations subjugated within the USSR? Angela Davis was received with ceremony by Communist leaders, but which of the freedom, fighters had Nixon received so far? Nixon is a great disappointment as far as the nations subjugated by Russia in the USSR are concerned. "Peace for generations to come" is prophesied by Nixon. The peace of graves! The subjugated nations, however, favour wars of liberation, na tional and human rights, and not the peace of graves. Saigon remains a dark page in the history of the USA, while Diem remains a great warning. Metternich was also triumphant while speaking about "peace for generations to come", but he was toppled by Kossuth, a fighter for national liberation . . . The anti-Russian Kossuths rise in battle: the great Chuprynkas, Sorokas, Makukhs, Kalantas, Oliynyks and Palachs . .. Nixon, together with Brezhnev and other tyrans, attempts to "put the world in order" without a master. The masters of th e world — th e subjugated world — are not Brezhnev and Kosygin, nor quislings and traitors, the likes of Shcherbytskyi and Honecker, but dozens of subju gated nations and hundreds of millions of people subjugated by the Rus sian tyranny. Since Washington does not want to understand this truth, it has reached a roten compromise in Vietnam .. . But the fact that W ash ington places the honor of a nation at stake for the price of several hund red prisoners of war proves that it has not comprehended the sense of the individual's life on earth, nor its heroics. Its own egoism goes so far that millions can remain in slavery, without a word of protest from the USA, that hundreds of thousands can languish in concentration camps and pri sons, but the trade with tyrants can flourish so that the materialistic way of life can reign supreme in the USA on the blood and slavery of millions. The subjugated nations do not long for liberation by American ba yonets. Nobody believes in such liberation. But they protest and fight against USA's helping the Russians to tighten the chains on their hands . .. Budapest served as a great lesson to all who believed the State De partment's phrases on its policy of liberation. Yet, we remind the free world: without the subjugated nations and their struggle there is no deliverance for the world from Russian aggres sion and genocide. He who helps us helps himself! Do not help us, but help yourselves, if you do not want to find yourselves in Russian dark ness one night. B. Oserskyj

5 Robert Conquest Empire Day in Moscow

On 30 December 1972, the fiftieth an bluff. The Party Programme of the time niversary of the formation of the USSR makes the true position quite clear. was celebrated in Moscow. Five years Stating "independence" of the various ago, the fiftieth anniversary of the Octo Soviet republics, it adds flatly that this ber Revolution itself was the occasion "does not in the least mean" that the for an assesseme-nt of the achievements Party itself should "recognize itself as or otherwise of Soviet Communism as a a federation of independent Commu whole. This time, it is a matter of one nist Parties". On the contrary, "there particular element in Communist poli must exist a single centralized Com cy — its success or failure in handling munist Party with a single Central the problem of the relationship between Committee ... Central Committees of the nations under its control. the Ukrainian (etc.) Communists enjoy The first thought that must occur to> the rights of provincial committees of anyone is that the past couple of years the Party and are entirely subordi have seen nationalist demonstrations nated to the Central Committee of the of one sort or another all round the Russian Communist Party," which is Soviet periphery from Tallin to Tash to say, that Moscow's orders were un kent. This alone might give any ob conditionally binding on the rulers of server the impression that the arrange these "independent" states. ments formalized half a century ago Moreover, especially in Trans-Cau and designed to satisfy national feeling casia, but also in Ukraine and Central within the framework of a unified Com Asia, Soviet power in the periphery munist state, have not proved success had been established by, and remained ful. And this impression would be cor totally dependent on, the presence of rect. the Russian armies. The last territory The USSR as formed in 1922 as a to be annexed at the time — Georgia — Union between four previously "inde had been a stable Social-democratic pendent" republics — those of Russia, state for two- years. In free elections Ukraine, Trans-Caucasia and Byelorus held there in 1919, the Mensheviks had sia- Over the 20s and later, other ter won 105 of the 130 seats in the Nation ritories, mainly within the RSFSR or al Assembly. The vote had been Men annexed from outside, were raised to sheviks 640 thousand, Bolsheviks 24 Union Republic status— and the Trans- thousand; and the latter had won no Caucasian Federative Republic dis seats at all. This was corrected by an solved into its three components, Geor invasion by the Xth Red Army. The gia, Azerbaijan and Armenia — until national governments of the Caucasian now there are 15 Union Republics. republics and of Ukraine were similar Each of these is theoretically sove ly overthrown. Already, in fact, the- reign, carries equal weight, and even non-Russian Soviet republics were no has the right of secession under the more than a disguise for Muscovite an Soviet constitution. That is, needless nexation. to say, the position on paper only. What, we must ask ourselves, did Right from the start, the position on the Bolsheviks think they were doing paper and the true position were to by the creation of the USSR and by the tally different. The four original "inde whole nationality policy implied? It pendent" states which came together had long been Lenin's principle that to form the Union were the merest nationalism in itself was a transitory

6 phenomenon of the bourgeois age, secession, and federation was a step to which had not existed before capital unity; second, the "forms of federa ism and would gradually disappear tion . . . proved by no means so contra under socialism. Meanwhile, national dictory to the aim of closer economic feeling directed against regimes hostile unity" as had been expected; and third to Communism should be encouraged ly the nationality problem had proved and used. But national feeling which more important than the Bolsheviks for any reason hampered the Commu had thought it would be. nists should be opposed and destroyed. The second point — that the forms of As Lenin had remarked, if certain peo federation could be combined with the ples were found to be of assistance to actuality of centralization was the crux. bourgeois reaction, then "we would be Thus, in effect, Lenin and Stalin in favour of a revolutionary war against thought to» appease and neutralize na them, in favour of crushing them, de tional feeling by pointing to the high stroying all their outposts, no matter theoretical status given to each na what small national movements arose". tion's "own" republic. In addition, the He added later his central principle, national languages were encouraged, and the ’continuous central principle of and the central theme put forward of cul the Soviet regime ever since: "The in tures " national in form and socialist in terests of socialism are above the in content," — which has been cynically in terests of the right of nations to self- terpreted as signifying the right of all determination. " peoples to read and utter the Party line However, this left one further prob in their own languages. The other main lem. Just as his total opposition to re administrative "concession" was the ligion, and determination to crush any formation (dating in its present form overtly anti-Communist religious forces, since 1936) of a two-house Supreme So was combined with the belief that re viet, consisting of the Soviet of the ligious feeling as such could not be Union and the Soviet of Nationalities, dealt with solely by repression, but each with equal rights. The latter is would disappear in the course of socia heavily weighted in favour of "mino lization, and must meanwhile be neu rities", and the theory gives them the tralized by manoeuvre and apparent power to prevent any imposition of the1 concession, so1, similarly, he did not ex Russian will. pect national feeling to disappear at To the degree that it was recognized once, but believed that it would bei that the non-Russian countries of the possible to appease it without making USSR represented the inheritance of concessions of any substance. Before the imperialist Tsars reconquered by the Revolution (in 1913) he had expli Russian Communist armies, it was still citly rejected the federal solution for felt that in the long run the nationalist multi-national Russia: "Federation feelings thus excited would give way, means a union of equals depending partly because of the attraction of this upon consent... we reject federation new system, but partly because of eco on principle; it is an unsuitable form nomic and social developments. And for our state." But the experiences of here a further contradiction emerged. 1917-1920 showed that Lenin had un The Soviet President Kalinin succinct derestimated the power of national ly expressed the elements of Commu feeling. Stalin, his spokesman on na nist policy: "The aim of Soviet policy tionalism explained after the Revolu has always been to teach the people tion why a change in tactics had taken of the Kirgiz steppe, the small Uzbek place, and the idea of federation was cotton grower, and the Turkmenian now officially welcomed: first a num gardener to accept the ideals of the ber of nations had been in complete Leningrad worker." Sociologically, this

7 merely indicated the "proletarianiza ly reached by the German advance. tion" of national culture which would And of those who were not deported among other things eliminate national en bloc, either owing to their size or peculiarities and hostilities. But it con owing to the less extreme nature of tains within it the unfortunate fact that their anti-Soviet activity, vast drafts it is the Russians who are doing the were still sent into the wastes of Sibe "teaching" — or imposing — of the ria. The test, one would have thought, new thinking. And during the process, was conclusive —- especially when we the fact of their being Russian began are told by Khrushchev that Stalin to count as much as, and then more would have wished to deport all U- than, their "proletarian" status. This krainians too', but that there were too was true not only as it affected the many of them. And long after the Ger feelings of the small nationalities be mans had gone bitter partisan fighting ing Gleichgeschattel. It applied also' to went on in Ukraine, Lithuania and the the Russian side. Increasingly, from the North Caucasus till the national move early 30s the idea of the Russians as ments were put down. simply a better and greater nation be gan to be overtly expressed. The pres In fact, it was clearly shown — in sures for Russianization were imposed deed virtually admitted — that Com on the local languages; the Cyrillic munist nationality policy had failed to script was substituted for the Latin impress those for whom it was design script originally given to the Turkic ed. peoples; the histories in which their After the war, a further element ancestors' anti-imperialist resistance arose. The countries brought under to the Tsars had been celebrated were Stalin's domination in Eastern Europe changed to show that the Russian an w ere not annexed to the USSR. That nexation had even then been a good is to say, nationalities like thei Ukrain thing. At the same time (as is largely ians or Georgians or Latvians were not true to this day) while the more formal entitled to national statehood, while positions in Party and State within the the Bulgarians or H ungarians or Cze- Union and autonomous republics were cho-Slovaks were so entitled. This is an given to local nationals, the true in anomaly, and it is one which has rankl struments of power (the Second Secre ed not merely among the- populations, taryship of the Party, in charge of per but actually within the Party leader sonnel, and the leadership of the local ships of the republics of the USSR. For secret police) were almost invariably in it obviously has no logical justificaton. the hands of the Russians. Stalin's toast Under Stalin, of course, the independ at the end of the war, with its lengthy ence of Eastern Europe meant virtually celebration of Russians as "the most nolhing — though even then, Yugosla outstanding nation" in the Soviet Union, via was able to defend itself. In the put a ceremonious seal on the attitude. years which have followed, we have seen many independent moves in the In the late 30s, all the same, it was area, some put down by the Soviet ar still being argued by the Soviet regime my, others still in existence. and its supporters in the West, that its national policy had truly given to all The rulers in Eastern Europe have the peoples concerned everything that not necessarily been nationalists, or they really wanted. That policy was not at first. Kardelj, the second man in put to the test during the war. By 1944 Yugoslavia is said to have urged that Stalin had found it necessary to deport country's annexation to the USSR soon en bloc, on charges of collaboration after the war. But whether or not na with the Germans, an actual majority tional feeling originally plays an im of all the small nations reached or near portant part, the rulers of these states

8 are naturally concerned to protect their says of the Union of Republics, "These own positions. The urge to protect are verily 'sovereign' governments in themselves, to extend their own power, the republics, without their native lan in fact all the normal drives of politics, guage in the administration, without tended to the build-up (as soon as it international contacts, and without proved possible) of autonomous appa even the right to intervene in the eco ratuses, defending if not their peoples nomy of their own territory." at least themselves against Moscow. Such are the natural feelings of the And as the struggle developed, these national intelligentsias — and to a con appartuses had little choice but increas siderable degree of a large section of ing reliance on the nationalist feelings the population too — in all the non- of the peoples, whatever their original Russian republics. But sympathy, or at intensions. least tolerance, for them on the parL Significantly enough, the same was of local political leaderships — and and is to be seen in the apparatuses there has been a similar case recently of the Union Republics within the in Georgia where the leadership per USSR. In the early 60s the leading fi mitted a nationalist history to be print gures in Azerbaijan, in Kazakhstan and ed — adds to the problem. It is clear particularly in Latvia were purged be enough, in fact, that over the 50 years cause they had attempted to prevent Soviet policy has not been successful the influx of Russians and to defend the in this field. Worse still, nationalism positions of their local languages — remains, a permanent threat to the and even, in the Latvian case, to di whole system, and one which neither rect the economy with local needs pri concession nor repression have yet marily in mind. The Party Programme been able to eradicate. of 1961 formally condemns any attempt One major point, seldom considered, to hamper what it sees as the more cor is that though nationalism may be one rect tendency of the Soviet population of the forces capable in the long run of to "merge", and actually asserts that disrupting the Soviet regime, and that "the boundaries between the Union Re it could be largely disarmed by grant publics are increasingly losing their ing virtual or actual independence to significance." the "periphery", this last would have the The fall of Pyotr Shelest from being disastrous result (from Moscow's point First Secretary in Ukraine this year of view) that Russia would no longer (1972) was an even more striking de be a great power. If Moscow's rule monstration. It has been represented in w ere confined to the RSFSR, it would some circles in the West as due to his have lost not only a large proportion being a "hard-liner". In fact, there is of its population, but a vast amount of no doubt at all, that he was removed its industrial and natural resources. for failing adequately to repress the Even though a true wisdom might ac recent nationalist upsurge in Ukraine. cept this, there seems little prospect He had intervened in the cases of na of the Kremlin doing so. And so- we are tionalist intellectuals arrested by the in the position that, apart from a few KGB — which is not under local con countries in the southern end of Africa, trol — and even restored to their posts the remaining colonial empires are men who had meanwhile been in jail. those of the Soviet Union and China, Worse still, he had circulated to the which subject peoples as numerous as provincial secretaries of his republic the entire population of the African the manuscript of an extraordinary continent as a whole. The comparison book, Internationalism or Russification? with China is an interesting one. While by Ivan Dzyuba, whose title speaks for there too supporters of national free itself, and which, among other things, dom might wish to see independent

9 Tibet, Inner Mongolia allowed to join is less than total, resulted in a tenden its compatriots in the People's Repub cy for even them to demand more. In lic, and Sinkiang forming an indepen fact, the Kremlin has had the worst of dent Turkic state, the Chinese have both worlds. never considered the possibility in And is likely to have this even more theory. There are no "Union Repub so in the future. For 20 years now East lics" with "sovereignty" and the "right ern Europe has remained unstable, and to secession", merely local "autono there is every reason to expect further my". The Chinese could indeed rightly convulsions there so now a similar point out that the sovereignty of the view may be taken of the Soviet Re Union Republics of the USSR is a fake; publics. They were held together under that one such republic — Karelo-Finnia Stalin by bluff and repression, but with — was simply abolished in 1956 when out the full repression the bluff would the Russian influx grew large enough; not have1 worked. Nationalist tenden that the republics, though two of them cies in the USSR today, however, are rank as members of the United Nations, still held in check solely by the power have no foreign representation; that of the State and Party with the bluff their key police and economics minis crumbling about it. Unlike with almost tries are, even formally, under Mos all the other former metropolitan coun cow's control; that they do1 not even tries, the demands of the subject peo as a legal fiction own their own na ples have not been faced. No political tural resources, control their planning, solution, as apart from an administra trade, education, defence and many tive one, has been found. In the long other matters. The concept, of the run, this means a permanent instabili "union" in fact was intended and is in ty, at present encysted, but always li tended to give the republics nothing able to break out. The "Union" now of substance, but to give their nationals being celebrated has, over fifty years, an impression of freedom. This double largely failed to strike roots. The po think has not worked. The nationalities, tential for the disruption of what is generally speaking, have not been de really, and fully understood to be, a ceived as to the essential centraliza unitary empire with a little window tion, even imperialism, involved. Yet dressing, is one of the most powerful the powers given to the local Party forces for major change in existence leaderships have, now that repression in the world today. (Die Welt, No. 287)

Soviet Ambassador "Welcomed" to Munich Upon the invitation of an initiatory Munich's City Hall. From the German group of the German-Soviet Society, a side the "festivities" were attended by 20-men Soviet delegation, headed by Munich's Mayor, Mr. Kronawitter, a re the Soviet Ambassador to West Ger presentative of the Bavarian Parlia many, Valentin Falin, arrived in Mu ment, Erwin Essl (SPD), a number of con nich on February 1, 1973. Other mem suls of various countries, and a consi bers of the delegation included deputy derable number of German politicians editor of Izvestia, a representative of from Munich and Bonn. the government of the Azerbaijan SSR Finding out about this event, the U- and many other functionaries. While in krainian youth of Munich organized a Munich they took part in the founding protest action in defense of human and of the German-Soviet Society. The ce national rights. About 15 persons man remonies were held in the main hall of aged to enter the balcony of the main

10 hall of City Hall, from where they the guests: Soviet Ambassador Falin showered the hall with blue and yel and Mayor Kronawitter." low leaflets and stink bombs while shouting "Freedom for Ukraine" and TZ-Munchen, under the title: "Stink "Freedom for writers in the USSR". Bombs at Munich City Hall" wrote: Reports on the action were carried that very evening on German televi "The founding session of the 'Bavarian sion, as well as on German and Polish Society to Promote Relations between radio- The action found extensive and the FRG and the USSR' was in terru p t sympathetic response in the German ed Thursday evening by stink bombs press. and leaflets. The slogans of the young Below are some examples: demonstrators on the balcony of the main hall of the Munich City Hall were: Miinchener Merkur in an article en 'Freedom for Ukraine' and 'Freedom for titled "Young People Disrupt Meeting w riters in the USSR'. Among th e guests with Soviet Ambassador Falin" wrote: at City Hall were Mayor Kronawitter and Soviet Ambassador in Bonn, Va "With stink bombs and leaflets, the lentin Falin. A member of the initiato young people interrupted the founding ry group of the society and a represen session of a society for the pro tative of the Bavarian Parliament, Er motion of relations between the FRG win Essl, said: 'This action is an ex and the USSR. During a speech by pression of the freedom-loving consti the SPD representative to the Bavarian tutional order of the Federal Republic Parliament, Essl, demonstrators shout of Germany'. At the action’s end, the ing 'Freedom for w riters in the USSR' demonstrators disappeared." and 'Freedom for Ukraine', tossed stink bombs and leaflets, signed Initiatory The leaflet said: "We 'Greet' the Group in Defense of Human Rights in Founding of the German-Soviet Society Eastern Europe', from the balcony of provided its aims are: to prevent assas the main hall of the Munich City Hall. sination attempts on German diplomats The incident took place in the presence in the USSR; to oppose religious perse of Soviet Ambassador to Germany, Fa cution in the USSR; to work for the re lin, Munich's Mayor, Kronawitter, and lease of cultural leaders in the Soviet a large number of Soviet guests. The Union who are confined to Soviet Rus demonstrators disappeared after the in sian concentration camps and insane cident." asylums for their struggle for national independence, and against colonialism Bildzeitung, under the title: "Mem and Red Fascism; to terminate discri bers of the Audience Threw Stink mination against the Jews and other Bombs Inside City Hall" wrote: minority groups; to guarantee freedom of speech, culture and national and hu "Tossing leaflets and stink bombs from man rights to Ukrainians, Byelorus the balcony of the main hall of Mu sians, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, nich's City Hall, about ten young U- Georgians and many other nations; to krainian exiles interrupted the found prevent assassinations of exile politi ing session of the 'Bavarian Society to cians in Germany, carried out by So Promote Relations between the FRG viet agents, and to denounce them. and the USSR'. Otherwise, we express our condolences "The demonstrators shouted 'Freedom to the German-Soviet farce." for Ukraine' and 'Freedom for writers The leaflet was signed by the Initia in the USSR' and, singing the Ukrainian tory Group in Defense of Human Rights national anthem, left the hall. Among in Eastern Europe.

11 Prof. Ivan Vovchuk The Empire in Agony

In the vast expanses of the Russian buy potatoes from the collective farm kingdom, into which Ukraine has been workers in the villages, obviously pay incorporated as well, there rages “a ing for it several times more than the great battle for the harvest". This year established purchase price. it is particularly fierce, for, as the So Officials in charge of state purchases viet press shouts, climatic conditions are furious, while the head of the exe have caused a very poor harvest. In cutive committee of the Kursk oblast, Ukraine the crop was harvested. A calling these workers "unorganized large part of it was taken by the Rus purchasing agents", banned the taking sian state, thus carrying out the "first out of potatoes from the region, moti commandment", but how much remain vating his decision by the fact that this ed to satisfy the needs of the popula year potatoes are infected with canker. tion and the economy is hard to tell. Special detachments were formed in Most likely it was not without a reason the region, which together with the that towards the end of the harvest, "vigilantes" watch for the cars of the when the official state purchaser's workers in order to confiscate potatoes "give, give" still echoed in the steppes grown on the private plots of the kol of Ukraine a renowned deputy and trice khoz workers. This is so reminiscent of decorated Gitalov began publishing ar the procurement of the 20s, in the ini ticles about the saving of bread, ap tial stages of the creation of the Rus pealing to the population to wage a de sian imperial complex — the USSR — cisive battle with those who "squander after the conquest by the "bayonets of bread". Obviously, Gitalov, upon the the North" of the national republics orders of the Russian chiefs, was thus which arose- on the expanses of the fal preparing the population for successive len Russian empire as the result of na hardships. tional revolutions. At the same time, in the fields of U- As we can see, the imperial system kraine a struggle for the "second of collectivism in agriculture, even af bread", as potatoes is called there offi ter 50 years of existence of the empire, cially, is in progress. It is also- in short is incapable of supplying the popula supply —- and long queues are forming tion of Ukraine even with potatoes- It in the cities. No wonder that the urban is not the potatoes, but the system of population is trying to provide itself Russian socialism which is suffering with potatoes for the winter, not trust from cancer. On the 50th anniversary ing the socialist suppliers. Komsomol- of the founding of the USSR, the Cen skaya Pravda wrote in September 1972 tral Committee of the Communist Par that the miners of the Donbas and the ty of the Soviet Union is attempting to workers of the Kharkiv plants, just consolidate a single unitary state in as those in other cities, are themselves Ukraine and in other national “repub organizing the procurement of the1 "se lics" instead of a union status (at least cond bread" for the winter. Arming on paper). 50 years ago, a "union" un themselves with appropriate documents der the label of the USSR was formed bearing the stamps of the zavkoms, from independent republics of Ukraine, shakhtkoms (factory committees, mine Byelorussia, Russia and the Transcau committees) and other koms they drive casian Federation (Georgia, Armenia in trucks to- the Kursk region, apparent and Azerbaijan). The new product, ly a potato1 growing region, in order to which some consider to be a union

12 state, while others a union, of states, of "an organic unity" around the Rus marked the beginning of the reestab sian nucleus. This fiction is to help the lishment, in the form of the USSR, of party in dissolving the nations, the the Russian empire, dismembered in the greatest cultural historic category of process of national revolutions. mankind, in the vast sea of Russian Half a century of the existence of Bolshevism. the Russian imperial monster, the USSR, It was not by accident that at the is a half a century of struggle of Rus 24th Congress of the CPSU, the “sec sian imperialism with the Ukrainian ond Illich" and "the brow-carrier", as national idea, as well as the national Brezhnev is currently being called, in ideas of other nations forcefully incor glorifying the Russian people, empha porated into that complex. 1972 was sized "their profound internationalism" proclaimed by the CC CPSU as a jubi among numerous attributes. We know lee of the "Soviet peoplei". The anni what type of a weapon is this interna versary itself fell on December 30, but tionalism by which the all-powerful all year long, every remote corner of Central Commmittee of the Party com the Red kingdom was gripped by the bats the national idea in fighting with fever of a single state which is impos Ukrainian nationalism, attempting to ed and imbued by various administra dissolve the subjugated nations in the tively political and officially informa international Bolshevik puddle. These tive methods into the people of the daydreams are not new. They are as subjugated nations thus combating U- old as Russian imperialism itself. A. krainian and other nationalisms. The Pushkin, the poet of Russian imperial official press persistently emphasizes state, in his reflections about the fu that the USSR "is not a conglamoration ture of the Russian empire asked: "Will of republics, but a single state" with all the Slav rivers converge in the Rus an organic unity of nations. sian sea? Or will it dry out? That is The resolution of the CC CPSU "On the question!" the Preparations for the 50th Anniversa As we know, after the downfall of ry of the Founding of the USSR (Kom- the Russian empire as a consequence munist, No. 3, 1972) declaring that in of national revolutions, the nations, in the years of the building of socialism cluding Ukraine, created their own na "a new historic society of men — the tional and state trends independent of Soviet people — has emerged", orders the Russian sea. By the establishment one and all to> force on and imbue this of the imperial complex, following myth into people of the subjugated na armed and political "Sovietization" of tions. What for? In order to alienate Ukraine and other republics, the Bol them from their own nation and coun sheviks attempt to redirect the national try, to stifle in them the feeling of pat streams into the "Russian sea". And in riotism, the love of their native land and the jubilee year — the 50th anniversa to implant in them the love to the So ry of the existence of the USSR — the viet "fatherland". The Russian Bolshe CC CPSU planned to change the rem viks are masters in myth-creation. The nants of a union, at least on paper, into whole structure of their socialism, as a single unitary state in which only the well as the so-called "democracy", Russian language is considered a lan which is used to conceal satanic des guage of "genuine enlightenment" and potism and totalitarianism, is a total the "height of linguistic culture" as lie. But the myth about "a single So maintained by Pravda, the official or viet people", as "a new historic soci gan of the party. ety" is of particular character. It was conceived as a means of helping the The political program which the Bol party — to- put into effect the dreams sheviks are trying to put into effect is

13 a vandalism unprecedented in history. a hard alternative — to be the son of It hinders the progress of mankind. Uni one's own nation or an evil servant fication of nations which is dreamed and marauder". And to be the son of about in the Kremlin, will impoverish one's own nation means to help by mankind, for every nation, even the deeds those who tell the enemy into smallest one, "conceals in itself a par his face: "We shall not surrender and ticular facet of God's design", as was shall not recognize your satanic de said by A. Solzhenitsyn in his Nobel signs". It means to render support to Prize acceptance speech. The Russian the struggle in Ukraine, to assist the administrative and political machine is national process. intensively working on unification. Forty years ago, the Russian despot Scientists are obliged to find a "scien ism preparing to avenge itself on the tific" verbal dialectic form to justify Ukrainian national substance began to the satanic notion. The imperial hounds, plan the destruction of the Ukrainian and around them the "Little-Russian" village through famine. The law of Au puppies, are attempting to oust, the na gust 7, 1932, innocently labeled "on the: tional idea, inflating people with the protection of property", became the ba "internationalism" of the Russian peo sis for the organization of the 1933 fa ple. mine according to the formula of the The national idea, combated to such Russian "humanist", O. Gorky: "When a degree by the CPSU in its struggle the enemy does not surrender, he is with Ukrainian nationalism, has been, destroyed". The world must be told is and will be a guiding, dominant idea how in the course of the Russian Bol in the life of the Ukrainian and other shevik war against the Ukrainian na subjugated nations. Infatuated by it, tion, the Russians destroyed its body the national forces in Ukraine are and soul, its nationally creative intelli struggling against the alienation of the gentsia, liquidating both Ukrainian individual from the nation. A struggle Churches — the Ukrainian Autoce is being waged for the fullness of so phalous Orthodox Church and the' U- vereign state and cultural life of the krainian Catholic Church. All this was nation, the richness of its spiritual and done in order to maintain the' indivi creative expression, the fullness of the sible imperial complex renew ed in 1922. sovereign contribution of the national This year, Soviet agriculture, and genius into, the universal treasury from with it economy in general, drifting Kyiv, Lviv, Kharkiv, and not through under the blows of nationalism, again Moscow with the inscription in Rus finds itself in a critical state. Instead sian "in Ukrainian". The national idea of the stipulated 195 million tons of does not narrow down and restrict spiri grain, necessary to satisfy the needs of tual creativity, does not displace and industry and population, the empire suppress it, as is the case in the Russian will not even harvest 150 million tons Bolshevik kingdom of satan, resting on of grain according to the calculations "profound internationalism" of the of W estern experts. (In my opinion m> chosen people. It absorbs and accumu more than 130-140 million tons of grain lates the noble universally human ideas will be harvested.) In the Russian king into' the spiritual treasury of the na dom, and primarily in Ukraine, where tion, melts them down in the national over 40% of winter planting was re climate and returns them to mankind seeded in com, one can expect food in an enriched state. shortages. Although the "capitalist Reports about the struggle of two op sharks", in particular the Americans, posing worlds in Ukraine are reaching in their race for profits will rescue the us. There, in Ukraine, as claimed by builders of socialism, nevertheless, Ye. Sverstyuk, "everyone is faced with economic hardships will have an in

14 fluence on. the intensification of the year or two. And it seemed to. him that national and political processes in U- he has become blind, but it was the kraine and in other subjugated coun night which surrounded him that was tries. blind. It seemed to him that he has The problem does not lie in unfa aged, but it was the prison where he vourable conditions to which the dog was imprisoned that has aged. It seem matists of the Kremlin refer in seeking ed to' him that the chains on him are help from the capitalists, but in the de still strong, but in reality the iron on cay of the doomed system of Russian them was long since eaten away by collectivism. Therefore, our task is to- rust- But the prisoner did not believe perceive what is taking place there not in himself and did not test his strength. on the basis of tourist guidebooks but It was necessary for somebody from so as to sense the "invisible nature", a beyond the Black Sea to say: "RiseI" world not readily seen in imperialist The prisoner-giant was startled from reality. And that world, in the words this cry and, breaking the rusty chains, of philosopher Hryhoriy Skovoroda, he broke down the door of the anti whose 250th anniversary of birth we quated prison with his freed hands and silently pommemorate, is more ponder went to meet the sun. able and more significant in life than An interesting legend. Let's ponder the "visible nature". over it. In the second number of the Russian periodical Druzhba Narodiv for 1971, The process of Ukrainian national a movie story by Ivan Drach, "I Am revival cannot be stopped nor can it be Coming to You" was published. In this directed by the Russian tyrants into work, original in its literary composi the Russian imperialistic sea. Most tion, I. Drach cites an episode from likely, they can sense it themselves the life of Lesya Ukrainka, on the anni and therefore the fever of anniversary versary of the fiery poetess. Addres unitary statehood is convulcing the sing the ailing Serhiy, Lesya Ukrainka country. Although the imperial dams says: "I shall tell you a legend instead are still strong on the outside, as was of a fairy tale. Fairy tales are told to. said by V. Moroz, still "the spring children, while legends — to knights." waters of Ukrainian renaissance by A piisoner-giant was confined to pri pass these dams. The renaissance in U- son. He was confined for more than a kraine lays its own river-beds."

In Defense of the Persecuted Telegram to His Holiness Pope Paul VI

The Executive Board of the European Freedom Council meeting on 28th January 1973 in Bonn, prays Your Holiness to take every opportunity to protest through your world-wide authority against atheistic indoctri nation and suppression of human rights by Russian and other Communist regimes, and to afford your protection to all religious persecutees and those deprived of human rights under same regimes. On behalf of the Executive Board of the European Freedom Council Ole Bjorn Kraft President

15 Dr. K. Dienikoit The Balkan Volcano

Recent events in Croatia have again Let us not mix together things which brought the Balkans to the attention of are thoroughly different. Let us not get the world. confused. Creation of Yugoslavia did Once again, the Balkans are under not result from a common understand scrutiny and this should surprise no ing and free agreement of the peoples body, as the deep-rooted and deter involved- It is the result of a dictate minant causes of dispute and misunder enforced from one side only without standing still exist. Europe has not the populations involved being consi even tried to solve the problem in an dered and their opinion being sought equitable manner and, sooner or later in any way. The bloody opposition but unavoidably, the Balkan "powder- which followed this creation — in keg" is to> explode. Let us hope this Croatia as well as in Macedonia — will not happen in an especially unfa confirms this fact. Look again through vourable moment for the future of Eu the newspapers of that period. You will rope. find examples of complete human sa crifices, such as that of the young Bul Tito's Yugoslavia — a pre-eminently garian woman Mara Bouneva, equal to Communist country which was entrust Jan Palach's or Alla Horska's (just to ed the particular part of the "Trojan mention these two) nowadays. During horse " of the Communist movement in the period between the two World to the free world, — is suffering from Wars, the struggle reached its full mo an incurable disease, inherent in any mentum with King Alexander's murder multinational state. in Marseilles. The acrobat — Vlado The disintegration of multinational Cherno semski — was considered a hero states is an unavoidable process. Not by the oppressed peoples of the Yugo long ago; it was Turkey which was the slav Kingdom. "sick man" of Europe. Yesterday, it After World War II the only thing was the turn of the Austro-Hungarian that changed was the name of the coun Empire. Today it is Yugoslavia. The try which, being a Kingdom, became Soviet Russian empire, a mixture of a Federation. Federation in words on various nations, volens nolens will en ly, since the name is devoid of mean ter his road which is natural, irrevers ing as it is understood in the Western ible and in line with the sense of His world. Tito's Yugoslavia remained a tory. Freedom and independence of U- totalitarian state, where a minority sets kraine, Byelorussia, of the Baltic coun its will by contention, and aims at as tries, of the Caucasian nations— Geor similating its neighbours forcefully in gia, Armenia and others — may be de cluded in the state. Therefore, the Cro layed through the use of arms- It can ats are requested to Serbianize their not be prevented and it will come as language; the Macedonians are impos surely as day follows night. ed one which is not the language they Some may object that today we live have used for thirteen centuries alrea in the time of the Common Market, a dy; they must use a language which is period when thei need of unifying and alien to the Macedonian population. planning economies tends to the crea In such circumstances, can't we tion of groups of states with supra na speak of genocide? tional capacities, and ask whether such Where are the sources, what is the a disintegration is really necessary. genesis of such a political situation?

16 The baby, conceived by the French idyllic and fatherlike aspect, while o- leaders after W orld W ar II, and whose thers shut their eyes and agree to- existence was ratified by the Neuillv, everything. Don't we realize that by Saint-Germain and Trianon Peace Trea depriving millions of human beings of ties, was born with some congenital their freedom, we are committing the malformations which prevented it from major sin of our civilization? leading a long and quiet life-. Recently we were most surprised The decision taken by Clemenceau re when reading in a French newspaper garding the Balkans was dictated by a — Le Monde — a declaration by the feeling of revenge, and with no consi new Ambassador of Yugoslavia in Pa deration at all of the views of his ris, Mr. Nijaz Dizdarevic. On June 13th partners. This unequitable decision 1972, Mr. Dizdarevic was the guest of proved harmful for peace in the Bal the Parisian diplomatic press. Answer kans. If World War II's atrocities have ing the questions o-f the journalists as expanded over the Balkan area, the to- the internal situation in Yugoslavia, reason is to- be found in that decision. the Ambassador alluded to the "fast ness with which the separatist tenden After World W ar II, in the euphoria cies are being eliminated in Croatia, of their victory, the Allied Powers de and this with the support of the popu cided, in order to1 please- Stalin, to grant lation of the said Republic." Georges Clemenceau's little Balkan monster a further delay. What is to We shall not insist upon the ways come out of this second mistake can and speed with which the Croatian na easily be foreseen: peace and safety of tionalist tendencies are being “elimi Europe are in danger. nated". We have enough examples to illustrate the process, amongst which If one of these days the Balkans burst the Bleiburg massacre remains the most out in flames again, it will be just un striking and significant one. We are fair to- incriminate the Balkan peoples just surprised, and should only like to for it. It might also happen that, once know how, as by enchantment, a prob again, the Balkans will cause a new lem which a great many governments cataclysm, whether local or general. in Belgrade were unable to solve- for It is always easy to judge from the over fifty years, can be said today to effect. Scientific principles require that be happily resolved, for the greatest one judges from the cause rather than satisfaction of a press conference! the effect. Therefore, as we said above, Our knowledge of History allows us the cause lies in the Paris Treaties of to assert that ■— unless all alien popu 1919 and in their m ere renewal after lations- (Croats, Slovenians, Bulgarians World War II, as far as the territorial of Macedonia and "Western Borders", dispositions regarding Yugoslavia are Albanians of Kossovo and Hungarians concerned. Twice was the same error of Vo-ivodine) are totally liquidated — committed: sooner or later it will lead the question will remain pending, and to- the same- conclusion. Neither in 1919 will remain so ready to arise again like nor in 1945 did anyone ask the Croa the mythological bird Phoenix when tian, Macedonian, Albanian, Hungarian, one is least prepared for it. Slovenian, Dalmatian populations to- The Bulgarian national and anti-Co-m- express — freely and not under com munist emigration keeps a close- watch pulsion — their wishes. These peoples on, and is extremely concerned with are deprived of their right to self-deter the developments of Soviet Russian po mination, an elementary right. As a licies regarding Yugoslavia. For the consequence, a multinational state was time being these- policies tend toward compulsorily reinstated, and a certain strengthening Tito's regime and grant propaganda is now trying to give it an ing him a further remission.

17 As far as the1 anti-Co-mmunist struggle exist — would just mean going back is concerned, and more especially in to the tsars' traditional politics, from the field of foreign policy, the main which Stalin drew inspiration later. It points in our fight are as follows: would not be based upon justice (if 1. A struggle against Russification ever one can look for justice in politi of Bulgaria and freedom from Soviet cal matters), but upon the moment's re Russia's seizure — economically, poli quirements. It remains to be seen whe tically and culturally — upon Bulgaria; ther such a change would strengthen and or, on the contrary, weaken the forces of the countries of the Warsaw Pact. 2. A settlement of the Macedonia A political change in favour of Yu issue. goslavia over Bulgaria, Hungary and A change of the Russian policy re Rumania will strengthen national and garding Macedonia would considerably anti-Communist forces, and will stimu reinforce the anti-Communist bloc in late the struggle for freedom and na side Bulgaria. Don't forget that if there tional independence. As a consequence, exists one question which alone may in case of a conflict there would be a gather a crushing majority, it i9 the weakening of the left side1 of the War question towards which even Bulgarian saw Pact countries, where Bulgaria is Communists themselves are sensitive. to' play an important part, that is the Peaceful and hardworking Bulgaria has part of fer-de-lance towards the "warm had to compel itself to undertake four seas" — Aegean and Mediterranean wars in thirteen years' time. If again — the strategic importance of which is Moscow gives Belgrade the preference, realized by everybody. deciding to contain Bulgaria's yearn On the contrary, a clear and strong ings, we might well register some up acknowledgement in favour of self-de heaval within the Party itself. This ex termination by the different peoples of plains why the Bulgarian Communist Yugoslavia — Croats, Bulgarians of Party (BCP) is showing some caution Macedonia and Western borders, Hun in following Russian policies on this garians of Voivodine, Albanians of issue. Todor Zhivkov's — President of Kossovo', and others — would automa the State Council — and Stanko' Todo- tically place Soviet Union on the pe rov's —■ President of the Council of Mi destal of "champion of national self- nisters — flash trip to- Moscow is most determination'' and would considerably significant in this respect. Conversely, strengthen the left flank of the War a change in the Russian policy towards saw Pact countries. Soviet forces would — that is in favour of Yugoslavia — make their way to' the Adriatic Sea would in absolutely no way strengthen and, similarly, in case of a conflict, the Communist bloc. BCP's dissatisfac anti-Communist activities on these tion would not go further than trying countries' territory would be tragically to obtain economic advantages for Bul endangered. The slogan "FREEDOM" garia. However, in the case of an out would be counter-balanced by "LETS break of hostilities, the Bulgarian Ar DEFEND OUR NATIONAL SOIL", be my would not fight so well. Whilst the cause eventually, being defeated would Yugoslav Army — whatever the ene mean going back to status quo ante, my to be fought — would fall apart that is bringing again into subjection with weak Serbia alone being defended part of the populations involved. and, if that, then by means of tradition Ultimately and all things considered, al guerrilla warfare. the problems of the anti-Communist Such a change in the Russian policy struggle in the Balkans are closely re — and for the time being nothing indi lated to- century-old problems of the cates that such a radical change does subjugated peoples which will have to

18 be given due consideration. These is touch-line? Peace or war in the Balkan sues will, in one way or another, be de will depend upon the answer to this pendent upon ideological theories them question. For the time being, it is. im selves. The margin for movement of the possible to assume that the West would Bulgarian Communist Party as. well as adopt any definite position departing of the Croatian Communist Party, is from what has been its traditional po extremely narrow. The former is solid licy in the matter. ly linked to Soviet Russia, whilst the Once again, w,e come to the conclu latter is completely dependent upon sion: Ohrid's and Zagreb's, as well as Belgrade. Kyiv's, Sofia's or Riga's freedom and The question of Tito's heir is about independence depends upon the disso to- arise and an important diplomatic lution of the Russian empire into inde game1 is before us. Is the Western world pendent, national states, of the subju ready to. play it, or will it stay on the gated peoples.

A Change of Frontiers of ihe Naiional Republics Proposed in Moscow A Soviet Russian economist unex the frontiers, but it was neither the pectedly suggested a change of fron sole nor the most important factor". Of tiers of the national republics. The eco more importance are the economic fac nomist is Prof. Victor V. Kistanov, a tors. Kistanov emphasizes that the member of the Council for the Study boundaries of the national republics of Productive Forces, the chief govern often cut across economic districts ment agency for the study of location which could develop much better if of Soviet industry in accordance with they were under a single administra state planning. In his article, published tion. As an example, Kistanov cited in the- December 1972 issue of the pe the Ferghana Valley in Central Asia riodical Voprosy ekonomiky, Kistanov which is an integral economic district proposes that the boundaries of the na producing cotton, in spite of the fact tional republics be revised to corre that it belongs to three different re spond with the needs of "effective publics: Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan and economic coordination and state plan Kirgizia. ning". The present frontiers of the na Prof. Kistanov recalls that in the past tional republics correspond to the eth there were instances of alterations of nical boundaries of respective nationa the boundaries of the national repub lities, writes Kistanov, forgetting about lics with mutual consent of the inter the fact that Ukrainian territories, as ested parties. He also reminds that in for instance, the Kursk, the Voronizh the past attempts have been made to and the Kuban regions are incorpo set up an international administration rated in the Russian SFSR not in the for integral economic districts encom Ukrainian SSR. It is interesting to note passing various republics. Such at that Kistanov's suggestive article ap tempts were made by Khrushchev peared on the anniversary of the found who1 established a single economic ad ing of the USSR. ministration for Central Asia, the Cau The need to revise the frontiers of casus and the Baltic republics- After the national republics was substantiat the fall of Khrushchev in 1964, his suc ed by Kistanov by referring to the pro cessors stopped putting his plans into phet Lenin who maintained that "the effect. national composition of the population Now, as the article by Kistanov was a significant factor in determining proves, the Brezhnev clique wants to

19 return to Khrushchev's plans. Kista- mic interests, but in reality they will nov's article is a signal that this clique serve the interests of great-power Rus is preparing a revision of the frontiers sian chauvinism. Of course, the reali of the national republics, which will be zation of these plans will encounter of the greatest benefit to the Russian sharp resistance within the; national re SFSR. The article is a test baloon re publics which will be losing their na leased by the Brezhnev clique in order tional territory. Such opposition occur to ascertain the response in the USSR. red in Central Asian, the Caucasian But Brezhnev himself supports these and the Baltic republics in Khrush plans, as can be established from the chev's time and had been the reason content of his speech at the festivities why his successors abandoned the' exe marking the 50th anniversary of the cution of Khrushchev's plans. Now this USSR, which w ere held on December resistance will be even more acute, for 21st of last year. Mentioning in his Brezhnev's revisions will infringe upon speech a 15-year state plan, now under the territories of the national republics. preparation and which is to include the This opposition will only intensify the years 1976-1990, Brezhnev declared difficult internal situation within the- that this plan will take into considera USSR, which can have far-reaching tion. the good of the entire USSR, and consequences in foreign policy as well. not the interests of its individual re publics. All this is not being taken into' consi For these reasons, the current year deration by the Brezhne v clique. Blind can already bring de facto changes in ed by the great-power chauvinism, it the boundaries of the national repub will commit glaring errors in the con lics of the USSR. These changes will viction that this is enhancing Mos be effected allegedly to foster econo cow's grandeur.

His Excellency Nguyen Van Thieu President of the Republic of Vietnam

The Executive Board of the European Freedom Council meeting on 28th January 1973 in Bonn, respectfully sends greetings and warmest wishes to Your Excellency, and through you to your heroic people.

It is our earnest hope that the people of South Vietnam may capture the minds and hearts of the North Vietnamese so that the spirit of free dom and true peace will one day prevail in the whole of Vietnam.

On behalf of the Executive Board of the European Freedom Council

Ole Bjorn Kraft President

20 Prof. Vasyl Plyushch, M. D. Genocide of the Ukrainian People Artificial Famine in the Years 1931-1933

In the history of Ukraine, there were But the most horrible years in U- quite a few difficult periods and sad kraine's history w ere 1931-1933, the anniversaries. At the very dawn of years of so-called Stalinist famine. state existence of Ukraine-Rus, our In the normal world, when we men lands were plundered by various no tion famine, we think of disaster most mads, such as the Polovtsi and the Pe- often called forth by natural pheno chenigs, for Ukraine was then, an out mena, such as frost, draught, floods or post of European civilization in the other natural catastrophes, an .evil East. In the 13-14 century Ukraine suf which in the contemporary civilized fered a dangerous Tataro-Mongol in world, highly developed both economi vasion, again defending Europe from cally and socially, most often occurs in destruction. Horrible were the plagues underdeveloped, overpopulated, poor of the 14-15 century, when Ukraine countries, as for instance India, South was visited by black death, which ex America, Africa and so forth. Thei out terminated scores of thousands of peo break of famine, and of such dimen ple, wiping out hundreds of villages sions as had been the 1931-33 famine and towns1) in Ukraine, a European country with In the more recent history of U- the richest and most fertile soil in the kraine, we can also record distressing whole world, a country known as the periods when our nation sustained breadbasket of Europe, a country which heavy losses. A long-drawn-out strug for almost ten years had been included gle with the Poles, with many bloody in the planned, so-called socialist eco battles and the ruining of our economy nomic system of the USSR, th at is a and culture by the enemy; the conquest huge state with immense areas of land of Ukraine by the Russian state, when and theoretically unlimited reserves of tens of thousands of our people died agricultural production, attracted close in wars and later at so-called canal attention immediately.4) construction projects; the division of How could famine occur in a coun Ukraine between the Russian empire try in which the harvest constituted and Poland and later between Russia 18,000,000 tons even in a bad y ear like and Austria, which was also paralleled 1931, i- e. it was greater than in 1928? by destruction not only of the human How could it assume such catastrophic potential of our native land, but also proportions, in particular when one of our statehood, culture, traditions, considers that Ukraine was a compo even by the prohibition to use our na nent in the planned economy of the tive language.2) USSR and could obtain deliveries from other parts of the USSR even in case Very painful for the Ukrainian na tion has been its defeat in the libera of crop failure? tion struggle of 1917-21, when following In order to grasp the dreadfulness of the reestablishment by the will of the this event, perhaps unique in world Ukrainian people of the Ukrainian state history, one must briefly pause over — the Ukrainian National Republic, the history preceding the Stalinist fa after long resistance, Ukraine was oc mine. cupied again, this time by Communist For centuries the Ukrainian nation Russia.3) stubbornly fought for its independent

21 state existence against its subjugator The mammoth work done in the time — Russia. of the Ukrainian national revolution, The great February 1917 revolution in the time of the Ukrainian statehood, at last liberated it from the infamous in the time of the Ukrainian national, prison of nations — the Russian em cultural renaissance which began in pire, and led to the establishment of 1917, the work of SVU (Union for the an Independent Ukrainian State. But Liberation of Ukraine) and SUM (U- Russia — Communist by now — did krainian Youth Association), and the not wish to reconcile itself with the UAPTsi (Ukrainian Autocephalous Or loss of its richest colony, Ukraine, its thodox Church) and other underground breadbasket and supplier of countless anti-Soviet organizations and of hun natural resources. Concealing them dreds of thousands of the Ukrainian selves behind the slogans of world re intelligentia had not been in vain. volution and the liberation of the wor The Ukrainian peasantry, strength kers from .exploitation, the Red rulers ened spiritually, nationally and econo of Moscow, with the help of an over mically, constituted a giant force op whelming military force reoccupied posing the Russian occupation regime the territories of our native country, and the Communist ideology. This was a state which then had the most pro very well understood both by the lea gressive social legislation and was go ders of the Russian Communist party verned primarily by socialists.5) Our and the local Communist lackeys. people could not reconcile themselves Without a victory over the Ukrainian with foreign rule, with the Commu peasants, Russia's victory over U- nist system, completely alien to their kraine, the victory of the Communist mentality, and finally with overt plun system, was impossible. dering of their land and property by Russia was particularly clearly a- the occupants, and engaged for years ware of the power of the Ukrainian in guerrilla warfare. This struggle was peasantry in the time of the so-called crushed by the most brutal terror. But New Economic Policy- Ukrainian pea open armed struggle was replaced by sants at one time had believed the secret nationwide resistance to the sweet promises of the Soviet govern Russian occupants. Resistance was car ment and the Communist party con ried on by numerous Ukrainian under cerning the improvement of their eco ground organizations; resistance was nomic conditions. The distribution a- practiced by the; Ukrainian intellegen- mong the peasants of lands belonging tsia; finally resistance was carried on to landlords, monasteries and churches, by the peasants.6) the promise® to secure this land for In the years 1929-30, Russia dealt a perpetual use of the poor and middle severe blow to1 the Ukrainian nation. peasants, the abolition of "food requi In these years, almost the entire na sitioning" and open plundering of the tional elite of the Ukrainian people Ukrainian peasants by provision and had been arrested or terrorized, and Chekist detachments, economic relaxa not only in the cultural centers such tions, permission to engage in free as Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odessa, Dniprope- trade, a substitution of a tax in kind for trovsk, but also! in provincial and coun "food requisitioning", encouragement ty towns and even in villages. of intensification of agriculture — all this gave impetus to the initiative of Yet, one force remained, which in our hard-working peasants, to1 the de spite of the heavy losses, continued to velopment of agriculture. On the other put up resistance to the Russian occu hand, active work in the villages of pants in Ukraine. It was the Ukrainian tens of thousands of Ukrainian intelli peasantry. gentsia, who in the years; of blossom

22 ing of the national life, the first years rating Ukrainian peasants into the Com of Soviet government, having no op munist system by way of arguments, portunity to engage in active political agitation and propaganda proved im work turned their energies to' the rais possible. Hence, Russia was faced with ing of the economic and cultural level the problem of either yielding before of the Ukrainian peasants, produced a this element, or breaking its resistance great effect. The Ukrainian peasants by whatever means. with the assistance of the then na The Central Committee of the Rus tional cooperative system, the agricul sian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), un tural credit system, the Ukrainian der direct leadership of Joseph Stalin, Church and the Ukrainian agronomists worked out and put into practice an largely improved their farms, began to inhuman, and really diabolical plan to prosper and to become nationally more1 break this resistance, not only through conscious. But the enrichment of the forced collectivization of agriculture, Ukrainian peasants and their further i. e- the impoverishment of the Ukrain national enlightenment in no way de ian peasantry, but also by way of phy creased their negative attitude to the sical annihilation of the Ukrainian po socialist-Communist system and the pulation by the millions. Russian occupying power. The basis of the plan was to break The Ukrainian peasants became a the biological and moral stamina of the threat to the Russian occupants. It was Ukrainian people, the liquidation of pri enough for the Ukrainian peasants to vate ownership of land and the com stop or even to decrease their deliv plete .enslavement of the Ukrainian eries to the cities of Ukraine, particu peasants. larly the delivery of grain and other Tactical measures included the fol agricultural products to Moscow, for lowing: all the plans of the Communist govern 1) Carrying out of forced, mass, sud ment in the sphere of development of den collectivization, i. e. confiscation so-called socialist industry to become of land, the means of production and completely illusory. Food deliveries to food reserves from the Ukrainian pea Russia, to the army, to the cities de sants; pended on the good grace of the U- krainian peasants. In addition, as is al 2) Liquidation of all, without excep ways the case, the raising of the pea tion, active^, enterprising elements of the sants' economic level, increased their village, i. e. the so-called kulaks and national self-consciousness and their middle peasants; political awareness. 3) Imposition upon the robbed U- The work of the SVU had already krainian peasants of too difficult, utter shown clearly that the Ukrainian pea ly impossible plans for the delivery of sant is beginning to be quite aware of grain and other agricultural products; the fact that without Ukrainian state 4) Carting away of all types of agri hood his well-being and his economic cultural products from the villages of and political rights cannot be guaran Ukraine; teed. 5) Introduction of artificial famine', The occupation regime had to cope hence physical extermination of mil with this growing economic, political, lions of the Ukrainian people. but primarily national power. A swift ushering in of collectiviza The leaders of the Communist party tion produced shock on one hand, but always treated the peasants with con on the other hand it resulted in active tempt and hatred, in particular those resistance to' collectivization. in Ukraine as the stronghold of "bour The November plenum of the Com geois" and national element. Incorpo munist Party of Ukraine (Bolsheviks)

23 and the government of the Ukr. SSR13), by them only under pressure of open being well aware of the attitudes of terror, often physical tortures. The in- the Ukrainian peasants, prudently re submissive were evicted from their solved to bring collectivization of agri homes as kulaks, thrown out into the culture to 21.6 % of all land by Octo open or deported to Siberia. ber 1930, but this did not please Mos The following figures give an idea cow. By a resolution dated January 5, of the tempo of collectivization of agri 1930, the CC RCP (B)11) ordered an ac culture in Ukraine: celeration of collectivization and its conclusion in one or two years’ time. By October 1, 1928, 3.4 °/o of all home At the same time "the kulaks as a steads and 3.8 % of all land have- been class" should be liquidated. In as much collectivized. By October 1, 1929, 8.6°/o as not only rich or well-to-do Ukrain of all homesteads and 8.9% of all land ian peasants were considered to be have been collectivized. By March 10, "kulaks", but all those who resisted 1930, 65% of all homesteads and 70% collectivization, this was an order call of all land have been collectivized. By ing for the extermination of all Ukrain March 10, 1930, 70% of all working ian peasants, that is, an order of con cattle has been collectivized.16) scious genocide. But such collectivization ruined agri (Thus, for instance, the USSR go culture and caused uprisings. Famine, vernment resolution dated January 30, which we shall describe below, was the 1933 "On the Consolidation of Kolkho result. zes" permitted confiscation of all pro Stalin feared that the Ukrainian ele perty and deportation to> Siberia of all ment will topple him, will topple his peasants who refused to join the kol government, will destroy Russian Com khozes.) munism. He later told his friends, the Attempts by members of the govern great Western statesmen during and ment of the Ukr. SSR and various pro after World War II, about this most minent Ukrainian Communists to pro frightening period in his life. A recol test against Moscow's barbarous deci lection of this horror prevented him sions were answered by the CC RCP (B) from committing total genocide against and Stalin with repressions against the the Ukrainian people during World insubordinate. War II, which he planned to carry out. The government of the Ukr. SSR and This was openly related by N. Khrush the CP (B) U had to- comply obediently chev at a Party Congress after Stalin's with the orders from Moscow. 74,500 death.17) party members and 10,500 industrial Forced collectivization was halted workers, without counting around temporarily. As a result, by July 1, 20,000 persons who w ere sent only 1930, the percentage of collectivization temporarily, were dispatched to the fell drastically (only 30-4% of all home villages in order to put into effect the steads and 39.7% of all land remained obviously forced collectivization of in the collectives.18) agriculture.15) In 1930 Russia increased grain pro Agitators from the party and mobi duction in Ukraine by 115% in com lized public servants, including tea parison with 1926-27, with the credit chers, agronomists and doctors, went going mainly to« private owners10), but from village to1 village agitating for the Ukrainian peasants continued to leave kolkhozes, promising earthly paradise the kolkhozes en masse, taking back tO' the future kolkhoz workers. But the their cattle and equipment. Were this Ukrainian peasants resisted and did not trend to continue, not a trace of the want to join the kolkhoz. Statements kolkhozes would have remained in U- on the entry to kolkhozes were signed kraine.

24 How mercilessly was the collectivi behalf of collective farms, there ex zation (a process of forced transition isted only 9,734 kolkhozes throughout from private ownership of land to so Ukraine, which owned only 2.5 °/o of cialist, collective agriculture) being all farms and 2.9 % of all land.10) introduced could he seen from the press According to> the first version of the of the time, and from the reports of First Five-Year-Plan of the Ukr. SSR, regional and district governments and collectivization of agriculture; was to> party committees. In a span of several have reached 12 °/o by the end of the weeks, or .even days, dozens of villages Five-Year-Plan.11) were reported to have been converted 100% to a collective system. Cattle and Such slow tempo of collectivization agricultural implements were pulled to of agriculture in Ukraine could never gether to' separate, unsuitable farm satisfy Moscow. Therefore, it was first steads. In the process of collection the necessary to break the resistance of all implements were either broken or left the Ukrainian peasants, hence, to break in the open. The cattle was left unat the resistance of the entire Ukrainian tended, even unfed, for days, even nation, which we mentioned above. Se weeks. Scores of families of so-called condly, it was necessary to guarantee kulaks were driven from each village fantastic plans for the industrialization into the fields and left in the open; of the USSR, for which adequate funds their .property was either robbed or were lacking. These funds could be ob sold for next to nothing; their houses tained only by way of merciless ex were demolished or left unattended. ploitation of the peasants, but the U- Much has already been written a- krainian peasants did not wish to de bout collectivization and the artificial liver grain to' a foreign state at ex famine in Ukraine in 1930-33. It is not tremely low prices and sabotaged Mos the purpose of this article to describe cow's plans. Thirdly, it was necessary in detail all the horrors of forced col to deprive the Ukrainian peasants of lectivization and so-called Stalinist fa private means of production, to drive mine. We shall only make a brief sum them out of villages, to proletarize mary. them. Finally, it was necessary simply to decimate the stubborn Ukrainian na The collectivization of agriculture, tion, which for centuries struggled with that is the conversion of agriculture Russia for freedom and national inde from private ownership into the so- pendence. cialist-Communist state ownership was anticipated by Marx8) and was includ On November 17, 1929, the plenum ed in the Marxist social programs, in of the Central Committee of the Rus cluding the program of the RCP (B)*.7) sian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) re But according to F. Engels the process solved to accelerate collectivization of of collectivization of agriculture was agriculture, decreeing with respect to- to have taken place completely volun Ukraine; tarily and slowly.8) "Ukraine should provide an example Even Lenin recommended a very cau of organization of large-scale socializa tious introduction of collectivization, tion of agriculture within a very short in particular in Ukraine where the in time."12) dividualism of the Ukrainian peasantry The question arises: why Ukraine, was quite marked and where the so- when it was well known that Ukrain called communal agriculture, rather ian peasants in particular were com widespread in ethnic Russia, always pletely unused to communal agricul encountered resistance.9) ture, that particularly in Ukraine, col Thus, in 1928, for instance, after a lectivization was encountering unusu prolonged and persistent agitation on ally stiff resistance.

25 But alter a short breathing spell Rus tion and began to conceal grain from sia mobilized its forces again. A purge the government in and under their of party and government apparatus in houses, in gardens, orchards, fields, Ukraine was carried out; thousands; of meadows, forests, burying it in the Russian Communists were mobilized; ground, slaughtering and eating cattle the punitive apparatus of the NKVD and making boot-leg whiskey from was established and military units were grain. The collected farm implements; mobilized for action in Ukraine. were taken back by the peasants. They An even more intensive, more brutal came out to; work in the kolkhozes on collectivization began. Stalin's original ly when forced by a whip, but the plan calling for the liquidation of at work was sabotaged. Nourishment was least one-tenth of the Ukrainian nation adequate but abnormal. had to be implemented. In the second short breathing spell, By April 1, 1931, 55.4°/o of all home most of the peasants left the kolkhozes steads and 61.9% of all land w ere collec and began to work intensively on their tivized. By January 20, 1932, — 70% own land, securing almost a normal and 73.5% respectively; by June 1, harvest in 1931. 1933, — 69.5% and 86.1%;by June 1, In the third period of collectiviza 1934, — 78% and 90.6%; by October 1, tion a tolerable famine began. The pea 1936, — 91.3% and 98.0%.20) sants ate; most of their grain which was buried in the ground. Another part of The extermination of Ukrainian pea grain was confiscated by brigades sent sants by famine began already in 1931. from Russia in search of grain, and The 1931 harvest constituted 18,300,000 those of local activists, who- went from tons, of which 30-40% were lost during house to house, and through gardens, harvesting and in transit.21) orchards, fields and forests, cutting the From the actual harvest of 1931 the ground with special long steel pikes. Russian government requisitioned 7 Naturally, grain stored in pantries, million tons', leaving for the Ukrainian barns and houses was confiscated to! a population an avarage of 112 kg. of grain, often including the freshly cook grain per capital per year, and this pri ed beet soup and the newly baked marily for the urban population, not bread. that of the villages.22) The peasants milked cows which Upon the 1932 harvest, which e- still remained here and there and gave qualled about 12-13 million tons before milk to drink to pigs, goats, chickens, the harvest and on which losses at har and even dogs, cats and crows. vesting amounted to 50%, Moscow im In the; fourth period, when nothing posed a state purchase quota of 6.6 edible remained in and around home million tons, taking away more than 5 steads and in the fields, the peasants million tons, that is almost everything. began to; steal from kolkhoz ware In 1933 on the average there were 83 houses- and to cut off ears from unri kg. grain per capita per year for the pened crops in the fields, for which population of Ukraine, i. e. about 250 they were shot in compliance with a gr- a day. This is on the basis of offi law "on the pilferage of kolkhoz pro cial statistics.23) perty". They ate herbs, straw from the In practice, things looked as follows. houses' roofs-, bark from trees-. They In the first phase of collectivization in swelled from hunger and died in the-ir 1929-1930, the Ukrainian peasants, re homes, courtyards-, in the streets and sisting collectivization, i. e. the pillag fields-. A t that time the government ing of their property, forced confisca prohibited physicians to write death tion of grain, cattle and agricultural certificates showing famine as the cause implements, increased their consump of death and ordered them to state

26 dysentery, infectious diseases or vita seized and driven out of the cities and min deficiency as the cause of death. into the open fields. At the same time, a mass exodus of In as much as not all the peasants peasants from the villages to the cities who managed to get to the cities could began, where it was possible to pro be seized and driven out, they began cure some bread. The Ukrainian pea to* 18 234567 die in the streets, m arkets and sant, a food supplier of the cities of squares of cities and towns. Thousands Russia, a nourisher of all of Western of corpses lay about the cities. They Europe in the past, crawled (because he were piled as logs on trucks and driven could no longer stand on his feet) to> outside the towns. the cities and begged for bread, begged Citizens, who were hungry them for deliverance from death by starva selves, but who still had not lost a mi tion. But Russia was merciless. Earlier nimal sense of shame and from their it has been forbidden to issue passports miger share tried to1 help their hardly to peasants, and without passports it was alive and swollen brothers from the impossible to buy a railroad ticket and country, w ere severely prohibited from in general to appear in town. But in giving even a piece of bread to the spitei of this, the peasants converged "cursed kulaks", this being viewed as on the cities. There they were met by assistance to- the enemies of the people. the militia and the NKVD detachments, (To be continued)

Footnotes 9) Lenin, V. I., Works, Vol. 1-38, Kyiv, 1) See works in Ukrainian history by 1958. M. Hrushevskyi, D. Doroshenko, N. Polon- 10) According to V. Holubnvchyi: "Col ska-Vasylenko and others, as well as the lectivization of Agriculture", Ukrainian work by the author "The Incidence of Ill Encyclopedia, Vol. II, Book 3, Paris-New ness and Death of the Population of U- York, 1959. kraine" (in print in: Ukrainian Encyclo 11) Ibid. pedia, Vol. 6.) 12) Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2) See works mentioned above. in Resolutions and Decisions of Con gresses, Conferences and Plenums of the 3) See works by D. Doroshenko, I. Ma Central Committee, Moscow, 1960. zepa, P. Khrystyuk and others. 13) Communist Party of Ukraine in Re 4) Famine occurred in Ukraine in earlier solutions and Decisions of Congresses and periods as well, as for instance in 1833-34, Conferences 1918-1956, Kyiv, 1958. 1844-46 and at other times, but it had 14) According to V. Holubnychyi —■ mostly a local character. Large-scale fa see note 10. mine raged in Ukraine in the years 1921- 15) Ibid. 1922, but we are not mentioning it in this 16) V. Holubnychyi: "Collectivization of work for it is a separate subject. Still it Agriculture", Ukrainian Encyclopedia, Vol had not been so terrible as the famine II, Book 3, Paris-New York, 1959. in 1931-1933. 17) N. S. Khrushchev: Report of the CC 5) See the above-mentioned works by D. CPSU to the XX Party Congress, Kyiv, Doroshenko and others. 1956. Also: N. S. Khrushchev's Speech at 6) See "A Struggle for the Ukrainian the 20th Congress of CPSU, "Prolog" Pub State under the Soviet Russians" by the lishers, 1959. same author. London-Munich, 1973. 18) , 19), 20), 21) and 22), see note 16. 7) The Program of the Communist Party 23) Narkomzah SSR. Byulleten po khleb- of the Soviet Union, Kyiv, 1962. nomu dyelu. (People's Commissariat of Of 8) Marx, Karl and Engels, F., Works, ficial Grain Purchases, Bulletin on Grain Vol, 1-29, Moscow-Leningrad, 1931-1948. Affairs). Moscow, 1932-1934.

27 Terror — A Means of Russian Genocidal Policy

The year 1972 and the fall of 1971 ly inconvenient and designated for brought an increasing wave of repres them the necessary term of imprison sions, in particular in Ukraine and other ment, which the prosecutor then ground subjugated countries of the USSR. Nu ed by an article. Civil liberties have not merous instances of imprisonment, been and are not liberties, but prohibi searches, and interrogations are taking tions of religion, of independent scien place among the prominent and pres tific conclusions, of expression of opin tigious leaders in the field of Ukrainian ion and criticism, of the form and con culture,among the patriotic Ukrainian tents of literary and artistic creativity, intelligentsia, among the students and of a change of place of employment, workers. Brezhnev, a former chief of restrictions on higher education, etc. political instructors of the 4th Ukrain Civil rights have not been rights, but ian Front in the Stalinist times, is re obligations of obedience to the Party, viving, quietly but consistently, the the police, the factory manager, the Stalinist practice of repressions, at the head of the kolkhoz. A voluntarily same time attempting to revitalize the concluded federative union has not Philistinized and bureaucratized cadres been a voluntary union of nations, but of Party bosses by an exchange of Par the conquest of the non-Russian peo ty cards, so as to renew in Ukraine the ples through wars — both Tsarist and pogrom of the scope of the Postyshev Russian-Leninist. squeeze with sharpened claws of Party When Lev Lukyanenko, a lawyer, apparatus and henchmen of the type of was convicted in 1961 to death (later Shcherbytskyi. A return to the rough commuted to- 15 years) for writing a police methods as a way of reinforcing draft of the program of the still-to-be- the shaky ground in order to maintain founded party, "Ukrainian Workers state power and of putting into1 effect and Peasants Union, the chief aim of the plans of its domestic policy is a which was the realization of Article 17 proof not of strength but of weakness of the USSR Constitution about seces of the totalitarian .empire. sion of Ukraine as a "Union republic" In its domestic policy, the Commu from the Soviet Union, — his act was nist Party of the Soviet Union, after a classified as high treason. KGB agent 50-year experience of totalitarian dic Denisov told him: "The Constitution tatorship in the multinational empire, exists for abroad". The KGB agent of turned out to be incapable of finding the Mordovian camp knew on the ba at least one politically new and satis sis of long experience that the Consti factory solution to the intricate com tution never had and still does not plex of internal contradictions created have any application within the USSR. by it. The same is known from everyday The Constitution of the Soviet Union experience by all thinking citizens, has long been obsolete. It was never with the exception of careerists, con put into effect because it was stillborn. formists and henchmen. This state of From the first day of its solemn procla constant lawlessness and arbitrariness mation until today, it was disregarded is the basic source of steady expansion in everyday experience. Elections have of diverse oppositional and resistance not been elections, but appointments movements, independent of those out of deputies assembled by the Party. side censorship. Trials have never been trials, only ce The will of a despot —- the ukase of remonial and almost always secret con the Tsar-strangler, of butcher Stalin or victions of those whom the police ap a decision of the Presidium of the Cen paratus confined to prison as political tral Committee of the Communist Party

28 have always been the supreme law and litical solution of the acute internal the sole source of law in the Russian conflicts between the Russians and the empire. The citizens, in particular the subjugated nations and to' meet half Ukrainians, never had any civil rights way the determined efforts of the post or any influence on legislation. They war generation to become itself. It at have been and are considered as "in tempts helplessly to- return to1 the point habitants" —• as cogs in the machine where the period of Stalin and his life used for production. But they cannot had ended, — as a dog who follows his live forever with the feeling of provi- own tail. "Most likely, they will have- sionality and uncertainty as to the cap ricious changes which tomorrow may enough strength left to strangle the occur to the present or the new des prisoners — wrote L. Lukyanenko- — pots. but it is impossible to imprison the con The Russian leadership under Brezh temporary spirit which constantly nev does not venture to look for a po gives birth to the likes of us." S. L-

Double Subjugation of Slovakia When — thirty-four years ago — the foundation of the Slovak Republic. The Slovak Provincial Diet proclaimed the 14th of March 1939 is not only the most renewal of the national independence wonderful day in modem Slovak his of Slovakia, there started a new chapter tory, but also a turning point in the not only in the history of the Slovak life and destiny of Slovakia. The 14th nation, but actually in the development of March 1939 signifies the victory of and realization of the national idea in the- right for self-determination in Slo Europe. vakia. With happiness and pride both the Involuntarily, we are compelled to Slovak people in our enslaved home compare these six happy years of free land as well as the refugees and exiles dom and independent statehood of Slo now living in the free world remember vakia to the ensuing twenty-eight the day of the foundation of the Slovak years of unhappiness, subjugation and Republic. misery of the Slovak people. We- re W e look back upo-n the historical member all that the 14th of March events which eventually led to victory brought to the Slovak people-, the his and the liberation of Slovakia, to the torical significance of the foundation rise and construction of the Slovak Re of the Slovak Republic and all that Slo public. Remembering we see the dra vakia succeeded in attaining during the matic development of historical hap years o-f its independent statehood- Slo penings, the hopeladen days of the vic vakia changed completely. The im torious March revolution of the Slovak mense- rise of the cultural and social people, the declaration of independ level, the economic prosperity and con ence of Slovakia, the foundation of the solidation which exceeded even our Slovak Republic. wildest expectations, are irrefutable In our minds we relive the day of proof of the fact that the Slovak na victory: March 14, 1939! We relive the tion was not only willing, but also unforgettable hours of victory and rap able to live, to- work, and to build in ture of the Slovak nation, the wonder dependently. We have a right to- be ful time of liberty and the blossoming proud of the success of the Slovak of our homeland which had undergone nation in attaining and achieving all so many trials. that it did under the guidance of the We look back upon our past — this Slovak Government, even in times of year being the 34th anniversary of the fateful W orld W ar II.

29 In spite of this, we should never for tional law, but it lives on in the hearts get the catastrophe which overcame of all Slovak patriots abroad and in the Slovakia and Europe in general in 1945. hearts of its faithful sons and daugh Never can we forget the destruction ters at home. The liberation of the Slo of the: Slovak nation, the tragedy of vak Republic is the hope and goal of the Slovak people and its minorities the whole Slovak nation. since the end of World War II. Six The relentless oppositon of the Slo happy years of freedom and prosperity vak people towards the foreign occu versus twenty-eight unhappy years of pation of Moscow and Prague give dai subjugation and misery — the contrast ly proof of the fact that not only does it is enormous! And this contrast is be reject the criminal Communist dictator ing felt daily by the Slovak people in ship, but also the unlawful Czecho our enslaved homeland. Therefore, the slovak artificial state construction. The 14th of March and all that it signifies idea of national freedom and independ is not only the unforgettable memento ent statehood, the spirit of the 14h of of a wonderful past, but also an en March, live in the heart of our Slovak couragement during this unhappy pre people; they provide our nation with sent, a yearning, a goal, a hope, and the necessary strength to spiritually faith in a better future. overcome all the torments and abase The 14th of March means that we1 are ments of its present misfortune and mi under obligation to translate the true sery. aims of our Slovak people h> the free That is the reason why the Slovak world, and to proclaim the unadulte people has not broken in spirit, even rated truth about Slovakia. We will after twenty-eight years of suffering never cease to> make known that the under the Czecho-Communist regime of Slovak people is not prepared to ac bondage and injustice. The Slovak na quiesce to the present subjugation and tion never has and never will stop its exploitation, nor to renounce its inde fight against the Red tyranny and for pendent national statehood. eign occupation. The Slovak people The Slovak Republic continues to- will not renounce its sovereign right, exist as a state occupied by a foreign its independent state1, the Republic of power not only according to intema- Slovakia. Michael E.

WORDS TO REMEMBER

The Communist bloc will never alter its goal of world communization. The pre sent smiling-face offensive of the bloc represents nothing but united-front stratagem at tvork. No attempt on the part of any democratic nation to obviate confrontation through negotiation and attain detente through conciliation will bring about peace. Instead, it will only lead that nation into the enemy's iniquitous trap. At this crucial moment when man has to choose between happiness and disaster for his future, we must rally the forces of freedom, strengthen the bulwark of ■justice, enhance our confidence in victory, arouse our moral courage and resolution and strive for the security of the world. President Chiang Kai-shek

30 Whai the West Fails to Do

The revolutionary Organization of can be seen in the various forms of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) is. the struggle of patriotic Ukrainian ele strongest Ukrainian political and orga ments. Without the revolutionary ac nizational factor which formulates and tion of the OUN-UPA, such intensive influences the independence-minded, many-sided struggle, which is today anti-Russian and anti-Communist front taking shape, would not be possible. both in Ukraine and outside its bor Our action has two arms: on the ter ders, among the other subjugated na ritories of Ukraine and other subju tions, as well as among freedom-loving gated countries, and in the free world. people of the world. In order to strengthen the moral, The revolutionary mainstay of the ideological and political purpose of the liberation struggle in Ukraine and out liberation struggle of Ukraine and side, as for instance, in the Russian ether subjugated nations and in order concentration camps of Siberia, have to counter-act the pro-Russian and pro^ been and still are the members of OUN Bolshevik forces in the free world in (Bandera followers), the fighters of the period of intensive ideological UPA (Ukrainian Insurgent Army) and strife, where battle-lines often cut a- other revolutionaries oriented upon cross nations, it is mandatory to con them. Without the Bandera followers, duct a broad campaign against Russian for example, the members of OUN and imperalism and its henchmen, creat UPA, the present-day liberation strug ing a world anti-Russian front. There gle would not have such ideological or fore, international conferences, mass mass-action magnetism. The technical actions of emigres and the public of and organizational forms which unite the free nations, appropriate publica the members of the OUN and UPA are tions and information about the strug adapted to. conditions under the ter gle of the subjugated nations, transla rorist Russian police system. However, tions into foreign languages of under it should be mentioned that while the ground literature, unfolding of a patrio KGB was able to. perfect its methods tic front against pro-Russian and proof combating the organized under Communist influence and activities., ground, the underground also- gained and so forth, must be initiated. This- experience in its technical and organi campaign will weaken the pro-Russian zational methods. The1 revolutionaries positions in the world as well as are profiting from the experience gain strengthen the fighters in Ukraine and ed in struggle. in other subjugated countries morally The fact that the arrested members and politically, manifesting the fact of OUN-UPA are punished by death or that they are not isolated and that com the highest terms in prisons or forced mon interests between the free and the labor camps, including the 25-year pri subjugated world do exist. son term even for Red Cross volunteers Besides the support of this second of OUN-UPA, proves that Moscow is arm of our front, it is mandatory that most afraid of the OUN-UPA. From the West support and help to expand, this we may conclude that the libera in its. own interest, the liberation front tion forces constitute the most serious of Ukraine and other subjugated na danger to1 the Russian empire; their tions, for example, transfer the front ideas are dynamic; their strategy of onto* the territory of the subjugated struggle is the most expedient for the countries and onto, the enemy's territo liberation of a subjugated nation. The ry and accept the fact that our front a- resonance of their ideas and actions gainst the aggressor in Ukraine and in

31 side the empire is its front. "Transfer cast from ships. At least one broad the front to- the territory of the enemy", casting station for Ukraine should al wrote the prominent English strategist, ready have been set up in Western Gen. J. F. C. Fuller, arguing in favor Europe, but it would be desirable to of this idea from the point of view of broadcast in other languages of the sub the interests of the free nations. jugated peoples united in ABN as well. Our liberation struggle, with its It is also important to have Ukrainian- goals and strategic concepts, is in it language broadcasts for Kazakhstan self objectively advantageous for the and Siberia, where there are millions free world. It deserves in itself an all of Ukrainian deportees. round support from the free nations, It is necessary to surround the USSR from their governments and the mili and the satellite states with Ukrainian tary. and ABN information centres, with the The free countries of the world aim of ideological and political infil should not subordinate the liberation tration into the empire (with the help movements to their own political goals. of appropriate literature — pamphlets, The principle "do- ut des" is effected leaflets, etc.) including the non-Russian in the very fact of struggle, because soldiers of the Soviet A rm y in CSSR, it is in itself beneficial to the free "GDR" and all other occupied lands. world- Our struggle' has been stalling It is mandatory to continue OUN and for decades the expansion of Russian ABN publications, in large numbers, of aggression against the free countries, pamphlets, leaflets, books, periodicals in Europe, Asia, Latin America and and newspapers in Ukrainian and other Africa. Our victory will spell victory languages with the aim of sending for the free nations. them to Ukraine and other occupied The national liberation revolutiona nations in the USSR. (Lenin published ry uprisings — that is insurrections — the periodical ISKRA and send it to the depend upon the ripening of the revo tsarist empire from Switzerland.) So lutionary situation and the fulfillment far, the sending of pamphlets, leaflets, of definite preconditions, namely psy newspapers and books through various chological, moral, political, as well as channels to- different addresses in U- internal and external developments kraine and in other countries of the based on a definite independent plan, USSR has had a noticeable response. which is being realized systematically Scholarly and voluminous works of and energetically, and cannot be a func Ukrainian classics, as well as of West tion dependent upon tactical or stra ern literature, which have been banned tegic pressure of the free countries or there, have an ideological influence the Russian conqueror and aggressor. upon the youth and the imperial elite The accumulation and activization of disorganizing them, setting them a- the national and political conscious gainst each other and spreading intri ness, the independence of action aim gues and distrust among them. This is ing at liberation goals, require a expedient in the- plan of waging a psy planned systematic action from abroad chological war. as well. The building up of information cen Minimal forms of outside support are ters in Western ports to- work among constantly needed. sailors manning Communist ships etc. Our own radio stations which, ac is also of advantage- cording to our plan and in line with It is important to set up our own cur concepts, would transmit broad center of psychological warfare com casts from the free nations of Europe, posed of experts from Ukraine and the Middle East, the Far East or broad ABN, with the aim of conducting re

32 search primarily on the national, ideo subjugated countries. However, such logical, cultural and political struggle sending of freedom fighters from ab of Ukraine and other subjugated na road without prior agreement could tions and not limiting itself to the com have tragic consequences, since the re plex of economic or social oppression volutionary forces in Ukraine for ex and general violation of human rights, ample, without a predetermined mu as is usually done in the West. In other tual strategic plan, could treat the words the center should have a broad guerrillas dropped by some country of projection, studying the unfolding of the free world as Bolshevik provoca the many-sided national struggle a- teurs. gainst colonialism with appropriate at The military-guerrilla steps under tention to' the characteristic features of taken by any free country with respect each subjugated nation. The research to' Ukraine would require a political and the findings of this center would agreement between the responsible po^ serve as a source of ideas and popu litical liberation center (OUN) in U- lar formulas for mass application in the kraine and the said free state. countries subjugated in the USSR, as The plan of national military units well as means of orienting the inter in the form of volunteers must be co ested circles in the free nations about ordinated with the whole strategic and the true state and perspectives of the political concept of the revolutionary national revolutionary liberation strug center of Ukraine and of any other gle of Ukraine and other subjugated subjugated country. nations. Based on the principle of recognition This center could also cooperate of the concept of political independ with the NATO center on psychologi ence and the partnership with Ukraine, cal warfare, if the latter should be ac such units of freedom fighters would tivated. be an attracting force for Ukrainian This center must be guided by con and other non-Russian soldiers of the cepts, independent from the tactical de Soviet Army and would demobilize it. mands of foreign policy of the govern Our revolutionary liberation plan ments of the free states for the time and a possible plan of assistance in b ein g ... our struggle by the free countries, un Young Ukrainians in exile must be der conditions of recognition of our trained for insurgent-guerrilla war in political goals and partnership, will be Ukraine, for the situation could de coordinated and the program of our mand their participation, under certain over-all cooperation will be made more conditions, in this struggle. Military precise. schools of free countries could be of Sooner or later the patriots of free great help in this respect. countries will grasp the truth that our The governments and the military of cause is their cause and he who helps free nations should prepare the estab us helps himself- W. O. lishment of volunteer units, especially from among the young people whose parents come from Ukraine and other countries subjugated by Russian impe Save us unnecessary expenses! rialism, and train them in insurgent- guerrilla warfare. Their airlifting, un Send in your subscription for der appropriate conditions and time, to Ukraine or other subjugated countries ABN Correspondence would have to be a part of the strate immediately! gic plan of the center of revolutionary liberation struggle of Ukraine, or other

33 "A Scrap of Paper" The USSR is celebrating its 50th anniversary — the jubilee of a state where only every other citizen is a Russian. However, Russians are privile ged and the other nationalities no longer want to put up with this situation.

After half a century the Soviet Union living on about a third of its total ter celebrated the anniversary of its found ritory. This multinational state, how ing, advancing it from December 30 to ever, is ruled by Russians who are unre December 21. mittingly extolling the autonomy of Perhaps the comrades wanted to their member states, referring for in honour the man who celebrated his stance to the fact that it is marked in birthday on December 21. Brezhnev, each Soviet citizen's passport that he the official speaker, mentioned the is a Russian, a Ukrainian or an Uzbek. name of this man: Joseph Stalin- Half Each Union republic of the USSR a century ago Stalin had founded the has its own Supreme Soviet (cf. Parlia "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" ment) and its own Council of Ministers (USSR), a vast empire that has since with a Prime Minister coming from the aroused disgust or admiration, a spirit respective country. However, his de of crusade or belief in progress — de puty in mostly a Russian and it is he pending on the respective point of who- supervises the personnel policy- view of its environment. Hitler and Russian experts hold key positions; Churchill, Eisenhower and Adenauer, e. g. the Army and the State Security Tito- and Mao tried to retort the reality Service are in Russian hands and the of the USSR although its enemies economy is centrally directed from agreed as little on its dangerousness Moscow. as did its friends on its value as a mo Each Union republic has its own del. Party; the deputy of the country's par If the Soviet leaders were to draw ty chief, however, is nearly always a up a balance sheet on the 50th anni Russian. There is a curious exception: versary celebration, they may justify the largest member state, i. e. the Rus their backward society and economy, sian Soviet Federative Socialist Repub whirl, are badly in need of an opening lic (RSFSR) does not have its own Par to the West, not only by the archaic ty: the RSFSR Party is identified with state of affairs which they found fifty the overall Party- years ego. r.or by the energies expend There has always been a Russian ma ed in their struggle with the White jority in the Central Committee. Even Guards, the Hitlerite troops and the in the Soviet of Nationalities — a kind Maoist Chinese. They also rule over of Federal Council — the RSFSR re an empire, to which the legal term presentatives are in the majority. In "monster” applies, a term which Hegel 1923 Stalin rejected the request of the used in describing the late "Holy Ro Ukrainian Prime Minister Rakovsky man Empire". that no- federal state should have more The Union of Soviet Socialist Repub than two-fifths of all representatives lics is supposed to be a federal state (as provided by the Constitution of the consisting of 15 Union republics (in German Reich of 1871). cluding 20 autonomous republics-, 8 au An overwhelming majority of the tonomous regions and 10 national dis Union Ministers is constituted by Rusr tricts), but de facto it is a unitary state, sians: Since 1917 out of 400 Soviet Mi often being identified with "Russia" nisters only 8 have been Asiatics and although many non-Russian peoples are out of 64 members of the Politbureau

34 only 2 (today Asia is represented by he deported their inhabitants to Asia. one member out of 15, i. e. Kunayev, "Ukrainians escaped a similar fate on a Kazakh). ly because they w ere too' numerous Lenin was struck by an apoplectic and there was no place for deporting fit; he could not participate in the dis them", Khrushchev declared later on, cussion relating to the formation of the "otherwise he would have deported Union himself. On December 30, 1922, them, too". he dictated a warning to his secretary, Stalin provided Ukraine (and Byelo requesting the protection of "Russia's russia) with a seat in the United Na non-Russian inhabitants ... against the tions by the side of the Union and invasion of Great-Russian chauvinists, "gave" her Western Ukraine and Car- essentially a brutal type of scoundrels patho-Ukraine. He transferred Tannu —- the typical Russian bureaucrats" Tuva, having been annexed in Asia, unless the right of secession from the the island Sakhalin, all of the Karelo- Union was to be "a worthless scrap of Finnish Republic and Northeastern paper".’) Prussia to the Russian Republic. Since that time Russian has been the Since the end of World War II the language of communication and the Russian majority within the Soviet Army's language of command. The lan Union has been melting away. From guages of the Turk peoples of Central 1959 to 1970 (the last 2 censuses) the Asia, were provided with the Cyrillic number of Russians in the USSR in alphabet. The Transcaucasian Federa creased by 14.9 million, but that of non- tion and Turkestan were divided into Russians by 18 million, for, non-Rus 8 "republics" in order to facilitate their sian nationalities have a higher birth control. rate. In the Caucasus and Central Asia Stalin justified Russification refer it is twice as high as in Russia (1.46%). ring to' the Russian majority vis-à-vis The Republic of Azerbaijan with the total population of the USSR. The 300,000 m others (out of 5 million inha Russian majority, however, was de bitants) having 5 or more children has creasing as the Soviet Union was ex been the most assiduous one in that tended: with the aid of Hitler, Stalin respect; most of the holders of the hon reineorporated Western Ukraine, West orary title "heroic mother" (having 10 ern Byelorussia, Western Karelia, Bes or more children) are living in Azer sarabia and the Baltic states of Latvia, baijan, too. Estonia and Lithuania into the Russian In 1970 the Russians were just barely Empire to which these countries be in the majority3) in the Soviet Union: longed until 1917.2) 129 million Russians as against 112.7 mil Moreover, during the war Stalin dis lion belonging to other nationalities (a- solved the autonomous republics of the mong these 45 million Ukrainians, 5 mil Crimean Tatars, Kalmyks, Volga-Ger- lion Balts, 30 million belonging to the mans and the peoples of North Cauca Caucasian and Turkestani peoples). It is sus that existed within the RSFSR and, foreseeable that Russians are going to. suspecting them of being pro-German, lose their majority — and the justifica tion for their majority in all central state decision making organs. ') Lenin, however, was a great impostor having the same aim but wishing to Non-Russian top officials are alrea proceed more tactically and prudently — dy requesting equality of rights parti ABN Correspondence. -) Not all of these countries were part 3) According to the Russian census which of the Russian Tsarist Empire — ABN — as is well known — is falsified — Correspondence. ABN Correspondence.

35 cularly with respect to linguistic poli scribed in two languages but in the cy and investment dhlribution. For, Uzbek language alone. Ukrainian Party although Moscow invested much mo secretaries circulated the book "Inter ney in non-Russian Union republics it nationalism or Russification?", written did so: in the interest of the central by the Ukrainian author Ivan Dzyuba, state only. Thus, although the Baltic which contains the following ironical states have been industrialized their passage: standard of living has dropped. Ukrain ians figured out that their country — if "The governments in the republics it were independent — would possess are truly sovereign ones: they are all resources necessary for an industri deprived of their own administra al state like France- tive language, of international re lations and even of the right to in Nowadays the peoples of the Soviet tervene in the economy of their Union are no longer willing to put up own territory"! with the Russian hegemony and the big Soviet Union seems to become the Industrialization, social mobility and scene of explosive nationality struggles. higher education have strengthened Local Party leaders are referring to Lenin: "Stalin's attitude in 1922 was self-confidence in the border republics false. .. Lenin did not agree to Stalin's of the Soviet empire and have given rise to national elites that are openly project", the Lithuanian Justas Palez- requesting their rights by now: kis, former Chairman of the Soviet of Nationalities, recalled in the periodi © In May 1972 thousands of young cal, Novoye Vremya. people rushed against the Central National Communists of the non- Office of the Party in Kaunas, Li Russian Soviet republics feel them thuania. Among other things they selves invited by neighbouring peoples' disliked the fact that many posts "democracies" to emancipate them are occupied by Russians and that selves : Ukrainians by Czecho-Slovakia, "one cannot get an appartmenl Moldavians by Rumania, Central A- solely because people of another sians by China. nationality are disposing of their allotment" (the Lithuanian comrade The Chinese Communists are even Zimonas in Pravda). deliberately instigating the subjugated peoples against the Russians. In the1 © In Ukraine over 100 intellectuals period from 1962 to 1969 the Chinese and workers were arrested as counted revolts in 6 out of the 15 So "bourgeois nationalists" in 1972; viet republics. twice the police had to fire on U- krainian demonstrators. Communist Party officials in Kazakh stan were blamed for displaying "na © In the Moldavian Republic the tional narrow-mindedness and pre Secretary of the Central Commit ference for local interests". Leading tee, Dmitriy Komovan, reported na comrades in Latvia were reproved in tional ideas among young people. Moscow because they wanted to pre © In Latvia Fricis Menderes (84), for vent further Russian immigration and mer chairman of the Social-Demo organize their economy from a nation cratic Party, was sentenced to< 5 al point of view: 17 of them had ad years of imprisonment. dressed complaints about the Russian primacy to the world press. © In Tashkent 10 representatives of the deported Crimean Tatars were In Uzbekistan newly restored na severely punished for having de tional monuments are no longer in monstrated in favour of their auto

36 nomy. In 1968, on the occasion of state as being "one of the greatest Lenin's anniversary, a procession powers in the world now". had been transformed into a battle Brezhnev knows that this power is against the police lasting several jeopardized by internal nationality hours. strifes. He is Russian but made his # In Georgia and Azerbaijan secret career as Party Secretary in the non- service men — Moscow's serfs — Russian republics of Ukraine, Molda took over Party leadership. via and Kazakhstan. The solution he proposes is amazing In the past year a propaganda cam ly simple, indeed: he considers that the paign against separatism and in favour peoples of the: Soviet Union no longer of the Union was carried on in all exist and -— as he said during the1 re Union republics. The "Golden Jubilee" cent Party Convention — that a "new (Brezhnev) of the founding of the historical community of men has come Union was a welcome reason for this. into being: the Soviet people". On December 21, Party Chief Brezh Brezhnev declared that in the pro nev held the last speech in a spe cess of the formation of the Union "all cial joint meeting of the Central Com nations and peoples of our country mittee of the Union, the Union Soviet acted their part — in particular the and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR great Russian people". in the Kremlin. He was praising the: (Der Spiegel, No. 1, 1973 — abridged)

Slop Trading with Ihe Russians1.

Hon. Richard M. Nixon February, 1973 President of the United States of America

Dear Mr. President:

You are no doubt aware of the current wave of persecutions of Ukrainian intellec tuals by the Soviet Russian authorities. It is nothing new, but is set off from pre vious waves by its magnitude and the fact that it was intensified just prior to your visit to the Soviet Union.

On May 13, just prior to your visit to the USSR, Ukrainian-Americans came to Washington to request that you intervene with the Soviet authorities on behalf of unjustly accused Ukrainian intellectuals. You ignored this request, presumably fearing to jeopardize your trade talks. You were so eager to please your hosts that you repeated after them the Russian chauvinist slogan that Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine, is the mother of all Russian cities. You have not to date apologized to Ukrainians the world over for this insult.

We have long maintained that the current spate of trade deals with the Soviet Union is detrimental to not only the persecuted Ukrainian intellectuals, but to entire nations in the USSR which are subjugated by Russian chauvinism. You have turned a deaf ear to us. It is more important to you to see a smile on the face of a Brezhnev than to stand up for a man such as Moroz. Mr. President, you are siding with the wrong forces. America was built by men who stood for the same things as are being voiced today by Ukrainian intellectuals such as Moroz. We are certain that Ameri can statesmen such as Washington, Jefferson, or Lincoln wotdd not have failed to comprehend this fact and to stand for the truth.

37 Lest you think that the matter of Ukrainian intellectuals in Soviet Russian prisons and police-maintained mental asylums is a purely domestic quarrel of the Soviet Union, let us make it clear that this is not so. Your trade deals with the USSR are hurting the United States as well.

The wheat deals have already caused massive freight car confusion on our rail roads, leading to disruption in all sectors of our economy. The drain of wheat from the United States has caused the price of bread to rise. Is this the way to fight inflation?

We have heard from spokesmen of your Administration that the various orders flowing into American firms will mean more jobs. But, they neglect to mention the fact that there is no assurance that the orders will continue to flow. Jobs are built on stable trade relatioships, not upon the sort of behavior the Russians have always exhib ited .

The export of capital to the USSR for grandiose schemes will do no good, to our balance of payments today. Nor are we likely to ever recover the six billion dollars planned to be sunk into Siberia (by you and the bankers in New York). We need that money in the United States. How is it that such vast sums are available for highly spe culative schemes overseas when you have found it necessary to cut out your pro gram of subsidizing low cost housing for Americans? And what about that World War II lend-lease loan to the USSR which your Administration wrote off for prac tically nothing? The argument was that the Soviet Union used the equipment as our allies in World War II. Apparently no one in your Administration is aware that a large portion of that American equipment which was paid for by the American taxpayer was used by the Russian to suppress the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) which was fighting the Nazis in Ukraine.

We are convinced that your policies towards the USSR are a disaster for America and a virtual death sentence for Ukrainians in the USSR. We will not sit idly and see you continue on this ill-conceived course. Therefore, we are making the follow ing explicit demands of you:

1. That you make a public declaration condemning the unjust and unconstitu tional harassment, imprisonment, and physical torture, poisoning, and outright killing of Ukrainian intellectuals in the USSR;

2. That you convince the Soviet Government that American newsmen be per mitted to attend the trials of Ukrainian intellectuals just as the Government of the United States permitted a Soviet journalist to attend Angela Davis' trial;

3. That you refuse to sign into law any trade bill with the USSR which does not include an explicit clause stipulating the right of the United States to withdraw from the agreement should the Soviet authorities use political prisoners on the pro jects in question;

4. That you immediately propose to Congress a bill allocating financial aid to such things as Heritage Studies, low income housing, student loans, ethnic education and cultural matters equal to the sum of the lend-lease debt forgiven the USSR, the value of our positive trade balance with the USSR, and the total value of private and public investment on projects within the USSR.

Now that you have ended the Vietnam War, it should not be too difficult to find the resources to realize all the projects that we Ukrainian Americans as well as all Americans have waited for so long. Respectfully yours,

Ukrainian Student Organization (TUSM), P. O. Box 1228, Milwaukee, Wis. 53201

38 In Defence of Cultural Leaders and Political Prisoners Persecuted by Russia Whereas, the Russian-US and Rus bour camps, who has been incarcerated sian-German agreements while making for nearly 30 years in prisons and con firm the status quo of Russian domina centration camps; in the subsequent ar tion, foster the intensification of terror, rest recently of Yuriy Shukhevych, Russification, religious persecution, na who- spent 20 years in prison since the tional discrimination, and socio-econo age of fourteen, only because! he re mic exploitation of Ukraine and other fused to denounce his father, Gen. Ro nations subjugated by Russian impe man Shukhevych-Chuprynka, theCom- rialism and Communism; mander-in-Chief of the Ukrainian In Whereas, in the course of 1971-1972 surgent Army (UPA); and in the impri Russian terror in Ukraine1 became un sonment of countless others fighting usually acute, which manifested itself for freedom of speech, conscience, in mass arrests in January of this year creativity, and human and national of over one hundred well known U- rights; krainian cultural leaders, in, clandes tine liquidation of champions of na Whereas, the governments of the tional independence and human rights, Western Great Powers show neither in particular of members of the Orga interest nor sympathy toward the na nization of Ukrainian Nationalists tional liberation struggle of Ukraine (OUN) (Bandera Followers), in harsh and other subjugated nations for their sentences, as for example, of Valentyn independence and human rights, which Moroz, a young Ukrainian historian, to can turn into1 a tragedy for the free 14 years' imprisonment; the arrest of world in the face of permanent aggres Nina Strokata, a research worker from siveness of Russian Communist impe Odessa, for her petitions for the re rialism and its carriers, who have1 lease of her illegally convicted hus reached parity with the USA, if they band, writer and translator of Shakes have not already surpassed it, in stra peare, Svyatoslav Karavanskyi, pre tegic arms, including a navy which do sently a prisoner in the Mordovian la minates oceans and seas;

Therefore, the 6th WACL Conference resolves:

1) To condemn Russian imperialism the Amnesty International, the Eu and colonialism and the multiple terror ropean Council in Strasbourg, and in in Ukraine, the systematic forcible Rus particular to the US Congress and the sification and Ukraine's subjugation by President of the United States, to Russia in general; to support and de Churches and humanitarian institutions clare its solidarity with the liberation of the West, to the free labour unions, struggle of the heroic Ukrainian people to political, civic, veteran, cultural, and for their national state independence youth organizations in the free world, and human rights; to1 public opinion, especially to the journalists and mass media in general, 2) To appeal to the governments and to- rise in defence of the cultural wor parliaments of the free countries of the kers of Ukraine, in particular, I- M. world, to1 the UN General Assembly, Svitlychnyi, Vyacheslav Chomovil, the UN Commission of Human Rights, Ivan Dzyuba, Yevhen Sverstyuk, Ihor the International Court at the Hague, Kalynets, Iryna Stasiv-Kalynets, Vasyl the International Commission of Jurists, Stus, Svyatoslav Karavanskyi. Nina

39 Strokata, Rev. Vasyl Romanyuk, and political prisoners and those persecuted especially Valentyn Moroz, critically for their religious convictions, and the ill, with one lung removed, confined to cessation of tortures by barbaric me the harshest Vladimir prison where he thods of political prisoners in psychi is systematically poisoned in order to atric institutions; to support the initia break his will, and countless others, de tive of the creation of the International manding their immediate release, in no Court, composed of independent jurists, less degree than the members of the church and humanitarian leaders, intel OUN and the warriors of the UPA, who lectuals and representatives of free la have languished in Russian prisons and bour unions, which, after conducting concentration camps for over 25 years, an inquiry, would hand down its ver as well as the release of political pri dict about the sentencing of Valentyn soners: Bohdan Khryst.ynych, Volody- Moroz, Svyatoslav Karavanskyi, Yuriy myr Leonyuk, Yaroslav Hasyuk, and Shukhevych, Nina Strokata and others, others suffering a similar fate; to call as well as about a pending trial of I. M. attention to the fact that the cultural Svitlychnyi and other imprisoned U- leaders acted within the framework of krainian cultural leaders and fighters the misleading constitution of th USSR for national and human rights. The pro- and the Ukr. SSR, which guarantees on Communist circles have organized an paper not only creative freedom but entire world movement in defence of also' secession of the Ukr. SSR from the Communist terrorist, Angela Davis, the USSR; but where is a patriotic movement in support of Valentyn Moroz, Yuriy 3) To urge and support a repatria Shukhevych, Svyatoslav Karavanskyi, tion movement of Ukrainians forceful Nina Strokata, fighters for humanistic ly deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan, ideas, freedom of cultural creativity, as well as a return to their historic, na the rights of individuals and nations for tive lands, of Ukrainians who were religious freedom? Where is the free brutally driven out from the Western world movement of solidarity with border-regions of Ukraine to the Polish the ideals of the great martyrs: Vasyl territories by the Red Polish terrorist Makukh (Ukraine), Jan Palach (Cze troops; chia) and Romas Kalanta (Lithuania), 4) To urge patriotic circles of free who immolated themselves in protest nations to stage mass protest actions against the subjugation of their native in defence of freedom-loving Ukraine lands by Russia, analogous to the and other subjugated nations, their cul movement of solidarity with the self- tural leaders and fighters for freedom immolation of Buddhist monks in Viet and national independence in front of nam? Russian diplomatic and consular insti tutions, to demand from members of 6) To render its firm moral and po parliament effective intervention of litical support to the revolutionary Or their governments in the case of sub ganization of Ukrainian Nationalists jugated Ukraine, its cultural leaders (Bandera Followers) and its struggle and fighters for national and human against Russian imperialism and Com rights, to> activate reporters in mass me munism for the re-establishment of the dia, forcing them to show in films and Ukrainian Sovereign State and the libe television not only the horrors of the ration of all subjugated peoples. Nazi concentration camps, but also the (Resolution submitted by the delega Bolshevik ones and the hell undergone tion of Ukraine to the 6th WACL Con by intellectuals in insane asylums; ference in Mexico City, August, 1972, 5) To demand the liquidation of all and adopted unanimously by plenary contentration camps and the release of sessions, August 26, 1972.)

40 From Letters to ABN "You may be instrumental in rebuilding a new society"

Gentlemen,,

I have been away lor a long time and I find your magazine on my table again upon return. Thank you very much lor your kindness.

I am in a different kind of field, though, as enclosed letter will show you. No doubt, most of you are Catholics and you must know of the infiltration by the enemy everywhere.

It is beyond conception that educated people can so easily fall prey to this diabolic deception and do not see the danger which is lurking for all man kind. Events may move very fast, and only God knows what lies ahead: who lesale destruction. God grant that you may be instrumental in rebuilding a new society, based on God's laws and the Ten Commandments and on Chris tian principles as laid down by the Fathers of the Church, by the Apostles, by Jesus Christ.

Public and social life cannot be separated from God. There is one place in which God is eliminated completely —• and that's hell.

W e are children of God and the human society must be built upon God's Commandments and not in total separation from God. The forces of evil have tried for hundreds of years to eliminate God from mankind and it seems we are heading for the climax. However, the devil and his henchmen will not succeed. They want the world in shambles and in ruins, but out of the ashes and ruins the new City of God will emerge, small and humble, though, it m ay be.

Christ yesterday-today-tomorrow ■ ■ ■

Through the Immaculate Heart of Mary and Jesus Crucified,

ir. Raphael Maria, Bishop.

C/P. 308, St. Jovite, Que. Canada

41 News and Views

Rumanian "Credo" Only a Lie Only a brazen liar like' Rumania's Ceausescu doesn't mention the thou Nicolae Ceausescu could have the ef sands of innocent people who died at frontery to present such a totally dis the abdominable Danube-Black Sea Ca torted picture of Communist Rumania nal, a ditch they were supposed to dig as appeared recently in the London practically with their bare hands in all Times. weather conditions with little food, foul In an 8-page advertisement written shelter and no medical facilities. in Bucharest, Ceausescu explains his Nor did he mention the "class ene party's “Credo": mies" who worked all day in the Da "The supreme aim of the society we nube Delta in the water to their midriff are building is to serve man, the imple and had to1 sleep in their wet rags. mentation of the loftiest aspiration of Let me also recall the terrorist pri the whole people. It directs its' efforts sons of Securotate in Bucharest and towards insuring both high material ci every other Rumanian city, the torture vilization and a spiritual life for all the chambers at Aiud and Pitesti, the flog citizens of the country." gings and tortures perpetrated on pea Baloney! sants who resisted the exploitation of On the same page Adrian Paunescu, their land, on people who were found a Communist writer, called the Ceau praying to their God, on former politi sescu regime "Humane Communism". cal leaders including Lucretiu Patras- "Since we are humane people, histo canu, the ostracized Communist party ry has placed us in the position to be leader, who died insane after the ruth a humane country", he writes. less treatment received from his for More baloney! mer "comrades". The Rumanian people are humane, Out of a population of some 20 mil but the regime in power is the most lion about 3 million rotted in Commu cruel, ruthless and barbarous ever nist jails for no other reason than that visited on that country since the be they refused to become Communists. ginning of its history in 110 A. D. An estimated 300,000 died. Not even the barbarian invaders, the It was at the insistence of the United Huns, the Goths, the Visigoths, the States government that "political pri Tartars, the Turks or even the Tsarist soners" still in jails were released in Russians who invaded the country for 1964. nearly two thousand years ever con Ion Ratiu, a former Rumanian diplo ceived anything similar to the syste mat, turned London shipping executive, matic degradation perpetrated by the publishes the "Free Romanian Press" Communists- The regime imposed by in London. He calls the ad "A concen Stalin against the wishes of the great tration of distortions and untruths". majority of the Rumanians was and is He asks Ceausescu if he can buy a 2- a carbon copy of Stalinist Russia. page advertising section in Bucharest's In order to impose their Marxist doc newspaper, Scanteia to answer a few trine, eradicate Christianity, destroy of the Red claims. the "class enemy" and collectivize the What do you think Ceausescu will land of the peasants, the "humane Com say? munists" stole, tortured and murdered. Dumitru Danielopol

42 Objective Identification of Nations of USSR Urged The Christian Science Monitor is, by to1 240 million Russians, w hereas Rus all accounts, the leading newspaper in sians numbered only 130 million, ac covering the East European affairs. Of cording toi the 1970 census. Ukrainians, special interest has been the coverage Byelorussians, Armenians, Lithuanians, of the struggle for human rights in ti Latvians, Georgians and other non- ki aine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, as Russian nations constituted the balance. well as in Russia. Mr. Paul Wold's ar Also, in the September 13, 1972 issue, ticles are always informative and re Dnieper was situated in Russia rather liable. than in Ukraine. However, I would like to suggest In this connection, I would like to that CSM use a more clear identifica quote Mr. Frank Shakespeare, the out tion of peoples and countries which con going director of the US Information stitute the Soviet Union. Here are a Agency, who1 in the memo of March 17, few examples. In the December 7th e- 1972, to all employees of the agency dition, while the headline read, "Chur wrote: "There is no such thing as So ches in Russia prove hard to repress", viet nation. The peoples of major na the article also covered the persecu tions within the Soviet Union should tion of the Catholic Church in Lithua be referred to' by their nationalities, nia, which is not located in Russia. In i. e., Ukrainians, Georgians, Latvians, the same article, the famous St. Sophia Lithuanians, Armenians, etc. These are Cathedral was located in Kiev, USSR, separate nations in the1 sense that they rather than in Kyiv, UKRAINE. It is have a distinct language, culture, tra somewhat difficult to understand how ditions, territory, history, institutions, the USSR can claim St. Sophia, when religion and other attributes which the historical cathedral represents the mankind has historically used to iden cultural achievement of the Ukrainian tify national organisms. The Soviet people. Union is a multi-national state, not a In covering the recent Olympiad, the nation." editorial of September 16, 1972, referred to 99 gold medals won by the Russians. The need for clear and objective The fact was that many gold and other identification of peoples and countries medals were won by Ukrainian, Li in the Soviet Union is especially great thuanian, Latvian, Armenian, Byelorus now when Moscow is making much sian and other non-Russian athletes. noise about the 50th anniversary of the Vitali Borzov, a gold medal winner, founding of the USSR, the biggest co identified himself to' the officials as a lonial empire of our days. Ukrainian. The same editorial referred Orest Szczudluk Reds Doing "Business" as Usual While* the W est is being chloroform For two decades the leaders of leftist ed with sweet thoughts of detente the revolts around the world — so-called Communists appear wide awake and Wars of Liberation — have been taught doing "business" as usual. in the Communist Political Warfare Retired Brig. Gen. Michael Calvert, a School outside Moscow. The Chinese British expert on guerrilla warfare just lately are also taking a hand in send spent 18 months in Africa and the Far ing "advisers" to' Africa. East. "While mouthing pretty words of Everywhere he found captured or peace at Helsinki and elsewhere, Rus surrendered guerrillas who had been sia and China are unleashing total in trained in Russia. discriminate revolutionary warfare and

43 subversion throughout the Third "The Russian Communists and their World", the Brigadier claims. 81 collaborationist parties make it clear The Third World is not the only tar that they regard the victory of their get British newspapers charge. system inevitable", says the Tory M. P. Russia is taking a hand in the unrest Geoffrey Stewart-Smith. in Northern Ireland. What is the answer? "Links between the Soviet Union and Calvert says the free world should the two wings of the Irish Republican hit back and "play the Russians at their Army" (IRA) have grown steadi own game". ly over the past two years", says Lon don's Economist. Russia and her allies are a mosaic of countries and nationalities held to The Tory government in London also gether by despotism and fear. has protested activities of Labor's ex treme left wing. "We should heat the glue which holds them together", he suggests. "Let us squarely face the fact that there is a very small but active mino The NATO Alliance is static and will rity in this country whose overriding become as absolete as the concrete purpose is to smash the society by pro maginot line if it isn't used, he argues. moting indusirial unrest and anarchy", "T01 offset the gains made by the said Minister of Defense Lord Carring Communist powers during the past few ton. "What is more serious is that we years by their policy of subverting all find the Labor party increasingly on governments and supporting insurgen the side of the . lawbreakers and cy, the Western powers must in turn wreckers-" first encourage break-away movements "What is at stake is our whole sys amongst the oppressed nations of Eu tem of parliamentary democracy, our rope and Asia and help them launch whole free Democratic way of life," coordinated guerrilla movements of said Anthony Barber, the Chancellor of their own to free themselves." the Exchequer. It may be good advice, but I doubt Red activity is increasing, too, in that the Western World is in a mood West Germany, France, Italy, Japan to listen. and other countries. Dumitru Danielopol

In Defense of Leonid Plyushch

The participants of the annual conference of the Congress of Ukrain ians of Canada, held in Saskatoon on February 10-11, 1973, unanimously agreed to appeal to the public opinion of the free world to stand up in defense of Leonid Plyushch, a processor of the Kyiv University, who was sentenced by a Soviet Russian court in Kyiv to life-long confinement in a psychiatric clinic.

Prod. Leonid Plyushch, prominent engineer and mathematician, was arrested by the KGB in January 1972 for protesting repressions in Ukraine,

44 Rushiti, Rushit Rushiti, Ixhet Sulejma- w Mwmm ni, Mefail Radusha, Hilmi Nuhiu, Ha- run Osmani, Nafi Shabani, Rasim Elezi, A New Wave of Persecutions against Xhelil Ejupi. the Albanian Minority in Yugoslavia The following have been imprisoned in Idrizova: A new wave of persecutions against Mehmet Gega, Nevzat Jonuzi, 34 the Albanian minority in Yugoslavia years old, sentenced to 18 months in has been raging for months now, parti prison, Fiqri Salihi, 40 years old, sen cularly in Macedonia and Montenegro1. tenced to 8 months in prison, Mustafa Dozens of Albanians have been arrest Loci, sentenced to 6 months in prison. ed, beaten up, tortured and kept in pri Sadush Velija (Azemi), Rexhep Salihi. sons arbitrarily and without any pre The last two< have been arrested since cise charges. Most of the persecuted July and are still in prison. are among those who had worked as The Albanian Resistance, No. 98 simple workers in Western Europe (Fe deral Republic of Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and the Scan dinavian countries). Once they return •/S/SSSS////////SSSS//SS//S//SSSSSSS//A*V//Afescam to Yugoslavia to their families, the au A Purge in Georgia thorities arrest them, confiscate their passports, and throw them into prison. Zorya Vostoka, a Russian-language In Macedonia, where life for the Al newspaper published in Georgia, car banians has become unbearable during ried a report about a widespread purge these last months, the authorities have of Party and state cadres of the Geor even arrested a few Albanians who had gian SSR, which is being effected by long ago emigrated to the United the newly appointed boss, Eduard A. States., and then had come to pay a visit Shevardnadze. At a meeting of the ac to their families. These people have tive members of the Party, held in Tif- been tortured and kept in prisons with lis on November 21, 1972, he raised a out any motive, since their persecutors whole series of objections and accusa have no concrete charges to level a- tions against Party members, as if to gainst them. say that the active Party members have Below we are giving a few names a light-hearted attitude as far as their of these unfortunate victims: duties are concerned, violate Party and The following have been arrested in work discipline, and in particular, tole the town of Duleigno in Montenegro1: rate the private-ownership tendencies Basri Lula, Osman Dibra, Qamil Lu- among the Georgian peasants'who reap li, Ibrahim Pelniku. huge profits from their plots of land, The following has been arrested in selling agricultural produce in the ci Dibra: ties. In Shevardnadze's words, the pro Rexheb Tartaj, correspondent of the fits of Georgian peasants from their RILINDJA Newspaper. private plots far outstrip those of the The following have been arrested kolkhozes, at the same time the pro and tortured in the village of Nerasht duction of these plots being much grea and in the neighbourhood of Tetova: ter than that on kolkhoz land. Vahit Merxhani, Jashar Jashari, As is known, Georgia always exhi Behxhet Behxheti, Aqif Adili, Es.tref bited a tendency to the preservation

45 of its own style of life. Universal Party 1920 and 1957 he was at the head of policy binding for the entire USSR al the Department of Morphology and ways found its specific interpretation. Systematics of Lower Plants at the This pertains, for instance, to the so- Kyiv Institute of Public Education. At called cult of Stalin. To this day, mo the same time, beginning with 1921, numents to1 Stalin have been preserved he worked within the system of the in Georgia and the cult of Stalin is Academy of Sciences of the Ukr. SSR, alive among the population. The pre of which he had been a corresponding vious secretary of the Communist Par member since 1939, and a full member ty of GSSR, V. P. Mzhvanadze, who since 1948. In addition, since 1946 he occupied this post for the past 19 years, directed the Institute of Botanies at the tolerated this Georgian peculiarity. The Academy of Sciences, conducted scien new secretary announced far-reaching tific expeditions throughout Ukraine, changes, declaring that "the comrades the Caucasus, Altai and Ural, was the who think that no such changes are founder and head of the Ukrainian Bo forthcoming are gravely mistaken". In tanical Society and the editor of impor other words, the purge in Georgia can tant publications, The Flora of the Ukr. really assume broad dimensions. SSR, The Ukrainian Botanical Journal and many scientific research papers which he wrote in Ukrainian. The unexpected death of Academi cian Dmytro Zerov at the moment in Dmytro Zerov Died Suddenly in Kyiv which he was defending Ukraine's Academician Dmytro Kostyantyno- rights in the face of Russification vych Zerov was born on September 20, caused anxiety among the Ukrainian 1895, in Zinkova in the Poltava region. public in the world. Furthermore, there He was the brother of the poet Mykola are no reports whether the cause of Zerov. A botanist, he died suddenly in death was objectively and conscien the latter half of December 1971, at a tiously ascertained by a medical exa Party Conference in Kyiv where he mination. criticized the chauvinist policy of Rus The broadest circles of the Ukrain sification in Ukraine. The cause of ian and world public know that the death was allegedly a heart attack. files on the medical examination of the The funeral, which was held on De tragic death of Vasyl Omelyanovych cember 20th, turned into- a large na Makukh, who immolated himself on tional demonstration. A eulogy was November 5, 1968, as a sign of protest, delivered by Yevhen Sverstyuk, a pro have disappeared without a trace. The minent literary critic, who, after being documentation about the secret mur dismissed from work as the result of der of Alla Horska on November 28, the policy of repression, was employed 1970, has not been made public and for some time as a secretary in the the criminals have not been brought to Ukrainskyi botanlchnyi zhumal (U- justice. krainian Botanic Journal), published On the other hand, since 1962, it has by Academician D. Zerov, until he was been generally known in the entire fired from this job as well "for work world that the Russians are in posses ing outside his profession". Most like sion of a secret weapon of assassina ly this was Ye. Sverstyuk's last public tion — an inconspicuous, soundless appearance, after which he was imme pistol loaded with strong acid which diately dismissed from work and ar causes instant death of the victim, with rested on January 12, 1972. the symptoms of a heart attack, without Dmytro Zerov was a prominent U- leaving any noticeable organic traces krainian natural scientist. Between behind which could be uncovered by

46 an autopsy. Only after a detailed che for liberation from the centralized, dic mical analysis can traces of poison be tatorial domination." detected. This poison was instrumental This aim, which is being realized on in the murder of the head of the Orga ly in part, arouses indigation in Mos nization of Ukrainian Nationalists, Ste cow, for the CC CPSU is aware of the pan Bandera (1959), and Prof. Lev Rebet fact that the integrity of its empire in (1957) by a Russian agent in Munich. the form of the USSR is at stake. This secret of the KGB was first re vealed at the trial in Karlsruhe. Ukrainians Organizing Hunger Strikes Now the world is waiting for de in Russian Concentration Camps, tailed information on the circumstances and the cause of death of the great In the early part of December 1972, Ukrainian scientist. a protest by prisoners in the form of a hunger strike took place in several So National Idea — The Greatest Threat viet Russian concentration camps. to Moscow The hunger strike lasted for five days and was to have ended on December Lviv. — There are many facts to 10th, that is on International Human prove that the Central Committee of Rights Day. the Communist Party of the Soviet According to the information re Union fears the spread of national ceived, "Ukrainian nationalists, sympa ideas among the Russian subjugated thizers of religious opposition and nations in the USSR. Baltic separatists, as well as various These facts include arbitrary arrests other persons convicted for anti-Soviet of young intelligentsia in Ukraine, Bye propaganda", participated in the hunger lorussia, the Caucasus, Estonia, Latvia strike. One of the names of the orga and Lithuania, among the Tartars, Jews nizers has become known, that of My- and others, Moscow's sharp criticism kola Bondar. of the Canadian journalist, Peter The prisoners who'declared a hunger Worthington, who has often written on strike protested against the inhuman the subject of national inequality in conditions of camp regime, especially the USSR and Russian great-power against such treatment of prisoners chauvinism and the attacks by Russian which leads to the death of some in propaganda against a Communist Chi dividuals- In particular, the premature nese radio station which mentions the death of writer Yuri Galanskov was non-Russian nations subjugated by Rus meant. Galanskov died a month earlier, sia in the USSR. allegedly during an ulcer operation. Recently, the Russian press attacked Coinciding with the protest of pri Radio Liberty which beams its broad soners, their defenders, citizens of casts to the USSR in ten languages, in Western countries, staged a demonstra cluding Ukrainian, and which at times tion at the Red Square in Moscow mentions national inequality in the pre against the stifling of human rights and sent-day Russian empire. political freedoms by the Russian re Referring to the newspaper Volks- gime'. Three activists from the move stimme, published by the Austrian ment defending political prisoners in Communists, the Russian Pravda, No- the USSR — an Italian, a Frenchman 361, w rote at the end of last year that and a Norwegian — demonstrated on American "Radio Liberty" has the fol December 8th in broad daylight in the lowing instructions: "All departments center of Moscow. Dressing themselves of the radio station should adhere to as prisoners, they suddenly emerged the point of view of the nations of the from the crowd in the Red Square and Soviet Union and support their striving began to hand out leaflets, demanding

47 freedom of speech and of the press for Second World War, Buddhism began the spokesmen of the oppositional to manifest itself again, and even be movement. In the leaflets, Western de came the subject of research works. fense organizations protested against These very works are now the object repressions practiced by the KGB to of persecution. ward dissidents. According to Western newspapers This, demonstration aroused lively (The Observer and The Washington interest among the public, but it lasted Post), arrests were conducted in Au only several minutes. Militia and plain gust 1972, among scholars who dealt clothes KGB agents arrested the three with Buddhism. Among them was Bidiya courageous West Europeans. The re Dandaron, a Buryat, arrested in Ulan- spective embassies were not notified Ude. He was accused of establishing a of the arrests, and the press learned Buddhist sect. In September the follow about it only from dissidents, who ing were arrested in Ulan-Ude in this were also scheduled to take part in connection: Donatus Butkus, who the demonstration. worked at the Lithuanian Anthropolo Almost at the same time in many gical Museum in Ulan-Ude, Aleksander cities of Western Europe, demonstra Zeleznov, a research worker, Vladimir tions of solidarity with the prisoners of Montlevich, who was employed by the Ukraine and other subjugated coun Leningrad Museum of Religion, and tries were held. On the occasion of the Yuriy Lavrov, a student. During court International Human Rights Day ap proceedings on November 21-23, 1972, propriate placards and appeals were they were convicted and confined to a posted and meetings were held at some psychiatric "clinic". The sentencing of university centers. Dandaron was to have been postponed Here are the names of the three till mid-December. Western idealists who purposely went In the course of the court proceed to Moscow and exposed themselves to ings, it was decided to charge eight arrest in order to attract the1 attention more persons. Their trial was to have of public opinion to the Russian regime been held in December, but it is not of terror and violence existing in the known whether it was held or not, nor USSR: Mario1 Celetti, Andre Kinler when or where. In line with rumours, (journalist) and Peter Crosby. the " socialist verdict" was to- have been oral not written, as a consequence of Persecution of Buddhists in the USSR which the accused allegedly lost their In order to reach the Buryat ASSR, jobs. At the same time, house searches one must take the Trans-Siberian train and interrogations were carried out in in the direction of Japan. Out of the various localities, and the "objects of 380,000 Buryats who inhabit the area, the cult11 — statues, pictures and cor a part profess Shamanism, while a part respondence with the Buddhist sect — adhere to Buddhism. were confiscated. It so happened that The Tuva and Kalmyk ASSR from many persons all correspondence, also have inhabitants who belong to including that having no connection the Buddhist faith. Buddhism was whatsoever to the Buddhist sect, was brought there by the lamasi from Mon confiscated. golia in the 17th century. In the 18th In the course of the interrogations century Buddhism was permitted by and inquiry various tricks and brutal the Tsarist regime. However, the Com methods were used in order to force munist Leninist atheism turned its edge the accused to talk. From the proceed both against Christianity and Buddhism, ings of the interrogations, an accusa and in the 30s Buddhism was al tion was fabricated to the effect that most liquidated in the USSR. After the the accused belong to1 a fanatical sect,

48 which demands bloody human sacri He was bom in 1914. In 1937-45 he had fices and engages in murder. been imprisoned on charges of being a Zeleznov was accused of beating up "Japanese spy". The real reason was a Buryat, last fall, who refused to join that he was an aristocrat by birth. He the sect. An unfounded charge was was rehabilitated in Khrushchev's time. fabricated from the interrogations that He is perhaps the greatest Soviet ex he "hit the Buryat with an ax wrapped pert on the Tibetan language and Bud in a piece of cloth", while the com dhism- He is the author of a tw o volumed plaint was changed to “kicking", al work "Description of Tibetan Manu though the victim had completely der scripts" (1960 and 1963), the article a- nied this, maintaining that he had not bout the "Aga" monastery in the first been beaten; hence he had not been volume of the "Buddhist Encyclopedia" the injured party. published in 1963 and numerous other The persecution is assuming absurd works1. forms and is primarily directed against It is rumoured that since Stalin's the leading Buddhist scholars. One of death the position of Buddhism in the them is Bidiya Dandaron. He works at USSR has not been as endangered as the Buryat Institute of Social Scienses. it is today.

Book Reviews

Alexander Sokolyszyn: Ukrainian Se dealing with material to 1961, the other lected and Classified Bibliography in with material published between 1961 English. New York and Munich: U- and 1971. The compilation appears to krainian Information Bureau, 1972. be professionally researched, well or This useful and exhaustive biblio ganized and exhaustive; although, as graphical tool fills a great gap in the with any work of this scope, dealing reference works dealing with Ukraine. with so many entries, there appear to The latest compendium of this typei be several oversights. was published by Weres in 1968, and Dr. Sokolyszyn is to be commended since then, many books and articles for undertaking this much needed task. dealing with Ukraine have appeared, It is unfortunate, however, but is in but unfortunately have not been ac no way a reflection on the author or cessible due to lack of bibliographic the quality of his bibliography, that control. this work could not have been pub Dr. Sokolyszyn's book deals with a lished in a more appealing format. If wide variety of topics: history, litera Ukrainians expect such publications to ture, politics, religion, economics, geo be of any influence and use to Ameri graphy, law, education, language, etc- can scholars and researchers, it is ne It also provides a bibliographic guide cessary to put more consideration into to such subjects as Ukrainian fine arts, the technical production of such books. TV and radio programs, cookery, films and organizations. More works like those of Dr. Soko lyszyn are needed, to make the vast After a short introduction, which de material on Ukraine available to those scribes very briefly the geography, interested in the problem. history and the current movement of dissent in Ukraine, the main body of Marta S a w c z u k the work is divided into two parts: one Jersey City State College NEW PUBLICATIONS

OUR ALTERNATIVE

ABN and EFC Conferences Brussels, November 12th-15th, 1970

Speeches, .reports and messages. In English and French.

Price: Hard cover — $ 5.00 Soft cover — $ 4.00

UKRAINIAN HERALD

Underground Magazine from Ukraine Issue IV

Containing details on the trial of Valentyn Moroz and the brutal murder of Alla Horska, unpublished poems by Vasyl Symonenko and news of repressions against the Ukrainian intellectuals. Poetry translated by Vera Rich.

Price: $ 6.00

Order from: Press Bureau of ABN 8 München 80 Zeppelinstr. 67 GW ISSN 0001 - 0545 B 20004 F

BULLETIN OF THE ANTIBOLSHEVIK BLOC OF NATIONS

Dr. Dmyiro Dontsov 1883 - 1973

Great political thinker, champion of the idea of a common front of nations subjugated by Russian imperialism in their struggle for national independence.

Verlagspostamt: München 80 May - June 1973 Vol. XXIV No. 3 CONTENTS: Hon. Ole Bjoern Kraft (Denmark) In Defense of the P e r s e c u t e d ...... 4

E. Orlovskyi (Ukraine) Are Russians Striving for Revolutionary Changes in the U S S R ? ...... 5

Dr. Billy James Hargis (USA) Life Under Russian T y r a n n y ...... 11 American Friends of ABN Hold Convention . . 14 Dr. Ivan Dochefl (Bulgaria) The Russian Emigres — Allies of the Kremlin . . 17 Rudolph Grulich (Germany) Russian Rule Rejected; The Valiant Circassians 21 Ukrainian Herald Reveals. New Facts .... 23 Prof. Vasyl Plyushch, M.D. (Ukraine) Genocide of the Ukrainian P eop le ...... 29 Vasil Germenji (Albania) Religious Persecution in Albania Protested . . . 36 Final Communique of the WYACL Executive Board M e e t in g ...... 37 Moscow Is Getting A g g r e ssiv e ...... 39 Dr. Humberto Medrano (Cuba) The Situation of Political Prisoners in Cuba . . 41 News and V i e w s ...... 46 From Behind the Iron C u r t a i n ...... 48

The Central Committee of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations shares its sadness with the national liberation organizations of the subjugated nations at the news of the passing away in Montreal, Canada, on Friday, March 30, 1973, at the age of 89, of f DR. DMYTRO DONTSOV the most distinguished thinker and ideologist of Ukrainian nationalism, an uncompromising fighter for an Independent Sovereign Ukrainian State, inspirer of the fighters of OUN, Cassandra of the Ukrainian nation in the last decades of the Ukrainian-Russian war, propagator of the idea of a common anti-Russian front of the subjugated nations, author of numerous basic works about the spirituality of the Ukrainian nation and the founda tions of Ukrainian politics, profound student of Russian imperialism, au thor of studies about the ideological bases of Ukrainian literary and artis tic works, particularly about the coryphaei of Ukrainian culture and lite rature, a brilliant Ukrainian publicist, a prisoner of Russian and Polish prisons and concentration camps, an extraordinary figure in the history of Ukraine. The ideas of the Deceased shall remain for all time an inseparable part of the Ukrainian nation's ideological and political struggle for her own individual self-affirmation, for freedom and national independence by way of national liberation revolution, for the disintegration of the Russian empire and for the renewal of sovereign national states of the subjugated nations. The funeral took place on Wednesday, April 4, 1973, at 9:00 a. m., at the Ukrainian cemetery in Bound Brook, N. J., where the mortal re mains of this great Ukrainian will rest temporarily, until they shall be borne to the Pantheon of the Ukrainian nation in free Kyiv. The Central Committee of ABN a degree of doctor of jurisprudence. He emerged on the Ukrainian political arena as early as 1905, taking part in the political and cultural life of the U- krainian community in Petersburg, especially during the time of the 1905 re volution in Russia. He participated in student organizational activities and became a member of the Ukrainian Socialist Democratic Radical Party, collaborating with the Socialist party until the outbreak of World W ar I.

1 He was arrested twice by the Russian Czarist police, and upon his re lease from prison in 1908 he escaped abroad, but in 1913 he returned to Lviv, Western Ukraine (then under Austria), where he was active in Ukrainian student life, and became known for his incisive anti-Russian writings and polemics, not only in the Ukrainian press, but in foreign press organs as well. Lenin, then a leading star among Russian Socialists, frequently assailed Dontsov in his writings for the former's attempts to separate the Ukrainian Socialist Party from the Russian Socialist Party. Paul Miliukov, well-known Russian historian and political leader, consi dered Dr. Dontsov's political writings as very dangerous to the unity of the Russian empire and assailed him in his speeches in the Russian Duma in Petersburg. After the outbreak of World War I, Dr. Dontsov along with other Ukrainian political refugees from Czarism, helped to organize the "Union for the Liberation of Ukraine", and became its first president. In 1914-1916 he headed the Ukrainian Information Bureaus in Berlin and Bern, and together with the Ukrainian Parliamentary Representation from the Aust rian Parliament, conducted extensive political activities in Germany, Switzerland and Sweden. In 1917 he returned to Lviv, and at the beginning of 1918 he was already in Kyiv, where he became a member of the Ukrainian Party of Farmers- Democrats, and upon the call of Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi, he took over the direction of the Ukrainian Telegraphic Agency, an official bureau of the Ukrainian government. In 1919-1920 he served as chief of the Infor mation Section of the Ukrainian Legation in Switzerland. After the fall of the Ukrainian independent state in 1920, Dr. Dontsov lived in Vienna, where he wrote his first major book, Bases of Policy, a book that made him known among Ukrainians throughout the world. In 1922, he returned to Lviv, where he became editor of Zahrava (Crimson Sky), Literaturno- Naukovyi Visnyk (Literary-Scientific Herald) and Visnyk (The Herald). In 1926 Dr. Dontsov wrote his most important work, Nationalism, p ro v id ing the ideological and philosophical foundations of the Ukrainian inde pendence movement. During 1922-1939, he produced a series of other works, pamphlets and articles. In the beginning of September 1939, Dr. Dontsov was arrested by the Polish police and sent to the concentration camp in Bereza Kartuska W ith the invasion by the USSR of W estern Ukraine on September 17, 1939, Dr. Dontsov escaped to Germany, and then went to Bucharest, Rumania, where he edited a Ukrainian review and wrote a book, Spirit of Our Times. After World W ar II, Dr. Dontsov lived in Germany, France and the US, but in 1947 he moved to Canada and lived in Rawdon, near Montreal. Dr. Dontsov's writings contributed greatly to the crystalization of U- krainian political thinking, and his anti-Soviet writings incurred official anathema of the Soviet Russian government. He has been and continues to be vilified by the Communist press in Ukraine and in the whole of the Soviet Union as well

2 Ukrainian TV Journalist Sentenced to 12 Years Mr.Vyacheslav Chornovil, one of the leading Ukrainian dissenters, has been sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment and exile. According to information reaching the West his trial took place in Lviv and ended in early February. It was closed, and no W estern correspondents, even had they heard of it, could have attended. News of it has reached the West through travellers and not, as is more usual in such cases, through human rights circles in Moscow. The continuing KGB (secret police) offensive against dissent would appear to have severed links of this sort between Moscow and Ukraine. Mr. Chornovil, aged 34, is a television journalist who became well- known for his book, The Chornovil Papers, published in the W est in 1968. For circulating this book, which analyzed the Ukrainian political trials of 1965-66, he spent a year and a half in a labour camp. In January, 1972, he was arrested again, together with several dozen other intellectuals, in a KGB drive to suppress the Ukrainian Herald, a Ukrainian counterpart to the Moscow Chronicle of Current Events. The authorities held him incomunicado for 13 months, then tried him on charges of alleged "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda". Mr. Chor novil pleaded not guilty and is reported to have conducted himself with dignity. Peter Reddaway (The Times, March 29, 1973)

5 Years' Jail for Ukrainian Writer One of the best-known literary critics in the Soviet Union, the Ukrain ian writer Ivan Dzyuba, 42, has been sentenced by a Kyiv court to five years in prison for his defence of Ukrainian national culture. He has long been an outspoken critic of the "Russification" of Ukraine inspired by the Soviet authorities. Dzyuba's potemical work entitled "Internationalism or Russification?" was smuggled out of the Soviet Union and published in the W est in 1968. Since then he has been subjected to continual harassment by the secret police. (Daily Telegraph, April 13, 1973)

Heavy Jail for Dissidents in Ukraine — By Our Communist Affairs Correspondent — The five leading figures in the civil rights movement in the Ukraine have been given long prison camp sentences. Dissidents in Moscow be lieve the sentences presage a further series of trials of critics in the U kraine. The literary critic Ivan Svitlychnyi, 42, and the writers Vyacheslav Chor novil an d Yevhen Sverstyuk were each sentenced to seven years in a labour camp, to be followed by five years' exile. Ivan Dzyuba, author of an analysis of the "Russification" of Ukraine published in the West, was sentenced to five years in a prison camp, Svit- lychnyi's sister Nadya, who has a three-year-old son, received four years' prison camp. Her husband, Danylo Shumuk, who was sentenced to 10 years penal servitude last year, is now completing his 21st year in a prison camp. (The Daily Telegraph, London 14. 5. 1973)

3 In Defense of ihe Persecuted (Communiqué of the Executive Board meeting of the European Freedom Council (EFC), held on the 12th and 13th of May 1973 in Copenhagen)

The Executive Board of the EFC strongly protests against the mass imprisonment and harsh sentences meted out to cultural leaders and fight ers for national independence and human rights in the countries subju gated in the Soviet Union and the satellites, in particular in Ukraine in the last two years, against the internment of political prisoners in psychi atric clinics and prisons and concentration camps of the most severe re gime and exile in Siberia ranging from 5-15 years: Yuriy Shukhevych afte r 20 years of imprisonment was sentenced again to 15 years; poet Ihor Kaly- nets 12 y ears; p o et Mrs. Iryna Stasiv-Kalynets 9 y ears; professor Leonid Plushch life imprisonment in a psychiatric clinic; literary critic Ivan Svit- lychnyi 12 years; historians Ye. Sverstyuk 12 y ears and V. Moroz 14 y ea rs; D. Shumuk 15 y ears; p riest V. Romanyuk 10 years; V. Chornovil 12 y ea rs; I. Dzyuba 5 years (both literary critics and writers); Ivan Hel, student, 15 y ears; Mrs N. Svitlychna (scientist) 4 years; Mrs. Iryna Senyk, artist, 11 years; and others.

The Executive Board of the EFC asks that this matter be placed on the agenda of the UN General Assembly for discussion and decision, and ap peals to patriots, humanitarians and the churches of the world to urge to organize actions for the abolition of concentration camps and the release of political and religious prisoners, who number more than 1 million in the USSR concentration camps alone.

The EFC supports the reinforcement of NATO and fears that the so- called European Security Conference, which is desired by Moscow in order to remove the USA gradually from Europe, will open the road for further Russian conquest in the still free part of Europe and the world.

Without the self-determination and national independence of all the subjugated nations there will be no security and no peace in Europe and th e w orld.

Copenhagen, 13 May 1973

Executive Board of the European Freedom Council Ole Bjoem Kraft — President

4 E. Orlovskyi Are Russians Striving for Revolutionary Changes in the USSR?

Among the various negative pheno Russians will rebel, that they are in a mena prevalent in the Western politi revolutionary frame of mind and can cal world, particularly disturbing is start an armed struggle are: illusory, the view that it is impossible to achieve even if one1 does not consider the fact victory over thei present Communist that their aim is strictly "one and indi regime in the USSR without the Rus visible" in character and therefore sians being in a common front of the there is no basis for a joint front with subjugated nations, without their par them. ticipation in the revolutionary struggle. An average Russian is a Ryazan Yet, we know from history that in the muzhik — which is claimed by Admiral revolutionary movements of the Rus Gorshkov as well — who- having climb sian tsarist empire the major role was ed out from behind the stove- niche is played mostly by Ukrainians (Perovska, proudly sailing the seas inspired by Zhelyabov, Kybalchych) and the pre Russian messianism- And which of the sent Russian opponents of the regime Russians can oppose such messianic at are not even thinking about revolution, titude of the Russian people? only about reforms and evolution. Berdyayev wished to- give the Rus Hence, counting on such fiction is an sian people a "Christian" imperialistic unjustifiable self-deception, all the mission. He can find new adherents of more since the aim of the Russian dis his chauvinistic theory among the Rus sidents is the preservation of the "one sians even now, but no- partners among and indivisible" empire and the revival the subjugated nations. Today the Ber of the era of the* Black Hundred under dyayev groups in the USSR are with the leadership of a new Denikin, Vran out any significance and do not have gel or Kerensky. any influence, for why should the Rus There is absolutely no doubt that if sians hope for "pears on the willow", Ukrainians and members of other sub when their Bolsheviks have their hands- jugated nations do not start an armed cn the southern fruits of the- Mediter struggle on the Russian ethnographic ranean Sea and the- Indian Ocean. territory, there will never be any revo A genuine strategist of the national lution there. In 1917 in Petersburg the liberation revolution cannot build his- revolution against tsarism was carried plans on wishful thinking and make the out by regiments composed of Ukrain victory of national forces dependent ians (the Volhynia, the Preo-brazhensk upon the inevitability of revolution by and the Izmailiv), and later the March reactionary Russians, for this is tanta national revolution was crushed by Le mount to- waiting for imaginary divi nin's: October counterrevolution. sions of Gen. Wenk in the fantasy of In the present processes of opposi Hitler, who- expected them to check an tion on Russian territory the major part attack.. •. is also- played by dissidents of non- The chief ideologist of the Russian Russian descent — Gen. Hryho-renko, dissident movement is Prof. Sakharov, Daniel, Litvinov, Ginsburg, Synyavsky, together with Medvedev, Chalidze, Tur- Pasternak, Tarzis and others. This chyn and Tverdo-khlye-bov. W ith the movement, as we shall see further, has agreement of the- party and govern absolutely no support from the Russian ment, two- of them are already abroad people. This is confirmed by the Rus — Medvedev in England, and Chalidze- sians themselves. Any hopes that the in the USA. Their concept is reformist

5 and evolutionary; it is a struggle for "convergence" and "merging" of two the rights of legal and loyal opposition, socio-political systems in the world. which recognizes the primacy of the Thus the Trojan horses are not only on Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the Rhine, but also on the Hudson and an opposition which demands certain the: Thames. The legal and loyal anti privileges and reforms', division and ex regime opposition has SO' far been un tension of responsibility for the fate successful inside Brezhnev's kingdom, of the so-called USSR to the techno but it can help in "socializing" the West, crats, intellectuals., professors and tech which is tantamount to extending Rus nology experts. "Alarmed" by dangers sian influence and domination to the threatening "mankind", Prof. Sakharov free Western world. Kissinger's bustl puts forth global projections and places ing and Nixon's trips to Mao Tse-tung them at the base of future policy of and then to Brezhnev also promote Moscow and Washington. His aim; "convergence" and possibly "merging" "convergence and later merging of two of the two socio-political systems com competing systems— the liberal demo peting with one another. It is true that cratic and the socialist.". He arguments in Sakharov's opinion such "conver the inevitability of such "convergence" gence" and "merging" are possible on and "merging" by the threat of nuclear ly when the government in the USSR war, the danger of famine brought a- finds itself in the hands of leftist "Leni bout by the overpopulation of the nists-Communists" and leftist "West world, polution of the air, water and erners", but the Russian Bolshevik so land, dictatorial regimes, the loss of in cial and imperial system will remain tellectual freedom which declines un intact. der pressure of production of so-called So far, Nixon's and Pompidou's trips mass culture- On the other hand, the to Brezhnev do not mean a conver problem of national liberation of the gence of two’ systems, only a recogni subjugated nations, in particular those tion of Moscow's domination over the within the USSR, does not exist for him subjugated nations and a support for and his associates. He wants to achieve its struggle with the national liberation "convergence" and later "merging" of movements inside the USSR. The over two diametrically opposed socio-politi tures of Western statesmen to the Rus cal ruling systems by way of so-called sian Bolshevik chiefs help Moscow in democratization of the USSR, more pre particular to infiltrate the free world cisely of the Communist Party, and the and to make systematic preparations "socialization" of the Western world. for the takeover of power in Western In the USSR the power would allegedly states by urban guerrillas and Commu find itself in the hands of so-called left nist terrorists who* call themselves Le- ist Leninists-Communists (of the type ninists-Maoists. of Roy Medvedev) and so-called leftist Sakharov proposes a rejection in in W esterners (of the type of Sakharov), ternational politics of the "empirical while in the West — in the hands of conjunctural method", that is a maxi left-wing socialists, although he does mal consolidation of their positions by not speak clearly about that. Perhaps the superpowers wherever possible. Mitterand's "popular front" is also part He suggests a renunciation of such of his dreams? measures which create maximal ob Sakharov remained in Moscow in or stacles for the opponent, because, al der to influence Brezhnev's policy, so legedly, it is necessary to take the "ge as to. save the Russian empire, of neral good" and the "general interests" course. Medvedev went to England and into consideration. He proposes a Chalidze to* the United States in order change of the "structure of ownership to prepare the ground in the West for and society" in the West, that is a

6 change of the system. A similar thing Movement of the USSR" w hich was is demanded by the leftist Leninist- allegedly signed by "democrats of Rus Maoist Baader-Meinhof gang in West sia, Ukraine and the Baltic region" is Germany. also aimed at saving the "one and in In general, the plan projected by Sa divisible:" Russian empire and at pre kharov has the objective of saving the serving it at all costs, this time in the Russian empire, of leading it out of the guise of a "Union of Democratic Repub blind alley and into1 the open, of mak lics". It is a liberal democratic program ing it more acceptable to- the West. patterned on those of the West, with This is all the more mandatory since — paeans to- American capitalism. As a as he writes in his "Appeal" to Brezh typical program of liberal, bourgeois, nev, Kosygin and Podgomy, dated capitalist democracy, it considers so March 19, 1970, — the bankruptcy of cialism in the USSR as conservatism the Soviet economy and its backward and therefore- proposes a liberal demo ness in comparison with the USA are cracy of the Euro-American type as a so great that "we simply live in an substitute for socialist conservatism of other epoch". the CPSU. The program's authors ack The so-called Committee on Human nowledge- only a "peaceful evolution of Rights in the USSR does not even de society", rejecting the revolutionary ny the legality of the established Rus road of toppling the Bolshevik regime sian Bolshevik government; it only and its system as "irresponsible, crimi wants to "correct" it. An entirely diffe nal and historically unjustifiable". Their rent alternative is chosen by the "nu "illegal" forms of struggle- are only al merous representatives of technical in legedly conspiratorial, secret groups telligentsia of the Estonian SSR" in its which would organize- strong, m ass but elaboration "To Hope or to Act?11. They peaceful pressure of the- public upon say: "But finally the inevitability to act the "leadership of society" . •. will arise. And then it will be necessa Sakharov's action won immediate ry to direct tank divisions not to Prague support from the NTS (Natsionalnyy and Bratislava, but to Moscow and Le Trudovoy Soyuz — a Russian emigre ningrad!" Thus, the tiny Estonian na political organization) for, according to tion through the lips of a segment of its publication Posyev (No. 12, 1972) — its intelligentsia raises the question of the NTS members have the same aim the necessity of armed retribution a- as Sakharov, while "the dialectic con gainst the Russian Bolshevik rulers at troversy between Sakharov, democra a time when the Russians reject in tization from above- and independent li principle any revolution in the- USSR. beration from below is to be found on Another Russian group (in the so- ly in the method and means of achiev called Leningrad program in the article- ing an end". The NTS supports demo "Time Presses" by Zorin and Alekse- cratization from below, yet it also sup yev) does not believe in the possibility ports and accepts democratization from of USSR's democratization from the above. top, but urges achieving "political de Neither Sakharov, nor the NTS, nor mocracy" only by pressuring the go the so-called Leningrad group, nor the vernment from the bottom, i. e. it re "democrats" from the "Democratic jects armed struggle and revolution as Movement", nor the editors of the well. The authors of this program write Viche, V. Osypo-v and Co., acknow that the leaders of the USSR have a ledge- the existence of the- national choice of either agreeing to genuine re problem in the: USSR. They either pass forms or of risking a global rocket it over in silence or simply reject it. contest. None- of them spoke up in defense of "The Program of the Democratic the persecuted cultural leaders of U-

7 kraine, Georgia, Turkestan, Byelorus by Sakharov as well, this group pro sia, Lithuania and other subjugated na posed "revolution as the only way tions in the USSR. They did not even out". But its activity ended with the defend Leonid Plyushch, who' was con declaration itself. It failed to find any sidered a member of Sakharov's Com positive response or support within the mittee and who received the most se Russian popular masses. vere punishment — an unexpiring term How far removed are all those Rus of confinement in an insane asylum. sian "dissidents" from the Ukrainian Osypov, the editor of Viche, having Insurgent Army (UPA) which organized served his sentence, defends as a mat a nationwide uprising even during the ter of principle "constitutional rights" horrible terror of the tyrant Stalin. alone. He favors regaining from the In the West it is now common to regime "the- right of the loyal opposi speak about the so-called third emigra tion to exist” within the framework of tion from the USSR, but there are no' the constitution. Moreover, he even Ukrainians among the emigres. They says that "announcement of even a de are primarily Russians and Jews, emi clarative war against the Soviet, regime gres by the grace of the Russian Bol is a grave mistake". The chief means of shevik regime, allowed to go abroad activity of this dissident "Berdyayev for various reasons and on various oc group in Leningrad" is to be "the strug casions, although many of them had gle with particular excesses of the go been members of the so-called move vernment, legal defense of the Soviet ment of opposition, even of Sakharov's constitution against its official oppo Committee (Medvedev, Chalidze). But nents ..." Ukrainians (Moroz, Lukyanenko or Ka- Thus, only the expectations of "de ravanskyi, for example) are not al mocratization" of the Russian Bolshe lowed "to1 emigrate", but are deported vik system and government by way of to the North to prisons and concentra evolution, with the assistance of pres tion camps. sure from the top or bottom, the strug The fact is that both the "opposi gle of the legal and loyal opposition in tionists" in Russia and the NTS abroad the USSR alone — characterize the en confirm that the Russian people do' not tire oppositional movement of the Rus wish to remove the Bolshevik govern sian loyalists, as a movement of oppo ment by force- It is also- a fact that the1 sition to "His Tsarist Highness" Leonid so-called movement of opposition in of the Kremlin (Brezhnev). Russia has absolutely no support among On the territory of Russia there was the Russian people. The NTS itself re only one small group — the "All-Rus ports that the "oppositionists" in Rus sian Social Christian Alliance for Peo sia are a group totalling about 3-5 thou ple's Liberation", headed by Ogurtsev sand persons. In Ukraine, on the other and Sad, — which had not attempted hand, the national liberation movement to reform the "Soviet government", but is a nationwide movement supported wished to liquidate it with the help of by the Ukrainian people as a whole. military power- It was immediately in The Russian "oppositionists" who^ filtrated by provocateurs and crushed emigrated in 1971-72 with the approval in 1968. It considered itself a military of the Russian Bolshevik regime frank and political organization which was ly state that the "Russian people" do to topple the regime in an armed con not want a revolution, and this means flict and introduce a Social-Christian that there are absolutely no reasons to order. The positions of this group were count on their participation in the re religious and national and anti-social volutionary struggle of the subjugated ist. Because the USSR had found itself nations, if only against the regime with in the blind alley, which is confirmed out even mentioning the dissolution of

8 the Russian empire which is an unqua trating West Germany. Agruzov tries lified precondition to a joint front with to' reassure the West with his tale that the Russians. the Russian Communists "have forgot I. Agruzov, in an article "Let's Con ten about (world) revolution", that their sider" (Posyev, No. 8, 1972), speaks de "spirit of (Russian) messianism has cisively against revolution in the USSR. weakened", that they are "afraid of He comes, to. the following conclusions: war and revolution just as the people "There are no' grounds to maintain that themselves who are afraid of any up economic reasons can serve today (in heavals ..." It seems that the Russian peacetime) as a motive for large up people are quite well off in their mo risings which could change1 into a re dem empire and that they prefer Bol volution . . . The universities are not shevism to any revolution and change. the disseminators of new social ind po "Our better contemporaries — writes litical ideas. Samvydav circulates in uni Agruzov — reject violence as a means versities, but is not published there. It of struggle for human rights. Revolu contains no specific student materials. tion is inseparable from violence. As long as people capable and willing Therefore they reject revolution." He to fight for political causes do not come says that in the USSR a struggle is forth from the centers of science and carried out only "for the consolidation culture, so long there are no grounds to of human rights and legality. . " There believe that revolution is possible . •. is no clear "yes" or "no" among the The development of science and tech people. "There is no hatred toward the nology and the growth of cadres of CPSU". The people do not want "fratri scientific and technical intelligentsia cide" ... "It is a mistake to think that connected with it do. not lead automa power is concentrated in the hands of tically to the liberalization of the re a small group of people... It is dele gime... Rejecting the present regime gated to millions of functionaries... of the CPSU, today's generation of Rus There: are no such people who would sians is afraid of new experiments .. . be ready to take over authority in the The people fear the masses and them country; the people do1 not see them ..." selves . .. The Communists have forgot The author advises the NTS "to open ten about world revolution. Their spirit ly refuse to follow a revolutionary path of messianism and the desire to "make of struggle", for "an internal armed people happy" have weakened ... The conflict is contemptible for our people Communists turned into' bureaucrats and country..." The NTS should de and usurpers inside the country •.. The clare "the formation of a lawful, multi anti-Communists have become internal national democratic 'state', placing an exiles, good scholars, reformists ..." accent not on the struggle with the pre W ith such tales- Agruzov attempts to- sent regime, but on 'solidarity of the turn the West's attention away from the society'. The main thing is not the Russian Bolshevik threat. He pretends struggle with the old (i. e. the Bolshe not to' know that the Russian navy is vik regime — Z. K.), but the solidiarity occasionally stronger than that of the with the new, to1 creat the new" ..., i. e. USA, that for the first time in its histo to* change the outward appearance of ry Russia dominates the Mediterranean the present Russian Bolshevik empire Sea, is gaining control in the Arctic in order to' save it from collapsing. In and the Pacific oceans, penetrating in other words, to' repeat what the Bolshe to the Indian Ocean, Bangla Desh, the viks had done with the tsarist empire. Near East, Cuba, Chile, the countries The tendency of Agruzov's delibera of Africa, undermining defense capabi tions is quite clear: revolution is im lities of France, Italy and other Eu possible in the- USSR; the Russian peo ropean and American countries, infil ple are happy with their regime. The

9 latter is true, but it is a lie that the na Arguzov began to “prove" to the West tions subjugated in the USSR do not that the threat to the Western world long for revolution, rejecting it as "vio from the side of the Russian Bolshevik lence" (over whom). To the contrary, aggressors has also disappeared, that for them it is the only realistic way to revolution is impossible in the USSR achieve liberation. because nobody wants it, for all have Lulling the West by the illusion that reconciled themselves with the reality, the Bolsheviks "have lost their messia- at a time when the West too became nism", have given up the idea of world aware of the powerlessness of terror in conquest and world revolution, that the countries of the Russian-subjugated Moscow ceased to be the center of ag peoples. gression and imperialism is a deception Agruzov wants to create the impres taking the shape of a modem Russian sion that his "diagnosis" pertains to all Trojan horse. If the Western statesmen, peoples within the USSR — i- e. to the and with them Western public opinion, oppressor as well as to the nations he accept this Trojan horse they will be oppresses. In reality, it is simply a digging their own grave. crime to transfer the estimate of the It is a different story with peoples Russian nation-oppressor to the na subjugated in the Russian Bolshevik tions it subjugates. And any orientation empire. They are experienced; nobody upon the "revolution" of the Russians can deceive them with a Trojan horse is both naive and false. Making the anymore, and therefore they have victory of the national liberation revo chosen the only sure path toward their lutions dependent upon the revolution national and social liberation — the of the Russians means driving the re revolutionary path. Uprisings in con volutionary forces of the subjugated na centration camps, in Temir-Tau, Kingi- tions into a comer. ri, disturbances in Novocherkask, Dni- Of course, the weakening of the re propetrovsk, Dniprodzerzhynsk, unrest gime in the present Russian empire in many localities of Ukraine and even by the internal Russian opposi Turkestan — all these are only a part tion is to a certain extent useful for of the kindling fires from which a huge our liberation stmggle as well. How blaze engulfing the entire Russian em ever, the real road to our liberation is pire can develop. After all, in Kingiri the Ukrainian national revolution and the Ukrainian heroines attacked Rus a common front with other nations sub sian tanks with bare hands. jugated within the USSR, which are Let us also recall the insurrection in fighting for the downfall of the Russian Hungary, in Poznan, in Berlin, the empire and the reestablishment of their events in Czecho-Slovakia, the revolt sovereign states. of the workers in Poland which resulted Oppositional movements among the in the downfall of Gomulka, the reac Russians against the regime, conflicts tion in Ukraine during the Hungarian and ferments weakening the regime revolution... can facilitate the liberation stmggle Even at the peak of Stalinist tyranny of the subjugated nations, all the more uprisings broke out in concentration if they are simultaneous. However, this camps where Ukrainian political pri does not mean that a revolution in the soners, participants of the liberation USSR is impossible w ithout a joint front struggle, were confined. The Hunga with the Russian opposition and there rian revolution became a proof that an fore it is necessary to seek an under insurrection is possible at the time of standing with the Russians at all costs, the greatest terror and under the harsh in spite of the fact that they totally re est conditions. ject national liberation and attempt to Particularly eloquest is the fact that preserve the Russian empire.

10 Dr. Billy James Hargis \ Life Under Russian Tyranny A top Soviet Ukrainian nuclear scien Although he was not immediately con tist who defected to Canada in 1966 has vinced by its teachings, he remembered, described his conversion to Christian "The Great Commandment spoken by ity, and his life under Soviet Russian Jesus somehow frightened me. If these tyranny, in an interview in the Jan. 5 words were true, then all the teaching issue of "Christianity Today". of Communism was false from the Dr. Borys P. Dotsenko, a Ukrainian, roots." was appointed head of the nuclear la Another factor that caused him to boratory of the Kyiv State University wonder about Christianity, Dr. Dotsen shortly before being sent to Canada ko related, was the scientific law of and Vienna in 1966 "to supply the entropy. Soviet espionage system with the most "This law, put very simply, states important information about the a- that, if any system is given to itself it chievements in nuclear research will decay very quickly, inasmuch as throughout the world." particles composing any system have He defected to the West because a tendency to run wild," he pointed under Soviet Russian tyranny he was out. "It means that all the material required to place loyalty to the party world should have turned into a cloud and state above any other ties — even of chaotic dust a long, long time ago. I family relationships. thought about this, and it dawned upon "As a follower of Marx and Lenin me that the world is being held in ex I was supposed to> be ready to1 betray istence by a non-material power that is not only my neighbor but my family capable of overruling this destructive if necessary," he said entropy." From a "friendly" security agent, In 1964, when he learned that his while working on rocket research, wife and father "were reporting on me Dotsenko learned of the brutal liquida regularly to the KGB (secret police)," tion of some 12 million people, in Dr. Dotsenko took an overdose of sleep particular Ukrainians, " during the Great ing pills. "When I regained concious- Purge". He was terribly shaken. "A ness", he told Christianity Today, "I re feeling of numbness and deep disgust membered having said, 'My Lord, Thy overtook me", he confessed. will be done'." While in Canada, at the University of Life under Soviet Russian tyranny, Alberta, he applied for political asylum. he declared, is marked by "outward He is currently teaching at Waterloo absolute obedience and acceptance of Lutheran University in Ontario, and is all issued orders, all regulations, and a member of a Mennonite church. all political and ideological statements. In the interview with David Kuchar- Penalties for violations are extremely sky, Christianity Today's managing severe." editor, Dr. Dotsenko recalled that as a Dotsenko said an individual in the young man he had believed in the Communist doctrines. " I adored Stalin, Soviet Russian Empire is "a part of society under permanent and thorough who said, Who is not with us is a- control of the party through the go gainst us. And if the enemy does not vernment. The KGB and MVD and the surrender, he must be annihilated'." Soviet military are the real holders of New Testament power- No one has any right to change Once, as a boy, he found an old his work or his place of living without Slavic New Testament in an old bam. permission of the authorities."

11 Standards of morality differ entirely the Gideons. My hands trembled when from those of the West he added. I took it. I applied for political asylum." "Soviet morals are derived from the Shortly before going to teach in a Marxist concepts of class society and high school in Yellowknife after being class struggle. Everything that in granted asylum, he said, "I asked a creases the power of Communism is minister in Edmonton to baptize me. I morally justified.'1 became a Christian." Dotsenko observed that the fear of The eminent scientist affirmed his Communism today is not so overriding belief in the Scriptures, describing the that it precludes the opportunity for latter as the "greatest book of faith" profits by giant corporations. “IBM and "faith does not need any justifica and Honeywell are selling computers tion" . to the Communists," he noted. "As to- the factuality of the historical Of Special Interest data, there are many excellent evi dences. The final proof of the Bible Another Dotsenko observation is of will come with the return of our Lord special interest to1 many people in view and the establishment of His Kingdom." of the discussions about the propriety In addition to discussing his own per of the kind of work carried on by sonal religious experience, Dr. Dotsen Brother Andrew, known as "God's ko made comments on the religious Smuggler." (His mission is to smuggle situation in the Soviet Union. Bibles behind the Iron Curtain.) Despite brutal oppression, Christian Asked to what extent should Chris ity has survived in the Soviet Union, tians living in a Communist country he said. At the same time, it has been obey its laws, Dotsenko replied: exposed to a more subtle form of op "No true power has a right to inter position. vene in the worship' of God and Christ " Stalin and his successors decided to as it is prescribed in the Scriptures. take control of the faithful by appoint Christians ought to- obey all laws that ing specially trained and conditioned do not make them turn a.wa.y from agents to key positions in the church worshipping and serving God and — especially the Russian Orthodox Christ. Church, but also in others. "To accept the leadership of Com "These appointments were made in munism is incompatible with the true an indirect way, by allowing only service of God. It is like accepting the those churches that suited the Commu assertion that the thief is the lawful nist government to function. Commun owner of the things he stole. ist agents entered seminaries, were "I must confess that I admire Bro ordained as ministers, and started to1 ther Andrew and his co-workers. I preach blind obedience to the ‘ruling pray for them, that the Lord will con power'." tinue to keep them under His pro On the holding of worship services tection and inspire them for their in Russian churches, he asserted: "The further service." existence of open churches allows the His Defection Communists to claim they respect free dom of opinion. In this way they brain Recalling thei circumstances of his wash people in the West and entice defection, Dr. Dotsenko' said: "W hen I tourists... By developing relations started to unpack my luggage in the between the churches in the Soviet room given to- me (at the University of Union and those abroad, the govern Alberta) I pulled out a drawer. There ment creates another way of sending was a book, the Holy Bible, placed by agents into the West."

12 He Is Troubled means of the ruthless, oppressive, and inhuman dictatorship of the party elite After four years in the West, Dr. and their functionaries." Dotsenko is "troubled" about several things. He mentioned: Commenting on the danger Com (1) ... "the passive attitude of the munism poses to the West, the scientist majority of people to acts of violence said: "Probably the greatest menace on the part of relatively insignificant facing the West today is the presence but vocal groups, and the violation by of a widespead network of Soviet these groups of the most sacred moral, Communist agents. This network was religious, and social norms." initiated by Lenin himself at the second (2) ... “the passive attitude toward meeting of his party in London in 1904. the infiltration of materialistic ideas The Communists in their propaganda into the Western educational system." are calling those who actively oppose them 'Fascists', trying to conceal the (3) ... "the tolerant, pacifistic' atti fact that Hitler learned from Stalin how tude of so much of liberal society to to- run a dictatorship in its most ruthless ward the Communists .. . The Commun and inhuman way.“ ists have never renounced their ulti mate goal, the establishment by all (Christian Crusade Weekly — Feb. 4. 73)

Cardinal Slipyi Visiting Free China

The Archbishop Major of the Ukrainian Catholic Church Josyf Cardinal Slipyi (center) accompanied by the Archbishop of Taipei, Stanislav Lokuang (right) during an audience with Vice-President S. K. Yen (left) on March 28, 1973.

13 American Friends of ABN Hold Convention

The Bi-Annual Convention of the A- tive Nations question is kept in sha merican Friends of the Anti-Bolshevik dows today. Bloc of Nations, Inc. was held in New The AF-ABN also organized a suc York City on April 8, 1973. It was cessful cultural evening, the Folklore opened by Dr. Ivan Docheff, the Na of the Captive Nations, on February 12, tional Chairman of AF-ABN, with a 1972. It participated in various events eulogy of the deceased Dr. Dmytro of member nationalities, such as the Dontsov, theoretician of Ukrainian na National Day celebrations, protest de tionalism, Dr. Ctibor Pokomy (Slova monstrations and motorcades on the oc kia), former Secretary General of ABN, casion of the 50th anniversary of the and Mr. Ihnat Biley, a Cossack Otaman. founding of the USSR, th e m odem pri He also greeted delegates from differ son of nations. Another Captive Na ent national groups and guests, in par tions folklore evening is planned for ticular Mrs. Slava Stetsko, member of the fall of 1973. In addition, the AF- the Cenral Committee of ABN and edi- ABN plans to attend a protest rally on tor-in-chief of ABN Correspondence, May 20, 1973, organized by the Ukrain who was given a standing ovation by ians in commemoration of the 40th an the delegates. niversary of man-made famine in U- kraine resulting in 7 million deaths. The Convention was presided over by Dr. Ivan Docheff, Mrs. Slava Stetsko It will also take part in the German and Mr. Vem Michael (Young Ameri American Day on June 3, 1973, and the cans for Freedom), Administrative Sec Captive Nations Week observances in retary of AF-ABN. July. The AF-ABN also took an active Following the adoption of the Conven part in the American political life, in tion's agenda, Dr. Docheff gave an ex particular the presidential elections, haustive report on the activities of the and wrote letters to and visited Ameri Executive Board of the AF-ABN. The can Senators and Congressmen. It par report covered the! AF-ABN activities ticipated in the World Anti-Communist from May 1971 until April 1973. Some League Conference held in Mexico City of the most important activities of the in 1972 and is already making prepara AF-ABN included its participation in tions for the next WACL Conference the Captive Nations Week observances to be held in London in August of this in New York, with a Mass in St. Pat year. rick's Cathedral, a march up Fifth Ave The report of the Central Committee nue and a rally in Central Park, as well of ABN was given by Mrs. Slava Stet as demonstrations before the Soviet sko. It presented a picture of the world UN Mission. situation and the activities of ABN all The Captive Nations Week Procla over the world, with special emphasis mation, Public Law 86-90, which be on the US and German foreign policies came effective on July 17, 1959, is now which foster friendly relations with the under attack by Russian emigres and USSR, on the national movements fight needs more support than ever. Con ing for independence and human rights gressman Daniel Flood has introduced within the USSR and on the USSR's a House Resolution 106 demanding the border dispute with Red China. It seems creation of a Special Captive Nations that Germany has capitulated for the Permanent Commission by the US Con second time, giving the Russians a gress. This also needs our support. The chance to consolidate its power in or US foreign policy is for ties with Soviet der to extend its domination to the Russia and Red China, while the Cap Western world. Mrs. Stetsko briefly

14 outlined, activities in each country and National Chairman of the Executive the present situation inside the subju Board of AF-ABN — Dr. Ivan Docheff gated countries behind the Iron Cur (Bulgaria); tain. She appealed for strong coopera Vice-Chairmen — Dr. S. Halamay (U- tion among nations and asked that AF- kraine), Dr. Anatol Pleskachewski (Bye ABN play a more active role in world lorussia), Anton Nosic (Croatia), Col. affairs. Nikolai Nazarenko (Cossackia), Wil The Chairman then nominated Dr. liam Roka (Hungary) and Aristide Ni Alexander Sokolyshyn as Convention kolaie (Rumania); Press Secretary. Also the following Secretary-General — Mario Aguile committees were elected: ra (Cuba); Resolution Committee Administrative Secretary — Vem Michael (USA); Chairman — Mr. John Kosiak; Treasurer — Michael Kocka (Slova Members — Col. N. Nazarenko, A. kia); Nikolaie, M. Aguilera and Dr. J. Apor- Director of Public Relations — Dr. tela. Karol Sitko (Czechia); Nominating Committee Director of Women's Division — Mrs. Chairman — Robert Brueckner; Ulana Celewych; Members — Col. R. Raicheff and Lew Officer to the United Nations — Dr. Borshch. Ana Maria Perera; After discussion the treasurer's re Director of AF-ABN Youth Division port was given by Mr. M. Kocka, which — (to be nominated by the Executive was approved. In the meantime the Board); women held their own meeting in a se Board of Directors (National repre- parate room, proposing that the AF- sesntatives); ABN take a more active role in anti- Bulgaria — Col. Richard Raicheff and Russian, anti-imperialist activities. Anton Antonoff; Dr. Ana M aria Perera (Cuba) gave a Byelorussia — Volodimir Pielesa and report on the women's conference. Mrs. Piter Sawczyc; Ulana Celewych (Ukraine), the newly Cossackia — Nikolai Sukhenko and elected Chairman of AF-ABN Women's Ivan Baiv; Division also addressed the Convention. Croatia — Mirko Barich and Vinko After lunch, Mr. John Kosiak from Kuzina; 1 ! *1 the Resolution Committee presented a Estonia — Edward Derrik and Col. draft, which was accepted unanimous Elmar Lipping; ly. The Nominating Committee also re Germany — Karl Rein and Erich ported to the Convention. Thereafter Jennsen; new officers were elected to conduct Hungary — Istvan Seregely and Ga AF-ABN activities for another two- bor Pesti; years. North Caucasus — Capt. Arslan Bek and Ismael Ramazan; Presidium of AF-ABN Rumania — Prof. George Botosan and President — Dr. N estor Procyk (U- Dr. Alexander Ronnett; kraine); Slovakia — Ivan Samel and Alex Vice Presidents — Miro Gal (Croa Puskchin; tia), John Kosiak (Byelorussia), Dr. Ukraine — George Woloshyn and Austin J. App (Germany), Capt. Zolta Volodymyr Hladkyj, dipl. eng., (and Vasvary (Hungary), Robert Brueckner Lew Borshch, Mrs. Daria Stepaniak and (Germany), Dr. T. Krupa (Ukraine), Dr- Dr. A. Sokolyshyn a9 alternates). G. Paprikoff (Bulgaria) and Dr. A- Boni- Alternates are to be nominated by facic (Croatia); each national group.

15 It must be stressed that Dr. Ivan Do- Convention send him greetings. His cheff was unanimously re-elected for proposal was accepted by applause. his fifth term and received a standing A musical program concluded the ovation from the participants- evening. The performers included: Ire In the evening, an observance of the na Chomyj and Yaroslav Stakhiv, 30th anniversary of ABN was held. It Dumka Bandura players, a vocal trio was opened by Dr. Ivan Docheff. Con of the Ukrainian Youh Association (SU- gressman Mario' Biaggi, Mrs. Slava MA) Choir "Zhayvoronky" with Ivan- Stetsko and Dr. Karol Sitko addressed ka Kuziv, Brigita Zajatz and Lesia Cyb- the audience. Dr. Docheff also read a rij, and a sok> by Hillar Santurio with telegram from ABN President Yaro Frederika Tanner (Estonia) at the piano. slav Stetsko and proposed that the Dr. Alexander Sokolyshyn

Sitting, from left to right: Mrs. Ulana Celewych (Ukraine); Mr. Mario Aguilera, Sekreta- ry-General of AF-ABN; Mrs. Slava Stetsko, representative of ABN Central Committee; Dr. Ivan Docheff, National Chairman of AF-ABN Executive Board; Dr. Ana Maria Perera (Cuba). Standing: the Cuban delegation of AF-ABN.

The Communist Regime in Cuba Denounced The Communists have taken over disappear. In their place' there was im control of Cuba and put it in the hands planted a regime of terror, blood and of Russia and her satellites; thereby de hatred without any respect for the stroying her democratic institutions, dignity and the rights of man. her established social order and caus ing her sovereignty, her independence THEREFORE: Invoking the aid of and the liberty of the Cuban nation to God, the undersigned citizens of Cuba,

16 interpreting the feelings of Cubans in and by Sr. José Luis Prado and Sr. Leo- exile and of the Cuba people in a for poldo Avino who were victims of nine eign land. years of political imprisonment. These are but some examples of the more LET US RESOLVE: than 60,000 men and women who suf To expose before this Convention of fered political confinement in the pri the American Friends of the Anti-Bol- sons of Communist Cuba- shevik Bloc of Nations the happenings previously mentioned and above all the OF THE CONVENTION WE BEG, terrible and inhuman regime of Cuba having heard this denunciation, that it where politically oppressed women are will support a resolution denouncing incarcerated in prisons and concentra before the free world, the Commission tion camps without any medical atten of Human Rights of the United Nations, tion, with poor food, moral tortures, the Organization of American States physical mistreatment, and oppression and any other international organiza of every type. Many of them remained in tion the facts expressed above for the prison for many years without any re sake of justice for all. course to formal judicial proceedings (The resolution was signed by Dra. and they died slowly there in those Irma Rumani, Sra. Elisa Aportela, Sra. barbarous prisons. Recently these deeds Carmen Garcia, Dra. Rosa America were mentioned in a meeting of the Re More ate, Dra. Noris Romero, Sra. Petra publican Women's Club of New York M. Mederos, Dra. Ana Maria Perera, by Sra. Yara Borges who had spent ten Dra. Noris Lorenzo1, Sra. Vita M. Alon years in the political prisons of Cuba so, Sra. Milagros Perdomo.)

The Russian Emigres — Allies of the Kremlin Letter to the President of the United States, His Excellency Richard M. Nixon

Dear Sir: The present thaw in relations between the governments of the USA and the USSR suggests the possibility of peaceful coexistence between the Soviet Russian empire and the free world. An open rift between Communist China and the USSR supports such an expectation. However, such an appraisal mostly serves Russian aims. Russia wants.to get the most advanced scientific and technological achievements of the USA, as well as huge financial credits for strengthening its own backward technology, economy and military might,. The long-range aims of Soviet Russia remain unchanged: domination of the entire globe. There is a visible intensification of preparedness at this time through the consolidation of Russian forces inside the USSR and abroad. Inside the USSR, consolidation is pressed, .especially via the Russification of the non-Russian nations, in order to create a monolithic Russian (so-called Soviet) nation. Planned changes of the USSR Constitution and changes of borders between Union republics will also serve this purpose. Total militarization of the population and expansion of industry for military purposes, while consumer needs are neglected, are a steady and continuing process. Despite peaceful as surances by Russian diplomats, delegates to various international meetings and conferences, the Russian threat to the free countries is constantly growing. The Russian émigrés, living outside the USSR, are a substantial asset for Soviet Russia- The Russian empire and Russian domination over the conquered,

17 non-Russian countries of the USSR. In this respect, they are allies of the present Soviet Russian government. The former head of the Provisional Government of Russia in 1917, Alexander Kerensky, and his Foreign Minister, Paul Miliukov, defended the Soviet Russian conquests of the non-Russian nations as serving to preserve the integrity of the Great Russian State. The intentions of the present-day Russian émigrés, wlm recently (February 10 and 11, 1973) organized a Congress of Russian-Americans, gravitate in the same direction. This consolidated Russian organization in the USA aims at the liquidation of American support for the nations enslaved by Soviet Russia. It wants to abolish the important Captive Nations Law No. 86-90, enacted by Congress on October 17, 1959. This Law designates the third week of July as Captive Nations Week and calls upon the President to issue a "pro clamation each year until such time as freedom and independence shall have been achieved for all the captive nations of the world". By abolishing this law, the Russian-Americans want to stop the US Presi dents from issuing proclamations on the observance of Captive Nations Week. They want the government of the US to deny the right of self-determination (that is, of national independence) for all the enslaved non-Russian nations in the USSR. They want to turn the American people and government into supporters of oppressive Soviet Russian policies towards these non-Russian nations. In this way, they intend to eliminate the best allies of the US, which lie behind the Iron Curtain. These Captive Nations are the following: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Byelorussia, Cossackia, Georgia, Idel-Ural, North Caucasus, Ukraine, the Far Eastern Republic, Turkestan, the Mongolian Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Albania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, etc. in Yugoslavia, Poland Rumania, Czechia, Slovakia, North Korea, Hungary, East Germany, Mainland China, Tibet North Vietnam, and Cuba- Russia dominates scores of nations. The Soviet Russian Communist leadership was instrumental in establishing Communist rule in each of those countries through armed aggression or military aid. Now, Soviet Russia is using the potential of her Captive Nations for her own advantage and expansion. There also' exist in the USA the so-called liberal forces, sympathetic to the present Soviet Russian régime, which are trying to obtain the repeal of Law 86-90 in support of the Captive Nations. This sympathy represents nothing else but abdication in the face of Soviet Russian aggression. This is a kind of defeatism that will be very detrimental to the USA and the whole free world in the future. We ask you to kindly take the above facts into consideration and to do your utmost to reinforce the Captive Nations Law; to support House Resolution 106 of January 9, 1973, introduced by Congressman Daniel J. Flood, on establishing a special Captive Nations Committee of the US Congress; to remind the American people and government as well as the entire free world that the Soviet Russian menace is growing and threatening the freedom and liberty of every independent country; to request the US delegates to demand from Soviet Russia a real imple mentation of the principle of self-determination (that is, independence) for all the nations subjugated in the USSR, as a basic precondition for negotiations on the arrangement, of the European Security Conference; to support the liberation of the Captive Nations and the resoration of their national sovereignty. The Russian state; when limited to- the Russian ethnographic territory, will not be capable of armed expansion on a global scale. Very respectfully yours, Dr. Ivan D o c h e f f Chairman, American Friends of ABN

18 Mrs. Nixon Receives Queen Olha Award

The Women's Association for the De proud period in history but in their fense of Four Freedoms for Ukraine, homeland the observance of this event fnc. has chosen Mrs. Richard M. Nixon, was forbidden. Honorable First Lady of the United Mrs. Nixon, the First Lady of the land States of America, for the Award of of freedom and democracy, was pre Queen Olha in recognition of her in sented the1 Queen Olha Award this terest in humanity and education, for year in memory of the seven million her comprehension of the history and Ukrainians, mostly women and child culture of Ukraine. ren, who perished of starvation during Dressed in their colorful Ukrainian the great Famine in Ukraine which was national costumes and escorted by the created by the Russian government, Honorable Congressman John H. Bu punishing the Ukrainian peasants for chanan, Jr. the ladies were received by opposing collective farming which was Mrs. Nixon at the White House on Ap forced upon them. Conditions have not ril 18, 1973. The Queen Olha Award changed much even at the present time was presented to’ Mrs. Nixon by a dele in Ukraine. Persecution of Ukrainian gation of members of the organization intellectuals, arrests and sentences of composed of the following ladies: Ula- from 5 to 15 years in prison or in con na Celewych, President, assisted by centration camps and/or psychiatrical Daria Stepaniak, Myroslava Lassow- institutions continue by the Soviet Rus sky, Laryssa Lozynsky, Maria Kul- sian Government. chycky, Maria Twardowsky, Stephania Professor Dr. N. Polonska-Vasylen- Bemadyn, Adrijana Leheta, Maria Kar- ko, historian and former professor of pyshyn, Anna Hrycyk and Teophilia Kyiv University and Dean of Ukrainian Hanushewsky. (See photo.) Free University in Munich, wrote of

The medals honoring the glory of the courageous reign of Queen Olha in Queen Olha of Ukraine, done by the her article published in the ABN Cor well-known artist and sculptor Michael respondence, July 1969 the following Chereshnowskyj, were struck of gold, excerpts: "Young Queen Olha made her silver, and bronze in the United States appearance on the throne and took to of America in 1969 on the 1,000th an her frail woman's hands the administra niversary of her death. The Ukrainians tion of the largest state in Eastern Eu in the free world had the privilege to rope which stretched from Lake Lado commemorate the anniversary of this ga in the north, to the Black Sea in the

19 south, from the Volga River in the east related to Queen Olha as of the 34th to* the Dnister River in the west. Queen generation. Olha introduced to her people some Queen Olha reigned as monarch thing new: her reign of peace, free of from the years 945 until 969. wars, her tremendous administrative activities, her provision to regulate fi Ulana Celewych nances, her brilliant diplomatic activity which set up relations with the two mighty empires of Europe, namely Em April 20, 1973 peror of Byzantium, Constantine VII, Dear Mrs. Celewych, and Emperor of Germany, Otto' I, and It was indeed a pleasure seeing you chiefly her baptism, which made pos and the members of your Association. sible these relations on an equal foot Your thoughtful gifts, symbolizing the ing with Christian governments. All unique artistic creations of Ukraine, this makes Olha an exceptional ruler of will be treasured mementos of our visit. the mid Xth Century of Ukraine — known also as the Kyivan state." I am especially grateful for the per sonal tribute of the Queen Olha Medal She died in May 969 and was buried not only for its religious and historical in the Christian rite- The church calls significance, but also for its meaningful her Saint and an equal of the Apostles. expression of friendship. Queen Olha's great-grandchildren be came related with Royal families of With appreciation and best wishes, France, England, Germany and Sweden. Sincerely, Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain is Pat. Nixon

CELEBRATION OF BULGARIAN LIBERATION DAY IN NEW YORK

On March 3, 1973, in New York's Hotel Commodore, the Bulgarian National Front organized a celebration of the 96th anniversary of the libe ration of Bulgaria from Turkish oppression, with the purpose of keeping alive the spirit of the Bulgarians to continue the struggle for liberation from today's Communist oppression.

The celebration was a great success. Over 400 attended. Official dele gations from all the AF-ABN nationalities were present. Mr. Nikola Sto- yanoff was Master of Ceremonies. Dr. Ivan Docheff, President of the B.N.F., was the main speaker. In the program there participated the Ba varian Dance Group directed by Mr. Hugel, the Polish Dance Group under Mrs. Jaworowski, and the Ukrainian Dance Group of Mrs. Oprysko. After the performance, each group received a special citation of thanks. Mrs. Oprysko was awarded the medal from the B.N.F. for her long years of participation in the Bulgarian and Captive Nations celebrations.

20 Rudolf Grulich Russian Rule Rejected: The Valiant Circassians

The Soviet Russian policy of "divide like the Ubykh who- left their homeland et impera!" (divide and rule) often ma around Sochi, so famous today, as one nifested itself as far as the nationality man. Today, the Ubykh have been al policy of the Soviet Union was concern most completely assimilated by the ed. Nations were split up. Dialects were Turks- Only in two villages is Ubykh elevated to' literary languages; new still spoken and understood. borders were set in favor of smaller Those Circassians that did reach Tur peoples. The formerly large and power key were settled on the land throughout ful Turkestan is a good example for the empire by the- Ottoman goverment; this policy; today it is divided into five they may still he found today in the Soviet Republics: the Kazakh Republic, succession states of the Sultan reign the Turkmen Republic, the Kirghiz Re from Yugoslavia to Saudi-Arabia. public and the Tadzhik Republic, where In 1920, when an autonomous Soviet Russification continues to move ahead. mountain republic was created in North Smaller peoples also are denation ern Caucasus, it enveloped half a do alized in the same manner. A very good zen Caucasian peoples. Later, when au example for this separation policy is tonomous regions for individual na the Russian attitude towards the Cir tionalities were permitted, the Circas cassians. sian people was again divided, since In Europe, Circassians are well know Kabardins and Adygs were treated as as great and courageous fighters. Eng a separate people, even though "Adyg" lish and French travellers of the first is just the name by which Circassians half of the 19th century praise their va call themselves, and Kabardin is no lor in their tales. The Serbian writer, more than an upper Circassian dialect, recipient of the Nobel Prize, Ivo And- while Adyg is lower Circassian. ric, talks of them often (the pasha in Thus, only 30,000 true Circassians re the tale "The Beloved of Veli Pasha" mained in their own autonomous Cir is a Circassian). They are also men cassian region. According to< Soviet tioned in the "Bettelstudent" (Beggar sources, the population increased from Student) by the composer Millocker. 30,000 to 40,000 during the past years, Up until the subjugation by the Rus of which 92% still claim Circassian as sians after the Crimean War, the Cir their native tongue. As far as numbers cassians inhabited the coastal areas of are concerned, the Kabardins are much the: Eastern Black Sea and the W estern more numerous today, their population Caucasus. This means they occupied having increased from204,000 to 280,000 important strategic positions during the within the last few years, and the long battles between the Russian and Adygs, who increased their number the Ottoman empire. from 80,000 to 100,000 during the years After the conquest of the Caucasus 1966 to 1972. by the Russians the Circassian rejec The immigration of Russians is keep tion of the new masters went to such ing up, just like in all the other parts a degree that half a million people left of the Soviet Union, and autonomous the Caucasus during the years 1861 to areas are russified more and more. 1864. But not even half that number ar Even though magazines and books are rived in Turkey, as pestilence and hun available in the corresponding native ger decimated the masses of emigres languages-, the use of the Russian lan and refugees. Other Caucasian moun guage becomes ever more frequent. tain peoples formed part of this exodus, (Just think that of 1.8 million Soviet

21 Germans, only 75n/o indicated German terature, Akhmed Mithat, who died in as their native language). 1913, was a Circassian; the father of Especially the shortage of teachers modem Turkish peotry, Fikret Tevfik from their own ranks, is a fact "which (1867-1915), whose bust stands in the became the undoing of the national cul garden of the Galata Serail, was also a ture of many small Soviet peoples". Circassian. His "Fishermen" were also1 There are important writers however published in German in 1916. amongst the Circassians and the Ka- In Syria, Circassians were once settl bardins. Ali Assadovich Shogenzukov ed "along the whole desert border, (1900-1971) was a truly great literary from Aleppo to Damaskus". Today, representative of his people. they are still to’ be found at Mansura, In. Europe, we still find a few hund around Membidj and at Quneitra, which red Circassians in Northern Greece and at the present time is occupied by Is Southern Yugoslavia, where the uni rael. In Damaskus, a northern city dis versity of Prague endeavoured to re trict still bears their name. cord their language. They disappeared In contrast to the situation in Tur from Yugoslav Macedonia, i. e. they key, Circassians still stand apart from were resettled in Turkey, and partly the native population in the Arab coun they left of their own accord. We were, tries. They are not too well liked by however, able to visit a few Circas Arabs in Syria, since both the Turks sian families last year in Stanofca, in and later the French occupation forces the area of Kosovo- north of Pristina, commissioned Circassians against the close to Vucitrn- Arabs. In European Turkey, a few names But the Syrian army of today has still remind one of the Circassians, such many Circassian officers; they are as Cerkeskoy (= Village of Circassians), found even at the highest government located at the railroad line from Edime level. to Istanbul. One can find them scat In Jordan, one can find Circassians tered all over the country in Asiatic in their own settlements, like at Wadi Turkey, in fact — according to the Sir or Djerash, at the famous ruins of words of a Circassian author — there Gerasa on the road from Damaskus to is no province without Circassians. Amman. Their settlements are still more com Since the Russo-Turkish war of 1878, pact at Manisa close to Izmir, and at a considerable number of Circassians Adapazari on the way from Istanbul to lives in the capital of Amman. Today, Ankara, as well as in Bursa. they have a right to two delegates in The numbers for Turkey vary be the Jordanian parliament. tween 45,000 and 2 million, but accord The Circassian club at Amman held ing to Circassians, 100,000 should be evening classes before the civil war just about right, including Ubykhs, and printed a series of Circassian whose language is spoken only at Se- books, amongst them the works of the panca Lake close to Izmir, in the vil author Shaban Kube, the talented poet lages of Haci Osman Koy and Haci of the Adygs who- emigrated from the Yakup Koy. Soviet Union. Besides being published During the time of the sultans, Cir in Amman, his works were also- printed cassians played a big role in Turkey in Syria and Lebanon, and before his since, being Moslems themselves, they emigration, they also appeared in the were .equal in rights to the Turks. They Soviet Union. produced governors, pashas and viziers, The courageous Circassian people of whom about 400 are known to po will survive the Russian rule and con sterity. tribute- its fair share in establishing an The novelist of the new Ottoman li independent North Caucasian Republic.

22 Ukrainian Herald Reveals New Facis

Issuei No. 6 of Ukrainskyi visnyk (U- some information published in the krainian Herald) appeared in Ukraine Chronicle of Current Events and in the in March 1972, after the KGB's creak- Ukrainian weekly Shlyakh Peremohy, down on dissidents there for which the Munich, carried part one of Vyacheslav Belgian tourist Dobosh was used by Chomovil's work "Shcho i yak ob- the KGB for provocation. This issue stoyuye Bohdan Stenchuk" (What Is confirms that the publishers of Ukrain Bohdan Stenchuk Defending and How?). skyi visnyk had tried even before the The second and final part of this work events of January 1972 to change the publication in such a way that, along appears in issue No- 6. But even the with purely informative material, it information section is different from would also feature broader analyses. the earlier issues because of its detail. Issue No. 5, the exact contents of which Most of the information is accompanied are unknown in the West (except for by documents and dates.

ChornovU's Polemic with Stenchuk

During the hectic campaign against role of the Ukrainian language in U- Kyiv literary critic Ivan Dzyuba's In kraine. Chornovil humorously sug ternationalism or Russification?, a work gests that Stenchuk, "instead of travel entitled "Shcho i yak obstoyuye Ivan ing to Canada to find testimonials for Dzyuba?" (What Is Ivan Dzyuba De the legitimate nationalities' policy in fending and How?) appeared in Kyiv, Ukraine, had better stroll through the signed by a mysterious author, Boh streets of the larger cities in Ukraine, dan Stenchuk. Since this name is not visit the institutions and find out this known in Kyiv, rumor had it that a way what language people use to an group from the Ukrainian branch of the swer questions posed in Ukrainian." Institute for Marxism-Leninism, as well Chornovil relates various "measures" as some party and KGB officials, was us taken by certain circles during the ing this pseudonym as a nom de plume. Canadian delegation's trip to convince Furthermore, the work was designed it of the "predominance of the U- primarily for distribution among U- krainian language" in the republic. At krainians abroad. The piece by Vya one television factory, they decided cheslav Chornovil, the famous author shortly before the Canadian Commu of the Chornovil Papers, is a reply to nists' arrival to "solve" the "national Bohdan Stenchuk. It is divided into 66 problem." "The non-Ukrainian workers short chapters, each beginning with a were ordered either to disappear or to quotation from Stenchuk’s work. shut up. The factory director Petrov Ukrainskyi visnyk No. 5 carried 37 sky astounded his companions when he such chapters; issue No. 6 begins with began to speak in relatively good U- Chapter 38. krainian for the first time in years. In The details about the extent of Rus one village near Lviv, the people were sification in the Ukrainian schools are ordered to repair the church wall be especially interesting. Stenchuk refers fore the arrival of the Canadian guests." to a report by a Canadian CP delega These measures for the " immediate solu tion about its study trip to Ukraine, tion of the nationalities' problem" but he fails to mention various criti reached their culmination at the Lviv cal remarks by the Canadian Commu Polytechnical Institute. There, on or nists, instead quoting that part of the ders from the director, all portraits of report which emphasizes Ihe significant Russian writers were taken off the

23 wall and replaced by portraits of U- for deliberately manipulating Lenin's krainian writers, among them two- (!) quotations and proves that Lenin him portraits of Shevchenko'. Of this Chor- self demanded that all workers em novil says: "Delegations should come ployed in Ukraine acquire a command to- us more often to study the national of the Ukrainian language. ities' problem; at least the church walls Stenchuk criticized Dzyuba for want get fixed." ing to re-institute the border between While Chomovil's replies to Sten- Russia and Ukraine. He terms this chuk are a fount of information in the "khutoryanstvo" (a "khutor" is a sin truest, sense of the word, they also' de gle farm), a sort of "rural provincial pict the political climate in which the ism" on a Ukrainian-wide scale. Chor- Ukrainian intelligentsia has to live. novil replies. One of the most significant documents which Chomovil quotes in his work is The "closed borders" for which I. Dzyu the report by the Minister for Higher ba allegedly appeals were only a pro and Secondary Education of the U- duct of your dreadful fantasy; nothing krainian SSR, Dadenkov, at the con of the sort can be found in Dzyuba. ference- of university rectors in August But let's assume for a moment that 1965. (3) This document confirms that there is a "separate, independent U- even the Soviet Ukrainian party lea kraine", a possibility that V. I. Lenin dership, at the time with Shelest allows. If one can call it "khutor", at the head, had tried to- take what then should one call the "sepa measures to curb Russification in the rate socialist countries" smaller than universities, something that was not Ukraine, Poland, Czecho-Slovakia or condoned by the Soviet Russian leader Rumania? Or do you plan to resettle ship. them in a large village? Chomovil rebuts point by point Sten- If one can speak of "khutoryanstvo" chuk's argument that there is no- dis that can be measured on the scale of crimination against Ukrainian language Ukraine, one of the large European and culture. He describes the situation states, then maybe one can (by your in which the schools teaching in U- logic) also speak of "khutoryanstvo" krainian find themselves and compares on the scale of the USSR, because our them with the schools teaching in Rus borders (with the socialist countries sian. The latter are housed in new too) are very securely shut. (I can al buildings and equipped with the most ready foresee how you will shriek that modem educational facilities. This ex I want to open the borders to the im plains why parents might prefer Rus perialist news agencies, to bourgeois sian language schools for their child ideology and the like. But the question ren. Although the Russian schools in is not that, it is your logic.) Ukraine amount to about 28 °/o (much more than the proportion of Russians in Ukraine), the number of students in the Russian schools is much higher Dr. Baymirza Hayit than in the Ukrainian. Thus all the The Soviet Union larger cities must set up extra classes A Prison of Nations in the Russian schools. (Comments on the Foundation At every opportunity, Chomovil of the USSR 50 Years Ago) tries to' demonstrate, even by quota tions from Lenin, that the Party's pre Reprint from ABN Correspondence sent cultural policy contradicts "Lenin's Nos. 5 & 6, 1972, — Price: 25 cents teaching." He also criticizes Stenchuk

24 Information on the Extent of Russification Ukrainskyi visnyk No. 6 publishes to Ukrainian parents. In the Ukrainskyi two articles in which two anonymous visnyk article mentioned above, all authors give some details on conditions five schools were presented as "Eng in the1 Academy of Sciences of the U- lish-Ukrainian schools", with detailed krainian SSR and in the publishing or information about the number of stu gans subordinate to it, as well as in the dents, addresses and some remarks. schools of Kyiv, the Ukrainian capital. Also' of interest are the details about One concrete example shows what schools in Kurenivka, a Kyiv suburb, the consequences are and how uncom which is settled exclusively by Ukrain promisingly the officials act toward the ians an where' to this day, Ukrainian representatives! of the Ukrainian intel is the language spoken. There are' five ligentsia, even the technical intelligent Ukrainian schools there with 5,000 stu sia, who try to defend the rights of the dents and five Russian schools with Ukrainian language in the institutes of 4,945 students; of the latter, three are the Academy of Sciences' of the Ukrain equipped quite modemly, with many ian SSR. In one institute an engineer laboratories, gymnasiums and cafete who specialized in radio technology rias. All teachers in the Russian schools was made head of a department for are experienced specialists ; SO' it is small electrical components. He and his two wonder that the Ukrainian schools are mechanics performed their tasks suc under increasing pressure from them. cessfully, and his achievements were But, the situation within the Ukrainian praised at the highest level. At the end schools is not very encouraging either. of the year, he received an order to put For example, in school No. 123 in Ku together an annual report on the ac renivka, which is considered a Ukrain tivity of his department. Since he de ian-German school, except for drawing, clined to' write this report in Russian handicrafts, sports and extra-curricular he was fired because of a "reduction in work, all classes are taught in Russian. the plan targets". He also lost a case The German teacher, Frau Derivan, has in the labor court, although his col been working in this school for years leagues unanimously confirmed that now, but she has thus far refused to his department was very effective and learn Ukrainian; the German classes that the components built there were are conducted in Russian. All announce necessary for other enterprises. The en ments in the school, including notices gineer and his colleagues are unem and posters, are made in Russian. Ac ployed; he can find no work anywhere cording to regulations, the teachers and in his trade, because he is considered a students are supposed to speak Russian "stubborn nationalist". to one another. A report on the situation in the Another report shows the status of schools in Kyiv contains some detailed the Ukrainian language in the pedago statistical information. In the Lenin dis gical institute in the Crimea, which was trict, the central district of the capital, founded in order to train teachers in there are five Ukrainian schools with the Ukrainian language and literature. 1,360 school children and 11 Russian One of the things reported about the schools with 10,600 children. This article conditions in this area has a macabre also supports the assertion, contained ring to it. The students, 50% of them in Roy Medvedev's A Book About So Ukrainian, are not able, in their exams, cialist Democracy, that in order to save to answer the most fundamental ques the last Ukrainian schools in Kyiv, they tions about the history of the Ukrainian were turned into "English-Ukrainian" CP, to' say nothing of Ukrainian litera schools to make them more attractive ture and language.

25 Documents on the Defense of Moroz Christmas carols publicly in the streets. Pages 84-110 of Ukrainskyi visnyk This got worse after the jubilee celeb No. 6 are devoted to> various documents rations on the 100th birthday of Lesya connected with the sentencing of U- Ukrainka (1971), to which "Homin" al krainian historian Valentyn Moroz. A so contributed- Ukrainskyi visnyk re part of them is comprised of letters cords these activities very precisely. It from Valentyn Moroz to various offi names 43 persons who either lost their cials and his "last word" before the jobs or were intimidated in individual court is also included. There are: also interrogations by the KGB organs. The letters in Moroz's defense, among professions of these persons are inter them from Ivan Dzyuba, B. Antonenko- esting: teachers, colleagues of the in Davydovych, V. Chomovil, Mrs. Ma stitute of the Academy of Sciences of ria Kachmar-Savka and others. the Ukrainian SSR, philologists, engi neers, students, some blue-collar wor The Party Settles Accounts with the kers, office personnel and physicists, "Homin" Choir most of them Komsomol or Party mem Ukrainskyi visnyk No. 6 published a bers. very detailed report on the campaign In September 1971, certain police of of defamation conducted by party offi ficials decided to strike the final blow cials and Russian chauvinists against against "Homin". It was prohibited the Kyiv "Homin" choir. from practicing and performing in the What is it all about? A few years "Kharchovyk" hall. The director of this ago, the "ethnic ensemble 'Homin'" was hall, Mrs. Tarasova, explained: "We formed. The founders wanted to culti have a resident hall choir you can join; vate Ukrainian songs, traditions and together we will sind Ukrainian songs, rites. For instance, they believed that songs by Soviet-Ukrainian composers, Christmas carols are an integral part songs from the Fatherland and of the of Ukrainian musical culture. The ini party." Shortly thereafter, the presi tiators named Leopold Yashchenko, the dium of the Composers' Union of the well-known Ukrainian folklorist and Ukrainian SSR held a meeting at which art history candidate, as choir director. it was decided to expel Yashchenko. The choir gave no scheduled concerts Ukrainskyi visnyk reports on the in the usual sense, but appeared only course of this meeting. Yashchenko was where the atmosphere was compatible expelled from the union because he with their songs. The performances of "did not react to the recommendations the choir, especially in the countryside, to change his repertoire" and spoke were thus very successful. Various lay "demagogically" about the choir mem groups tried to use these songs in their bers being persecuted. He was also programs. responsible for the fact that the choir Suddenly, the activity of the choir members assembled on May 22 at the became "suspect" by the state security Shevchenko1 Monument in Kyiv and organs. Numerous choir members were one of them read out a poem. Attempts interrogated and students among them to save the existence of the choir fail were terrorized by the Komsomol and ed. Yashchenko's protests remain to no Party organizations. Rumors were avail. spread, especially in Kyiv, that "Ho A new element in Ukrainskyi visnyk min" was a "subversive organization". No. 6, is the reports against the sent L. Yashchenko was the target of an encing of the wife of Karavanskyi, Ni especially ugly persecution campaign. na Strokata, and her biography. At the The individual choir members actually end, there is a list of various arrests, began to be tailed in early 1970, when house searches and other repressive the singers were singing Ukrainian measures.

26 The Canadian Government Replies

A letter of Mr. Mitchell Sharp, the Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada, to Dr. P. A. Kondra, President of the Ukrainian Canadian Committee.

Ja n u a ry 19, 1973

Dear Dr. Kondra,

I have received a considerable number of petitions from members of the Canadian Ukrainian community about the case of Yuriy Shukhevych. It had been my intention to reply individually to the many cards bringing this issue to my attention. However at the present time these cards number some 2,000 and with this volume it is impractical for me to reply individually.

As I am anxious to respond to such widespread concern it seemed appropriate to address my reply to you in your capacity as Pre sident, Ukrainian Canadian Committee. Perhaps through you I can acknowledge the many .requests urging the Canadian Go vernment to use all available channels at its disposal to ensure the observation of human rights by the USSR.

I can give the assurance that every opportunity is taken, pub licly and privately, to support the principle that there are limits to the exercise of state sovereignty and that the individual has certain rights, including those of life and freedom, liberty and personal security, fair and prompt justice, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, and the right to leave any country in cluding one's own.

The Canadian Government shares your concern about violations of human rights wherever they occur and the Soviet authorities are well aware of Canada's point of view.

Yours sincerely, Mitchell Sharp

27 US Senate Investigates Labor Camps of the USSR

Senator Gurney. What kind of prison sentences are they giving these dissidents today, do you know? W hat kind of prison sentences?

Mr. Shifrin. Sentences? These people have 7, 10, 15 years. They gave them full sentences. Now the biggest sentence is 15 years.

Oh, yes, I forgot to tell you a very interesting detail. In 1958 they made a brand new law in the USSR that the biggest sentence in the USSR would not be 25, but only 15 years. And all of the sentences of 25 years would be changed to 15-year sentences.

Senator Gurney. W as this for political crimes or all crimes?

Mr. Shifrin. Political crimes and all other crimes. The biggest sent ence, 15 years.

Senator Gurney. Do they have death sentence any more?

Mr. Shifrin. Yes. They have sentences to the death. If you kill people, they would sentence you to death, and also for espionage, for diversion — for all of these crimes they give death. You remember that they give death sentence to Jews in 1970 in Leningrad trial. But they have 15 years as biggest sentence when they send to concentration camp. But what is inte resting is that they, with this new law, must change sentences for all of the prisoners who were sentenced to 25 years to 15 years. But, I can tell you real names — Pirus, Zarytska, Horbovyi, Soroka, Azbel, and many others — who were sentenced to 25 years, and were in concentra tion camps up to 1972 and finished their 25 years without changing of sentence.

Senator Gurney. Why did they not change these?

Mr. Shifrin. Who knows? Many people sit with sentences of 25 years now. W hat to do? Communists do what they want. In USSR law is not for people, but people for law.

(Excerpts from Hearings before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Admi nistration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, February 1-2, 1973.)

28 Prof. Vasyl Plyushch, M. D. Genocide of ihe Ukrainian People Artificial Famine in the Years 1931-1933

(conclusion)

As a result of forced collectivization 1.2 million were exterminated as ku and raging terror, privately owned laks.20) agriculture was almost completely li W. H. Chamberlin and M. Prykhod- quidated in the years 1930-1933. All ko mention that 15% of Ukraine's popu land24) was confiscated from the Ukrain lation perished of famine; C- Manning ian peasants. All means of production places the losses as a consequence of were seized, as well as all cattle”5) and starvation at 10 °/o of the rural popu the peasants were converted into lation.31) the most pitiful slaves of the state. S. Schwarz maintains that 7-8 mil As a consequence of artificial famine lion persons perished of famine in the no less than 5 million Ukrainians were USSR, but it is well known that a lion's physically annihilated. Various stu share of the deceased of famine fell dents of the consequences of the fa upon Ukraine.32) mine and terror in Ukraine mention dif Yu. Horlis-HoTskyi in his work "Ave ferent figures concerning population dictator" maintains that at the end of losses. 1932, 2.4 million persons were deported Thus, for instance, Prof- V. Kubijo- from Ukraine only to the north of the vyc writes in the Ukrainian Encyclo USSR, including women and children, pedia that in the Ukr. SSR 2.5 million at a time when all children deported people perished as the result of famine, from Ukraine who were less than 8-9 1 million as the result of repressions, years old perished from hunger and 2-3 million were deported, with the to cold.33) tal losses of the Ukrainian population One of the prominent students of the1 equalling 5-7 million.20) changes in the composition of Ukraine's The majority of researchers believe population under Soviet occupation, that the number of those dying of fa Prof. T. S., places population losses in mine was considerably larger. Ukraine as a result of famine and ter ror at 10.3 million persons.31) S. Sosnovyi, in a well-argumented work "The Truth about Famine in U- Ukraine was on the verge of death. krainei in 1932-33", places the deficiency These were- frightening times. The So in the population of Ukraine between viet government banned all assistance two' censuses at 7-5 million.27) to the hungry, swollen peasants who- managed to reach the cities. The people D. So-lovey, a very serious and con became insane, committed suicide. scientious student of the Soviet occupa There were instances of cannibalism. tion of Ukraine:, is of the opinion that Nothing similar had ever occurred in the losses of the Ukrainian population the history of Ukraine. Indeed, had have reached 6 million people.28) anything similar had ever occurred in N. S. Timoshov, a Russian emigrant, history of mankind? 35) 3C) 37) 38j 30) believes that about 3 million Ukrain One should not hold the view that ians perished from famine alone.29) the Ukrainian peasants perished in si A Polish researcher, St. Skszypek, ar lence, without resistance. From a scien gues that in the years 1932-1933, 2.5 tific point of view, the struggle of our million Ukrainians died of hunger while people in that period has not been ad-

29 equately expounded in Ukrainian This was answered by the Russian emigre literature. colonial government with an intensifi A considerable number of materials cation of collectivization and an intro on this resistance is to be found in duction at the same time of drastic Soviet archives. Some of it penetrated measures, including special taxes, con to the pages of the Soviet press of the fiscation of property, land, food re time and is even reflected in historical serves and even simple, undisguised works and in Soviet propaganda litera terror. ture and literary works. There are valu Not only the so-called kulaks, but able literary works on this subject in also prosperous and semi-prosperous emigre literature (T. Osmachka, D. Hu- farmsteads were burdened with contri menna and others). butions beyond their strength (the! so- It is understandable that in the Soviet called "homestead plan"), and mass de press and literature this period is pre portation of so-called kulaks and middle sented in a distorted light, from the peasants to the north of Russia, to Ka point of view of Communist ideology. zakhstan, and Siberia was launched, There, this period is elucidated from the accompanied by horrible terror and the standpoint of "victorious construction extermination not only of the adults of socialism", "the liquidation of the ku but also' of children- lak, as a class", "the struggle.with hoo The intensification of collectivization liganism", etc. But even in that "lite and the Red Russian terror produced a rature" one can read what a ferocious whole series of overt opposition to the and uncompomising struggle was then Soviet Russian occupation government being waged by the Ukrainian nation, in general and its local agents in parti decimated and deprived of its leading cular. stratum. This opposition can be classified as The first phase of this struggle had follows: been resistance to collectivization, in 1. Liquidation of forcefully establish particular a determined sabotage of all ed Societies of Conscientious Cultiva ordinances of the Soviet Russian govern tion of Land (SCCL) and kolkhozes on ment concerning the raising of produc ly several days after their creation- tivity of agriculture and an increase in The peasants took back to their own the rate of delivery to the state of food farms agricultural implements forcer products and agricultural raw mate fully requisitioned from them for the rials. kolkhozes, recovered their horses and As a result of resistance by the U- cattle. In the beginning the entire po krainian peasants the area under cul pulation of a village or villages parti tivation decreased considerably, leading cipated in these actions. Inasmuch as in turn to a catastrophic decrease in the organs of the Soviet Russian go delivery of agricultural products to vernment retaliated for such actions state store-houses. The USSR was threa with terror against the heads of house tened not only with a decrease or even holds and adult males, arresting them complete depletion of food and other and deporting them beyond the bor agricultural reserves which were being ders of Ukraine, later the liquidation stockpiled for the event of war, but of the Societies of Conscientious Culti even with the problem of interrupted vation of Land and kolkhozes was con supplying of the cities with food pro ducted primarily by women. Such fe ducts. The Ukrainian peasants culti male disturbances or so-called "wo vated only as much of the land area as men's rebellions" took place in all re was necessary in order to feed them gions of Ukraine without exception and selves and to sell agricultural products are described very often in both emigre to the Ukrainian cities- and Soviet literature.

30 2. Concealment of grain and other ploughs and even small implements agricultural products from government were broken. In addition a great bulk authorities and kolkhoz leadership into of the implements perished in SCCLs underground caches located on their and kolkhozes thanks to mismanage farms, in orchards, gardens or in the ment. fields and woods. The Soviet press Inasmuch as the pressure upon the and Soviet statistics reported in good Ukrainian peasants from the side of the time that in this manner hundreds of organs of the Russian occupational go thousands of poods of grain and other vernment did not cease, but to the con agricultural products were hidden from trary, the Red terror was increased the Soviet state purchasing organs. more and more, the Ukrainian popula Thus, for instance, according to V. Ho- tion shifted to armed struggle with the lubnychyi, in 1930 out of the 23.1 mil occupant. lion ton harvest Russia was able to re quisition from Ukraine only 7-7 million 5- Initially, these local armed clashes tons of grain. In 1931 out of 18.3 million with the agents of the Soviet Russian tons of grain 30-40% was lost at har government had a non-organized or se vesting. In 1932 out of the harvest to mi-organized character. talling 13.4-14.7 million tons, 40-50% The Ukrainian peasants, revolution was lost.40) aries (it is hard to call them anything Of course, not all of the above- else in view of the situation) began mentioned millions of poods were hid to introduce retaliatory acts of indivi den by the peasants. A great deal of dual terror. In almost all Ukrainian vil grain perished in the fields, as a re lages representatives of the terroristic sult of the above-mentioned sabotage Soviet apparatus were killed, including of the Ukrainian people or as a conse members of district party committees, quence of unusually bad management district executive committees', employ which then prevailed in the kolkhozes. ees of the GPU (Political State Admi nistration), militia, Communists and 3. Mass slaughter of large and small members of the Komsomol (Young Com cattle to prevent it from being taken munist League) sent from Russia and over by SCCLs and kolkhozes. the - cities of Ukraine and activists of Thus, for instance, Ya. Shumelda in the local kolkhozes.43) According to of- his work "From Marx to Malenkov" fical Soviet data, in 1931 alone attacks quotes the following figures, on the ba on activists were recorded in 44% of sis of information supplied by H. the kolkhozes44), but strictly speaking, Schwarz: In July 1928 on the territory there was not a village in Ukraine of the USSR there w ere 33.5 million where instances of retaliatory terror horses, 70.5 million cattle, 26 million were not recorded. hogs, 146.7 million sheep and goats. In 6. When Soviet Russian terror as July 1934 there were only 15.6 million sumed mass character and the most horses, 40.7 million cattle, 17.4 million brutal forms — deportation not only hogs, 51.9 million sheep and goats.41) of individual families, but of entire vil 4. Damaging of agricultural imple lages, arrests and deportations not only ments, burning of agricultural build of the "kulaks" and "semikulaks", but ings and even houses. Holubnychyi also of the poor — when whole fami mentions on the basis of Soviet sources lies were evicted en masse from their that breaking of machinery was noticed homes in the wintertime, when all means in 9.6% of cases42), but in reality da of subsistence, including freshly baked mage or destruction of agricultural e- bread and freshly cooked soup, quipment was widespread. Not only were arbitrarily seized from the machinery, but steel and wooden entire rural population, when mass star-

31 vation set in — organized uprising be when he could attract military units of gan.45) the Red Army to his side, Ryabchenko In the literature accessible to us, we established contact with the 21st Cher- find information about uprisings in nihiv territorial regiment. The guer the Haysyn district, in the town of So- rillas planned to launch an attack on borivka, in the villages near Kryzhopil, Chemihiv, free about 8,000 arrested Zhashkiv, Bohuslav, Uman, in Rudchyn, peasants from the Chemihiv jails, win in the Holovaniv and Pervoxnay posts over to their side the 21st regiment, near Tarashcha, in the Okhtyr and seize the weapon reserves of that re Trostyanets districts, in the Kharkiv giment, arm the freed peasants and the region in Bohodukhiv, Velykopysariv, peasants from the Chemihiv villages, Baklaya districts, in the Dnipropetriv- disarm the militia, start military opera ske region and others. The autor was tions against smaller regular units of an eye-witness of uprisings in the O- the Red Army, then carry the insurrec dessa and Chemihiv regions. tion further, encompassing all of the Chemihiv region and then the entire According to Pidkova, "in many lo Ukraine. calities the authorities fled to large towns. The peasants began to take1 the And in fact, at the beginning the re kolkhozes apart. In some localities re bellion unfolded rather successfully. gular units of the Red Army, militia Units of the 21st regiment which were and GPU troops received orders to- at sent to battle the insurgents went over tack."40) to the side of the revolting people. Up Yu. Horlis-Horskyi reports about an on orders from Moscow, the most uprising in the Kherson region in Au loyal army units were mobilized for the gust 1930;47) I. Naddnipryanskyi — a- liquidation of the insurrection, in par bout the so-called East Podillya uprising ticular the Regiment School of the 21st regiment, but it also joined the insur in the spring of 193048); D. Solovey — gents. about an uprising in the1 Dnipropet- rivske region in 1930 and an uprising The revolt spread further and further in the Poltava region in 1931 under the and finally assumed such proportions leadership of Tymofiy Karamzyn.40) that Moscow was forced to' deploy the Lev Orlyhora talks about a revolt in so-called Moscow Proletarian Division to the Bohodukhiv area of the Kharkiv crash it. Under the pressure of the over region in the spring of 1930.50 whelming forces of the adversary, the We have very interesting accounts insurgents were forced to retreat into about the large-scale uprisings ofRyab- the famous Chemihiv swamps and peat chenkO' in the Chemihiv region, of Ivan bogs of the natural boundary Zamhlay. Kozlov in the Poltava region and of Here they fortified their position and Volodymyr Bendyk in the Vinnytsya for about three weeks withstood the and Kyiv regions. advance of regular troops. The insurrection under the leader But obviously, the struggle was un ship of Ryabchenko in the Chemihiv even. The Zub brothers and many in region in 1930 included the Horodnya, surgents were killed in action; Ryab Synyavka and Tupichev districts. Ryab chenko' was captured and later annihi chenko with his closest associates, the lated- Zub brothers, organized his headquar After the liquidation of the uprising, ters in the so-called Hrymyachiv in a a retaliatory action was launched. It number of districts in the Chemihiv was characterized by merciless terror. region. Not only were the insurgents executed, Being aware of the fact that an up but all those who looked suspicious. rising could develop successfully only Thousands of peasants from these dis

32 tricts were deported to concentration the teeth, with a huge army, a grandi camps.51) ose government apparatus, a wide- Of considerable importance was an reaching network of secret police uprising under the leadership of Ivan (GPU-NKVD), a large party with its Kozlov, who> initially organized an un auxiliary organizations, and on the derground peasant organization which other end masses of Ukrainian pea included several districts in the Poltava sants, without weapons, half-starving and Sumy region, and then started an or totally hungry and exhausted. Only insurrection which lasted for about two- despair, the total hopelessness of the weeks. It was quelled only with the situation, and on the other hand, the help of special GPU troops. As an act unconquerable human spirit, the invin of reprisal, a series of villages of these cible spirit of the Ukrainian nation, districts was burned and the popula could have aroused the masses, to a tion deported to the North. desperate struggle. All the insurgents were executed by These were horrible years. shooting. Kozlov, however, was spared These were the years which covered and deported to Solovky. It is interest with eternal shame not only those who ing to1 note that during the investiga arranged the famine and terror — the tion Kozlov justified his actions by the1 Russian Communist Party under the lea teachings of Karl Marx. He maintained dership of Stalin — but also the heads that Karl Marx said that it is better to' of govemmens of Western Europe, die by the sword than to starve to death. North America and the intellectual elite Hence, he was defending the peasants of the whole world, who viewed these for just the same: "One way or an horrors in silence and even maintained, other, they would have had to die. through the utterances of some of their So1 it is better to' die in battle than as a representatives, as for instance Herriot, starving slave."52) that there is no famine at all, that the A large insurrection was organized USSR is the most progressive and the by Volodymyr Bendyk, an elementary most humane country of the world. school teacher who-, according to’ N. Entire villages were dying out. Pavlushkova, was a leading member of the Union for the Liberation of U- In the streets, of Ukraine's, cities, kraine-53) starving people died by the hundreds. "Blackmaricis" transported Ukrainian in S. Pidhaynyi writes that Bendyk telligentsia from the cities every night, stood at the head of "a huge peasant while trucks removed the corpses of insurrection of the year 1930, which those who starved to> death. spread from Kamyanets-Podilskyi to' Vinnytsya and Kyiv. Bendyk," writes In the streets, in offices, schools and Pidhaynyi, "enjoyed great authority universities, the radio1 was basting: “I do among the peasants and was a staunch not know another country where a man Ukrainian patriot". Critically ill, he ap breathes so> freely."55) pealed to all: "Love your Fatherland At meetings, in the press, in official and never put down your arms." He announcements, "the happy life under said: "There has never been a nation the sun of the Stalinist constitution" which has won freedom without strug was discussed and written about- Rus gle and without victims."54) sian Communist terror, unconcealed Naturally, uprisings in times like raged over Ukraine. Ukraine was dy these were doomed to inevitable ing. failure. At one end of the struggle But it had not died. The people, there stood a large empire, armed to brought down to- its knees by the

33 sword of terror bent down but did not 37) H. Sova. Famine in Ukraine. 1933. perish. The nation lost 7 million of Munich, 1948. its children. The birth-rate in Ukraine, 38) O. Kalynyk. What Does Communism in the past the highest in the world, Bring with Itself, Munich, 1954. dropped to a minimum.50) Again, in fact, it has been prohibited to speak in the 39) Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia, native language, and higher and special Vol. I-II, Toronto, 1963-1971. secondary schools have been Russified, but the nation lives and continues to 40) V. Holubnychyi, Collectivization of fight. This is proved by the recent Agriculture", Ukrainian Encyclopedia, Vol. events in Ukraine. II, Book 3, Paris-New York, 1959. 41) Ya. Shumelda. From Marx to Malen Footnotes kov, Paris, 1955. He refers to the work by H. Schwarz, Russia. Soviet Economy, New 24) By October 1, 1930, 98°/o of all land York, 1951. was incorporated into the kolkhozes. 42) The above-mentioned author, V. Ho 25) By March 10, 1930, 70% of all cattle lubnychyi, mentions in his work "Collectivi was taken to the kolkhozes. Later, all cattle zation of Agriculture" that between 1928 was confiscated. and 1932 the number of large horned cattle 26) V. Kubijovyc. "The Movement of as a whole decreased in the Ukr. SSR from the Population." Ukrainian Encyclopedia, 8.6 million head to 4.8 million. Vol. 1, Book I, Munich-New York 1949. V. Holubnychyi "Collectivization of 27) T. Sosnovyi. "The Truth about Fa Agriculture", Ukrainian Encyclopedia, Vol. mine in Ukraine in 1932-33" in Ukrainski I, Book 3, Paris-New York, 1959. Visti, No. 10-11 for 2-5 Feb. 1950. NeuUlm. 43) According to V. Holubnychyi. The 28) D. Solovey. Ukraine's Golgotha, Win Central Committee of the Communist Party nipeg, 1953. (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine at the time dis patched 74,500 party workers, primarily 29) N. S. Timoshov. “Is Russia Doomed?" Russians. See above. In 1930 alone, 10,500 in Noviy Zhurnal, No. 17, 1947. industrial workers and 19,400 workers and 30) St. Skszypek, Przeglad Poiski (Polish civil servants were diverted from the ci Review), 7, 1948. ties to the villages. 31) According to V. Markus, "Famine", 44) As above. Ukrainian Encyclopedia, Vol. II, Book 2, 45) The following facts serve to illust Paris-New York, 1955-1957. rate how collectivization of agriculture was 32) S. Schwarz. "The Demographic Face being effected: of Russia" in Noviy Zhurnal, No. 8, 1944. The head of the government of the Ukr, 33) Yu. Horlis-Horskyi. "Ave dictator", SSR, Vlas Chubar, stated that collectiviza Ukrainian Publishers, Lviv, 1941. tion was conducted in line with the prin ciple, "Join the kolkhoz; if not — then off 34) Prof. T. S. "Changes in the Composi to Solovky." tion of the Population under the Soviets" in Narodnya Volya, No. 19-32, 1950. M. Skrypnyk said in one of his speech es, "There is nothing left to take; every 35) D. Solovey. Ukraine's Golgotha, Win thing has been swept away." nipeg, 1953. On January 30, 1933, the government of 36) The Black Deeds of the Kremlin. A the USSR issued a decree on "The Conso White Book. Toronto, 1953. lidation of Kolkhozes", which permitted

34 confiscation of all property and deporta the Poltava region it equalled 5.6 (the tion to Siberia of all peasants who refused average for the USSR being 12.7.). to join the kolkhozes. All the above men See V. Plyufehch, "The Present State of tioned facts and classification of the forms Health Protection in Ukraine", Likarskyi of resistance of the Ukrainian peasants are Visnyk, No. 1-2 (52-52) for 1969, New York- also supported by the author's own obser Chicago. vations and materials. $ 46) Stepan Pidkova. "To the History of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine." In the translation from Ukrainian into Union for the Liberation of Ukraine. Sym English of the first part of Prof. Dr. Ply posium. Vol. I, Munich, 1953. ushch's work, the following errors ap peared (see ABN Correspondence No. 2, 47) Yu. Horlis-Horskyi. "Ave dictator", March-April): Ukrainian Publishers, Lviv, 1941. 1) From the words "A swift ushering ... 48) I. Naddnipryanskyi. "East Podillya in active resistance to collectivization" on Uprising" in Ukrainskyi Prometey, No. 19, page 23, the text is to continue from page May 8, 1952. 25 from the words "How mercilessly..." 49) D. Solovey. Ukraine's Golgotha, Win to "The question .. . stiff resistance". The nipeg, 1953. text fs then to continue from page 23 with the words "The November plenum ..." to 50) Lev Orlyhora. For the Judgement of the words "Were this trend to continue, History, "Nova Epokha" Publishers, 1946. not a trace of the kolkhozes would have 51 V. Skuybida. "In Memory of the Un remained in Ukraine" ((page 24). From here known. Ryabchenko and the Revolt of the on, the work is to continue from the words 21st Regiment." Nedilya, No. 13, 1951. Also, "But after a short while" (page 26) to the the author's own recollections. end. 2) On page 24, second column, last para 52) S. Pidhaynyi. Ukrainian Intelligentsia graph, ten lines from the bottom, there at Solovky. Reminiscences 1933-1941. "Pro should appear the following: metey" Publishers, 1947. "In 1920, Russia increased requisition 53) Nataliya Pavlushkova. Union for the ing plans in Ukraine by 115% in com liberation of Ukraine and Association of parison with 1926-1927 .. ." the Ukrainian Youth. SVU-SUM. Sympo sium No. 2. New York-Munich, 1964. 3) On page 26, second column, line 20 from the bottom, there should appear the 54) S. Pidhaynyi. Ukrainian Intelligentsia following: at Solovky. Reminiscences 1933-1941. "Pro metey" Publishers, 1947. "The peasants ate all the cattle which fetill remained here and there, as well 55) This was a song of the lowest form as all pigs, goats, chickens, and even of servile flattery which resounded (under dogs, cats and crows." compulsion of course) throughout the USSR. The music for it was composed by Isak Osypovych Dunayevskyi. 56) In 1966 the birth-rate in Ukraine — Save us unnecessary expenses! 15.6 per thousand inhabitants — was lower Send in your subscription for than in the USSR as a whole (19.6) and lower than that of the USA (21.2), Holland ABN Correspondence (20.7) and other European countries. immediately! The natural population growth fell ca tastrophically in Ukraine. For instance, in

35 Religious Persecution in Albania Protested

On Sunday, April 1, 1973, the Alban other in front of the Albanian Delega ian-American Community of New York, tion to the UN on W. 87th Street. Both comprising all three religious denomi demonstrations were very successful. nations of Albania, i. e. Moslem, Catho The Free Albania Committee, USA, lic and Orthodox, with total solidarity sent a Pro Memoria on this occasion to staged a protest demonstration in front the Human Rights Commission, the full of the United Nations Building and an text of which is published below.

According to reliable information from Albanian refugees who live in Yugoslavia along the Albanian borders and an AP dispatch from Vienna, Austria, which was published in the N. Y . Times, March 29, 1973, the Albanian Stalinist regime has committed another monstrous crime against a Roman Catholic priest, Rev. Shtjefen K u r t i who has been executed for secretly baptizing a child, on request of his mother. Rev. Kurti and other priests and many of the faithful of Roman Catholic Church, the Albanian Orthodox Church and the Moslem faith, have been interned into camps since the end of 1967, when Albania ivas officially declared the “first atheist state in the world.“ In February 1968, the Free Albania Committee, has in vain appealed to the VN Secretary General and the UN Commission on Human Rights on matters of severe religious persecutions in the so-called People's Republic of Albania, which actually brought about the total abolishment of religious faith in Albania. In these appeals it was among others stressed that the Tirana regime had broken all State-Church legal relations with the Roman Catholic and the Albanian Orthodox Churches and with Moslemism and the Moslem Baktashi Sect. This unique legal act contained in the decree N. 4337, and published in the O f f ic ia l Gazettee of November 22, 1967, in Tirana, actually delivered the final c o u p de grace to the religious insti tutions and public religious services in Albania. This final action was preceded by the most inhuman persecution campaign intended to destroy the religious faith of the Albanian people, in the past two decades. During that time some 200 inembers of Moslem, the Roman Catholic and the Orthodox clergy, among them the entire leadership of the three Churches, have been executed, murdered without trial or send to forced labor camps, where most of them have perished. The Albanian popu lation of over 2,000,000 is composed of some 10 °/o Roman Catholics, 20 °!o Albanian Orthodox and 70 °lo Moslems. It is rightly supposed that one of the main obligations of the United Nations Or ganization is to defend human rights wherever they are threatened. The customary allegation of interfering illegally in domestic affairs of UN member states should however not hinder the United Nations to ask the Tirana regime for clarification on religious persecution in Albania and further oblige it to comply fully with the provisions contained in the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of which the PR of Albania is a signatory. To condemn publicly and take strong economic, cultural, etc., measures against some UN member states for their racist, colonial or civil rights attitude toward parts of their own citizens, and at the same time, to ignore totally proven and documented severe violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms in Albania, is flagrantly contrary to the spirit, the moral and legal obligations of the United Nations Organ ization. The Free Albania Committee, representing in the free world the inalienable rights for freedom and civil liberties of the silenced Albanian people, once more requests you, Sir, to make use of your great authority as UN Secretary General, and, to speak out against gross violations of human rights by the regime of Albania against the Albanian people. Vasil Germenji, The Free Albania Committee

36 Final Communique of the WYACL Executive Board Meeting

Being about to convene our Fifth World Conference in the city of London, from August 27-2S of this year, the members of the Executive Board of the World Youth Anti-Communist League (WYACL), with the representatives of Alpha 66, Brazil, China, Spain, United States, Guatemala, Italy, Mexico and Ukraine have gathered in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, in order to discuss and elaborate the action pro grams of our League for future years. After working for two days, we successfully achieved the reconstruction of the General Secretariat of the League, and the des ignation of our friend, the Mexican Javier Aguilar, as Secretary General, who will be in charge of this permanent body of WYACL.

It is of great significance that the World Youth Anti-Communist League, having realized its Fourth World Conference in Mexico in August 1972, meets again in this country in order to hold the first regular session this year of its Executive Board. This session is a symbol of the desire of the young Latin American countries to be anti-Communist, of their desire to be free, and of the wide union they have with the rest of the countries of the world in the fight against dictatorship and the in justices of Communism.

After interchanging impressions and points of view about the present situation of the world, the members of Executive Board of WYACL made a critical ex amination of the fighting perspectives of world youth anti-Communists, and in view of the situation at this particular time, we decided that the theme of the 5th Conference would be: “Freedom through Action“. It is in this sense that we make a call to all the young patriots of the world in order to fight for building and pre servation of the dignity and liberty of their countries, and help in this way to maintain the hope of liberty of the people that actually suffer the slavery of Com munism. WYACL, also calls the attention of the free world to the criminal cam paign of drug addiction and the lowering of morals that now makes the youth victims of Marxist Communism.

With great concern the members of the Executive Board of WYACL have seen the signature of the bilateral agreement between Nixon and Castro against hijacking in which the United States made the commitment to stop all types of actions vjhich the patriotic Cuban exiles intend to carry out against the criminal dictatorship of Fidel Castro, not only inside the American territory, but “from any other place“, in a clear and open violation of the national sovereignty of other Latin American countries. In this way, the USA government not only supports Fidel Castro in Cuba and in the United States, but also closes all possibility to the patriotic forces of the exiled Cubans in other countries to end tyrannic Communism and gain li berty for the millions of their compatriots that actually suffer the slavery, forced labour and sacrificial extermination on the island of Cuba.

We also want to take this occasion to energetically denounce the secret treaties Fidel Castro is actually making with the nefarious American diplomat, Henry Kis singer, which are designed to take Fidel Castro to the Organization of A.merican States (OAS), as a legitimate representative of the enslaved people of Cuba, and to end the economic and diplomatic blockade of Communist Cuba. He can in this way continue with his destructive work of exporting Communist subversive war to the rest of the Latin American countries without any fight or protest.

The young people of the world affiliated with WYACL have been witnesses of the cynic parody of pacification imposed on the free people of South Vietnam, through the covert diplomatic arrangements of Henry Kissinger, with their hidden desires of trying to establish the peace arrangements imposed on the heroic President

37 Nguyen Van Thieu, only to make the delivery of all the peoples of Indochina into the hands of Communism. And far from obtaining an effective peace in Vietnam, the Communists of Hanoi still maintain 140,000 soldiers on South Vietnamese ter ritory, and the cease-fire has become an infamous farce, not respected by any Com munist. We are against the extension of this kind of peace throughout Asia and all other continents. The Executive Board of WYACL sharply denounces and protests against mass imprisonment and harsh sentences given to cultural leaders and fighters for na tional independence and human rights in the countries subjugated by the Soviet Russians in the USSR and the satellite states, in particular in Ukraine. The WYACL Executive Board supports the reinforcement and expansion of NATO, and opposes the so-called European Security Conference, which is desired by Moscow in order to destroy NATO, reinforce the status quo of its present conquest and open the road to further expansion of Communist imperialism in the still free part of Europe and the world. A precondition to security is the withdrawal of Russian occupation troops from the countries subjugated within the USSR and the satellites and the re-establishment of their national states. Without the realization of the concept of national in dependence of the subjugated nations and the dissolution of the Russian empire — the USSR — there is no real freedom or lasting peace in the world.

Members of this Board who represent freedom-loving youth from every con tinent of the world take special notice of the fact that millions of innocent Chinese youths are still being enslaved by the Peking regime with which the Nixon ad- minstration has been dealing for political expediency. The mass exodus of Chinese youths from the Mao regime every day into Hongkong and other places on the Chi nese harder testifies to the fact that freedom can only be won through action!

The Establishment of the WYACL Permanent Secretariat in Mexico

The Executive Board of the World lishment of the Permanent Secretariat Youth Anti-Communist League (WYA of WYACL with its seat in Guadalaja CL), held it first ordinary meeting of ra, Jal., Mexico, under the sponsorship this year on April 2, 3 and 4, in Gua of the Mexican Student Force (FEM), dalajara, Jal-, Mexico, with the attend the Mexican Chapter of WYACL. To ance of representatives of Alpha 66 this effect, the Executive Board discus from Cuba, of the Confederation of Cul sed and approved the Rules of the WY tural Centers of the Youth from Brazil, ACL Permanent Secretariat and reap of the WYACL Chapter from the Re pointed Mr. Javier Aguilar, member of public of China, of the Spanish Anti- the Mexican WYACL Chapter, as the Communist Front, of the USA WYACL new Secretary General of the League, Chapter, of the Youth Movement of Na given the notorious inactivity which tional Liberation from Guatemala, of prevailed in the General Secretariat the Anti-Communist Alliance from Ita since the Fourth Conference of the ly, of Mexican Student Force and of League and in view of the fact that all the WYACL Ukraine Chapter. attending members of the Executive Board considered it very urgent to for As a result of its deliberations, the malize and intensify the work and ac Executive Board agreed on the estab tivities of our Organization.

38 Moscow Is Gelling Aggressive

During the last weeks the Kremlin NATO manoeuvres in the Federal Re has been displaying its heaviest arms public of Germany as follows: in order to show the world what it "Many representatives of the European means by détente and cooperation. public in the Federal Republic as well Yury Zhukov, Pravda's brilliant com as outside of it are asking what those mentator, and Mikhail Suslov, the ideo manoeuvres organized in such a boost logical inquisitor of the Communist ing manner mean. Really, the great ini- Party of the Soviet Union, scorned all litary action recently carried out by those who were dreaming or even dai- NATO clearly demonstrates that this ed talking about freedom of movement organization continues its activity a- between West and East for people and gainst the interests of a European dé ideas and sneered at them- Both abso tente." lutely rejected any alternative of com On January 17, Pravda attacked munity life within state and society as Greece: when commenting on the pur had been done previously by Brezhnev, chase of Phantom-fighters by the Athens Kosygin, Khrushchev, Stalin and Le government as follows: nin. This delimitation precisely corres "It seems that the international devel ponds to the conceptions of historical opment towards a reduction of ten materialism according to which only sions in Europe should make Greece Communism teaches the truth. Thus the reduce its military expenditures in path from the primitive community to stead of increasing them. This might Communism is and remains the inavoid- relieve millions of Greek citizens of able destiny of world history. their burden of taxes. However, Greek Although banishing any other teach budget makers are apparently interest ing from its sphere of power the Krem ed in the first place in complying with lin in no way abstains from spreading their NATO obligations and thus be its own views or at least from interfer ing able to strengthen their own posi ing with the affairs of other states. Ad tion with foreign aid." hering to' its final objective, i. e. rule of Then on January 18, in its commen Communism in the whole world, the tary Pravda blamed the Portuguese go Kremlin promotes everything that might vernment for misleading the interna contribute hereto. In their dialectics the tional public. In his report on the oc Soviet leaders take it for granted that casion of the 50th anniversary of the other ideas must be warded off where foundation of the USSR, Party Chief as their own ideas are to be propagated Brezhnev referred to the Soviet Union's in foreign countries. interference in domestic affairs of other countries in connection with the under From the following selection of ex developed countries: amples — taken from all over the "We know quite well that in many world, but being by no means com underdeveloped countries progressive plete — it becomes evident how freely forces are fighting against the internal and easily Moscow nowadays manages reactionary forces supported by the to interfere with everything and every imperialists and that a particular ob where. ject of this struggle is the development On January 13, 1973, for instance, of relations with international Social Pravda was censuring Japan for its mi ism. Past and present experiences show litary expenditures. On January 11, that socio-political oppositions in any Pravda interfered with Rhodesia's af state may bring about all kinds of re fairs. On January 14, Grigorev, Prav volutions. We realize this, but the pat da's correspondent, commented on the riots of former colonies and semicolo-

39 nies having passed through the politi United States is becoming a clear-cut cal school of a national revolution for and burning problem." liberation know from their experience Moreover, Moscow always refers to that friendly relations with the Soviet Great Britain in connection with the Union and other socialist states render European Common Market. It is known the struggle against imperialism suc that Moscow tried everything to ham cessful and the liberated states fully per the European Economic Community independent." in its activity. On January 19, a Pravda Such a mixture of threat and flattery commentary under the title "New Va is certainly quite clear... riant" among other things: In Europe Great Britain remains the "Observers of many newspapers per favourite object of Soviet intervention. ceive in his (the English Minister's of We are not referring to the recurring Foreign Affairs) arguments a request suspicion concerning the shady role to provide the Committee of the EEC the Kremlin is playing in the Irish tra not only with economic but also with gedy. For months the Soviet press has political powers. However, it is well been painting the situation in Great known that many states, in particular Britain in the darkest colours. The Con France, are opposed to this." servatives alone are supposed to be responsible for Britain's economic diffi It is not enough to stir up national culties. If such reports were considered jealousies. Great Britain is defamed true, Great Britain would be more and simultaneously economic difficul closely tied to the United States than ties are prophesied for the European for instance Czecho-Slovakia to the So Economic Community as a whole: "The viet Union. The following example English currency being in a bad state, shows what kind of arguments are used the work of the Ministers of Finance in the anti-Great Britain campaign: On was checked from the beginning". Fi January 15, Pravda reported under a nally, the EEC as a whole is defamed title hardly to' be overlooked, i. e. and misrepresented as the result of a "Bombs from England", that Americans gigantic attempt at exploitation made used bombs from US bases in England by monopolist capitalist circles of the for bombarding North Vietnam since "Nine". "They wanted to solve their the American industry was not able to problems at the cost of the workers in meet as quickly as necessary the sud the EEC and of the respective compe denly growing demand. What Pravda titors. " Unmistakably Pravda continues: is really aiming at may be taken from "Such contradictions cannot be re the commentary following the report, solved. Nor can they be overcome by that reads as follows: any capitalist integration. In the en "It is quite possible that the Govern larged EEC they have just become ment of London will pretend that it is sharper and more profound." not involved in the delivery of bombs. The above examples of intervention Under such circumstances, however, certainly tell their own tale, but they the question will rise how far the illustrate only one side of Soviet Rus guests from overseas may go with their sian tactics. In the long run the net disrespect for the sovereignty of the work of Communist parties spread over host state. Anyway, who knows what the whole world is probably more es else the American Army might under sential. Remote control of these parties take in drawing its allies into armed by Russia, "Mother of .the World Re adventures of the Pentagon?" volution", towards her prime object, Pravda frankly threatens: i. e. one Communist world, remains one "Today the question whether London of the most essential realities. (W. R.) will blindly follow the policy of the (Ost und West, February 6, 1973)

40 Dr. Humberto Medrano The Situation of Political Prisoners in Cuba Under the present regime, terror has Province-, were brutally beaten with been institutionalized in Cuba, and chains, rods and bayonets for refusing practices against political prisoners to appear naked for headcount and have the characteristics of ideological search before visits. Among the over- genocide, maintained by Cuban autho one-hundred wounded were-: Alfredo rities against men and women who- op Mustelier, skull fracture; Miguel Can pose the Communist ideology and are ton, four broken ribs-; César Necolardes, convicted at biased and illegitimate left arm and rib fractures; Osvaldo trials by fanatic and illiterate re Femandez-Izquierdo, head wounds and volutionary courts followed by mis broken left foot; Gustavo Arnés, Anto treatment and abuses, with absolute nio Berto Soto, Ramon Cuto (or Cueto), disrespect for their civil and political and Jesus Rodriguez-Mosquera, severe rights, enduring the "most cruel, inhu bodily injuries, fractures- and face cuts; mane and degrading" imprisonment Juan José Rebo-redo, severe head blow, system that America has ever known. followed by frequent blackouts, present This imprisonment includes 44 Cuban condition unknown. journalists. Since January 1972, the new system The physical and mental tortures, the of conviction extension is enforced. vexations to men and women, and the Prisoners who- have refused to accept imposition of arbitrary measures have- Communist indoctrination, hard labor, been intensified. Some examples follow: or staged a hunger strike, or talked (1) José Oriol Acosta-Garcia was back to- a guard, are not set free upon shot in the head at Manacas Security serving their sentences. They are call Center No. 4, Las Villas Province. ed before the director of the prison (2) Student leader Pedro Luis Boitel, and a "kangaroo tribunal" re-sentences died following a hunger strike on May them to new convictions of two or 25, 1972, at the Castillo del Principe more- years. Among the many victims Prison, Havana Province, without hav of these arbitrary, abusive and anti- ing been granted medical assistance. juridical measures are: Reynaldo- Cor- He served his 10-year sentence, but dero-Izquierdo, Perdo Baquet, Vidal 24 months later, he had not yet been Arocha-Cubillas, and Amado Gonzalez, released. His critical condition was of the Pinar del Rio Prison; Federico cabled eleven days before his death by Rodriguez, Ldzaro- Hesta, Bo-lo Capote, Dr. Medrano to President Nixon, the of Guanajay Prison; Evaristo- Sardinas- International Red Cross (Geneva and Cruz, Baudilo Hechevarria-Yânes, Al New York offices), the Organization of fonso Loo-Sü, Luis de los Santos--Na- American States and UN Commissions ranjo of the- Matanzas' San Severino on Human Rights. No action was taken. Prison; Carlos Màs-Guerra, Juan Cruz- (3) Adalbert© Misa — Lôpez, Esteban Gonzâlez; Reynaldo Aquit, Eduardo Ramos and Ibrahim Torres died at the Cuencio, Bias Camacho, César Ja, José walled-in Bo-niato Prison, Oriente Pro Luis Marquez, Nerin Sanchez, Heriber- vince, without medical assistance. For to Trujillo-Montes, of the Las Villas two years they remained in their wall Prison- ed-in, 5' x 10' cell without ever coming Lately, all the circumstances related out. Their bodies were found because to this background exposition have of the stench- Deaths set in in early worsened. Repression is stronger, phy February 1972. sical and mental tortures are more in (4) In September 1972, the- prisoners tense and frequent. The walled-in dun at the Guanajay Prison, Pinar del Rio geons of Boniato have extended to

41 other prisons throughout the island, in terrible hunger strikes rather like Moron. Solitary confinements at than expose it to the fierce thrusts San Severino' are more prolonged and of the criminal bayonets. Either the the lack of medical attention, cancella government sets us free and stops tion of visits and mail, searches, etc. torturing us or we will be martyrs have multiplied at El Principe, La Ca of this imprisonment. And this is bana, and the Manacas, Melena, and hereby denounced, so that it be "5-and-a-half" concentration camps. known that the responsible ones These conditions are leading the po for whatever happens are Commu litical prisoners in Cuba (aliens includ nism and the friendly countries ed) to despair, as stated in the last pa which have abandoned us and do ragraph of a very recent letter: not even raise a hand to1 procure our salvation. "This imprisonment, dear brothers, “We have paid a rather high price is now old, very old. The men, as for the crime of loving our home well as the women, have left in it land!" the best of their lives — and we as sure you, we assure the world, that And in a denouncement dated Janua when the régime comers us like ry 1973, w,e learn the following: savage beasts, like savage beasts "Note: We have just learned that we will react. We know it is very our companions Enrique Garcia- difficult to halt the claws that Cuevas, Raul Ledon-Perez, and Ma clutch us, but if our death cannot rk Pacheco went on a hunger stop those criminal hands, at least strike on October 31 at Manacas it will serve to show the world that and are on the verge of death. For anything is better than Commu 75 days they have refused to take nism. We will immolate ourselves any food and every few days they if we must, as our brothers Pedro1 are forcibly fed intravenously by Luis Boitel, Carmelo Cuadra, Ro the government, to prolong their berto Lôpez-Châvez, and many suffering. These are the kindnesses others immolaed themselves before boasted by Marxism-Leninism. Val us and chose to eat their own flesh id."

PROTESTING NOBEL PRIZE FOR TITO

T elegram The undersigned request the Storting urgently to investigate the award of the Nobel Prize upon Tito, leader of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. He stands condemned for having ordered the brutal killing of tens of thousands of Croats and Germans, including innocent women and children in Yugoslavia between 1944 and 1950. It is impossible to reconcile such deeds with the aims, authority and dignity of the Nobel Prize. Documentary evidence follows. Yaroslav Stetsko, Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations Suzanne Labin, Chairman, International Conference on Political Warfare, France Lady Jane Birdwood, British League for European Freedom Prof. Dr. F. Peeters, University of Gent, Belgium

42 Open Letter to Mr. Louis Heren, Foreign Editor The Times, London

Dear Mr. Louis Heren, But, Sir, you are writing about "Marx ist mistakes". Do you really believe I refer to your article "Russia reaps that both gangs — that of Lenin and the harvest of Marxist mistakes" in that of Trotsky, were each infatuated The Times, of 5. 12.72. You stated with the utopia of "COMMUNISM"? "What the Russians do to themselves If you read Lenins emulations you dis is their own affair .. . but..." I intend cover, what is common notion and evi to dwell at first just over this small dent to anybody who is educated, but "but". You are absolutely right when you preserving a clear mind, in the Soviet say that "what they do to themselves" Union, namely that both Lenin and starts already bitter repercutions else Trotsky with their respective follow where. Not to- care "what they do" was ings were only cunningly USING Marx the principle of the whole free world till ism for the realization of their imperial the present. But ironically, there was ist dreams. The Kremlin leaders defini very little "doing to themselves", but tely continue to make perfect USE of mostly and primarily a great deal of the totally militaristic and enslaving "doing to others". Two thirds of the system which can be read into the 246 million population of the present teachings of Marx. But they certainly Soviet Union irrespective of all mani are all but utopian humanitarian drea pulations of the statistics, are, equally mers or only socially-minded believers as in the past, the non-Russian peoples. in this system. They are only and pri They were tragically left by the West marily power lust obsessed Russian to the deliberate manipulations of the imperialists equally as all the Vasilis, Russian imperialists. But — after the Ivans, Peters, Catherines, etc. were in last war another hundred million non- the past, elevated and supported by Russians in the satellite states were such traditional camarillas or preto- thrown to’ the Russian imperialists by rians. the grace of President Roosevelt & Co. If to this number were added all the Collectivization of the Russian type Koreans, the Vietnamese, etc. there was exclusively dictated and enforced would be even more millions cynically as a radical means to complete en left to them. Pity that Roosevelt & Co. slavement of the vast imperial rural did not grant to Moscow West Germa population. The reckless brutal en ny, Austria and Italy too. He would forcement, with deliberate killing by have been more in accord with Trotsky. government-organized famine and ter But probably there were considera ror of over 7 million peasants was rea tions that peacemeal digestion of Eu lized in Ukraine alone. Agriculture rope by Russia is more becoming than everywhere remains neglected. But this in bulk, as Trotsky wanted it as well as was and is deliberate. The bulk of all Lenin. But the idea is very much alive. resources were and still are allocated School children in the empire get ad to industry not because of ignor equately familiarized with and condi ance, lack of experts, or the nonsense, tioned for such prospects. I happened so often repeated by Western writers personally to> have heard the sweet — because of "fear" and therefore de dreamy talks of Leningrad teenagers fence requirements only and primarily during the last war. But since then the for aggressive war preparations. For education has certainly "progressed" all other purposes — all consumption much more with all the "discoveries" requirements — there is left only so and "corrections" of history, etc. much as to keep the slaves working.

43 Agriculture and the whole economy is "Union" republics would have sorted greatly hampered by the excessive out long ago1 what may be of use and centralism and bureaucracy. But this what is sheer rubbish in the so-called again is not because of stupidity or "Marxism". Being free, they certainly "Marxist dogmatism", but deliberately would have cancelled the nonsense on perpetrated so as not to relax the grip their economy, ideologies, attitudes of the metropolis on the colonies to etc. There certainly would have died any extent. Management is primarily any memory of the utopian nonsense selected and geared to' security and of "COMMUNISM", based on the prin not to economy. The common man ciple "to work according to capacity replies in self-defence in kind, by go and to get according to need". slow and indifference. I certainly do1 Soaring bread prices are only the not intend to defend collective farming first (is it really so?) blessing bestowed or any other principle of Marxism. I over the world by the Russians. Soon, want only to stress that the whole evil there will come much better flowers bedevilling this empire is the Russian and fruits to harvest for the West. May traditional imperialism permanently the Muscovite "peace" policy only and persistently preparing realization succeed. May the money greedy West of the world domination dream, perva ern big capitalists and the governments ding a great part of this nation. This subordinated to them enjoy more libe causes immense losses and sufferings ral trade with Moscow just to' help it to all the colonial peoples and also' speedily and adequately modernize torments the Russians themselves. This and balance its economy. Then you is the only reason for the traditional will get the chance to feel, not only to "samoderzhaviye", the excessive cent see, all the blessings radiating from it- ralism, socialization, militarism and Remember, Sir, the banner of Moscow most brutal police state, without any is explicitly of BLOOD RED colour. concern of any real needs of the popu The sickle on it reads: "We harvest lation. other people's crops", and the hammer: Even providing for the sad fact that "What we cannot grip, we smash". a great part of Western brains remain You are very right, Sir, that present dimmed by the blare of the former ly the Soviet Union is a superpower highlights of Tsarist Russia, another equalled only by the USA and both part by the "progressiveness" of Red have to cooperate. It is also' definitely Russia and finally a part inured by the true that the USSR has to cooperate too. illogical expectation that Russia may be It will use all advantages of the relaxa an ally against expansionist China, the tion which will be forthcoming only blindness of the West to the fact thai from the West. But it will ceaselessly the Soviet Union is an aggressive co and not less persistently prepare its lonial empire appears pathognomic. plans and means for their realization. There were ample' chances to- gain a With respect to the competitive impe clear view of the panorama when the Bal rialist attitude of China peaceful em- tic states were re-enslaved, when Hun bracement of Europe is much more ap gary, pleading for help, was crushed pealing than any risk of uncertain war. by the Red tanks, similarly when this Once involvement of Japan against happened to’ Czecho-Slovakia, not to China failed, at least partial penetration mention Poland, East Germany and all and integration of Europe into the Rus that happened during and soon after sian sphere of influence is a realistic the "Great" Revolution. stand. No real improvement in the east If not for the dictation of the Rus of Europe can be expected till this last sian imperialism, you may be assured monster empire is disintegrated into- that: all the peoples of the 14 or so its natural components, the particular

44 "Union" republics, so- that each may I believe the West, especially the get the chance voluntarily to decide Anglo-Saxons, ought to worry less a- whether to join existing politico-econo bout the fighting among eventually mic complexes in formation, to form freed colonials of Moscow. Ireland was new complexes with the neighbours, or not long ago a sheer "Balkan", Belfast to remain independent units. is it at present, and Montreal is seeth Before the First World War there ing. was so' much nonsense spoken and writ Presently a new Vienna Congress is ten about "Balkanization". Well, the getting into gear. Or is it a Tilsit? Let Balkans certainly needed much reshuf us hope its arrangements will be' as fling. There are presently new states in short lived as were the former's. The the world, of peoples who actually ne colonial peoples of Moscow, including ver created any statehood. And — they the satellites, are not begging the West are not just fighting one another. Why for blood sacrifices for their liberation. then promote crazy notions that the But they have the right to demand that eventually freed colonial dependencies the Western cynicism be restrained at of Moscow would become involved in the conferences. May the Western lea warfare among themselves? All the ders be enlightened by true under peoples of all the "Union" republics standing of the realities in the East have ancient traditions of their own and not be guided by the temporary statehood, such as Georgia, which is greed of profitable businesses from the much more ancient than the whole of blood of the Russian slaves and not Europe. Is it not high time that West less from these of their own countries. ern politicians, writers, journalists and London, 6th December 1972 experts started to' care about bringing their own brains into adequate order? Roman Mohyljnyckyj, M. D.

NOTICE

We hereby bring to your attention that Mr. Yaroslav Shevchuk is the Chief Representative of the Financial Department of the Central Committee of ABN in the U.S.A. Mr. Ya. Shevchuk is authorized to collect debts owed to ABN. We, therefore, kindly request your cooperation in this respect. Also, books published by ABN and ABN emblems may be obtained from Mr. Shevchuk. Please contact him at the following address: Mr. Yaroslav Shevchuk 3438 Heresford Drive Parma, Ohio 44134 U.S.A. Financial Department of the Central Committee of ABN in Munich News and Views

Ukrainian Church to Become the Victim Repression Intensified oI the Dialogue Between Moscow and the Vatican? The Soviet military build-up in the countries of the Warsaw Pact has been K. — What had been forbidden to the accompanied by a stepped-up repres Ukrainian Catholic Archbishop-Major sion of dissidents within the USSR and of Lviv, Cardinal Josyf Slipyi, 81, Eastern Europe. Under Brezhnev's po Rome, by the Vatican, has now been licy of re-Stalinization, dissidents are done by approximately 35,000 Ukrain being sent to jails, insane asylums, and ians (according to the Papal Yearbook labor camps. Communist Party control 1973 there are 22,850 Ukrainian Catho over all institutions is being tightened. lic Christians united with Rome in Aus The intensification of repression is a tralia) at the Eucharistic World Con consequence of the mood of detente gress in Melbourne: even though not which encourages liberal dissident ele publicly — as had been feared in Rome ments within Communist countries as that Slipyi would do — but in a letter it reduces international tension. The to the Pope they demanded a patriar Communist leaders thus have little chate for their Archbishop-Major. At stake in seeking detente as an end in the same time, the letter contained the itself, but they fear that their own po accusation that the present policy of pulation may interpret the relaxation the Vatican was leading towards the of external tension as a harbinger of "extermination" of the Ukrainian similar liberalization internally. Church; that it had become the victim In order to* repress any thought or of the dialogue between the Vatican movement for liberalization, Soviet and Moscow. Russian authorities ruthlessly perse By granting the requested patriar cute all dissidents. The underground chate, Slipyi would be vested with spe magazine of the Soviet Union, Chronicle cial rights which would permit him, of Current Events, has published many among other things, to nominate bi case histories of Soviet citizens con shops and to return to the old tradition fined in psychiatric hospitals because which permits a married clergy. of their political or religious beliefs. The use of such "hospitals" gives So (Volksbote — 16. 3. 73) viet authorities the chance of keeping non-conformists imprisoned for life. March 12, 1973 There is real danger that if the pre Dear General Naumenko: sent political trends continue, Western Europe will fall increasingly under Rus Mrs. Nixon and I were delighted to sian dominaion. It could in time be learn that you recently celebrated your forced to recognize the superiority of ninetieth birthday. Russian power, accommodate to1 wi We know this must have been a day shes, sever its alliance with America, filled with congratulations from your and ultimately become part of the Rus family and friends, and we want to add sian sphere of influence. our own warm good wishes that peace, Bards of Byelorussian Literature joy, and contentment will always be yours. An exhibition celebrating the a- Sincerely, chievements of the famed Byelorussian Richard Nixon writers, Janka Kupala and Jakub Kolas,

46 was on display at The New York Public his works, which were banned in the Library, 5th Avenue and 42nd Street, Soviet Union. during March and April. Jakub Kolas (1882-1956) drew much of his inspiration from the folk tradi "Bards of Byelorussian Literature", tions of the Byelorussian people and composed of materials drawn from the his works were often eloquent attacks Library's Slavonic Division, commemo on the social injustice, and political op rates two individuals whose influence pression inflicted upon the Byelorus upon the literary and political ideals of sian nation. Bom Kastus Mickievic, his the Byelorussian people is unparalleled greatest creation was the poem "The in modem times. One measure of their New Land" which has become one- of stature and popular esteem was the the milestones of Byelorussian litera total failure of the many Stalinist at ture. The story of a typical peasant, tempts to usurp their positions as Bye yearning for a piece of land to call his lorussia’s national leaders. own, it has long been appreciated for Janka Kupala (1882-1942) was the its affirmation of the unconquerable name taken by Janka Lucevic who de human spirit. voted his considerable poetic and dra The works exhibited are part of the matic talents towards the restoration most extensive collection of writings of human dignity and national pride for by and about Kupala and Kolas in the the Byelorussian people. Included in United States. Within this collection the exhibition are his translation of the are numerous first editions, collected famous 12th century epic "The Song of works, and translations of these authors Ihor" and "Heritage", a collection of in a variety of languages.

SHORT NEWS

On April 5, 1973, a large number of representatives of refugees from the Chi nese mainland gathered in Taipei for a panel discussion and issued "An Open Letter to the Free World", exposing the Chinese Communist regime. They de nounced Mao Tse-tung‘s China as a prison of over 700 million Chinese who, in their hearts, long for freedom from the Communist yoke and identify themselves not with Mao's China, but with Taiwan under the leadership of President Chiang Kai-shek.

It is, an appeal to the leaders of the free world to continue their support of the Republic of China which the majority of the Chinese people identify themselves with, and not to fall into the trap laid out by the Chinese Communists.

On January 16, 1973, an unidentified man was found murdered with cyanide in Copenhagen. Danish Police, has not been able to ascertain either the name or the nationality of this man.

It is believed that this man was killed by Soviet agents. Age: ca. 35 years. Height: 177 cm; dark hair, brown eyes.

Information as to the identity of this unperson accepted by: Shipping Times, Special Service, 55, Raadhuspladsen, 1550 Copenhagen V, Denmark.

47 (?Urm. wAuidlUxe Jicii. w mmm Executed Because of a Baptism Ivan Dzyuba Sentenced to Five Years' Imprisonment Because he baptized a child, the Ca tholic priest Stefan K u r t i has been New York, N. Y. — News has come executed in an Albanian prison. This from Ukraine that in the middle of March has been made known by Yugoslav of this year, Ivan Dzyuba was tried in travellers to the West who had been to Kyiv and sentenced to> five years' im Albania. Kurti had been arrested, and prisonment. He was arrested in April a woman confined with him asked him of 1972 during the mass arrests of U- to baptize her child. An informant ob krainian cultural workers which began served the ceremony and betrayed the in January of that year, and which, at priest and the woman. The clergyman intervals, still continue. was executed by a firing squad of the Ivan Dzyuba was the most outstand army. (Die Welt — 30. 3. 73) ing figure in the defensive movement of the Ukrainian nation in the 1960’s and the early 1970's. He is the author of literary-critical essays. His articles 41 Arrested in Budapest Protest and essays on Hryhor Skovoroda, Le- sia Ukrainka, Taras Shevchenko’, And- Hungarian police arrested 41 young riy Holovko — belong to the best ex people during "nationalist demon amples of Ukrainian literary-critical strations" in Budapest involving sever journalism of our time. al hundred people. The incidents followed official cele- Ivan Dzyuba became known through brationsi marking the 125th anniversary out the world for his book entitled, "In of the 1848 revolution against Habs- ternationalism or Russification" which burg rule, the Budapest News Agency he sent at the end of 1965 to Party lea reported. ders of the Ukr.SSR as a protest against The demonstrators were dispersed, the arrests of Ukrainian patriots, a- and police checked identities. Forty- gainst the politics of russification and one "instigators" were taken to Buda enslavement of the Ukrainian nation. pest central police station His book was later translated into’ se Hungary's regime had taken special veral languages. trouble this year to commemorate Ivan Dzyuba was a participant in ma March 15, the anniversary day. ny protest actions. In 1963 he spoke at This is because 1973 is the 150th an the KGB-prohibited meeting of the U- niversary of the birth of Sandor Petoefi, krainian intelligentsia in Kyiv, dedica Ihe national poet. He joined the abor ted to the anniversary of the death of tive revolution and died, aged 26, on Lesia Ukrainka, and in 1964, at the com the battlefield. memoration to’ Vasyl Symonenko, at The poet's monument on the Danube which he sharply spoke out against has traditionally been the meeting those who’ attacked the poet while he place for young demonstrators. still lived. In the spring of 1965, Dzyu Annelise Schulz (Vienna) ba was the main speaker at the meet

48 ings in the cinema-theater "Ukraina". Polemics in the Press In the spring of 1966, he spoke at Ba- Against Jewish Emigrants byn Yar in Kyiv, during the observance of the 25th anniversary of the mass Moscow, 25 March (AP) — The Le Hitlerite crime against Jews. ningrad paper of the Communist Party Leninskoye Znamya has lunched hea For over ten years Ivan Dzyuba has vy attacks against Soviet Jews desiring been the object of attacks from the So to' emigrate to Israel. viet press and the KGB. He was exclu The article says that only "morally ded from the Writers' Union of Ukraine unstable" Jews wished to leave the in March, 1972. The following month USSR. Therefore they were accom he was arrested and kept in isolation plices of a Zionist plot to the disadvan until his trial. tage of the Soviet people. Whosoever helped them to emigrate interfered with the inner affairs of the Soviet Union with "dirty intrigues". Like all other One Million Prisoners in One Thousand national groups, the majority of Soviet Forced Labor Camps Jews rejected these machinations and looked with pride upon the Soviet The International Committee in De Union as their mother country, the ar fense of Human Rights, after an inves ticle says later. tigation lasting for three and a half Those Jews who1 let themselves be years, published a documentation ac "baited" by Israeli propaganda and had cording to which one million people given up their lives as free Soviet ci are robbed of their personality by tizens were now leading a "pitiable “ scientifically tailored" methods in one: existence" in Israel and had very soon thousand forced labor camps in the realized how fatal a step they had USSR. Moreover, the prisoners are con taken, the paper then maintains. stantly being kept at the point of star (Die Welt — 26. 3. 73) vation, and thus worn down. The Committee has ascertained the Right of Assembly Restricted in Moscow exact geographic location of 253 forced Moscow, March 18 (AP) — Accord labor camps. ing to a new decree enacted by the Su (Deutsche Nationalzeitung — 9. 3. 73) preme Soviet, non-authorized assem blies are punishable as criminal activi ties. A Prisoner's Fare Informants tell that officers of the Soviet Secret Police referred to this The Swedish actress Ingrid Berg new regulation during the interrogation man, while visiting with the Jewish of a group of six Jews who have been organization "Woman's Campaign for arrested in the course of a protest de Soviet Jewry" in England, was given monstration. Up till now, such demon to try out the fare of Soviet concentra strations like sit-ins, or trying to hand tion camps: a bowl of thin cabbage over petitions, were classified as gross soup, a very small piece of rye bread, misconduct punishable by 15 days' con one boiled potato', a little piece of salt finement. herring, one sugar cube and some but According to the informants, the ter. This is the daily food ration of Jews were not permitted to look into Jewish prisoners in Soviet concentra this decree enacted on December 25, tion camps, according to the organiza 1972. There has been no word as to what tion. punishments are in store under this (Die W elt — 30. 3. 73) new decree. (Die Welt — 19. 3. 73) The AF-ABN Convention New York, April 8, 1973

During the banquet: Photo 1 — Congressman Mario Biaggi, the guest speaker, and Dr. Ivan Docheff, Chairman of AF-ABN, (extreme right). Photos 2 & 3 — German, Cossack, Byelorussian and Ukrainian delegations. GW ISSN 0001 - 0545 B 20004 F

BULLETIN OF THE A N T I B O L S H E V I K BLOC OF NATIONS

PATRIOTIC YOUTH

FIGHTING FOR NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Verlagspostamt: München 80 July - August 1973 Vol. XXIV No. 4 CONTENTS : Prominent Croatian Intellectuals Imprisoned in Zagreb 2 Lady Birdwood (Great Britain) New Stalin as P e a c e m a k e r ...... 3

Peter Reddaway (Great Britain) Jail for Unrepentant U k r a i n ia n s ...... 4

Iryna Senyk Sentenced A n e w ...... 5

Behind Barbed Wire in M o r d o v ia ...... 7

Ingushets Driven Out of Their Native Land . . 11

E. Orlovskyi (Ukraine) Russian Defeatism and Ukrainian “Madness of the Courageous" ...... 15

American Professors Indict Leonid Brezhnev . . 22

Elmar Lipping (Estonia) E s t o n i a ...... 28

M ykhaylo Kushnir, Ph. D. (USA) Avraham Shifrin's T e s t im o n y ...... 31

Jehova's Witnesses Imprisoned in Lithuania . . 34

Volodymyr Sawchak (USA) Soviet Nationality P ro b lem s ...... 35

News and V i e w s ...... 40

Book R e v i e w s ...... 48

The ideas of the young authors of Ukraine are universal ideas. Their thesis: de-nationalization is the de-heroization and de-culturalization of life — is an eternal truth. And the assertion, that de-Christianization, col lectivization, colonialist industrialization, forced resettlement from the vil lage to the city is a destruction of traditional, national structures, which had catastrophic consequences for the nation — is a confirmation of the invariable truth that every nation must have links to its centuries-old traditions, to spiritual values, to the heroics of life, if it wishes to hold its own while competing with forces which oppose it. Their postulate is "The Church must be preserved" and their indication that Christianity has grown together with the spiritual and national nature of a Ukrainian is of far-reaching significance. The youth of Ukraine provides great signposts . . . In Ukraine there is no generation gap: there is a unity of generations. A unity of the unique 60-year-old hero Mykhaylo Soroka with the young Alla Horska, a Ukrainian neophyte, all the more a great fanatic of the Ukrainian national idea, and a martyr for it. Is greater burning for the national idea possible than the self-immola tion in 1968 of the fighter of the UPA (Ukrainian Insurgent Army) and member of the OUN (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists), Vasyl Ma- kukh, with the exclamation "Long live free Ukraine!"? This is a burning torch of truth and freedom, which will never be extinguished. Have the first Christians who perished at the Colosseum in the jaws of lions while singing religious songs died out in our souls? Christianity triumphed over the tyrants. Our liberation nationalism will triumph over them as well. When the young Jan Palach, on January 19, 1969, called after Makukh: "It is better to die in flames, than to live under the Russian colonial yoke", when the 20-year-old Lithuanian student Romas Kalanta burned himself in May 1972 while shouting “Long live free Lithuania", or when the 60- year-old Anzrus Kukavicius died a similar death in Lithuania while defen ding its freedom, then this is proof enough that the national idea is in vincible, that the nation is eternal. Tanks and cannon are powerless a- gainst it. The blood of heroes fighting for truth, justice and freedom has never been shed in vain. "Well, we shall fight", shout the heroes to the court. Their conviction will turn into a boomerang for Moscow. And it is already becoming a boomerang. The proof: Lithuania, Georgia and the events in other subjugated countries. And no less, our actions in the entire world. The stand of the young people in Ukraine — what a magnificent example it is for the youth of the whole world. Recall the Russian cult of Morozov, a young Russian who betrayed his lather, sending him to the torture chambers, and to whom the Russians erected a monument, and compare the young people of Ukraine, some of whom languish in jails only because they refused to denounce their pa- ,rents. Propagate among the youth of the world the cult of the young he roes of Ukraine or Lithuania, as symbols to be contrasted with all sorts of Che Guevaras, Ho Chi Minhs, Lenins, and Co.

1 Trial of Ukrainians from Priashiv Region Not only in Ukraine does there rage a wave of arrests of the national ly active Ukrainian intelligentsia. Ever since Czechia and Slovakia were conquered by Russian tanks, Ukrainians in the Priashiv region as well have consistently been persecuted by order of the Russian authorities. The ABN has already made known the removal of Ukrainians from their posts and the limitation of their cultural activity. The first trial of four imprisoned Ukrainians took place in Bratislava last March. The local press made no mention of it. The following sentences were handed out: student Anna Kotsur — 3 years Professor Petro Grodskyi — 3 years Dr. Yuriy Bacha — 3 years Dr. Pavlo M urashko — 4 1/2 years.

The first two defendants were arrested in Ukraine and, as citizens of Czecho-Slovakia, were turned over to the organs of justice of the CSSR. Anna Kotsur was temporarily released from prison before the trial so that she could give birth to her child. Dr. Yuriy Bacha pleaded not guilty and appealed the decision to a higher court.

Prominent Croatian Intellectuals Imprisoned in Zagreb, Croatia Dr. FRANJO TUDJMAN, historian, sentenced to 2 years. Dr. MARKO VESELICA, economist, professor of Zagreb University, 7 years. Dr. HRVAOJE SOSlC, economist, professor of Zagreb University, 2 1/z years. Dr. SlME DJODAN, economist, professor of Zagreb University, 6 years. VLADO GOTOVAC, poet, philosopher, former editor of Hrvatski Tjednik, 4 years. ANTE BRUNA BUSlC, publicist, 2 years. Dr. DRAGUTIN SCUKANAC, writer and sociologist, 4 years. ZLATKO TOMlClC, a leading Croatian poet, former editor of the Croatian Literary Journal, 3 years. VLATKO PAVLETlC, literary essayist and critic, 1 xk year. Prof. MILJENKO FORETIC, historian of art, 1 year. Dr. BRUNO TANDARA, sociologist, professor of Zagreb University, 1 year.

Leaders of the Student Movement: DRA2EN BUDISA, 4 years. IVAN ZVONIMIR ClCAK, 3 years. ANTE PARAD2IK, 3 years. GORAN DODIG, 1 year. ZVONIMIR KOMARICA, official of Matica Hrvatska (Cultural Centre), 2 years. JOSIP IVlCEVlC-BAKULlC, official of Matica Hrvatska, 4 years.

Executed at the Beginning of April 1973: DJURO HORVAT, VEJSIL KEgKlC, MIRKO VLASNOVIC. They were Australian citizens.

2 Lady Jane Birdwood New Stalin as Peacemaker Any tyrant who presents himself to1 1939. Why should anyone trust a man the world as universal peacemaker is who, having bargained for and obtain both despicable and ridiculous. Thus ed huge quantities of wheat and butter Leonid Brezhnev, current oppressor of — ostensible for urgent domestic needs over 200 million people in the so- — offers them as bribes to underdevel called Union of Soviet Socialist Repub oped faraway countries whom he hopes lics and its satellite countries, must to attract into the Communist orbit? stand condemned before all men of No European after witnessing years honour. The idea that the Soviet Union, of savage and unremitting repression which for more than 50 years has ne could take seriously from such a man ver yet dared to permit internal inter talk of peaceful co-existence, the end national news coverage for fear of ing of the cold war, or most unbeliev ideological contamination; whose eco able of all, Brezhnev's remark that "the nomy has faltered from one 5-year weak are as safe as the strong". If he plan to the next and which, because genuinely desires peace and security of increasingly bitter internal dissatis not only in Europe but in the world at faction, is in the throes of a second large, he must first put his "own Stalinist purge, can rank as a super house" in order. There must be free power, is patently absurd and unten dom in the Soviet Union and satellite able — unless, of course, one equates countries as it is universally under superiority only with weaponry. stood and accepted: there must be self- Why should any European who, for determination, national independence the last 25 or 50 years, has had to and human rights for the mere than exist cheek by jowl with that vast the 200 million people for whom he cage of human misery in the satellite has arbitrarily assumed the mantle of states or in the Soviet Union, regard leadership. He must cease railing per the peacemaking posturings in Wash petually against the materialism of ington with anything less than con Western capitalism, otherwise his visit temptuous incredulity? to Mr. Nixon, which was clearly necessi Thousands of miles from the grow tated by the failure of Soviet state ca ing unrest at home, Brezhnev must pitalism to maintain, let alone raise, have prayed that his hosts would forget the standard of living for the under the man-made Soviet famine which re privileged people he purports to re sulted in starvation for 7 million U- present, can only be seen to be a farce. krainians: the recent bombing of the At a moment when the future' of Eu Communist Party Headquarters in Tif- rope is of paramount importance to1 lis by enraged Georgians: the self-im world stability, Western statesmen molation of a desperate Lithuanian should not for a second lose sight of youth: or the moving appeals from the ghastly results of appeasing a ty Ukrainian, Byelorussian, Latvian, rant in Munich in 1939. Hitler devas Czecho-Slovak and other writers, tated Europe because men chose to artists and scientists to their Western sacrifice moral principles in order to’ colleagues for support in world coun avert aggression. Shall we in 1973 al cils. How hollow ring the laughter and low our leaders to repeat that hideous even more the utterances of this new blunder, thus laying free Europe at the Stalin, whose promises put one imme feet of another tyrant, Leonid Brezh diately in mind of the now infamous nev, and sealing for innumerable years Molotov/Ribbentrop Pact, which threw the fate of his enslaved millions? The half'-61 Europe into Russian bondage in answer must, of course, be no.

3 Our present Foreign Secretary was stands that appeasement is no answer himself in Munich in 1939. He, more to tyranny. We call upon Sir Alec to than any man in Europe today, undertake the: lead at Helsinki. Peter Redd.away Jail for Unrepentant Ukrainians The chain of political trials in U- aged 43, he became known in 1962 for kraine is continuing. News of three his opposition to the limits imposed on new trials have just reached the West. writers by the official doctrine of "so~ All the defendants were, it appears, cialist realism". charged with alleged "anti-Soviet agi In 1964 he was dismissed from his tation and propaganda", because of job at Kyiv's Institute of Literature for their writing or circulating of uncen the speech he made at a memorial sored underground typescripts known meeting for his friend Vasyl Symone-n- as samizdat. ko1, a young poet and dissenter who Although there is no evidence of had recently died. In 1965-66 he was circumstances which would justify it held for eight months in prison with under the law, the trials took place in out trial, while 20 intellectuals, includ camera. The defendants had previous ing some of his friends, were being ly been held incomunicado for about sentenced in a big series of political a year in pretrial detention. trials. After his release he wrote an During that time articles prejudicing introduction to a samizdat collection three of them appeared in the official of documents on an important trial of Ukrainian press, designed tc* influence 1961. He was arrested in January, 1972, public opinion, but these defendants and sentenced in Kyiv last March. could not, it seems, be persuaded by The second trial took place at the the KGB, the security police, to “re same time and place, ind involved Mr. cant" their beliefs. They were suspect Yevhen Sverstyuk, who had also been ed of involvement in producing the arrested in January last year. Mr. Ukrainian Herald. Sverstyuk's sentence was five years of The Ukrainian Herald came out from strict regime forced labour. 1970 to 1972 in six large issues, and A literary critic aged 44, Mr. Svers reported from a moderate and deter tyuk was unable to publish his work minedly legal position on the perse in the official press from the mid-1960s cution of people who had, in the main, when he became involved in the e- tried toi defend Ukraine's cultural merging national movement. and political rights under the consti The third trial is that of Mrs. Nadiya tution. Svitlychna, Mr. Svitlychnyi's sister, The refusal of the defendants to "re who> is reported to. have been sent cant" almost certainly explains why enced recently in Kyiv to four years the authorities decided to hold the in a strict regime labour camp. She trials in camera. For the same reason, was arrested in April, 1972, and her the trials have received m> mention as young daughter was forcibly put in an yet in the Soviet press, and details of orphanage. Later, after protests., the them have leaked out only through daughter was handed over to relatives. unofficial channels. In July, 1972, Mrs. Svitlychna's hus The heaviest sentence — seven years band, Mr. Danylo. Shumuk, was sent of strict regime forced labour camp, enced in Lviv to. 10 years in a special plus five years of exile to a remote regime camp and five years of exile, region —- was imposed on Mr. Ivan mainly for writing his memoirs. Svitlychnyi, a Kyiv literary critic. Now (Times, May 21, 1973)

4 Iryna Senyk Senlenced Anew

As is known from previous reports, every nocturnal contact of the messen Iryna Senyk has been sentenced again, ger Lesya with the underground re this time to six years' imprisonment quired the extraordinary courage of a and five years' exile- The trial at the young girl- regional court in Ivano-Frankivsk last In 1946, Iryna Senyk was arrested ed for three days behind closed doors. and sentenced by the occupation autho Some fragments of the course of the rities to ten years' imprisonment. summary trial are given by special cor respondent L. Ulchenko of Prykarpat- ska Pravda in his slanderous attack in the article "The Dark Glasses of a Re negade" (PP 11. 3. 1973). Iryna Mykhaylivna Senyk, about for ty-seven years old, was tempered by the underground revolutionary-libera tion struggle and the hell of Bolshevik prisons. As an eighteen-year-old student Iry na, a native of Lviv, joined the ranks of the Organization of Ukrainian Na tionalists (OUN) and in 1944 took the vow to' battle for Ukraine's independ ence. "Mariyka", regional commander of the OUN women's network, intro duced her into' the ranks of the Orga nization and gave her the organiza tional pseudonym “Lesya". Iryna Senyk-Lesya "developed the After her release, she completed her stormy activity of a messenger for the secondary special education and settled national command..." At night she in Ivano-Frankivsk. There, she made would steal away from Lviv to the pro the acquaintance of Valentyn Moroz, vinces, carrying out special missions who was then a lecturer in history at for the National Command of Roman the Pedagogical Institute. In December, Shukhevych, whom L. Ulchenko vi 1969, along with other Ukrainian patri ciously calls a "German spy" and ots and former political prisoners, I. "hangman". "Besides this, Lesya's du Senyk signed a grievance to the head ties included collecting the addresses of the Presidium of the UkSSR Lyash- of Soviet activists, and providing the ko and the UkSSR public prosecutor Banderivtsi (Bandera-followers) with Hlukh protesting the third trial of Svy nationalistic literature." atoslav Karavanskyi, who had again When one considers that the years been imprisoned, with four demands for 1944-1946 saw the total blockade of reforming the illegal treatment of poli Western Ukraine by NKVD troops, the tical prisoners (Ukrainian Herald, Is terrorist provocations of Bolshevik spe sue I). cial forces, the resistance to collectivi Besides her acquaintance with the his zation, mass deportations, and large- torian and her signature of the griev scale battles of the Ukrainian Insurgent ance, Iryna was accused of giving Vya Army (UPA), then it becomes clear that cheslav Chornovil a collection of her

5 poems, which was found at his home Evidence for the trial was an essay after his last arrest — as if the poetess by literary expert E. Rice, "The New did not have the right to seek the opin Literary Wave in Ukraine", found in a ion of the "much younger" literary cri search of her home. tic, nor of the much older expert on literature and art, the "nonagenarian" The shamelessly malicious attack Olha Duchyminska, to whom she also upon Olha Duchyminska, a profound showed her poems. The poetess' read authority on our culture who was ings of her verses among her acquain groundlessly imprisoned for ten years tances was considered as circulation of in vengeance upon the Ukrainian intel illegal literature, or intent to print in ligentsia for the assassination of the the samvydav. traitor Halan is of such a form of coarse police reproof as passes the bounds of logical thought: "The old woman skips about the country passing out anti-So viet literature." Can anyone believe this sort of vicious provocation? All the efforts of the author of the attack to debase and to present as false affectation the courageous deportment of Iryna Senyk before the court and her cool, superior calm before the hang men are in vain: “In the dock sits the thin, no longer young woman, dressed in black. Her grave gaze passes over the faces of those present. At every question of the court and the prosecutor she slowly rises and replies with stu died courtesy, and thanks each witness for his testimony, regardless of whe ther he spoke to her advantage or dis advantage-" The author of the pasquil is enraged that Iryna Senyk was too proud to make a statement of repentance: "Se nyk couldn't muster the strength or the courage to admit that she had lived in error and to return to- the way of truth." The hangmen's court failed to inti midate Iryna Senyk's indomitable cour age by terror, to debase her human dig nity. The court only bor.e out its moral im potence before Iryna Senyk with its groundless decree of liquidation: six years of prison and five years of etile. This unjust sentence from the enemy, Young Ukrainians from Cleveland, Ohio which has decided her fate, Iryna Se demonstrating for the release of the re nyk accepted with dignity, fortitude, cently arrested Ukrainian intellectuals. and the proud calm of a heroine.

6 Behind Barbed Wire in Mordovia From the Experiences of a Contemporary Prisoner

Mordovia. Lesnoi Settlement, 30 ki Often one can see them together. lometers irom the capital, Pot'ma. The older ones recount battles with the Germans, Russians and Poles, who Two rows of barbed wire, a high invaded the Ukrainian villages, and wall and yet another two rows of how famously they beat Kovpak in barbed wire serve to fence 600 people Trans-Carpathia.2) off from the wide world. These people The young tell of the latest events pass long years and in many cases the in freedom, how the independent U- greater parts of their lives on a patch krainian culture is stubbornly re of land measuring 200 by 200 meters. pressed daily, how painstakingly the Outward uniformity, grey clothing, smallest traces of "criminal" national shaven heads, grey faces and dim ism are rubbed out- eyes. Languid movements, a sluggish Often, melodious Ukrainian songs pace — not one calorie is wasted. drift through the air, songs which are This tiny world, at first glance com no! longer taught in the schools of Kyiv pletely homogeneous, reflects as in a and Kharkiv, no longer sung on the drop of water decades of history of the stages of Lviv and Odessa. Russian empire. Here, all the contra The remainder of the numerous Li dictions and the antagonisms of the thuanian group of "Brothers of the contemporary state are presented clear Forest", who for long years waged an ly and ardently: the barbed wire, the unequal struggle against the Russian machine-gunners on the watch-towers, divisions. Tens of thousands of young the watch-dogs... boys from Lithuania died in the bun On the refectory building in the cen kers, hundreds of thousands perished ter of the camp hang two signs: "Long from cold and hunger in Siberia, in the live the friendship among the peoples camps and colonies to which they of the USSR!" and "Prisoner, condemn were exiled and deported by entire your nationalistic past!" villages, farms and settlements. Not counting the Nazi left-overs, po They are also being replaced by the licemen, SS members, co-workers of the young. special command and guards from Ger Seventeen- and eighteen-year-old man prison camps 70 °/o of the zeks1) youths straight from the school-bench, in the camp are nationalists. finding themselves behind barbed wire, The Ukrainians — thick-set bewhis- take up the activity of their fathers kered Banderivtsi (Bandera followers), and older brothers. Hard-working and who survived the horrors of the Sta precise, they do not enjoy the admira linist prison-camps and after decades tion of the camp administration, work spent in Kolyma, the Urals and in Mor at the hardest tasks, and it is difficult dovia have not lost their love and their to find a Lithuanian who would coope faith in a free Ukraine. rate with the authorities or serve in the operations section. Their young countrymen, who call themselves "neo-Banderivtsi", were im Armenians, members of Dashnak prisoned for circulating the brochure groups, Uzbeks... it would be hard to "Who Was S. Bandera and for What Did He Struggle?", for poems of Taras ‘) prisoner Shevchenko1, and for calling for the 2) inaccuracy — it was in the Carpa separation of Ukraine from Russia. thians.

7 find a national movement in the Soviet soned for democratic matters. In all Union that is not represented here. . fairness it must be noted that their ef In 1971, there appeared in the Mor forts were nearly always crowned with dovian camps and partly in the 19th success. The monarchists' ideological zone' a group of Jews sentenced in the "chief" Vagin regarded not only the anti-Semitic trials in Leningrad, Riga Jews- with open disdain; in his opinion, Kyshyniv, ten persons who impressed the Baltic peoples corrupted the Rus the entire camp with their solidarity sian nation as well, while the Ukrain and mutual assistance. ians and Armenians made groundless and impudent claims. Group hunger-strikes, protest ac tions came one after another and the Friendly and trusting ties between Jews always acted as a unified group- the Jews and the young Lithuanians were Strengthened by mutual sympa In the camp, where every zek had thy on a purely human level and by his "coloring", where to belong to this the consciousness of injustice at the or to the other group was the basis hands of the enemy. With their expla of existence — it was indispensable to nations about the history of their move define one's relations with everyone. ment, the Banderivtsi unmasked the Enemies were quickly distinguished. old calumny about it. The representa The Fascist group under the leader tives of the subjugated nations, who ship of Vandakurov, a tall, meticulous led the struggle for their liberation, ly dressed (by camp taste) man of for found a common language. ty, who constantly played the role of a "decisive person". His hatred for the The camp operations division was Jews had a zoological character. He worried by such an overly strong re called himself * a candidate in philo education of the prisoners in an "inter sophical studies", but he immediately nationalist" spirit. Everything was set lost his "intellectual" appearance... in motion, and the story about the "El when it came to the Jewish question. ders of Zion" and the struggle with the Vandakurov specialized essentially in "Zionist sects" were renewed, but for petty provocations, undoubtedly insti tunately all this was in vain. gated and supported by the camp ad It was as if lightning had struck out ministration. It was easy to deal with of a clear blue sky when in March, him, staying together and preserving 1972 there took part in a hunger-strike constant vigilance. protesting the administration's abuses Considerably more dangerous was not only ten Jews, but also twelve U- the group of Great Russian chauvinists. krainians, three Lithuanians, and The members of the Orthodox-mo others. It was a long time since there narchist organization existing in Lenin had been such harmony of action, in grad were in essence incomparably such numbers and national diversity. more enlightened and serious people. The rage and fury of the captors, from They did not indulge in petty provo thei young overseer to the camp com cations, but they constantly and ex mandant, Lieutenant-Colonel Usov, pertly carried on anti-Semitic propa knew no bounds. For the first three ganda, inflating national animosity. days-, the participants in the hunger- Here everything was set in motion — strike passed in single file through the both Hohol's and Dostoevsky's fore offices. sight as to- the Jewish problem and It was explained to Veresiv, Ho-rban, "the Jews' disrespect for Orthodox Dyakiv,- Sokulskyi and others that they churces". Their efforts were aimed ba had best avoid the Jews and Lithua sically at the isolation of the Jews nians, that they were true Slavs and from those zeks who had been impri should not fall victim to provocations.

8 Andiushkovichas, Pashylis and their committed, this means being thrown comrades were told of the methods into the lock-up room. used by the Jew s to seize world power. A small boilding twenty meters from It was hinted to the Jews that if they the main zone, which was surrounded would present their claims alone and by additional rows of barbed wire and with politeness, then a deal could be additional watch-towers, contained ten made- cells. Cells measuring 2 by 2-25 meters But the reason for the hunger-strike with four trap-beds which were swung was serious. There is no need to> ex down from the wall between ten o' plain how much a visit means to a zek. clock at night and six in the morning, Only three visits are allowed per year, a meter-long board on two posts which and two of these — by a regulation set served as a table, and a separate post down in the labor-correctional code— which served as a stool. Part of the belong not only to the family, but also- wall, covered with tin, was heated by to "other persons". Not all have close a small furnace in the corridor. In the relatives, and when the camp comman first hours in the cell it was impossible dant refused to let one of the Jews to breathe, but the tin wall very quick see a person who was not formally ly cooled off, and it became cold in connected with him through family the cell. ties, it was a blow to all. A good half This time putting everyone in solita of the visits were threatened, one of ry confinement, as the instructions re the few ties with freedom was break commended, didn't work. ing. It was impossible to let this re main without a response. The camp commandant's deputy in matters of regime, Velmakin, twisted And thus, one by one they dragged his head with vexation — ten cells themselves in a chain to the box for were not quite enough. prisoners' statements and complaints, twenty-seven persons — Ukrainians, The composition of the cells was in Jews, Lithuanians, and others. Each ternational. The operations division one dropped into the box a piece of had calculated that during the hunger- paper reading: strike, when nerves were on edge, con flicts would arise in the cells. To in To the commandant of camp ITK/19. flame and exploit national enmities has I bring it to your attention that today, for ages been a well-tried and favor the ... of March, at ... o'clock, I an ite method of Russian jailers. This nounce a hunger-strike in protest of time, the KGB's plan was a brilliant the illegal actions of the administra failure. In one of the cells, where there tion. were two Ukrainians and one Jew, an ardent discussion was carried on about During such actions, the camp pas Khmelnytskyi and Mazepa. Though ses into a state of battle readiness: there was of course no total agree the number of overseers is strengthen ment, this was a discussion among ed, there are diligent night-time inspec friends and men of like ideas. The tions, the frequency of "raids" is overseers in the lock-up ward had the doubled... opportunity to hear such a concert of Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Jewish and By "secret" (but known to all) in other songs as one could never hear structions of the MVD, a zek who does on stage- not end his hunger-strike within three days should be isolated from the rest During this time the camp adminis of the inmates. But inasmuch as the tration experienced unpleasant mo camp isolation ward is only for crimes ments. There were frequent calls from

9 Saransk and Moscow; the Mordovian " international" hunger-strike, but the and Russian authorities demanded cla zeks, accustomed to such "gifts", spoke rifications and ordered to cut short, to only of their success. reprimand, to force, to persuade. Immediately after this event one of This time the protest hunger-strike the Ukrainians, Sokulskyi, w as sent off was crowned with success. Friends, to the Vladimir Prison for two years distant relations and women who had for "violating regime". And again, de had the misfortune to be bound by a spite the fact that there was no> chance Soviet civil marriage obtained visits of saving Sokulskyi from prison, a with their dear ones without inter hunger-stirke was held. And the U- ference. krainians were supported by the Jews The Velmakins and Usovs, angered and the Lithuanians and the Russians. to bestiality, had to wait for their ven The joint protest actions did much geance. The whole camp, punished and for the participants, but the camp ad re-classified into the ITK:|) RSFSR, was ministration drew some conclusions put to1 a test by participation in the 3 as well: the sign reading "Long live1 the friendship among the peoples of 3) a correctional-labor colony. the USSR!" vanished. Oleks

Cardinal Slipyi Visits Germany

Munich, West Germany, June 17, 1973

Cardinal Josyf Slipyi (center), the Archbishop-Major of the Ukrainian Catholics, cele brating Mass at Munich's Frauenkirche. His stay in Munich concluded a world tour of Ukrainian communities which began in February 1973, in Australia and included stops in Japan, Taiwan, Canada and the United States.

10 Ingusheis Driven Out of Their Native Land

(Excerpts from the essay “Cataract" clandestinely circulating in Ukraine. Its authorship is attributed to Mykhaylo Osadchyi, 37, who spent two years in a Russian concentration camp in Mordovia in 1966-68. In September 1972 he was sentenced again to seven years of imprisonment and three years of exile.)

A wolf is of feminine gender in the Ingushet language. A wolf means their native land, its symbol, its flag. When the Ingushets were deported to North Kazakhstan during the war, the wolves also disappeared from the Vaynakh hills. The wolves could not live without the Ingushets, who had been deprived of their fatherland. The wolves did not want to become a flag for foreigners. The wolves disappeared from the mountains. They did not go north with the Ingushets. Bitter cold, snowdrifts. The moun taineers lay on the road, cold, feeble, corpses. The mountaineers were not used to bitter cold; and it destroyed them. Their warm homeland was deserted by wolves. There was a new master and the mountaineers died like flies. Ali had not seen this, only his father related it; "Ali", the father said, "Ali..." His father had not said anything else. He only stared ahead mutely. "No wolves, Ali, no . . And the grandmother, with an ever- opened mouth, entered the house and the dumb frost came with her. The grandmother's mouth had not shut for more than twenty years. It gapes as a wide hole and does not cry.

"Ali", says his father, "we do not have wolves anymore. There are no wolves, Ali." "If so much of the intelligentsia were transplanted by us, as by you in Ukraine in 1965 alone, we would have nothing left", says Ali. Ali says that their entire intelligentsia "has gone", not in the 1930's, but a little later. In 1960 they were permitted to return to the mountains, to their home land. The mountaineers hid themselves in their cold hovels and refused to go. The mountaineers feared that they would be deceived again. They did not want to go. Then the Ingushets, who wanted to have their wolves, went among them. "Go, mountaineers", they said, "the wolves are waiting for you".

"We have no wolves, Ali", said his father, "there are none, Ali!" The agitators were caught and disappeared somewhere forever. The moun taineers returned to their mountains, to their homeland, and then, it is said, the wolves appeared in the mountains. The wolves came to the In gushets. "We do not have any wolves, Ali", said the old man, "here are none, Ali". While studying at the Grozny Pedagogical Institute, Ali has heard:

11 "We have no wolves, Ali, we have none." Later Ali was arrested with another teacher, twice as old as himself, for anti-Soviet nationalist (Ingu- shetj activity. Ali was told that he was anti-Soviet as a thirteen-year-old, when he wrote a nationalist poem. They attributed a two-man organization to them. They wanted to make the elderly teacher the chief offender, be cause he could have exerted influence on the younger one. "He did not in fluence me", said Ali, "I influenced him". They were given four years each. “We do not have wolves, Ali, we have none." "We are not accepted at higher educational establishments", says Ali. "They are afraid to teach us, afraid that we might perceive something. The common people do not understand; they are afraid when they lack the intelligentsia. Our lan guage lacks many words: freedom, work, the w ord intelligentsia. W e are two-hundred-fifty thousand. Two-hundred-fifty thousand. A two-hundred- fifty thousand-strong herd of mountaineers. In Kafka, it seems, it went about without heads. Even if our nation does disappear, a skeleton of a wolf will harden in the mountains. A gigantic wolf. This will be the last wolf of the world. Gloating mountaineers." "We have no wolves, Ali, we have none, Ali." "If I knew that my language will die tomorrow, I would die today, I bear no grudge against any nation, nor its language, but a misfortune has been inflicted upon us. I can point my finger at those who committed this crime. They walk along side of us; you can see them; they have smiling faces. They are not tor mented at all because they have exterminated thousands." "We have no wolves, Ali, we have none." "I was nineteen, when I was taken. I was proud and, aside from pride, I had nothing else. I did not know at all how to conduct myself. Much later, an investigator approach ed me and said: "You are conducting yourself, snot nose, as a spy!" "Dp you mean — firmly?" That old poet X spent his entire life in prisons, in exile from his native hills. That old man returned home as feeble as his people. He was dying and said, "I wanted to tell you something, mountaineers. I had so much to tell you, mountaineers." He died without saying anything else, aside from these words. "We have no wolves, Ali, no . .." Ali, black as hills, is wet all over. Ali inserts detail after detail in the scratch gauge. Ali polishes. "Do you see these veins? Can mountain blood flow in them? Let it flow at home in the hills. It has nothing to do in the ocean. A foreign ocean." "Zek*, come here!" The zek approaches. The zek has a dignified face and intelligent eyes. This zek comes from the mountains.

*) prisoner

12 "Why don't you salute, prisoner?" Two prisms of red eyes stare at him. They have blue veinlets. This is perhaps from excessive drinking. The face is filled with fat and is distorted. This is some predatory mask. A mask of fat and human wickedness. They run. Thy stumble. "Your ... your ... comb ... contra ... com rade . . . comrade commandant of the Dubrovlag, Colonel Gromov . . . He stumbled — fell. . . He does not move; his eyes are lifted in prayer. His eyes are filled with fear. "To the lock up?" "What for, commander, comrade?" "You! Prisoner, what is your name?" "We have no wolves, Ali, we have none." “Do you see these veins? Can mountain blood flow in them? Let it flow at home in the mountains. It has nothing to do in the ocean, a foreign ocean!" "My name? Ali Kha- tahulhov." "Not Ali, but prisoner Khatahulhov! Five days of penal isolator for you!" "What for, commandant?" "Next time you must greet the commandant." "But at home, in the mountains, to greet a person means to wish him good health. And I do not want to wish you health!"

Common Front

In the camp, there are dozens of young and elderly writers. They too, want to lead literary lives. Daniel: "We can compile a collection of poetry of our camp poets of various nationalities. We must show the world that not ’bandits' and ’anti-Sovietchiki’ are confined here. Here are gifted peo ple, talented, and the world must know about it. The collection will be in all the languages of the camp poets, Zaure Kabali, a Georgian, Ali Khata hulhov, an Ingush, Knut Skueniks, a Latvian, Valdur, an Estonian. The collection will be artistically finished by our artists Panas Zalyvakha and others. The world must know that 'bandits' are not incarcerated here." Knut Skueniks: "From today on we commemorate the dates of great writers and artists of the world. We cannot lead a zek's life: balanda, a barrack, and legs to chairs." A commemorative "evening" was held, in the daytime over a cup of tea Sunday. Franko. A ugust 22, 1966. Sunday Shota Rusthavelli. Early September, 1966. A rtist Christian Raud, an Eston ian and so forth. The writer, of whatever nationality, prepares the "eve ning". Literary works are being translated into various languages of the

13 world. They are read. There are many willing to listen, as well as those willing to perform. I recall the "evening" of Jan Rainis. Translations into Ukrainian, Georgian, Estonian, and Russian. A cup of coffee. The musor**) asks, "What kind of gathering is it?" He sees books, flips over pages, "Jan Rainis", he reads, "What, from abroad? A nationalist, a traitor?" "No, a national poet of Latvia." "Then why are you honouring him?" says the musor again. They keep turning pages. Somebody says, "There is no political in trigue, all publications are Soviet." "Don't prompt me, I am not blind! Disperse!" All shout "We won't go!" They drag the one sitting at the edge of the table. "Leave him alone, we won't let you. We are drinking coffee and commemorating a writer who is being honoured by the UNESCO." There are two wardens and about twenty prisoners. "Too bad that there are no more of us", said the musor. "You would then smell...! Daniel, I know you well, you will answer for the disturb ance of the camp regime." Daniel, tall and with high cheek bones, replied, "O.K., wherever it will be necessary! When necessary, I'll answer!" It is possible to live. Here one can live as nowhere else. If there had ever been the most democratic country, then it only could have been a camp. Think what you want. Say what you want. Even preach the wisdom of a sparrow. A punished one is no longer punished. Knut Skueniks. Latvia does not have its own camps, they must rent them from the Mordovians. The Russians are the intermediaries. Knut strikes his red beard. Knut calmly raises his arm, "Where should he rush to?" Rags always stick out of his shoes. He takes a piece of toast from his pocket, "Give your lips a taste." Knut toasts them on the battery in the shop and laughs when some body cannot break them with his teeth. "You don't have teeth", he says. "I shall find it difficult to talk to you about something." He has an amusing fortune. He graduated from the Moscow Gorky Institute of Literature. He worked for a Riga youth newspaper. He wrote verse. And then he re ceived seven years for anti-Soviet nationalist propaganda. Latvian. Funny. Knut is amused. He makes fun of the word "propaganda". They are not afraid of propaganda, they are afraid of an artist. An artist contradicts evil; an artist strives toward a new good. An artist is not understood. And it is this misunderstanding which gives rise to a label. They stick it on you and — off with you to a "health resort". Hyde Park and balanda. Well and good, if you survive.

**) derogatory name for prison guard

14 E. Orlovskyi

Russian Defeatism and Ukrainian "Madness of ihe Courageous"

G. Lauter, one of the most recent fied the Church's silence when speak Russian emigrants who found himself ing about the events in Hungary or in the West, in 1972 provides us with a Czecho-Slovakia or the political trials very characteristic example of Russian in the USSR, for instance, of Synyav- defeatism. He, in his own words, is a sky and Daniel and other dissidents, philosopher by profession and a Chris for this is allegedly already politics. tian by convictions. In fact, he is a po He also makes excuses for Pimen, for litical capitulant, a totally resigned the latter is allegedly a "captive". pessimist, when one speaks about Thus, although Lauter rightly criti chances of any struggle within the cizes Vatican for its silence and the USSR. In his opinion, "all demands Western Churches and governments put to the Soviet leaders in the sphere for their inertia, he puts forward to the of political freedoms are totally unsuc West demands which could be called cessful, useless, leading to an even completely defeatist and minimalistic greater oppression of an individual". and which could hardly be considered Therefore, he suggests urging only a blow of any kind for the USSR. "The "the extension of freedom" in the sole thing — he says — which could sphere of humanistic culture which be done to lessen the threat of Com has no connection with politics, as munism is to achieve limited humani well as the "softening of the ban on zation in the sphere of spiritual culture religion, for it is impossible to lift it and the preservation of legality" in the (the ban) completely". In brief, to raise USSR. This is all! For him only "Rus the least possible demands and to fight sia and Eastern Europe" do exist, i. e. for the minimal concessions of the re — Russia and her satellites. On the gime. other hand, he entirely fails to see the One should not demand freedom to nations subjugated within the USSR. criticize either, for this is unrealistic- When there are no subjugated nations, One should limit oneself to demanding then the national problem does not that "legality" is preserved with re exist either. There are only op spect to those who are "guilty" in a pressed individuals in "Russia and political sense. In Lauter's opinion, the Eastern Europe". The force of terror West should launch a campaign in de and the power of Communism are so fense of humanistic culture, spiritual great that it is nonsense to be at odds freedom, spiritual life, and those perse with them; to reach for the sun with a cuted in the USSR, in particular Bu- hoe are dreams of "silly children". kovskyi (whom he calls "our consci ence") and this only with the help of Thus, Lauter, a supporter of "the one petitions to the Central Committee of and indivisible Russia", suggests that the Communist Party of the Soviet the West capitulate in the face of Com Union from churches, political and cul munism, advising the nations of "Rus tural leaders, as well as intervention sia and Eastern Europe" to reject all of the Human Rights Commission at attempts of fighting for their national the United Nations. The Church in the liberation. At the same time Valentyn West, in particular the Pope, should Moroz, a Ukrainian, flings a slogan at defend the Church and humaneness in the tyrants, worthy of Homer's ancient the USSR. On the other hand, he justi heroes: “Well then, — we shall fight!"

15 As if in reply to the Russian capi- nations — Russian and Ukrainian. The tulants one of the unyielding Ukrain first of these is in the free world, but ians writes: he preaches defeatism and capitula "The madness of the courageous is a tion; the second, harassed and perse song which must be created (com cuted in his native land, preaches "mad posed) by everyone in the best mo ness of the courageous". Two' con ments of life. Otherwise, life will be trasting figures, two opposing view long and boring — without holy days points — Tolstoy-like toleration of evil ... Heroic individualism and the Don and the dynamic posture of the Cos Quixotes are one of the old tales, long sack "Don Quixote". forgotten in our cybernetic world of Therefore, it is not astonishing that great organisms, systems and sub-sys Lauter was readily permitted to leave tems. Your truth is so small that it is the USSR for the free world, for here not suited for export, for one can only he confirms the myth about the legen export great truth, which has power, dary indestructibility of the colossus an aim. But why do you deny that be on clay feet. His concept is totally in sides the portative realists there are line with the policy of so-called peace internally strong, fine people? They ful coexistence, the gradual, peaceful are spattered with mud, while tomor (by way of petitions, requests and ap row they will become pure again, and peals to the "humanity" of the tyrants) their eyes will shine with the beauty "rebirth" of the USSR, for, in his opin inherent in them, which you are at ion, only thus can the chains be made tempting to reduce to hallucinations. lighter, can Communism be "human Train them to subordinate themselves ized" according to the Dubcek model. to you as much as you will, and they On the other hand, the Ukrainian figh will again walk in their full stature ters do not strive for the "humaniza with their own gait. Why do you fail tion of Communism" at all. They want to see them? . ■. Legends are created to break Russian chains and to throw by a Don Quixote, gaizing with a fiery them away. Moroz and Lauter! One look beyond the pinnacle of life. And says: "We shall fight!", the other: "We the reckless Don Quixotes of this must beg!" Moroz and Pomerants! Kos- world become heroes of folk tales and mach and Babylon! Kyiv and Babylon! folk history.. . Great figures are great For Moroz Kosmach is a symbol of first of all by their faith, their love the nation's millennial tradition, a sym and their ignoring of the Sunday-school bol of national order in the world. The truths, ultimate for the moderate. Their Soviet society is a Babylonian mixture scale is determined first and foremost of peoples. It is a nationless and by the merciless highest aim ... His therefore a cultureless world society. tory makes great romantics part of the There is no international world culture basis of spiritual culture and creates or literature, for world culture' and li a foundation from their fervent visions terature do not exist beyond nations. and prophesies. It places Shevchenko Shakespeare is an English world trea high above Kulish, Franko — above sure, Goethe — a German, Shevchenko Drahomaniv, Lesya (Ukrainka) — a- — a Ukrainian world figure and trea bove Vynnychenko... And on the sure. What is the meaning of the Black Sea in their light canoes and phrase: knowledge of world literature? with a brazen song, the Zaporizhians Are not Shevchenko, Frahko, Lesya sail to the shores of Turkey in the face Ukrainka, Moroz, Sverstyuk, Lina Kos of storms, of whom only a small frac tenko and Kalynets component parts tion will emerge victorious..." of it?! Here we have two examples of two The essential break-through in the representatives of two totally different spirituality of the Ukrainian nation

16 which occurred as the result of the ac quered. Now a struggle is being waged tions of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army not for the improvement of the occu (UPA) and the Organization of Ukrain pant's system, but for the toppling of ian Nationalists (OUN), the struggle the hated empire. The subjugated na for liberation of the subjugated nations tions' liberation movement has become during and after World War II — is a popular movement. first of all the overcoming of fear. Hence, the great crisis in the countries Ukraine's Nationwide Liberation subjugated within the Russian empire, Movement which is already known to the whole world. And so now, when the Unsub First of all, we would like to point dued are at odds with the tyrants, the: to the absolutely false thesis of the so-called third Russian emigration re Russified Ossete (or perhaps a Russian leased by Moscow into the free world, from Ossetia) Avtorkhanov, who de begins to unearth the old myth about clared the following at the NTS con the impossibility of resistance in the ference in November 1972: "Russia is USSR, about the unconquerable fear our common fatherland, a union of among the subjugated nations, about peoples of various religions and va the stability of the Bolshevik govern rious races, but sharing the same fate. ment, about the only correct road of Our road leads through Moscow, and making demands — through "peti as long as the regime in Moscow is tions" and appeals to the "humanity" not toppled, we shall neither see a of the Kremlin beasts. Apparently, it is (free) Tashkent, norTiflis, nor Kyiv ..." necessary to cover up facts of active, even armed struggle for liberation in We have already mentioned that any the Russian empire — the USSR, and hopes of revolution in Russia, in parti its satellite countries (Budapest, Berlin, cular of dissolution of the empire Poznan, the concentration camps, No- through the Russian forces of opposi vocherkask, Donetske, Dnipropetrivske tion are futile and naive. The Russian and so forth) and to propagate again opposition movement has absolutely the view about the impossibility to no support from the Russian people. overcome terror stemming from the Yuriy Yofe —- an emigrant from the Stalinist times. Thus Lauter and Agru- USSR to Israel — stated at the above- zov and their counterparts in the West mentioned November NTS conference: — whether they want it or not — are "The Democratic Movement (in Rus performing a service for the Kremlin sia ) is a purely intellectual phenome through their defeatism- non, which was never so popular as, for instance, the Zionist, the Crimean They might be right when speaking Tatar, the Ukrainian Nationalist move about the Russian people, who do not ment..." (italics added). Therefore, rebel, do not resist their regime, for there is little wonder, — Yofe writes they are happy with the present state further — that when Bukovsky was of affairs and the global expansion of tried, a "female patriot from the pub their leaders. But this characteristic lic" said in agitation: "Why should the cannot be transferred from the nation- likes of him be tried? They should be oppressor to the subjugated nations, in strangled without any trial!" This is particular Ukraine. As proved by con the attitude of the "public" in Russia! crete facts, Ukraine, Lithuania, Turke stan, Estonia, Georgia and other subju And what about Ukraine? The peo gated nations are already at the brink ple tossed flowers under the prisoners' of a revolutionary guerilla struggle a- feet in court, and even in the streets gainst Russia — the occupant — and when they were led by KGB agents, Communism. There fear has been con they covered their path with flowers.

17 The NTS concepts are rejected not in November 1972, openly stated: "For only by the subjugated peoples, but me the national question — our rela also by anti-Communists in free coun tions with Latvians, Estonians, Geor tries. N. B. Shyrokova, an NTS activist gians, Uzbeks and Ukrainians — is a in Sweden, was forced to admit the question of secondary importance. It following: "In Sweden, the youth must be examined as part of the which fights Communism and uses NTS scheme of interrelations among nations materials for that (purpose) has a hos on a global scale..." He allegedly has tile attitude toward NTS ..." And this forgotten that the present "interrela means that the age of imperialism has tions" among nations on a global scale passed and that honest people do not appear as follows: All empires of the defend it anywhere. world (with the exception of the Rus A- E. Chemesova of NTS also empha sian one) have been liquidated; the sizes that today the liberation move former / 50 nation-states, members of ment in Russia is "a movement of the the UN, were joined by almost 100 intelligentsia... In the present stage, new nation-states, which have rid the liberation movement in Russia themselves of colonial domination. does not enjoy the support of the peo "And for me — says that same Red ple". And further: "An agreement of likh —■ there is no non-Russian fate, the intelligentsia and the common peo I am first and foremost a Russian... I ple is reached only where the national can feel this much more strongly than interests of individual nationalities or the concern for the fate of humanity religious freedom are at stake..." or democracy..." V. A. Kapshytser, a recent Jewish Thus, everything is clear. A Russian emigrant from the USSR to Israel, confirms the things about which a U- writes: "One of the major questions krainian, M. Lado’, writes from the Vla facing us is the national question ... dimir prison in an essay "Stalin's The national forces are breaking the Death": "We fully depend upon the Communist empire apart..." Russian nation (says Stalin) ... It wil We are quoting foreigners not be lingly annexed, in spite of sacrifices, cause they reveal something new to other nations to its state... We call us, but because they confirm the things the Russian nation a nation-intema- we have been writing about for many ionalist, a nation-liberator. We call it years already. Apparently, we have this, but we are aware that it is far evaluated correctly the situation in the from being this; we know first of all present-day Russian empire1 and made that it is a nation-chauvinist, a. nation- correct diagnoses and prognoses. Hence, imperialist ... Our state ... is a barrel, we have been and are on the right made from many staves, which is hold track. And there is much evidence as ing together only thanks to the hoops to the mighty force of the national li which were put on it. When the hoops beration movements in the Russian em break, the staves will fall apart, the pire. Take for instance the revolts and barrel will disappear. This barrel disturbances in various countries sub should have disintegrated in T7, and jugated in the USSR and the heroic only through unbelievable efforts, at sacrifices for the national idea: Ma- the price of huge (amounts of) blood, kukh, Bereslavskyi, Palach, Kalanta, we, the Bolsheviks, managed to pre Soroka, Oliynyk, Moroz, Horska and serve it, to put new hoops on it... countless others! And what will happen today?... U- We have evaluated correctly, too, kraine, the largest peasant country. .. Russian chauvinism and imperialism, the largest untrustworthy nation..." regardless of color. Thus, the NTS lea Both Redlikh and Stalin in principle der R. Redlikh, at the NTS conference think the same way- But both of them

18 are forgetting the great truth, which ous", — stresses a young author of re was expressed by another author in born Ukraine. Ukraine referring to the rolei of Shev It is for this reason that the nation chenko1: "And so the coffin of the grea al liberation movement of Ukraine and test enemy of the Russian empire is other subjugated nations has become transported to Ukraine with the per a nationwide movement. The case is mission of the Russian emperor... The different in Russia. Gleb Rar (also from imperial state wisdom had always NTS) writes in the newspaper Die Welt known one general line — to kill. It of February 2, 1973, that no more than was afraid of everything living. It 3-5 thousand people participated in the closed the "personal files" of the dead actions of the Russian democrats. All with relief and no longer feared them. of them were intellectuals. The "libe Naive, it differentiated between the rals" are again dreaming about and living and the dead through the signs expecting a "thaw". Others plan to of visibility... "Meanwhile — says a search for contacts with the workers folk legend — our Taras had not died, who are keeping aloof from the move but only pretended to be dead" ... The ment of the intellectuals- These are the nation felt that real life, both its and so-called scientific socialists. Rar ack the poet's, hand not begun y et..." nowledges that “the most natural and What a totally different world of the most real are the ties between the young Ukrainian authors of subjugat elite and the people in the national re ed Ukraine — philosophers, sociolo publics where all are strongly united gists, historians, poets — from the by the threatened national culture, na world of the likes of Lauter or Agra- tionalism." zov! Lauter opposes even the dissemi Yuriy Glazov, an orientalist from the nation of all leaflets, for allegedly, on Moscow University, in July 1972 refer ly "extravagant personalities" get red to the following eight Russian op caught in the noose. position groups: the neo-Communists, "But let's look at national history, — who are active within the Communist writes one young historian in Ukraine, Party of the Soviet Union as an oppo — had not those become its heroes, sition to the top echelon, propagating who with a child's smile have passed "humane Communism" of the Dubcek over the abysses and who have raised type (for some reason he included the highest the spirit of national im Gen. Hryhorenko in this group, although, mortality? Had not the practical, the the latter was active on the national down-to-earth and the well adjusted front — the Tatars), the constitution been lost anonymously ... those who alists, who believe that the dominance ridiculed the Don Quixotes, because of the party and official ideology can they do not have a cause of their own, be overcome by internal corrections of but are concerned with everything ..." the system and the application of lega Yes, heroes and giants are concern lity in this group he includes Sakha ed with everything, for they are the rov); the neo-Slavists (or rather neo- movers of the nation, of progress, jus Slavophiles), who refer to historic tra tice, truth, goodness, freedom. The con ditions and openly propagate the pri tent and the: "practical" are ignored by macy of the Russians, with traces of national memory, are passed over by anti-Semitism; the liberals, who defend legend. But it does not pass over he personal freedom and oppose collecti roes, infatuated with the ideals of truth vism; the Christian socialists, who pro and justice. "The people collect into a pagate Christian socialism, similarly legend the traces of great, often futile as in Tsarist times; the Christian de efforts of a Don Quixote, and sing a mocrats, who favour the democratiza song to the madness of the courage tion of the system-, the Jews, who de-

19 fend their right to emigrate to Israel", sian opposition groups (with the ex the "action group for human rights", ception of the All-Russian Christian in which, from an ideological point of Social Union for People's Liberation, view, one can include Solzhenitsyn. crushed in 1968) reject and condemn In spite of the fact that all these armed struggle. The latter was consi groups, with the exception of the Jews dered to be a chauvinist and anti-Se perhaps, are not of very great impor mitic group. tance in the USSR, they are widely 3) They — as intelligentsia groups publicized in the West. On the other — restrict themselves to professional hand, the national liberation move affairs, struggling within these or other ments are concealed, although the Jews limits for freedom of speech and reli and even the Russians are forced to gion or the so-called human rights, but acknowledge that they alone have disregarding the socio-political aspects deep links with the people and are na of life, the situation of the peasants tionwide movements. and workers, and failing to raise the Not one of the representatives of the question of the socio-political system national liberation movements was per and the socio-economic oppression. mitted by Moscow to go abroad. On 4) Nowhere do they stand up in de the other hand, it lets its own "dissi fense of national or human rights in dents" go to the free world, as for in the countries subjugated by the Rus stance, Aleksander Yessyenin-Volpin, sians, do not even mention them in a mathematician, Yuriy Igtaynov, a their petitions and memorials, although well known movie producer, A. P. Fe- it is generally known that, for instance, dosyev, doctor of technical science, a about 80 %> of all political prisoners specialist of military electronics, twice- and those persecuted on political decorated with the Order of Lenin, a grounds are Ukrainians. laureate of the Lenin Price, the hero 5) They do not propose any alterna of "Socialist labor" and so forth. All tive to- the Communist government, but this is particularly significant. only wish to "correct" it and partially In conclusion, with respect to the "democratize" the regime. Russian oppositional or semi-opposi In the event of an action which tional groups, it must be emphasized would hasten the fall of the empire all of that all of them favour the preserva them would rally to- the side of the re tion of the Russian empire and totally gime in line with the theses of Milyu- disregard the national aspirations of kov and Kerensky which said that it the subjugated nations. They demand: is better to have a tyrant and a tyran 1) A relative liberalization of the ny than "the lacerated living body system, but within such limits as to of Russia". From this stems their ve preserve the indivisibility of the em ry restrained pressure on the regime, pire and not to shake its foundations. including the proposals (Sakharov, O- Their tendencies are manifested in the sypov) for a joint introduction of re loyal opposition to "His Royal High forms from above so- as not to shake ness" Leonid I, in an attempt to cor the empire and the system which is rect and democratize the party from a- the basis of the empire's existence. bove or by pressure from below, but Therefore, one should not wonder without the use of force. that Moscow permitted some Russian • 2) In principle they reject revolu dissidents to go to the West. It prefers tionary methods of struggle and the to have them in the free world, where revolutionary way of removing the they play the part of defenders of the present system, the basis of which the empire and focus the attention of West majority tries to' leave intact, imposing ern society on secondary matters — on it a "Dubcek" character. All Rus the various "alleviations" which can

20 allegedly be achieved in the USSR. in Ukraine, which has a Ukrainian na Hence, they are saving the Russian tional character. Therefore, the above- empire from dismemberment into- na mentioned propaganda sheet in Ukrain tional states. ian is very much alarmed because: All the demands put forth by Sakha "As of late, also the activity o-f former rov, Osypov, Agruzov or Lauter to the Uniate clergy who conduct illegal agi regime seem like a farce of those beg tation for the reestablishment of the ging for scraps from Brezhnev's table1. Uniate Church has risen considerably in individual regions of Ukraine. These A Gun Is Powerless Against Ideas priests. . . project themselves in the eyes of the faithful in the role of mar Thus, unnoticeably, it would seem, tyrs for the faith, disseminate among Brezhnev's neo-Stalinism — approved former members of the Uniate Church by Nixon and Pompidou —■ emerged religious leaflets, small calendars and on the horizon of the Russian empire. prayer books with anti-Soviet and an- Even in Stalin's time some captured ti-Communist contents, which are deli insurgents were sentenced to 25 years vered with the aid of 'tourists'. Onei of in prison, while now the "liberal" and the most repulsive variants of Uniat- "de-Stalinizer" Brezhnev punishes ism is the so-called Penitentialism wives with long prison terms in order ("The Penitents" — stemming from the to break their husbands. Yurko Shu- word "penance' — sharply denounce khevych was sentenced to another 15 the pro-Russian — politics of the Va years only because he refused to de tican — Ye. O.). Penitentialism's or nounce his father, while Ukrainian in ganizers — former Uniate priests — tellectuals are convicted to 15 years in Soltys, Potochnyak, Syretskyi and prison or confined for life in insane others staged the miracle of the' ap asylums (Plushch, Hryhorenko). Brezh pearance of the Mother of God near nev using modern methods surpasses a spring o-n the Serednyany Mountain Stalin in brutality. on December 22, 1954. In their instruc But with no barbaric methods is it tions the chieftaints of the Penitents possible to break the spirit of the na urge not to work in Soviet institutions, tion, to destroy its ideas- A gun is refuse to accept passports, military powerless against an idea. cards and other Soviet documents Liberation nationalism is the might which allegedly bear the stamp of the iest and the sole force which can de d e v il..." stroy the prison of nations. Moscow is particularly afraid of unity between Here we have still another proof the Christian and the national idea. that Moscow fears Christ and the na Robitnycha hazeta of March 13, 1973, tional idea. But the ideological bank among other things, writes: "Priests ruptcy of Communism and tyranny are and former Uniate monks who have obvious to the point that even terror not joined (the official Russian Ortho and persecution of Ukrainian national dox Church — trans.) attempt to con Churches and their faithful will no duct illegal religious activities . .. Yo- longer save the Russian empire. syp Slipyi who headed the Uniate dross Christianity and the national ideas abroad, together with the former cri have already penetrated the broad minal, Stetsko, took pains to revive' the popular masses, as an invincible force. Union on the territory of Soviet U- The Russian empire and its atheist kraine..." Having driven the Ukrain Communist system find themselves at ian Autocephalous Orthodox Church the verge of collapse and will be de into the catacombs by terror, the Rus stroyed under the blows of the nation sian tyrants also attempt to liquidate al liberation forces of the subjugated the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church nations.

21 American Professors Indict Leonid Brezhnev

Mr. Brezhnev, ist" states. Demonstrated also is that You have come to the United States the USSR needs to display a measure of on a state visit upon the invitation of "good will" and "respect" towards the President of the United States of those who are deeply concerned with America. You have come here for the the internal situation in the USSR, the purpose of improving mutual relations overriding feature of which is the tho between the Soviet Union and the rough repression of all the non-Russian United States, a laudible purpose which peoples by the Communist Party of the you confirmed in your address of May Soviet Union, which you head, and by 1 in Moscow: your efficient KGB, your instrument of effecting obedience and of executing "We shall in the future, too, facili genocide. tate a favourable development of So- viet-American relations on the prin Gross Violations of Human Rights ciple of mutual respect and mutual ad in Ukraine vantage." This "advantage" you speak of alrea As part of the great American intel dy was partly attained when the lectual and academic community, we US Government and the Govern address ourselves to you, Mr. Brezh ment of the USSR signed a mu nev, on behalf of hundreds upon thou tual trade agreement, enabling your go sands of Ukrainian intellectuals who vernment to buy $ 750,000,000 worth of are being systematically persecuted by US grain over a period of three years- your secret police and your courts in You also know that $ 500,000,000 of very defiance of your own Soviet Con that sum will be paid with monies ge stitution and of the UN Declaration of nerously loaned by the American tax Human Rights, which the USSR Go payer. Moreover, your representatives vernment and the Government of the have! been pressuring the US Govern Ukrainian SSR both solemnly pledged ment and the US Congress to grant the themselves to observe and respect. USSR the "most-favored-nation" status Since your representatives in the UN (MFN), which would provide American make much of human rights in their credits for the USSR to finance Soviet propaganda tirades against such coun trade with the US. It would also re tries as Greece, Rhodesia, Israel, South move discriminatory tariffs that are in Vietnam and even the United States, force against the USSR and other Com why do they receive such scant notice munist countries. from a state that vaunts its belief in the All these efforts, Mr. Brezhnev, as individual? well as the frantic search by your go Only this past December the USSR vernment for grain in Canada, Western observed the 50th anniversary of its Europe and other countries of the founding, emphasizing the theme that world, prove undeniably if embarra- the "nationality problem" has been sa singly only one thing: despite the mili tisfactorily "solved", and that all the tary prowess and the alleged technolo non-Russian peonies of the USSR, con gical progress made_by the USSR, its stituting over 50 % of its entire popula economy is In a very precarious if not tion, are "happy" to live in the USSR. deplorable state. Demonstrated again Conspicuously absent from the offi is that your Government does need e- cial pronouncements were less "hap conomic assistance from the "capital py" features of your rule, as well as the

22 rule of your predecessors, Stalin and cluding their families: parents, wives, Khrushchev, namely: sisters, brothers and children, a) The Stalin-made famine in Ukraine e) The mass deportation of Ukrain in 1932-33, which resulted in the death ians into the out-flung areas of the by starvation of over 7,000,000 Ukrain USSR, especially Siberia and Central ian men, women and children; Asia, many of them sent by "adminis b) The wanton destruction of the trative order", without benefit of trial, Ukrainian Autocephalic Orthodox never of choice. Church in the 1930's, along with -the Under your leadership, the Soviet go arrest and execution of over 40 Ukrain vernment has been ruthlessly Russify ian Orthodox archbishops and bishops ing not only populous Ukraine, but and over 20,000 priests and monks; other so-called "UnionRepublics": Bye c) The brutal destruction of the U- lorussia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Ar krainian Catholic Church in Western menia, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Turke Ukraine in 1945-1946, entailing the ar stan. rest and execution of hundreds of U- Some 3 million Soviet Jews have krainian Catholic priests, nuns and been subjected to age-old persecution. monks and the subordination of over A Soviet variant of the pogrom, under 5 million Ukrainian Catholics to the your tutelage, was the S 2,000 to $ 25,000 Kremlin-controlled Russian Orthodox "tax" imposed on Jews wishing to leave Church, against their will and belief; your much-propagandized democracy. d) The wholesale liquidation of mem And now, Mr. Brezhnev, we have the bers of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army case of the youth educated under Cc m- (UPA), the anti-Nazi and anti-Soviet U- munism in Ukraine — the Ukrainian in krainian underground, in 1945-1949, in tellectuals.

The Case of the Ukrainian Intellectuals

From 1965 to the present the Soviet enced to severe prison terms. Their government, under your thinking and crimes? Glorifying the Ukrainian past, direction, has pursued a ruthless re reading prerevolutionary books by U- pression of these Ukrainian intellec krainian authors, now banned in U- tuals that is tantamount to a veritable kraine, and copying and disseminating cultural pogrom. The overwhelming speeches of Western leaders, including majority of these men and women, may the encyclical Pacem in Terris of the we stress, have been reared under the late Pope John XXIII. Also: some of Soviet system in Ukraine. These are them discussed among themselves ways not the tillers of the land, the "peas and means of legally resisting the for ants" in such alleged need of the en cible Russification of Ukraine and the lightenment and liberation of a new continued destruction of its culture; still social sysem. No, these are writers, others protested against the unbridled poets, literary critics, journalists, pro persecution of the national minorities, fessors, teachers, artists, engineers and notably the Jews. research workers. These are presum Their crime, Mr. Brezhnev, evidently ably the flower of fifty years of So was to take the Soviet constitution at viet rule. its face value. All this is legal and ac Yet in 1972 alone over 100 Ukrainian tual in the normal functioning of a de intellectuals were arrested in Ukraine mocratic, so-called capitalistic society, and charged, as were far more before such as ours- Should you occasionally them, with "anti-Soviet agitation and browse through the pages of the West propaganda". Many of them have al ern press, which is free, you cannot but ready been tried in camera and. sent realize that ours is a society of con-

23 flicting opinions, values and hopes. We years at hard labor for simply compil deem, this turmoil democracy at its best, ing factual material on the arrests and arresting no one as a "saboteur", anti- trials of 20 Ukrainian intellectuals in government "wrecker" or even as a 1965-1966. His documentary book, The Soviet "lackey". No self-professed Com Chomovil Papers, was published by the munist among us has ever been exiled McGraw Hill Company in 1968. Re to the Appalachians. leased in 1969, he was rearrested in An American speaks freely. In your January, 1972, and in February of the state, even those who profess to be following year sentenced to 7 years at Marxists and legal citizens of the U- hard labor, including 5 years of "exile" krainian SSR, have been victimized by from his native land of Ukraine; a double-speak regime. Ivan Dzyuba, 42, editor, literary cri For the record, let us consider: tic and author of such books as Soviet Literature, The One Who Chased Out Yuriy Shukhevych, 40, son of Gene the Pharisees, and Internationalism or ral Roman Shukhevych, commander-in Russification?, which was published in chief of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. English in London (1968). In January, He was first arrested and convicted in 1972, in the wave of new arrests in U- 1948 at the age of 15, serving 20 years kraine conducted by the KGB, he was for refusing to denounce his anti-Soviet arrested and interrogated on his "con father. In September, 1972, for further tacts" with Ukrainian anti-Soviet, orga "deviation" he was sentenced to 10 nizations abroad. He was expelled from years of normal incarceration and an the Union of Writers of Ukraine for other 5 years in a chastening labor camp; "preparing and disseminating materials Svyatoslav Karavanskyi, 53, poet and bearing an anti-Soviet and anti-Com- journalist. In 1944, he received a 25- munist character". The following March year sentence, but was released in 1960. he was sentenced to- 5 years of hard la He translated Charlotte Bronte's Jane bor. Early in 1963 he spoke at a meet Eyre and other alien works into the U- ing of the Ukrainian Jews in Kyiv, de krainian. Worse, he wrote ardent peti nouncing the slaughter of Jews by the tions to the Communist authorities pro Nazis in 1943 at Babi Yar; testing the persecution of Jews and Ivan Svitlichnyi, 44, noted Ukrainian other national minorities. In 1965, he literary critic and author. Arrested first was r.earrested and sentenced to 8 in 1966 while working for the Shev years and 7 months at hard labor by chenko1 Institute of Literature, a section N. Rudenko, Prosecutor-General of the of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences USSR; in Kyiv, he spent 8 months in jail. He Valentyn Moroz, 37, Ukrainian histo then wrote articles for Ukrainian jour rian. For “deviation" he was arrested nals in Poland and Czechoslovakia and and sentenced in 1966 to 5 years at translated the work of the French poet, hard labor- While in the slave camp, Pierre-Jean Beranger. In 1972, he was he wrote A Report from the Beria Pre arrested and kept in isolation and, in serve and A Chronicle of Resistance in March, 1973, sentenced to 7 years at Ukraine in the latter work he assalied hard labor; the Russification of Ukraine and the Yevhen Sverstyuk, 45 literary critic, police terror. Released in 1968, he was publicist and essayist. Arrested in 1965, rearrested in June, 1970; on November he was imprisoned for several months. 20, 1970, he was sentenced to 9 years His essays dealt primarily with the era at hard labor; of Stalinist terror in Ukraine- One im Vyacheslav Chomovil, 35, TV jour portant work, Cathedral in the Scaf nalist, publicist and literary critic. In folding, has been widely circulated in August, 1967, he was sentenced to 3 Ukraine as an underground publica

24 tion.; in March, 1973, he was sentenced that she maintained contacts with "sus to 5 years at hard labor; picious" persons in Kyiv, Lviv and Mos Leonid Plyushch, 33, Ukrainian cy cow. In May, 1972, she was sentenced bernetics specialist and a member of to 4 years at hard labor; the Human Rights Committee under the Stephania Shabatura, 35, artist and chairmanship of Prof. Andrei D. Sakha specialist on Ukrainian rugs. She incur rov. He was sentenced to indefinite de red the attention of the KGB by de tention in a psychiatric ward; manding admission to the secret trial Ihor Kalynets, 34, poet and literary of Valentyn Moroz and by signing a critic, and author of such poetry col petition on his behalf. In July 1972, she lections as Poetry from Ukraine and was sentenced to 5 years at hard labor; Summary of Silence. He was sentenced Irena-Stasiv-Kalynets, 33, college tea in November, 1972, to 9 years of hard cher and writer and wife of poet Ihor labor; Kalynets. A writer of poetry for child Mykhaylo Osadchyi, 37, writer and ren, she1 taught Ukrainian language and university professor. He translated into literature at the Polytechnical Institute the Ukrainian the poems of Garcia Lor in Lviv. In July, 1972, she was sent ca and published his own collection of enced to 6 years at hard labor; poems, Moon Field, and Cataract. He Vasyl Stus, 35, poet and literary cri was sentenced in September, 1972, to 7 tic. In December, 1971, he joined a "Ci years at hard labor; tizens Committee for the Defence of Nina Strokata-Karavanskyi, 48, a mi Nina Strokata-Karavanska, "who- was crobiologist at the Medical Institute, being persecuted because she refused and wife of condemned Svyatoslav Ka- to disavow her husband. The reward ravanskyi. She refused to denounce and for his convictions came in September, divorce her husband. The charge was 1972, 5 years at hard labor.

Innocent Victims of Totalitarian Genocide

Mr. Brezhnev: they are "paper rights", sop beneath, As first Secretary of the Communist at least, the human of the animal king Party of the Soviet Union and as head dom. of the Politburo, you cannot but know Your government and that of the U- that these Ukrainian intellectuals, plus krainian SSR are signatories to the UN similar hundreds of others in Ukraine, Declaration of Human Rights which, in are not criminals in the light of your Art. 19, states explicitly: own Soviet laws. But your courts, dis- Everyone has the right to freedom hearteningly reminiscent of Hitler's of opinion and expression; this "people's courts", insist on trying these right includes freedom to hold o- young people under Art. 62 of the U- pinion without interference and to krainian Penal Code, which spells out seek, receive and impart informa punishment for "agitation or propagan tion and ideas through any media da for the purpose of undermining the and regardless of frontiers. Soviet rule". Yet your own Soviet Constitution Are these rights mere words to you, (Art. 125) guarantees each citizen "free Mr. Brezhnev? dom of speech; freedom of the press; Your government is accusing these freedom of assembly and freedom of intellectuals of being "bourgeois U- procession and demonstration on the krainian nationalists" who wish to de street“. If exercise of any of these tach Ukraine from the USSR. But you rights, in the spirit of the law, is out- and your omnipresent police assuredly of-hand branded as subversion, then know better. These people are the pro-

25 duct of your Soviet system,; they speak the United States and other Western out in terms of it. Yet if some do envi coun tries. sion a secession of Ukraine, this in it Before thrusting at short-term gains, self is no violation of the constitution, however, why not engage in a dia for Art. 17 of the Soviet constitution logue that presupposes man and nation contains the provision that each Union to be worthwhile in themselves? Any Republic has "the right to secede free social system has merit, including one ly from the USSR". that has survived 50 years. But if frui It is plain that what they are con tion of all mankind is the goal, then cerned about is the genocidal effort of repression and mullification of large your government to blot out Ukrainian segments of it surely must be inimical, consciousness through an official sys if not fatal, to the goal. A system, how tematic Russification of Ukraine. The ever inspired, must cater to the man, aim is no less than the destruction of never he to the system. the Ukrainian identity. As Americans, this is our fundamen These "deviationists" are actually tal belief. martyrs in the cause of human freedom, Prof. James D- Atkinson, Georgetown for certainly they cannot be accused University, Washington, D.C. en masse of incredible stupidity. As Prof. Lev. F. Dobriansky, Georgetown perseptive human beings, they have re University, Washington, D.C. coiled from the corruption of your Prof. Joseph Dünner, Chairman, De courts, your KGB terrorization, the partment of Political Science, Yeshiva overt negation of humankind inherent University, New York, N.Y. in the appalling, and abysmally cruel, Prof. Julius Epstein, Lincoln Univer efforts of the Kremlin to compel a sity, Palo Alto-, Calif. wealth of nations to respond to and Prof. Kurt Glaser, Southern Illinois live by the nature of but onei — the University, Edwardsville, 111. Russian- The avowed goal of a "one Prof. Stephan M. Horak, Eastern Illi Soviet people", they see, is at the least nois University, Charleston, 111. the fabrication of a no-people. Prof. Henry L. Hull, Department of On January 21, 1969, your organ in History, University of Dallas at Irving, Kyiv, Pravda Ukrainy, reported that in Irving, Texas 1968 7,000 students were expelled from Prof. Jan Karski, Georgetown Univer the universities, -technicums and other sity, Washington, D.C. institutions of higher learning in U- Prof. Anthony Kubeck, Department kraine for "ideological disloyalty". of History, University of Dallas at Irv So many, and at once? ing, Irving, Texas Recently, you ousted from the Polit Prof. Peter Lejins, University of Ma buro Peter Y. Shelest, your erstwhile ryland, College Park, Md. colleague and trusted viceroy in U- Prof. Franz Michaels, Sino - Soviet kraine, accusing him of fostering "U- Studies, George Washington Universi krainian nationalism" in Ukraine. There ty, Washington, D.C- is national consciousness among U- Prof. Michael S. Pap, John Carroll krainians, of course. But the wide University, Cleveland, Ohio spread resistance in Ukraine, we sub Prof. Stefan T. Possony, Hoover In mit, is generated by a totalitarian on stitution, Stanford, Calif. slaught upon human rights, the basic Prof. Paul Craig Roberts, University need of an individual to be himself be of New Mexico-, Albuquerque, N. M. fore he can meaningfully lend himself Prof. Edward J- Rosek, Department of to others and an idea. Political Science, University of Colo You have come here, Mr. Brezhnev, rado-, Denver, Colo. to- seek a bettering of relationship with Prof. Joseph S. Roucek, Queensbo-

26 rough Community College, Bayside, Prof. Peter G. Stercho, Drexel Uni N.Y. versity, Philadelphia, Pa- Prof. David Rowe, Chairman, Depart Prof. Bertram D. Wolfe, Hoover In ment of Political Science, Yale Univer stitution, Stanford, Calif. sity, New Haven, Conn. Prof. Richard Walker, Director, Insti Prof. Joseph Schiebel, Director Rus tute of International Studies, Universi sian Area Studies, Georgetown Univer ty of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C. sity, Washington, D.C. June, 1973

British Intellectuals Denounce Repressions in Ukraine

On February 3, 1973, the following British intellectuals send a letter to the Times of London in defense of their Ukrainian counterparts, the most recent victims of Russian persecution. The full text of the letter appeared in ABN- Correspondence, No. 2, 1973.

Maurice Cranston — professor of po ford, author of several books on philo litical science, author of a series of sophy. scholarly works. Mr. John Frank Kermode — profes Peggy Ashcroft — theatrical and film sor of literature at the U niversity of actress, honorary doctorate from Ox London, author of a book on themes of ford. English literature. Hon. Yehudi Menuhin — world fa Sir Alfred Jules Ayer — professor of mous violinist, honorary citizen of logic at Oxford, author of a series of Switzerland, possesses several high books on philosophy, honorary docto honors. rate from Brussels, honorary member of Mr. John Boynton Priestley — novel the American Academy of Sciences. ist and playwright, author of dozens of Sir Robert Birley — professor and books, former delegate of Great Britain head of the Faculty of Humanities at to UNESCO. the University of London, several ho Baron Robbins — professor at the norary doctorates. University of London, president of the British Academy, honorary doctor at Sir Denis (William) Brogan — hono several universities, member of many rary doctor, professor of political sci academies of science, author of seve ence at Cambridge, author of several ral books on economics. books. Mr. Richard Wollheim — professor Stuart Newton Hampshire — profes of philosophy at the University of Lon sor of philosophy at London and Ox don, author of philosophical works.

The French Defend the Ukrainians

In response to the steps taken by the Central Committee of the Ukrain ian Community in France, Daniel Maier, head of the French League for the Defense of Human and Civil Rights, announced that his organization will intervene before the Soviet authorities in the matters of V. Chornovil, I. Dzyuba, Prof. L. Plushch, I. Svitlychnyi, and Ye. Sverstyuk. The Secretariat of the Ukrainian committee sent further information on new sentences to the above-named organization.

27 Elmar Lipping Estonia

Estonia's long history is a trouble Foreign Minister, Jaan Poska, assisted some one: a country at the crossroads by civilian and military men, was also of East and West has seen many inva conducting a hard fight against the men sions, has been a battleground for ma from the Kremlin. If we do not count ny bloody wars and has suffered for the Treaty of Brest Litovsk, the Tartu eign occupations —- the most cruel oc conference was the very first which the cupation coming from the East, from men from the Kremlin conducted with Russia, which is now called the So a ‘'capitalist" country. Therefore, the viet Union. free» world observed with keen interest The happiest time for Estonia was what was going on in Tartu, Estonia, in her time of independence, when Estonia December 1919. was known on the international arena The representatives of the Bolshe as the Republic of Estonia- The Repub viks used tricks which they extensive lic was proclaimed on February 24, ly applied at their later conferences. 1918, and was brought under the Rus But they failed completely, because the sian occupation in June 1940. head of the Estonian delegation, as Estonia's independence was gained well as its members», were such expe by the War of Liberation, which lasted rienced Sovietologists that Soviet Rus from November 28, 1918 to January 3, sian attacks were repulsed after a few minutes of speech. When the member 1920. During the war the Estonian Ar of the Russian delegation, Krassin, at my under General Johan Laidoner re pulsed the Red Army units, which at tempted to call the war a class strug gle and to decorate his speech with ty Christmas 1918 were only about 20 pical Bolshevik slogans, Mr. Poska cut miles from Estonia's capital, Tallinn. him short and told him that the peace» With the Estonian counterattack the conference is not a propaganda forum. Reds were pushed out of Estonia, and "Mr. Krassin, you have to read your at the border area the battles raged a instructions better given to you by year. At the beginning of December 1919, the Kremlin realized that Estonia your Commissar, Chicherin." The Bol shevik was brought to silence and the was not to1 be conquered by the Red conference could continue. Estonia's Army, and it proposed to start peace negotiations. army was represented by General Jaan Soots, who» was Chief of Staff to Gene During the negotiations at the Esto ral Laidoner. His counterpart in the nian university town Tartu, the Red Russian delegation was a former tsarist Army started fierce attacks at the Nar officer of the General Staff, Kostyayev. va sector to break Estonian defense When Kostyayev threatened Soots that lines. They had no» success and after they would bring three infantry divi more than three months of attacks the sions to the» Narva front and would Reds had to give up their attempts then succeed in breaking through the to subjugate Estonia. At that time Estonian line, General Soots replied Narva was visited by many Western with utmost calmness: "No matter, in correspondents and the French journa that case we have to dispatch three lists in several articles compared Nar fresh companies to Narva." va with Verdun. Verdun at that time The difficult conference» was» brought was a symbol of resistance and a will to» an end at New Year's Eve of 1920. to» sacrifice. Estonia was established as an inde During the battles for Estonia an pendent republic. The Kremlin had to other battle raged at Tartu at the table give her de jure recognition and to» pay of the peace conference. There Estonia's retributions,

28 With the war and her stubborn re had to prepare herself for constant vi sistance Estonia as well as her neigh gilance and for constant defense. And bors had not saved their countries, but so it happened that armed Communist the invasion into Europe was stopped bands started to invade Estonian go at the Balticum. vernment offices and military units in On December 25, 1918 Izvestia, the the early hours of December 1, 1924. paper of the Soviet Russian govern Behind the Estonian-Soviet border, the ment put it this way in its editorial: units of the Red Army were ready to invade Estonia. The commanders of Red Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania are directly bands in Tallinn in several cases were on the road from Russia to Western Red Army officers. But the Estonian Europe, and are therefore a hindrance Army acted so vigorously that in a few to our revolution, because they sepa hours the bands were liquidated and rate Soviet Russia from revolutionary their leaders captured. From that event Germany . . . This separating wall must Estonia drew a useful conclusion: she be destroyed. The Russian Red prole strengthened her defense by forming a tariat should find an opportunity to Defense League — Kait.seliit — which influence Germany. The conquest of effected that almost every second Esto the Baltic Sea would make it possible nian home was equipped with a rifle for Soviet Russia to agitate in favor of and the Communists had no place todo the social revolution in the Scandina their dirty work. The Kremlin also vian countries so that the Baltic Sea learned its lesson: it stopped, for the would be transformed into the "Sea of time being, the subversive activities a- Social Revolution". gainst Estonia. A new wave of Russian aggression Estonia and her neighbors cancelled started again after the Kremlin dictator these Russian dreams. had squared his accounts with his op In the Tartu Peace Treaty, the Krem position. A "true son of the Kremlin lin solemnly pledged to respect the clique", Andrey Zhdanov, in a speech signed treaty for ever and to live in from Leningrad one November day in peace and in good-neighbor relations 1936, openly attacked the Baltic states with Estonia. and Finland and like Peter I boasted That pledge was a lie. In a few weeks that it is time to use the help of the Lenin himself declared that the signed Red Army and to open the window to treaty was only a breathing spell, and ward the West. It was the first note to very soon it would come about that the Baltic states and to Finland that the "Estonian working people" would the Kremlin had not forgotten them and seize power and again join the "happy that very soon a new wave of aggres union of the people". Certainly we sion would be in the offing. must understand under the term "Esto The border incidents increased, and nian working people" the members of several times on the ice of the Peipsi the Communist Party, which received Lake the Red border guards attacked its directives from the Kremlin. Estonian fishermen, deported them to There was peace and tranquility in the Soviet Union and held them there Estonia. The Kremlin's pledge was only in custody. Armed clashes between meant to weaken Estonian vigilance. Estonian and Soviet border guards Subversive activities, by Russian a- also occurred. gents, attacks in words and deeds by The notorious pact of August 23, the members of the Estonian Commu 1939, called the Hitler-Stalin Pact, ac nist Party, inciting articles against tually signed by Ribbentrop and Molo Estonia in the Soviet Russian press — tov, opened better chances for the all that spoke against peace. Estonia Kremlin to invade the Batlic states.

29 At the end of September 1939, the lone, Estonia lost 9,720 people. That Kremlin invited the Estonian Foreign was Bartholonew's Night for Estonia as Minister, Mr. Karl Selter, to Moscow to well as for Latvia and Lithuania. The sign a new trade agreement between next night, June 14/15, 1941, about 300 Estonia and the Soviet Union. Mr. Sel Estonian Army officers received orders ter learned that his visit was planned to go to staff exercises. They never re in order that he should receive from turned, and the Russians give no infor the Kremlin a dictate, camouflaged as mation on what happened to them. The1 a treaty of mutual assistance, to open only explanation: this was an Estonian Estonia's territory to the units of the Katyn. With the retreat of the Red Ar Red Army. Estonia had to yield and my, Estonia lost more than 60,000 young accept the treaty in which it was stated men, who were packed into trains or that the social order of the respective ships and deported to slave labor countries was to1 be respected and that camps. Great damage was effected in no attempts were to1 be made to change North Estonia by Russian annihilation the political status of the contracting battalions in the summer of 1941, be parties. cause the advance of the German Wehr- In the middle of June, Estonia saw macht stopped in Estonia for more than that the troops of military bases were two months. used to accomplish the occupation of a During the Great Nordic War, Rus free country. Very soon Estonia had to sian Tsar Peter I dispatched his Gene accept a so-called friendly government, ral Sheremetyev into Estonia and or which consisted of Communist Party dered him "to destroy everything". Af members and of fellow-travellers. Short ter a short time Sheremetyev reported: ly, Estonia witnessed the newly elected "Between the Duna and Narva River parliament asking Estonia to join the no cock crows, no dog barks". Shere Soviet Union. On August 6, 1940, Esto metyev received the tsar's promotion. nia was in the full grip of the Kremlin. In the summer of 1941, another man in the Kremlin again issued an order, ve The Russification process had begun. ry similar to that of Peter. This was The leading men of Estonia disap- Stalin's scorched .earth order. It ap pered into the Soviet Union's concen plied not only to Estonia but to all tration camps. The members of the Kait- areas where the "invincible" Red Army seliit were especially hunted after. was fleeing. Those officers who very bravely fought Estonia joined the fight against the in the War for the Independence dis aggression coming from the East. The appeared or were murdered on the spot. dealings in Teheran and Yalta defeated Estonia, with Latvia and Lithuania, ex Germany, but they established a regime perienced the following on June 13, in Estonia as well as in other countries 1941: of Eastern Europe which destroyed all "The deportation of anti-Soviet ele liberties and converted these once ments from the Baltic republics was of flourishing countries into countries great political importance." That long where there is no liberty, no freedom, document was signed by the Deputy no free enterprise. People's Commissar of Public Security Together with the remnants of once of the USSR. The Commissar of Public free peoples, the Estonians continue Security of the Third Rank was Serov. their struggle for freedom- Our joint The name Serov was well known from efforts may constitute a new super his criminal deeds in Ukraine, and the power, and thus we hope one day to see Hungarians had a "chance" to learn the flags of freedom displayed again in about him in November 1956. Tallinn, Riga, Kaunas, as well as in On the night of June 13/14, 1941 a Kyiv and Budapest.

30 M ykhaylo Kushnir, Ph. D.

Avraham Shifrin's Testimony

Avraham Shifrin, a Jewish nationalist In the West, the conviction is wide and former prisoner of Russian concen spread that concentration camps in the tration camps, well known to the 1J- USSR are a thing of the past (which to krainian community as friend and de a certain extent is a success of excellent fender of Yuriy Shukhevych, testified Russian propaganda). A. Shifrin's testi in Washington before the Senate Sub mony confirms the opposite. He admits committee on Internal Security Affairs that Khrushchev, who after Stalin's on February 1-2, 1973. Shifrin's swear death declared that 15 million political ing in and interrogation were conduct prisoners are languishing in concentra ed by the subcommittee's chairman, tion camps, released at first a certain Florida Senator Edward G. Gurney. part of them, but states that very short The immediate ground for the sub ly thereafter the camps were filled to committee's session was Avraham Shif capacity with new prisoners. At this rin's assertion that the USSR always very time, in 1973, about 2 million poses a threat to the internal security people are interned in Russian concen of the USA in spite of the official poli tration camps. cy of peaceful coexistence, signed a- Concentration camps are scattered greements on the limitation of arma across the territory of the USSR, but ments and enlivened trade relations. their greatest concentration is in the In Shifrin's opinion, Russia never for Arctic zone of Siberia, along special gets its program of conquering the USA KGB private railroad lines. which is expressed by the formula: "Ex There are no words in the human lan ternal encirclement plus internal demo guage with which one could transmit ralization equals progressive capitula the sufferings and the tortures of peo tion". At the present moment, the grea ple banished to these concentration test obstacle in the realization of this camps. Exhausting, dangerous, energy program is the internal ferment in the consuming work in mines, forests and USSR. Through its policies with respect special factories, with starvation ra to the USSR financial means Wash tions of rotten cabbage and a gluey ington is helping Moscow to suppress substance called bread. The bitter cold domestic ferment. Hence, it is not only which penetrates all the way to the directly responsible for the fate of the marrow of the bones, the sufferings of numerous dissidents in the USSR, but the tired body in the most primitive, also furthers the growth of potential refinedly cruel surroundings, the mal threat to itself. treatment by the brutalized prison Shifrin illustrated his testimony by guards, the ceaseless, cynical trampling maps on which the location of concen of human dignity, coarse language, a tration camps known to him were stifling moral stench, — these are only marked, plans of some concentration the general outlines of this genuine hell camps, photographs, copies of letters on earth. And when one adds to this and so forth. the longing for the dear ones, for the One of the reasons for the inquiry family, the concern for their destiny, was also the assertion that Russia, in the helplessness in the face of bestial, spite of the fact that it is a member of subtle, legal tortures of the corrupt the United Nations, brutally violates system —■ then is it a wonder that ma human rights and extensively applies ny prisoners break down. They die like genocidal methods of rule. flies; they commit suicide in the hor-

31 ribble delirium caused by hunger, or in What were the motives for the per a state of mental breakdown. secution and imprisonment? — asked Against this background, A- Shifrin the committee chairman. depicted several macabro, horror-filled Different motives at different times. scenes which make pictures of Dante's From a conscious arousing of an at hell seem pale. There were instances mosphere of terror and intimidation where prisoners in a hunger delirium and the liquidation of the Ukrainian In cut their veins, dipped bread in blood surgent Army in Stalin's time, retribu and ate it, cut off their own flesh so as tion for revolts and insurrections in to fry it and eat it,. Or at the height of Khrushchev's time, to the liquidation despair they tabooed on their foreheads: of the anti-regime struggle and the "slave of Communism", cut off their stifling of the manifestations of "na ears, flinging them into the faces of the tionalisms" at present, in the time of KGB men, at the same time harboring Brezhnev's rule. a secret hope that when they are freed Some facts cited by A. Shifrin seem they'll convince the world of Moscow's unbelievable, fantastic. They are filled outrageous crime with their earless with such contempt for human dignity, heads. such brutal violation of human rights, And amidst this hell there are also such inhuman cruelty, that it is simply women and children. A. Shifrin related hard to believe that they could have to the1 dumbfounded committee that occurred in the 20th century. one time in Potma in 1961 a party com Some ignorant, innocent man dreams posed of 3,000 prisoners, hardened by that Stalin has been killed. He talks a- sufferings and pain, unexpectedly saw bout it in' his cooperative apartment 250 weeping female prisoners with and as a result receives 25 years of children in their arms, in the midst of concentration camp as a "potential ter the cursing guards, barking dogs, cry rorist" ing children. Shaken by this scene, as A Ukrainian family, Pavlyuk, — mo if struck by lightning, the prisoners ther, son and daughter — all were con shouted: "Murderers, canibals!" The victed to 25 years in a concentration guards began to fire, and a voice from camp for belonging to the UPA only a radio transmitter was heard over the because they let a tired, unknown tra heads: "Rejoice, citizens, again a great veller stay at their house overnight. victory of the Soviet Union: cosmo A young Ukrainian in Mukachiv, ac naut Yuriy Gagarin has just soared in cused of nationalist activity, asks while to outer space " being beaten during an inquiry: "Why In another concentration camp, in are you beating me; I am only under Taishet, in Siberia, A. Shifrin saw how investigation; perhaps the court will the camp guards, angered by the pray declare me innocent?" In reply to this, ers of nuns, threw themselves at them, the investigator drags him to the win tore off their clothes, and dragged them, dow, points to the market in Mukachiv naked, by the legs to a barrack con and says: "These people are under in taining a shower. vestigation; you are here, so already Or still another scene: several KGB convicted." Of course, he also received men wearing white coats play the role 25 years in a concentration camp. of doctors; the whole camp, all stark As a classical example of cynical naked pass them one by one; the KGB disregard for human rights and con men feel the intimate parts of the pri scious criminal act, A- Shifrin cites the soner's body and decide whether they fate of two boys aged 14: Pyotr Yakir will last for some time, or whether they — a Jew, and Yuriy Shukhevych — a should be dispatched to a special camp, Ukrainian. Pyotr is a son of a Soviet doomed to slow death by starvation. general annihilated by Stalin, while

32 Yuriy is a son of the UPA general, fal downs of prisoners, brought to the .edge len in battle with the Bolsheviks, Both of human endurance. And against this boys, although innocent, languished for background he painted with warm, af 20 years in concentration camps as fectionate colors the silhouettes of the sons of "the enemies of the people", intrepid and unbending, so dear to us: and both, after a short time in freedom, the present Cardinal Josyf Slipyi, Dr. are again in prison now. Both are pay Volodymyr Horbovyi, the late Mykhay- ing the highest price for their loyalty lo Soroka, Yuriy Shukhevych, Ka.tery- to a moral principle, for their spiritual na Zarytska and others. His narration insubmissiveness. revived in the imagination of his lis In his testimony about the motives teners the majestic figure of Archbish for imprisonment and inhuman perse op J. Slipyi, who preserved perfect hu cution, A. Shifrin reserved a special man dignity in the midst of the grea place for Ukraine. He maintained that test degradation of man; the animated national consciousness in central and the figure of Yuriy Shukhevych who eastern territories of Ukraine, lulled by walks, around this most horrible hell the Russians, was re-awakened by the with a book in his hands and takes ad following events: a) the annexation of vantage of every free moment in order western Ukrainian lands to the Ukr. to increase his knowledge; the late My- SSR in 1945; b) the actions of the U- khaylo1 Soroka who — in spite of his krainian Insurgent Army, which for 8 tragic fate — was always forgiving, years, without anybody's help, opposed good-humoured, cheerful and even- the might of the Russian empire. In the tempered; Dr. V. Horbovyi who, de opinion of A. Shifrin, it was a great er spite temptations from the side of the ror of Moscow that it banished to con KGB which promised him a free1 and centration camps at least half of the comfortable life if he would stigmatize entire population of West Ukraine. the "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism" These people, in specific conditions of preserved a dignified, inflexible pos concentration camps, became fully ma ture; Kateryna Zarytska who, in spite ture and grew spiritually, many of them of the severe blows of fate, for 25 years becoming highly qualified intellectuals stood firm, with an angelic smile on who captivated the eastern regions of U- her face, vis-a-vis Russian raging. kraine with their national conscious Outlining the situation in the Baltic ness and their nationalist outlook on countries occupied by Russia, A. Shif the world. As a result, Ukrainian na rin called attention to one interesting tionalism is widespread on all Ukrain moment: coming out from a position ian territories. The recent revolt in favourable to it — "divide and rule" — Dniprodzerzhynsk and many other lo Russia sent Ukrainians to these coun calities of Ukraine is a pronounced tries to fill responsible positions, so proof of this. that the hatred of the population to In his testimony, A. Shifrin returned the regime would also have an anti- time and again to the portrayal of the Ukrainian hue. horrible physical and moral sufferings of prisoners- For instance, seven pri Concluding his testimony, A. Shifrin soners, of which he was one himself, expressed a certain warning to. the free were confined to a cement cell 3x3 world, in particular to the United States. meters for a year. ("How was it, — Communism is still alive and dynamic. asked the chairman with distrust — do It has encompassed half of Europe, Chi I understand you correctly: seven peo na, Cuba, Chile and a part of Africa- ple in three square meters?" — Yes! — The Communists are attempting to de declared A. Shifrin confidently.) He ex stroy American society with the help tensively described the mental break of radical groups. The Russians stupe-

33 fy American youth by their propagan "This is the explanation, — con da. They attempt to demoralize the tinued A. Shifrin — why I am standing whole society as well in order to gain here before you. I wish to remind you control of the entire country. "I am not of your responsibility to those who are spreading attitudes of panic —- said A. subjugated. They need your help. Help Shifrin, — but do recall that there was ing them you are helping yourselves." a time when here was no Communism A. Shifrin's testimony before the Se in Eastern Europe, on Cuba, in Chile nate Subcommittee on Internal Securi and the red flags did not flap so- brazen ty Affairs was unusually interesting, ly in France and Italy. In the USSR the thoughtful and stimulating. For every Russians are attempting to liquidate all thinking man they can be an induce dissidents, all democratic, all freedom- ment to make- certain comparisons: an lowing and national movements. They unconditional sacrifice and heroic in thrust people into concentration camps flexibility of the better representatives only because people dare to think. This o-f the national idea and our lemonade is a great potential danger for the USA like, opportunistic coexistence, lined as well: the more the Russians consoli with cheap phrases. They can also- push date their internal forces, the greater us onto- the read of genuine action in the threat they pose- to the free world.'1 defense of the unsubdued.

Jehovah's Witnesses Imprisoned in Lithuania Nine Sentenced for "Anti-State Activities"

Nine Jeho-vah's Witnesses in Soviet- lasted over a month, ... the guilt of the- occupied Lithuania were sentenced to leaders of the sect as well as of their prison terms ranging from five to two helpers was fully proven. Many facts years. They are: V. Arajus, T. Sere-lis presented there showed that the pre and I. Susnys —■ to five years of strict achers o-f Jehovah's creed forced the regime prison each; P. Babonas —- to- believers to renounce civic activities five years in prison; V.Anuzis and A. and to ignore Soviet laws by intimidat Kukutis — two years of prison each; ing them with God's punishment." Mrs. S. Kikutiene and Mrs, K. Velskus Dissemination of "underground Je to- three years each on probation. Their hovah's publications" in Lithuania, trial was concluded this year in Klai Latvia and the Kaliningrad area was peda, Lithuania's third-largest city and the crime of V. Arajus, a high-ranking a major base o-f the Soviet fishing fleet. "servant". Among the many booklets The 1973 trial of Jehovah's Witnes seized in his home the- police also ses was described in detail in the April found a report that "included pro-voca- 1st issue of the. Russian-language daily, tory incitements". Sovyetskaya Litva. The newspaper One- of the state witnesses, A. Po-vilo- found in their creed and activities un nas, had been an active member of Je usual subversive dangers and a direct hovah's Witnesses for more than ten threat to- the Soviet Russian system: years, EI.TA Information Service "The religious-political doctrine of the- Je-hovites, hiding under the veil o-f re ligion, not only accepts concepts and Soviet citizens say: "During Stalin's principles inimical to- our Marxist-Le- time the USSR reached the brink of ninis-t ideology and to the Soviet socL> economic disaster. Since- Stalin we have political system, but also incites ac moved ahead-" tions incompatible with the norm of (From Look Comrade — The People our life. During the court trial that are laughing ... by John Kolasky)

34 Volodymyr Sawchak Soviet Nationality Problems Of all the troubles haunting the new significance of Soviet nationality af tsars in the Kremlin, the most profound fairs; John Hazard (Columbia), specialist and most explosive one is the natio in Soviet political and legal institu nalities problem. Although the Soviet tions; late Hans Kohn, widely known leaders repeatedly claim that this prob for his works on nationalism and na lem "has been solved", there is a con tionality problems in USSR and other tinuous flow of evidence that nationali areas; Vaclav Lamser (Bielefeld, Ger ty and minority problems in the USSR many —• formerly Chairman of Depart have become increasingly serious and ment of Sociology, Institute of Sociolo worrisome for the leaders. gy in Prague); Robert A. lew is (Colum There is also' a growing awareness bia), specializing in Russian and Soviet among Western political writers and population, migration and urbanization; scholars that Russian ethnocentrism — Marc Raeff (Columbia), whose special chauvinism — and the active ethnic field of interest is the history of Russia assertiveness of the non-Russian na before 1900; and Paula G. Rubel (Bar tions and nationalities are constantly nard College, Columbia), who has done in collision. research on the Kalmyks and has vi The proof of this awareness is not sited Soviet Central Asia. only the book Soviet Nationality Prob In the first essay — "Restating the lems, published in 1971 by the Colum Soviet Nationality Question" — Prof. bia University Press, — but even more Allworth deals with the bread aspects — the creation of the "Program on of the nationalities' question within the Soviet Nationality Problems" initiated Soviet Union, American naivete and in 1970 at Columbia University, which ignorance of the problem, and the slow is the sponsor of this publication. but constant growth in academic com The volume, consisting of ten essays, mitment to' the field and the indications emerged from a special research semi that the ageless question continues to' nar conducted in 1968-1969 at Colum exist. "Though certain problems may bia University. It is supplemented by arise for the first time, disappear, reap maps, tables and an extensive biblio pear or change, the question as such — graphy; the preliminary results of the the disposition (arrangement) and sa Soviet Census of January 1970 are tisfaction of ethnic nationalities cultu shown in the appendix- The volume's rally, socially, artistically, economi editor is Prof. Edward Allworth, who cally, and politically within the USSR also contributed a methodological in — remains the same." (p. 13) The au troductory essay and a closing chapter thor suggests "a fresh, objective ap on "Materials for Soviet Nationality proach via interdisciplinary methods" Study: the Problem of Bibliography" and hopes that "the next ten years (pp. 241-281). (will) become the decade of the nation The other contributors are (in alpha ality question" for the American So betical order): Alexandre Bennigsen vietologists. (Paris), specializing in research of the In the second essay — "Patterns of former Muslim people of Russia and Russian Imperial Policy Toward the USSR; Zbigniew Brzezinski (Columbia, Nationalities" — Prof. Marc Raeff goes former member of the Policy Planning beyond the main topic and analyzes Council, US Department of State), who imperial expansion of the Muscovite- has made a lasting contribution toward Russian state "from about the late six focusing American attention upon the teenth to the middle of the nineteenth

35 centuries". He describes the methods world of nationalism" and distinguishes of expansion and states that "in this between the first stage under Lenin's process, conquest or acquisition was personal influence and guidance, the the first step, incorporation the second, second stage from the mid-twenties un and assimilation the final goal", (p. 26, til Stalin's death in 1953, and the third italics added) The author's later state stage, from the mid-fifties to 1969. ment: "Yet, the Russian government did One can rightly disagree with the not aim at eradicating or destroying 'author's opening statements that the nations and nationalities" (p- 37), seems Rationality problems of the Soviet to contradict not only the above de Union "have been solved relatively scription of the "final goal" but also (well... for the very reason that Lenin another statement on p. 30 "consider Refused to- regard the Soviet Union as the brutal and rapid extinction of the a Russian nation-state" (p. 43) or that particularism of Tver and Novgorod in "Lenin's communism did not bear a the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries". Russian coloring" (p. 49). Lenin, con The draconic ukaz of 30th May 1876 trary to' superficial appearances, was directed against the use of the Ukrain partial to the Great Russian people and ian language should also' be mentioned Considered "fusion", "merger“, and here. "amalgamation" of nationalities, in The author can also hardly reconcile (short the extinction of m any of them, the notion that "Russian society re (as hopeful and promising tendencies, mained unaware of the state's having though his thougths were shrouded in become a multinational empire" with ambiguities and inconsistencies. Even the statement that "feelings of religious in his letters of December 1922 (his po and cultural superiority on the part of litical testament on the nationality the Russians .. ■ (were) quite strong as question), Lenin's essentially tactical early as the sixteenth and seventeenth (approach reveals itself unmistakably. centuries", (p. 34) Bearing in mind that even in Lenin's It seems that Prof. Raeff, who has time Stalin was the Commissar of Na discarded the use of historiographies tionalities, the author's distinction be of most nationalities as "extremely tween the first and second stages, when chuavinistic" (without any proof!), be "Soviet communism became to a grow came the victim of the "Great Russian“ ing degree, Russian" may be more ap historiography which — in his own parent than real. Strong Russian ten words — "barely takes into' account dencies certainly did not disappear the multinational character of the po With Khrushchev's "de-Stalinization" litical entity with whose history it speech in February, 1956, because the deals". One may well ask whether assi crypto-Stalinists never gave up their milation (the "final goal") can be convictions about the "superiority" of achieved without "eradicating or de everything "Russian". The educational stroying" the identites of the nations reform act of 1958 and the new party and nationalities subjected to this assi program of 1961 (neither one mentioned milation. In spite of many contradicto in the essay) prove that post-Stalin lea ry statements in Prof. Raeff's essay, it dership persistently emphasizes the represents a valuable contribution to Russian nationalist elements at the ex ward better understanding of the prob pense of communist ideology. The au lem from an historical perspective. thor's statement that in the third stage In the third essay — "Soviet Com "No longer could the Kremlin dictate" munism and Nationalism: Three Stages (p. 67) can be refuted by references to of a Historical Development" — the the Czechoslovak invasion of August late Prof. Hans Kohn analyzes in depth 1968 and the "Brezhnev doctrine" (a- "the role of Soviet communism in a gain not mentioned in the essay).

36 In the next essay — "Political Impli sive rather than less Russification" pro cations of Soviet Nationality Problems" gnosticates the author, adding, "and — Prof. Z. Brzezinski discusses four to Ihis will be the* source of frictions and pics: (1) the actual political situation tensions". in the USSR; (2) the influence of the Prof Brzezinski confix-ms that up to nationality question on the political now "in the American government evolution of the Soviet system; (3) the planning process any discussion of na conditions under which secessionism tionality problems in the Soviet Union from the Union would be possible; and was almost nonexistent". He suggests (4) the implications for American poli for the future a middle road policy (be cy. Analyzing the "political expression tween the present refusal to recognize of the sense of national identity", the the problem and the "playing up anti- author suggests a "highly generalized Russian feelings" saying, "To the ex spectrum..." from biological assimila tent that the United States has a va tion by the Russians on one end to' "a riety of informal means for stimulating nationalism, potentially secessionist in a greater degree of responsible self- its political aspirations and attitudes" consciousness among the nationalities on the other end. By way of example, of the USSR, efforts in that direction the author places the Balts and the U- seem justifiable." krainians as "potentially the most se Prof- John Hazard in his essay — cessionist, of nationalities" on the one "Statutory Recognition of Nationality end and the Kazakhs, threatened by bio Differences" — analyzes the legislative logical assimilation in their own repub activity of the member republics from lic, on the other end of the spectrum. He Lenin's time through the first federal distinguishes within each nationality constitution of 1923, Stalin's constitu certain groups which "tend to* be more* tion of 1936 and its* amendment of 1957. nationalistic" from the others, "most He stresses that Lenin, who was* "a assimilationist, integrationist or coope centralist without compromise", foster rative", and advances a "tentative ge ed his concept of centralized leader neralization" that "the intellectuals, the ship even in the formative yeas 1917- humanists*, the pseudo-intellectuals" be 1920 when the* republics (Ukrainian, long to* the first and "the engineers, Byelorussian, etc.) were independent technicians, scientists,... the moder states. nizing elite" belong to the second The constitution of 1923 authorized group. Prof. Brzezinski believes that the the republics joining into the federa nationality problem "has a profoundly tion to* enact their own codes while the conservative influence upon the pro federal legislature was granted the spects of political evolution in the So right to* enact federal "fundamental viet Union", making the Russian lea principles" to which the republics were ders realize that reforms can potential required to adhere*. Under Stalin, the ly jeopardize their preeminence and pressure for uniformity of legislative leadership. policy increased progressively over "Secessionism, as a realistic alterna the years and the 1936 constitution, as tive for the future*, is only likely in the originally promulgated, put an end to conditions of some form of combination the rights of the republics to enact between domestic crisis and an inter their own codes of law. Although Sta national calamity" is the author's an lin's constitution still remains in force, swer to* the third question. With the its provisions* centralizing the legisla continuation of economic development tive process were* amended in 1957 to and scientific innovations "we are go reinstate the powers granted the re ing to observe more* rather than less publics by the first federal constitution assimilation and perhaps more inten of 1923.

37 After Khrushchev's ouster in 1964, in Ukraine and by 1959 86%. The cor the pendulum partly swung back. In responding figures for the Byelorussians spite of the amendment of 1957, the were 74 and 84.“ (p. 145) Supreme Court of the USSR has-in From three specific indices Prof. creased its supervisory activity over Lewis deducts that "Russians are be the work of republic courts and estab coming more mixed relative to the dis lished a uniformity in the application tribution of the total population, and of republic codes when the texts need Ukrainians, Byelorussians and non-East not, in principle, be conformed. Slavs (many diverse nationalities) are "Theorists within the USSR had been becoming more concentrated", (p. 154) trying for several years to redefine the In the section "The Impact of Mix relationship between the center and ing" , the author analyzes the migration the republics", stated Prof. Hazard, processes and the resulting nationality pointing out that "one of the promised mixing, labor-force problems, and Rus changes... is the enlargement of the sification. Russian rural out-migrants powers of republics". Bearing in mind move primarily to the non-Russian ci the new party program and the most ties where they fill most jobs (probably recent enunciations about " a new his better-paying); there is 11 slower Ukrain torical community of man — the Soviet ian outflow" from rural areas for va People" it is very doubtful that the rious good reasons mentioned by Prof. powers of the republics will be en Lewis. He adds, "If a rural Ukrainian larged. inside or outside the Ukraine planned Human geography and demographic tO' migrate to an urban area, he would problems in the USSR are examined by probably choose Donetsk over Sverd Prof. Lewis in his excellent essay — lovsk for reasons connected with his "The Mixing of Russians and Soviet nationality if not considerations relat Nationalities and Its Demographic Im ing to distance; this could account in pact-" In this three-part study, the first part for the concentration of thei Ukrain section is devoted to a discussion and ians in their home republic . •." (p. 161) evaluation of sources with the result The author anticipated that "as the na ing statistical series and maps, the se tionalities develop economically and cond part deals with the mixing of Rus educationally, they should make more sians and other nationalities between demands upon the Soviet government. 1897 and 1959, and the third section Under these circumstances Soviet na analyzes the Russian mixing and such tionality problems will almost certain socio-economic variables as Russifica ly intensify and collectively become a tion, urbanization and labor-force cha dominant force shaping the future of racteristics. Soviet society", (p. 165) From among many important findings In two^ specialized essays — Prof. supported by elaborate tables it is Bennigsen's "Islamic or Local Con worthwhile to quote some facts depict sciousness Among Soviet Nationalities" ing nationality changes from 1897 to (pp. 168-182) and Prof. Paula G. Rubel's 1959. In this period "the Russians in “Ethnic Identity Among the Soviet Na creased their proportion in total popu tionalities" — the authors investigate lation at a rate faster than the Ukrain the group identity of various Soviet ians and Byelorussians probably be "Muslims" (Turkic and Iranian groups) cause these two nationalities suffered and the Kalmyk-Mongols. Prof. Bennig- greater war losses and most likely be sen points out that "there is emergence cause of Russification." (pp. 139-141) "In of a very large non-Russian intelli contrast to Russians the nationalities gentsia with a strong desire to redis seem to have concentrated since 1897. In cover the national past" which is "a 1897 about 78% of the Ukrainians lived common Muslim past"; this is "the

38 most potent factor working for the rap longing to the Soviet whole". Showing prochement (sblizhenie) of all Muslim graphically five zones of Soviet poli nations" (p. 181), defeating the aim of cies (p. 203), the author stresses that Soviet official policy which was (and "since the Soviet intervention in Cze still is) "the 'drawing near' (in Russian choslovakia. of August 1968, Soviet na sblizhenie) of different Muslim groups tionality affairs have started becoming to the Russians... and accomplishing a part of larger policy extended to in its final stage the merging (in Rus Warsaw Pact countries". In Prof. Lam sian sliianie) of a nationality into the ser's opinion, "Soviet nationality policy Russian nation", (p. 179) serves as a link in the chain of internal According to Prof. Rubel's Study, and foreign policies. Domestic nation based on anthropological concepts, "be ality policy reacts to- foreign stimuli liefs, values, goals, and meanings, those sensitively, and, conversely". He scru traits which make up what is called tinizes such external influences as di ideology, appear to be more durable rect and indirect contacts between in than material traits such as dress or dividuals, possibilities open to. mass house type", (p. 222) Basing herself on media of information, capacity and/or the Kalmyks, she proves that even a willingness of Soviet citizens to re numerically small nationality experi ceive foreign communications, and encing many adverse blows (Kalmyks others. became "nonpersons and their repub In conclusion, Prof. Lamser points lic was abolished" after World War II) out that "the nationality problems of may be able to preserve various fea the USSR are to be looked upon from tures as signifiers of ethnic, that is na the perspective of their sociocultural tionality, identity. She examines the development.. • The impact of devel Soviet political policymaking on the opment processes is favorable in some question of the future of nationalities instances and unfavorable in others. .. and finds "the ideological schism" be The development process will be espe tween the "assimilationists and the mo cially advantageous to large nationali derates". In conclusion she points out ties like the Ukrainians. .. We can as that "the compulsion (proposed by the sume that these nationalities will main assimilationists) may produce the op tain their key position notwithstand posite effect, strengthening and re ing the application of a milder or inforcing nationality and ethnic identi tougher nationality policy by the So fy"- (pp. 235-236) She believes that the viet regime." (pp. 208-209) local elites may play "a pivotal role in determining the future course of na The last chapter, devoted to the bib tionality events..." liography, is impressive. It contains So viet and Western bibliographies, a Prof. Vaclav Lamser in his excellent listing of recent Soviet writings on na- essay -— "A Sociological Approach to tionaity problems, and a selected read Soviet Nationality Problems" — uses ing list which, unfortunately, is not all a special table, "Analytic definition of inclusive since it leaves out such a re nationality", with many variables ap markable study as Ivan Dzyuba's "In plicable to various nationalities differ ternationalism or Russification", pub ing in size, location, consciousness, at lished in 1968. titudes, etc. (p. 186) He identifies va rious indicators (e. g. employment, ur The volume under review is certain banization, cultural institutions and ly a landmark in this long-neglected others) including "the phenomenon of field of study. Let us hope that many closed society", which "plays a sub more such useful volumes will emerge stantial part in Soviet ideology, poli under the auspices of "The Program cies, culture and consciousness of be on Soviet Nationality Problems".

39 News and Views

Ukrainian Catholics' Cardinal Greeted ferences but on administration. The Warmly Here nonrecognition of the Ukrainians as a Patriarchate involves "basic human Eastern Ukrainian Catholics gave a rights" on a religious basis, he said, as tearful, surging welcome to Joseph Car serting that "our entire people want a dinal Slipyi, the 81-year-old spiritual Patriarchate1 now". leader of their church, as he began a Cardinal Slipyi began a world tour visit to- the metropolitan area over the of Ukrainian communities last Februa weekend. ry, visiting Taiwan, Japan, Canada and Wherever he went, cro wds greeted the the United States. He1 returns tomorrow Cardinal as "Patriarch", evidence of to Rome:, where he has lived since 1963, the Ukrainian faithful's desire to have when he was released from a Soviet their little-understood communion grant prison camp as Vatican-Soviet relations ed the semi-autonomous status of Pa began to thaw- triarchate inthe Roman Catholic Church. Twice since then Ukrainian-rite Ca Patriarchal status, already enjoyed tholic bishops have held their own ple by Melkite, Chaldean, Maronite and nary world synods. These have been Coptic-rite Catholics, would permit the regarded as invalid by the Vatican. Ukrainians to elect their own bishops Since the last one, held in October, and be free from controls by the Ro 1971, the Ukrainian Major-Archbishop man Curia. has met regularly with a "permanent Cardinal Slipyi last visited the US in synod" of five prelates to discuss ad 1968, when sentiment among Ukrainian ministration problems of the Ukrainian Catholic bishops appeared divided on Church. the demand for a Patriarchal system. The white-bearded Cardinal holds He was met yesterday and Saturday the church rank of Major-Archbishop with bread, salt, bouquets of roses of Lviv, an Eastern-rite title ranking and rose petals and emotion-filled spee lower than Patriarch but higher than ches and applause by leaders of some archbishop in the Western church. He 200,000 Ukrainian Catholics in the said that in private audiences with New York area. Pope Paul VI early this year, the Pon Of the world's seven million Ukrain tiff had alluded to Vatican efforts to ian Catholics — they constitute 75 per gain concessions and freedoms for La- cent of all Eastern-rite Catholics — five tin-rite Catholics in Eastern European million are in the Soviet Union, where countries. they are unrecognized legally. Regard "We will save what has to be ing this, the Cardinal said: "The situa saved", the Cardinal quoted the Pope tion of the Ukrainian Catholic Church as having told him. is most unfortunate because of the: po "When these considerations are fi licy of rapprochement with Moscow nished, then our situation will be re initiated by some groups within the solved", Cardinal Slipyi said. “The Roman Curia. This policy has caused whole trend now is to1 find a method of the Vatican, which might be expected coexistence and to find out when our to offer a vigorous defense of the U- role is seen to1 make a contribution to krainian Catholic Church in its home that dialogue. A Patriarchate will land, to remain silent." come about, I am sure. Perhaps today, The Ukrainian-Vatic an controversy, perhaps tomorrow, but it will come." he said, does not focus on dogmatic dif (The New York Times, June 11, 1973)

40 Massive Demonstration in Washing "A Cloud Is Rising", and later "Pro ton on the 40th Anniversary of the metheus" and "The Eternal Revolu Great Famine tionary", ending with the "Testament". Thousands of Ukrainians from al General Thomas Lane, head of most every comer of America con the American Council for World Peace1, vened in Washington, D.C. on May 26, and veteran of the Vietnam war, re 1973, a day of national grief, for a ma minded the audience that forty years nifestation of mourning in commemo ago seven million Ukrainians perished ration of the tragic starvation of over for their faith in God and in freedom. seven million Ukrainians in the years Former Congressman W. Judd stated 1932-1933. that the only ray of light in Washing Close to seven thousand Ukrainians, ton are the Ukrainian freedom-fighters. along with our American friends, ga They have a great responsibility: to* thered before the wreath- bedecked tell the whole truth about the Bolshe monument to* Taras Shevchenko to pro vik terror, to find strong allies against test before the whole world against Russian Communist tyranny in Europe the unprecedented artificial famine and Asia, to keep alive the flame of planned and executed by Red Moscow liberty in the hearts of the millions of in order to destroy the Ukrainian na the captive nations. The head of the tion. Political Council of the UCCA and the At onei o'clock sharp, the banners Organization for the Defense of Four were brought in: the Ukrainian and A- Freedoms for Ukraine, Prof. Ivan Vov- merican flags and the banners of various chuk, delivered the main address- combatant, Liberation Front, women's, Mrs. Vira Kakhno1, a witness of the youth and other organizations, with 1933 famine and widow of a Ukrainian which the flag-bearers took their Orthodox priest of the town of Horo- places on either side of the monument. detske by Uman and later of Kyiv who' The President of the Ukrainian Con was tortured to death in Siberia, re gress Committee of America, Prof. L. lated the unheard-of horrors of the ar Dobriansky, opened the demonstration tificial famine of 1933. Mrs. Kakhno with a short speech in English. He then appealed to America and the free world passed the lead on to Mr. Joseph Lesa- to organize an international trial of wyer. Mrs. Mary Lesawyer sang the Moscow, so that the world be spared American national anthem, and the U- from a similar catastrophe in the fu krainian anthem was sung by all those ture. On either side of her stood her present. Metropolitan Ambrose Seny- grandchildren, Vira and Halyna, little shyn began the prayer, which was girls in Ukrainian costumes. .ended by Bishop Vasyl Los-ten. Illinois Mrs. M. Stepova-Karpiak, Mrs. Y. Congressman Edward Derwinski stated Dychko-Blavatska, and Messrs. Y. Ku- that America has the obligation to de rylo, V. Shasharovskyi and M. Soltys, fend the captive nations right to inde members of the Society of Ukrainian pendence. Ukrainians should protest Stage Artists (OMUS), recited two before the whole world against the chapters of the narrative "Death", by tragedies of the famine and genocide, B. Antonenko-Davydovych. against total Russification. No one can In a short speech, Prof. Dr. Mykola be sure of liberty when half the world Stepanenko recalled the oath of the is enslaved, but the time will come Brotherhood of Tarasivtsi taken in 1900 when Ukraine shall again be free! upon the grave of Taras Shevchenko Senator Paul Yuzyk of Canada spoke under the leadership of M. Mikhnov- next. The "Prometheus" men's chorus skyi. Today, this oath of allegiance to of Philadelphia under the direction of Ukraine and to Shevchenko's legacy M. Dliaboha sang "For the Homeland", must be renewed!

41 Senators Javits and Schweiker sent some 500 American policemen called letters expressing their solidarity with through megaphones for the mar the Ukrainian nation in its struggle a- chers to move on or else be ar gainst Russian imperialism. A final rested. However, thanks to the energe prayer was led by Ukrainian Orthodox tic and dedicated work of the super Archbishop Marko, who summoned all visors led by Mr- B. Skaskiv, there to pray for millions of our brothers were no1 arrests. It had been forbidden and sisters murdered on Moscow's or to stop by the Soviet Embassy, but the ders. procession remained there for an entire Immediately after the rally there forty-five minutes, protesting against was formed an imposing procession Moscow. which passed along 23d, K, and 16th Around seven thousand Ukrainians Streets to the Soviet Embassy, where took part in the procession, nearly half it dispersed. of them young people: students, mem Lesia Dychko, a young Ukrainian bers of the Ukrainian Youth Associa Youth Association member from Yon tion of America, the Plast, and the As kers, led the procession wearing chains sociation of Ukrainian Democratic to symbolize enslaved Ukraine. Be Youth. The greater part of the partici hind her came flag-bearers with the U- pants were from Liberation Front or krainian and the American flags and ganizations. There were many women. the banners of various organizations, It should be mentioned that before mainly of the Liberation Front: the or the demonstartion Mrs. Daria Stepa- ganization for the Defense of Four niak, head of the Women's League for Freedoms for Ukraine, the Women's the Defense of Four Freedoms for U- League for the Defense of Four Free kraine, Mrs. Maria Dushnyk of the U- doms for Ukraine, the Ukrainian Youth krainian Women's Association of A- Association of America, and veterans', merica, and others laid a wreath on women's, and youth organizations. the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at There were close to 100 flags and 200 Arlington National Cemetery, with the signs bearing anti-Communist and anti appropriately prescribed ceremony, in communist and anti-Russian legends cluding the participation of American and various illustrations. soldiers. The marchers uninterruptedly sang Members of the UCCA Washington revolutionary and insurgent songs and Branch under the direction of Mrs. chanted "Freedom for Ukraine!“, "Rus Slava Skaskiv organized a buffet for sian Hangmen!", "Murderer Brezh the demonstrators which served seve nev!", "Free Moroz!", and so on. The ral thousand people. procession stopped by the Russian Em Among the minuses was the unfortu bassy, sung the Ukrainian national an nate fact that there was no represen them three times as well as other tative from the city of Washington, songs, and continuously chanted anti- D.C. The White House was so occu Russian slogans. Gathered en masse, pied with the "Watergate Affair" and with Brezhnev's visit that it "did not have time" to send a representative or even to communicate its sympathy in Save us unnecessary expenses! writing. •. Send in your subscription for May 26, 1973 will go down in the history of the Ukrainian emigration in ABN Correspondence America as a great day of national mourning and solidarity in the strug immediately! gle against Ukraine's mortal enemy, Moscow. I. Savyn

42 Resolution of the Convention of the h) I. "Missing and forgotten people" AF-ABN Held in New York City arrested, deported to Siberia of shot, on April 8, 1973 after Soviet Russian occupation, fol lowing W orld W ar II, such as: The Convention resolved to recom mend to1 the Executive Board of the Ukainians, Lithuanians, Latvians, Es AF-ABN to prepare and deliver to the tonians, Byelorussians, North Cauca concerned parties the corresponding sians, Georgians, Armenians, Turkesta- material, as follows: nians, Azerbaijanians, Cossacks, Croats, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulga 1- A protest note to the Australian Government due to recent persecution rians, Rumanians, Germans, Poles, etc. of Croatian freedom fighters in Aust II. American and South Vietnamese ralia: prisoners of war, missing since their 2. A protest note to the Nobel Prize capture by the Communists. Commission in Norway against the So viet Russian proposal that Marshal Ti The International League Fighting to, the Communist mass murderer of Racism and Anti-Semitism (LISA) the Croats, etc., receive the Nobel Protests Peace Prize; The International League Fighting 3. A protest note to The Government Racism and Anti-Semitism having its and the trade unions of West Germany headquarters in Paris was founded by against the invitation to visit West Ger Countess de Noailles, Leon Blum, Edou many extended to Shelepin, the Soviet ard Benes, Albert Einstein, Thomas Russian murderer of the Ukrainian na Masaryck, Romain Rolland and many tional leader S. Bandera; others. Among its members still alive 4. A protest note to the Commission are the widow of President Auriol, Jo on Human Rights at the United Nations sephine Baker, Jacques Chaban-Delmas, with a request for an investigation of Charlie Chaplin, Cardinal Danielou, the recent Communist acts of terror President Houphouet-Boigny, Rabbi (with special attention to intellectual Kaplan, Mendes-France, President of genocide), as follows: the Senate Allain Poher, Minister Gas a) Shooting of a Roman Catholic ton Monnerville, the philosopher Jean- priest in Albania for baptizing a child; Paul Sartre. The League sent the fol b) Persecution of Croatian poets in lowing communiqué to' the press: Yugoslavia: Mirko Vidovic, Zlatko To- "For a year now Soviet authori mazic, Gotovac, Tavletic, Fra Jeronim ties have been intensifying the Setka, Fra Krstko Krzanic, Mate Mar- persecution of intellectuals who1 cinko, and others; are condemning any failure to re c) Self-immolation of the Ukrainian spect the Soviet Constitution and Vasyl Makukh in Kyiy; human rights in general. d) Self-immolation of the Czech Jan The most severe persecutions are Palach in Prague; carried out in Ukraine. e) Self-immolation of the Lithuanian The League joins the protest of Romas Kalanta in Kaunas; the French people of Ukrainian f) Arrest and disappearance of many origin and the Ukrainians living Hungarian young people in Budapest in France. It calls upon all inter after a demonstration on March 15,1972; national organizations to join its g) Persecution or murder of many U- protest and to intervene before krainian intellectuals: Valentyn Moroz, Soviet authorities in order to> se Ivan Svitlychnyi, Ivan Dzyuba, Vya cure the liberation of these intel cheslav Chomovil, Yevhen Sverstyuk, lectuals and to stop further perse Alla Horska, Yuriy Shukhevych, etc.; cution in Ukraine."

43 Special Committee on the Captive Nations Proposed by Mr. Flood in a Resolution submitted on January 9, 1973

Whereas on the all-important issue of vantageously made use of, that, in imperio-colonialism the posture of point of geography, history, and de imperialist Moscow, as shown in part mography, the now famous U-2 plane by the rape of Czecho-Slovakia and flew mostly over captive non-Russian the Brezhnev doctrine, has not been territories in the Soviet Union; and adequately exposed by us in the Uni Whereas, in the fundamental convic ted Nations and elsewhere; and tion that the central issue of our time Whereas Presidential proclamations de is imperialist totalitarian slavery ver signating Captive Nations Week sum sus democratic national freedom, we mon the American people "to study commence to shed popular light on the plight of the Soviet-dominated this issue by assembling and forth nations and to recommit themselves rightly utilizing all the truths and to the support of the just aspirations facts pertaining to the enslaved con of the people of those1 captive na dition of the peoples of Poland, Hun tions"; and gary, Lithuania, Ukraine, Czecho Whereas the nationwide observances in slovakia, Latvia, Estonia, Byelorus the fourteen anniversaries of Captive sia, Rumania, East Germany, Bul Nations Week have clearly demon garia, mainland China, Armenia, strated the enthusiastic response of Azerbaijan, Georgia, North Korea major sections of our society to this Albania, Idel-Ural, Tibet, Cossackia, Presidential call; and Turkestan, North Vietnam, Cuba, and Whereas, following the passage of the other subjugated nations; and Captive Nations Week resolution in Whereas the enlightening forces gene 1959 by the Congress of the United rated by such knowledge and under States and again during the annual standing of the fate of these occupied observances of Captive Nations and captive non-Russian nations Week, Moscow has consistently dis would also give encouragement to' played to- the world its profound fear latent liberal elements in the Russian of growing free world knowledge of Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and interest in all of the captive na — which contains Russia itself — tions, and particularly the occupied and would help bring to the oppres non-Russian colonies within the So sed Russian people their overdue in viet Union; and dependence from centuries-long au Whereas, the indispensable advance thoritarian rule and tyranny; and ment of such basic knowledge and Whereas these weapons of truth, fact, interest alone can serve to explode and ideas would counter effectively current myths on Soviet unity, So and overwhelm and defeat Moscow's viet national economy, and mono worldwide, anti-American propagan lithic military prowess and openly to da campaign in Asia, Africa, the expose the depths of imperialist to Middle East, Latin America, and spe talitarianism and economic colonial cifically among the newly independ ism throughout the Red Russian em ent and underdeveloped nations and pire, especially inside the so-called states; and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; Whereas it is incumbent upon us as and free citizens to appreciatively recog Whereas, for example, it was not gene nize that the captive nations in the rally recognized, and thus not ad aggregate constitute not only a prima

44 ry deterrent against a hot global war cj A majority of the committee shall and further overt aggression by Mos constitute a quorum except that a les cow's totalitarian imperialism, but ser number, to be fixed by the commit also1 a prime positive means for the tee!, shall constitute a quorum for the advance of world freedom in a strug purpose of administering oaths and gle which in totalistic form is psy taking sworn testimony. chopolitical; and Sec. 3. (a) The committee shall con Whereas in pursuit of a diplomacy of duct an inquiry into and a study of all truth we' cannot for long avoid bring the captive non-Russian nations, which ing into question Moscow's legalistic- includes those in the Soviet Union and pretensions of "noninterference in Asia, and also of the Russian people, the internal affairs of states" and with particular reference to the moral other contrivances which are acute and legal status of Red totalitarian con ly subject to examination under the trol over them, facts concerning con light of morally founded legal prin ditions existing in these nations, and ciples and political economic, and means by which the United States can historical evidence; and assist them by peaceful processes in Whereas, in the implementing spirit of their present plight and in their aspira our own congressional Captive Na tion to regain their national and indivi tions Week resolution and the twelve dual freedoms- Presidential proclamations, it is in our own strategic interest and that (b) The committee shall make such of the nontotalitarian free world to interim reports to' the House of Repre undertake a continuous and unremit sentatives as it deems proper, and shall ting study of all the captive nations make its first comprehensive report of for the purpose of developing new the results of its inquiry and study, to approaches and fresh ideas for world gether with its recommendations, not peace with freedom and justice: Now, later than January 31, 1974. therefore, be it Sec. 4. The committee, or any duly Resolved, That there is hereby estab authorized subcommittee thereof, is au lished a nonpermanent committee which thorized to sit and act at such places shall be known as the Special Commit and times within or outside the United tee on the Captive Nations. The com States to hold such hearings, to require mittee shall be composed of ten Mem by subpoena or otherwise the attend bers of the House, of whom not more ance of such witnesses and the pro than six shall be members -of the same duction of such books, papers, and do political party, to be appointed by the cuments, to administer such oaths, and Speaker of the House of Representa to take such testimony as it deems ad tives. visable. Sec. 2. (a) Vacancies in the mem Sec. 5. The committee may employ bership of the committee shall not af and fix the compensation of such ex fect the power of the remaining mem perts, consultants, and other employees bers to execute the functions of the as it deems necessary in the perform committee, and shall be filled in the ance of its duties. same manner as in the case of the ori Sec. 6. The committee shall enjoy ginal selection. a nonstanding status, performing its du b) The committee shall select a chair ties in the course of the Ninety-third man and a vice chairman from among Congress and subject to1 renewal only its members. In the absence of the as determined by needs' in the comple chairman, the vice chairman shall act tion of its work and further purposes as chairman. of the House of Representatives.

45 Western Ostpolitik and Russian Western Policy

I am really disgusted at the current one thing, but what right did they have turn of events. So’ many people wish to to determine the Latvian or Slovak rush into the grip of Russia and every boundaries- These countries do not "be time I hear the word "detente" I would long" to Germany; neither do they "be literally like to- throw up. First of all to long" to Russia, and the crass igno me "detente" and "relaxation of ten rance of their existence was shown by sions" means surrender to Russia and Brandt. Some people have told me that abandonment of the captive peoples be Brandt made it possible for East Ger hind the Iron Curtain. The Russians man families to travel outside East Ger take and every one else gives. Every many for three weeks instead of one thing must be done to please Russia or for instance. They should realize that, the satellite governments not represen if it were not for Brandt and people tative of the countries concerned. Is like him that preceded him, the German Poland's Communist regime any more people could travel across the whole representative of the Polish nation than of Germany as one nation without ANY Hitler's General government? Do the time limit. The policies of Brandt will Czech Communists represent the Czechs insure the division of Germany and of anymore than the Bohemian and Mo Europe and this should be recognized. ravian Protectorate? And that Hunga Some weeks ago I was listening to ry's regime represents only itself 1956 AFN (American Forces Network) and proves that. a Hessian minister or professor was It is refreshing to read, however, that speaking about the book he had written despite the cowardice of the West the in defense of the "Ostpolitik". He Slovaks, for instance, still honor the stated that the oppositon was correct. memory of the Slovak leaders or Yet Germany had surrendered claims that Latvian students will honor to over half the country but has al the memory of Latvia's first pre legedly achieved "better relations". sident. When there was no Poland With whom, however. The Russian the Poles in Napoleon's legions sang puppets or the peoples involved? Ger "Poland is not yet dead while we still many will win many new enemies for live". This, I think, can be universally its latest fling into idiotic politics. By applied to all 24 nations. Their coun ignoring the subjugated peoples the tries may not "officially" exist but in Germans may very well seal their own the hearts and beliefs of the people doom. This same writer also admitted they continue to live. If Ukrainians and that after the "Prague Spring" of 1968, Lithuanians, for instance, retain their Germany decided to make peace on heritage and individuality can anyone Russian terms since it seemed that at say Ukraine and Lithuania do not exist tempting to pull the nations westward as nations? would fail and would therefore spell The Germans should be cursed or more the end to the policies of Adenauer. specifically the SPD (Social Democratic The Russians have one thing going for Party) for attempting to decide the fate them and that is their ability to wait. of other nations besides their own in The Russians simply wait until some dealings with Russia. The actions of one in the West decides to improve Brandt were the same in every way as relations by meeting their demands. If Hitler's as far as the treatment of other the Western leaders had any sense, nations in the Eastern treaties was con they would realize that they can do- the cerned. If the Germans wished to sur same thing. Only recently no one render their own lands, Pomerania, Si would have recognized East Germany lesia, East and West Prussia that was since it was not a true country, but a

46 Russian colony. Yet because of Brandt, much value placed on meaningless ex the world will now rush forward to’ ternals. In fact, it is better to have the grant the long desired recognition. The Russians act like they did under Stalin, East Germans waited and got all their because the only way some people will demands filled and gave absolutely no not be deluded is when they get ice thing in return. Did the Wall come water thrown in their faces every so down? Was political freedom increased often. But even then Khrushchev once in the Russian-occupied Zone? No! But said about the American delegates to all the demands of the Russians were the UN, "We spit in their faces and fulfilled merely because they had the they call it dew". In fact, I think only patience to' wait until someone like the return of a hard line Stalinist will Brandt came along and thought that in wake up a lot of Western leaders- Dip order to "improve relations" giving in lomacy tends to be the fine art of hy might be the best thing to do. On no bi- pocrisy and the hard line would be bet sic issue have the Russians ever re ter. Charles XII of Sweden once said treated from their stand. They appear "The sword is best for the sword does to but in reality, by studying closely not jest" and he fervently despised the what they say and do, they never re diplomats of his day. What would he treat. If Nixon or Brandt would take think of Egon Bahr? H. A. May the time to look behind the propaganda and at the actions of the Russians they would see the Russians had not changed. Croatian Independence Day The so-called renunciation of force will in New York not work in the "Security Conference" because of the way the Russians define On April 7, 1973, the Union of Croa "force". The invasion of Hungary or tian Societies of New York held its an Czecho-Slovakia was not the use of nual celebration of Croatian Independ “force" to the Russians but "friendly ence Day at its new center on West assistance to a fraternal Socialist coun 40th Street at 10th Avenue. The Union's try". President is Mirko Baric.

The West will end up tying its hands Demonstrations of Croatian Emigres even more so than previously, while in Support of the Persecuted Croats the Russians will continue to act like the Russians. There is absolutely no On 3rd December 1972 huge demon thing to be gained from agreements strations were held in New York, Chi with the Russians. To be murdered by cago and Toronto'. On M arch 18th, a smiling killer or an evil looking one 1973 many thousands of Croats pro has the same end results. Why is so tested in Canberra, Australia-

"BEWARE OF RUSSIA!" General W alker of the USA, former chief commander of NATO forces, Northern Sector, stated last November at the North Atlantic Conference, "Russia is ready to attack without warning, and she will blind us with electronic weapons . . . The Reds can blockade Western Europe, cutting our maritime connections .. . The threat to America comes not from Viet nam or Central Europe, but from the Russian port of Murmansk on the Arctic Ocean . . . The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks may lull Western public opinion into believing that the Russians are manifesting "good will". The W est German press did not report this statement.

47 Book Reviews

Vucinich, W ayne S.: Contempora mic crises like high unemployment with ry Yugoslavia; Twenty Years of its surplus of population, lag in agri Soviet Experiment. By Jozo Toma- cultural production, cultural antago sevich and others. Edited by nisms, and student unrest. This is an Wayne S. Vucinich. Berkeley, Uni artificial state of diverse nations with versity of California Press, 1969. an unresolved nationalities problem, 441 pp. Maps- 24 cm. Price: $ 9.50. and with its constitutional privileges restricted by the central government This book is the product of a confe and the ruling Communist Party. The rence on contemporary Yugoslavia held nationality problem awaits its solution at Stanford University in California, to this day. (A.S.) USA, on December 4-5, 1965, and spon sored by the East European Studies Fa culty Seminar. In eight chapters it pre sents the post World War II situation Aphorisms by Hryhoriy Skovoroda in Yugoslavia, a nationally diverse Is it not love that unites, builds and state. creates, just as enmity destroys? Chapter VI, by Wayne S. Vucinich (pp. 236-284) deals with Nationalism and Communism in Yugoslavia. On The nature of beauty is such that the page 256 there is Table 3, with Com more hindrances one encounters on the munist membership by nationality for way, the more one is drawn to it — 1,046,018 members. In first place are just as in the case of that noblest and 541,526 Serbs, later the Croats with hardest metal which, the more it is 186,605, the Slovenes with 70,516, fol rubbed, the more it shines. lowed by the Macedonians, Monte negrins, Muslims, Albanians, Hunga * rians, and 28,886 of other groups. Falsehood depresses and is reaction Yugoslavia is a multi-national and ary, that is why the desire is so strong multi-confessional socialist slate, whose to1 fight against it. cultural and economic development * challenges that of the Soviet Union. Yugoslavia is a supporter of the: United To: him whose heart is aching, the Nations. Her leader, Marshal Josip whole world seems to be in tears. Broz Tito-, has been denounced by the West, the Soviet Union and sometimes * by China. But Yugoslavia benefits poli The value of time is fully known on tically and financially from both East ly after it has passed. and West. In international relations, the book * points out the disillusionment with So You serve yourself best when you viet Communism, its type of socialism, walk firmly on the road of common and with cruel Stalinism. "Yugoslavia sense- developed a variant of Communism, * was expelled from the Cominform, and has a de-centralized form of govern Everything passes away, but love ment-" But it still suffers from econo remains.

48 + Archbishop The Central Committe of the Anti- VASYL VELYCHKOVSKYI Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN) is saddened to- report that Confessor of the Faith, martyr of Rus sian prisons and concentration camps, Prof. Dr. NESTOR PROCYK died of a heart attack, in Winnipeg, Canada, at the age of 70. 60, passed away on June- 30, 1973, in Archbishop Velychkovskyi, a Re- Buffalo after a long and serious illness. demptorist monk, was one of the most The deceased was the co-organizer unflichting and staunchest defenders oi of ABN in exile, a long-time head of Christ's teaching and Ukraine in his the Ukrainian Division of AF-ABN and struggle against the militant Russian President of the AF-ABN Council one of atheists. For his Christian faith and the- most distinguished leaders of the love to his country — Ukraine — he nationalist camp on the international was given the death sentence, later end community levels. He was one of commuted to ten years' forced labour, the most outstanding member of the- which he served in Vorkuta and other Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists concentration camps and prisons. (OUN) from the time of its founding, After his release he continued to a member of the OUN Executive, and preach the word of God. a leader of OUN headquarters in va rious countries in different periods of Appointed bishop in 1959, he diligent its revolutionary activity. ly continued to perform his duties of priest and bishop in catacombs. Sent Dr. Procyk was a long-time and un enced for the second time, on January broken prisoner of German prisons and 27, 1969, to- three years of harsh regime concentration camps, a fearless and un prison, Archbishop Velychkovskyi compromising fighter for the Sovereign served his sentence in the Donbas un United Ukrainian State and the disso der horrible conditions, degraded, tor lution of the Russian empire. He re tured and poisoned, but unbroken. mained true to his principles- at all After completing in full the hellish times and under harshest conditions, three years, about which he talked exemplifying revolutionary virtues, lo with calm, the Russian occupants trans yalty to his ideals and high morality, ported him against his will to- Yugo self-sacrifice and total dedication to slavia, from where he journeyed to the revolutionary cause. He was a pro Rome. In Rome the Martyr was not ac found Christian. corded respect due him. The Redem- Receiving his Doctor of Medicine toris-t monk humbly left the Vatican, Degree from the Sorbonne, he was a going to Winnipeg, Canada, where ail prominent psychiatrist, a professor of ing, he ended his long-suffering life psychiatry and a deputy director of of martyr and fighter for Christ's truth State Hospital in Buffalo. and Ukraine. The Central Committee of ABN sends Archbishop Velychkovskyi is yet an its condolences to the grieving mother, other great figure- of a M artyr on the wife and children of the deceased. road of resurrection of our Church and Country. The funeral services were held on July 3, 1973, in Buffalo, N. Y., USA. His funeral services were held on July 5 in Winnipeg- The Central Committee of ABN NEW PUBLICATIONS

UKRAINIAN HERALD

Underground Magazine from Ukraine Issue IV

Containing details on the trial of Valentyn Moroz and the brutal murder ol Alla Horska, unpublished poems by Vasyl Symonenko and news ol repressions against the Ukrainian intellectuals. Poetry translated by Vera Rich.

OUR ALTERNATIVE

ABN and EFC Conferences Brussels, November 12th-15th, 1970

Speeches, .reports and messages. In English and French.

Back Home Again „The Sunday Times", S. Africa GW ISSN 0001 - 0545 B 20004 F

BULLETIN OF THE ANTIBOLSHEVIK BLOC OF NATIONS

ABN and EFG Conferences London, August 24-27, 1973

Verlagspostamt: München 80 September - October 1973 Vol. XXIV No. CONTENTS: ABN and EFC Conferences . 4 Moscow Attacks ABN Conference ...... 7 Hon. Ole Bjorn Kraft (Denmark) No Detente P o ssib le ...... 8

Press Statement by Yaroslav Stetsko .... 10 Yaroslav Stetsko (Ukraine) Liberation Not Capitulation 14

An Appeal to the Conscience of Free Men . . . 16

Resolution on the Nations Subjugated by Russian Imperialism and C om m unism ...... 19 Col. D. Kosmowich (Byelorussia) Subjugated Nations — The Neglected Superpower . 21 Askold Krushelnytsky (Ukraine) The Real Revolution of Ukrainian Youth . . . 24

A Letter from U k rain e ...... 25 Dr. Andrija Ilic (Croatia) The Death of a Great Croatian Leader and Friend of All Oppressed P eo p les ...... 31 Eric Brodin (Sweden) Communist Germany 20 Years Ago and Today . . 33 Long-Term Prisoners of Russian Concentration Camps 37

News and V ie w s ...... 43

From Behind the Iron C u r t a i n ...... 45

(Statement of the European Freedom Council Conference in London)

Treaties between the USSR and the free Western countries, in parti cular the USA and the Federal Republic of Germany, strengthen the mili tary potential of the Russian empire, contribute to the intensification of Russian terror in the countries enslaved in the USSR and in the satellite states, and intensify national, cultural and physical genocide. The main goal of the Russian imperialists is to be at liberty to suppress the national liberation movements of the captive nations. Treaties with the W est pro vide this liberty. Furthermore, by guaranteeing the status quo, the West allows the Russians to continue their usurpations and besides to obtain formal approval for Brezhnev's doctrine of military intervention by the West, if such intervention should be in the interest of Russian imperialism.

The so-called European Security Conference initiated by Moscow is nothing other than an insiduous attempt to include the free countries in a common front against the captive nations or at least to obtain their fa vourable neutrality in case the enslaved nations' rebellions are suppres sed. For none of the Western countries has any aggressive intentions, and only Russia's "security" vis-a-vis the subjugated nations is at stake. This Conference is concerned with the security of Moscow against revolu tionary liberation movements of the enslaved nations within and without the USSR, i. e., with security guaranteed and supported by the W est but directed against the West's safest allies. Its object is to consolidate Russian influence in Central and Northern Europe and in the Mediterranean region in order to enable the Russians to continue infiltration, subversion and occupation by modern strategic methods from these bases. Another aim of the Conference is to remove US forces from Europe.

The so-called Disarmament Conference, similar to the last treaties between the USA and the USSR (Yalta and Teheran), is intended to fulfill the Russian aim of liquidating the free world's atomic shield. Officially, the West would give up its first line of defence — the nations enslaved within the USSR and in the satellite states — in the "Security" Confer ence, yet the Russian empire by far surpasses NATO in conventional arma ments. Nor does the West conduct any liberation policy based on guerrilla warfare (the most modem type) within the empire.

As the experiences of World War II and the post-war period show, any promises made by Moscow (after dictating the status quo and syste-

1 matically .removing US forces from Europe) concerning the exchange of ideas, information and human facilities, will not be kept. We therefore appeal to the governments of the free states to demand: 1) the removal of occupational Russian forces stationed in the CSSR, Hungary, Poland, East Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Bye lorussia, Turkestan, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and other countries occupied by Russian forces, 2) the realization of the right of the nations subjugated within the USSR and in the satellite countries to national independence, including nations in Yugoslavia and putting the Declaration of Human Rights and UN Charter into practice, 3) the cessation of military provocations, mutinies, diversive and disintegrating activities on the part of the USSR, within any free country, and to oppose the presence of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea, the Indian and other oceans. Furthermore, we request the Western states, which have no aggres sive intentions towards any country of the world, to develop an offensive policy for liberating the nations subjugated within the USSR (i. e. the Russian empire) and in the satellite states. Only thus can they insure that in the age of the downfall of empires and the creation of national states throughout the whole world, colonialism will be liquidated in Europe and Asia as well. We draw the attention of the governments of the free Western coun tries to the fact that any agreement with the Bolshevist tyrants and impe rialists makes the free nations accomplices in the tyrannical enslavement of nations and, people. Thus, the defensive potential of the West is weak ened, while colonialism, imposed on nations, some of which have a 1000- year-old culture, is consolidated. We appeal to the free European nations to develop their own military power, including thermo-nuclear and in particular conventional weapon ry, in order to avoid falling victim to sudden Soviet Russian aggression — for Moscow is constantly supplementing its arsenal. We also appeal to these nations to weaken the military potential of the Bolshevist empire by winning over soldiers of the Soviet and satellite forces by means of strengthened radio broadcasts in the languages of all the oppressed na tions, through a liberation police, bearing in mind that the nations sub jugated in any empire are its Achilles' heel. We remind the governments of the free countries of the world that a lasting and just world peace is possible only if insatiable Russian imperia lism is eliminated by the disintegration of the Russian empire and the re-

2 establishment of independent states of all the nations enslaved within that empire, and if colonial empires and artificial state structures such as Yugoslavia and Czecho-Slovakia disappear in Europe. We wish to em phasize that although the Russian imperialists and chauvinists speak of peace and friendship, they are in reality arming with all kinds of offen sive weapons which far surpass those of the free world.

The Russian empire is built on a volcano. Its pillars are rotten, and its only strength is in ideological, political and moral weakness of the West. And the W est has failed to rely on the captive nations — its most faithful and strongest allies. For prisoners never defend their prison.

Detente Warning to West

A former Prime Minister of Ukraine, Dr. Yaroslav Stetsko, declared in London yesterday that it was not in the interests of the West to improve relations with Russia. As President of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations, which unites political emigres from the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Dr. Stetsko said at a Press Conference: "The age of empire has passed. Why then should we defend the Russian co lonial empire in Europe and Asia?"

Russia's weakest point was the large number of non-Russian peoples now under Russian rule- The revolutionary movements inside the Soviet empire opened up the possibility of destroying it without resorting to war on a world scale.

Moral Support

"The liberation movements should have all possible moral and material sup port from the Free World," he said. "The other alternative, the policy of cooperation and detente, which the West now practises, will never stop the Soviet-Russian aggression, as it did not stop Hiller's, aggression, and it will lead eventually to war." "Supporting the revolution within the Soviet Union means supporting peace. Supporting a policy of detente means encouraging war or capitulation," Dr. Stetsko concluded. The Anti-Bolshevik Bloc and the European Freedom Council are meeting in conference in London for the next three days. They plan a mass demonstra tion in Trafalgar Square on Sunday.

(London, The Daily Telegraph, Saturday, A ugust 25, 1973)

3 ABN and EFC Conferences

To mark the 30th anniversary of-- its the evening the Association of Ukrain founding (Novem ber 21-22, 1943, in ians in Great Britain gave a cocktail Zhytomyr, Ukraine), the Anti-Bolshe party and the Ukrainian Youth Asso vik Bloc of Nations (ABN) convened ciation invited all the delegates to. an an international conference in London, exhibition of Ukrainian folk art, and G reat Britain on A ugust 24-27, 1973. paintings and sculptures by Ukrainian The main theme of the conference was artists both in the homeland and in LIBERATION NOT CAPITULATION. exile. The ABN Conference was held in con The ABN Conference was opened on junction with the: conference of the August 25th. President Yaroslav Stetsko European Freedom Council (EFC). Both delivered the opening address (for full conferences included closed and open tex t see pp. 14-15). The reports on ABN sessions at Bonnington Hotel and a activities, were given by the following mass rally at Trafalgar Square on Au branches: Mr. Glinski — Great Britain, gust 26th. Representatives of ABN Mr. Vasyl Bezkhlibnyk — Canada, Mr. branches in the following countries Ernest Rigoni — France, Dr. K. Dreni- vyere present: Great Britain, United koff — Italy, Dr-1. Docheff — United States, Canada, Australia, Germany, States, Mr. W. Chopivsky — Southern France, Spain, Belgium, Sweden, Den United States, Mr. Carl G. Holm — mark, and Italy. Sweden, Mr. Zenon Koval — Belgium. The conference of ABN was. pre Mrs. Slava Stetsko. reported on the ac ceded by a press conference at 11:30 tivities of the Central Committee of a. m. on August 24th. It was led by Mr. ABN in the last two years. After dis Don Martin, Chairman of the British cussion on the reports and recommen League for European Freedom. Mr. Ya dations for future activity, a committee roslav Stetsko, President of ABN, deli was elected to elaborate the Appeal vered a statement to the press and and Resolutions. At this session Mr. answered questions of the representa Stetsko* was reelected president. tives of the press. Excerpts from this The EFC closed session was held statement were published in The Daily in the afternoon, with the opening ad Telegraph, a leading British newspaper, dress of Ole Bjorn Kraft, President of on the following day. EFC. After Min. Kraft's speech, Mr. The: press conference was followed Stetsko expressed the gratitude of all by the opening of an exhibition pre ABN members to Min- Kraft for his pared by Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Lat staunch support for the cause of inde vian and Czech students of Toronto, pendence of the subjugated nations and Canada. It dealt with uprisings, in U- proposed that he be elected Honorary kraine, Lithuania, Hungary and Czecho President of EFC and Honorary Mem slovakia, riots in various cities behind ber of ABN Presidium. His proposal the Iron Curtain and concentration was seconded by Prof. Dr. Th. Oberlän camps, organized famine, religious per der. A hand-painted scroll, made by secution, deportations and Russifica Oksana Volchanska, was presented to tion in the Russian-subjugated coun Pres. Kraft to the general applause. tries. Mr. Yuriy Shymko (Canada) de The reports on EFC activities were livered the opening remarks. The ex given by the following delegates: Prof. hibition was opened for the duration Dr. L. Lohrisch — Germany, Madame of the conference. Suzanne Labin —• France, Mr. Bertil A meeting of the ABN Central Com Wedin — Sweden, Mr. Bunchuk — mittee was held in the afternoon. In Byelorussian Liberation Front, Dr. S.

4 Fostun — Association of Ukrainians in other countries, their liberation from Great Britain, Mr. Watson — Anglo- the Russian colonial yoke, as well as of Ukrainian Society, Mr. Don Martin — Croatia and other Communist-dominat British Leaguei for European Freedom, ed countries, an end to'Russification, re Dr. Ante Bonifacic — Croatian Libera ligious persecution and so forth. The tion Movement. sky was blue and the flags of the host At the end of the EFC closed session country, the ABN, the EFC, Lithuania, a statement on the international situa Estonia, Latvia, Byelorussia, Ukraine, tion and the need to1 strengthen West Georgia, Turkestan, Bulgaria, Hungary, ern support to the oppressed nations Croatia and Rumania, of the free and fighting for national and human rights the subjugated countries whose repre was proposed by Prof. Dr. Oberländer sentatives participated in the confe and accepted unanimously. rences, fluttered in the wind. The rally began with a prayer by the The EFC open session started at 4 clergy of various nationalities. Then p. m. w ith th e address of Min- K raft on the Ukrainian choir "Homin" from the international situation and the tasks of EFC. It w as followed by speech Manchester sang the hym n" Great God " and the British national anthem. The es of Mme. S. Labin on the Helsinki rally was officially openen by Dr. I. and the Disarmament conferences, Prof. Docheff (Bulgaria), Chairman of AF- Dr. Oberländer on the dangers of West ABN. It was then addressed by: ABN ern policies toward the Russian empire Pres. Yaroslav Stetsko-, Christopher Jo and Dr. Kyril Drenikoff on what Mos cow fears most. hn (Sweden), Yuriy Shymko (Canada) [who’ conveyed greetings to the parti The ABN open session commenced cipants from John G. Diefenbaker, for at 7 p. m. and included the following mer Prime Minister of Canada], Eric speeches: Mr. Volodymyr Kosyk — Butler (Australia), Mr. W. Bunchuk (Bye "Martyrs for National and Human lorussia), Dr. A. Ilic (Croatia), Dr. K. Rights in the Soviet Russian Empire Drenikoff (Bulgaria), Col. N. Nazaren and Action in Their Defence;“ Dr. B. ko (Cossackia), Mr. Sladechek (Czechia), Hayit — "The Power of Liberation Mrs. A. Lemberg (Estonia), Madame S. Nationalism in the Russian Empire;" Labin (France), Dr. Lohrisch (Germany), Prof. Dr. S. Halamay — "Nationalists Mr. L. Zourabichvili (Georgia), Mr- and Dissidents in the USSR;" Col. D. Tompson (Latvia), Mr. Praskunas (Li Kosmovich —- "Subjugated Nations — thuania), Dr. B. Hayit (Turkestan), Dr. The Neglected Superpower." Y arkin (Turkey), Mr. Y. D erem enda (U- Both open sessions, which were at kraine), Dr. Chopivsky (USA) and Mrs. tended by about 300 people, were1 fol Slava Stetsko (ABN Central Committee). lowed by discussions. At the end of The speeches were’ interlaced by the the ABN open session the ABN State performance of the vocal trio from Lon ment and Resolutions were adopted. don accompanied by a guitar, and the The mass rally in defense of perse band of the Ukrainian Youth Associa cuted and injustly condemned was tion from Huddersfield, which played held on August 26th. Over 4000 persons the ABN anthem composed especially assembled at Trafalgar Square, the heart for ABN's 30th anniversary. The Youth of London, many of them carrying na Appeal was read by Miss Slava Hry- tional flags and placards demanding the nyuk. The rally was led by Mr. Iliya release from imprisonment of V. Moroz, Dmytriw, Dr. Ivan Docheff and Mr. I. Kalynets, Ye. Sverstyuk and other MykhaylO' Hrynyuk. political prisoners, the withdrawal of Thousands of leaflets were distribut Russian occupation troops from U- ed by young people in the course of kraine1, Byelorussia, Lithuania and the rally.

5 On. the same day the youth panel (USA), Mr. McGillick (Australia), Mr. was held in Bonnington Hotel. It was and Mrs. Chopivsky (USA), author Ber- moderated by Borys Yurkiv (Ukraine). nadine Bailey, Prof- and Mrs. Schlafly The pemalists were Miss Zourabichvili (USA), Mr. Walter Patrick, General (Georgia), Askold Krushelnytsky (U- Secretary of the Freedom Council of kraine), [who delivered the introduc Canada, Mr. Lee Edwards (USA) and tion], Carl Holm (Sweden) and John Mr. Ira Latimer (USA). Haydon (Great Britain). Active part in discussion was taken by representa In the evening a reception was held, tives of the Croatian, Byelorussian and hosted by ABN. It included speeches other youth. by Pres. Y. Stetsko and Mr. Don Mar The participation in, the activities of tin, Osami Kuboki, Hon. G. Stewart- ABN and EFC of young people repre Smith, Prof. D. Rowe, Mr. Watson and senting different nationalities and or Mrs. Slava Stetsko. Mr. Borys Yurkiv ganizations was a particularly pleasant read an appeal from Ukraine clandes and encouraging sign. tinely sent from Ukraine. Cultural enter On August 27th another ABN open tainment added color to the occasion. session was held, at which the follow Prof. Dr. S. Halamay (AF-ABN) was the ing' topics' were covered: Dr. Ivan Do- master of ceremonies. cheff — "30th Anniversary of the The ABN and EFC Conferences re Founding of ABN", Mr. Levan Zoura ceived numerous messages and expres bichvili — "Eastern Policy of the West; sions of solidarity, among them from as a Promoter of the Russian World Cardinal Josyf Slipyi, Archbishop Ma Aggression", Dr. Ante Bonifacic — jor of the Ukrainian Catholic Church, "The Role of Titoism in the Communist Metropolitan Ambrose Senyshyn of the as well as in the Free1 World", Prof. Ukrainian Catholic Church in the USA, David Rowe (USA) — "The Present US Metropolitan Mstyslav Skrypnyk of Foreign Policy". the Ukrainian Autocephalou Orthodox In the afternoon a panel was held Church of the USA, Archbishop Ivan on the situation in the countries with Bucko, Rome, Bishop Volodymyr Ma- in the Russian colonial empire. Dr. Jo lanchuk, Paris, the Rt. Hon- John G. seph Kaskelis (Lithuania) was the mo Diefenbaker, former Prime Minister of derator. The panelists were Rev. J. Ga- Canada, Sen. Barry Goldwater of the ryba (Lithuania), Dr. A. Ilic (Croatia), USA, Prof. Raimundo Guerrero1, Chair Dr. Hayit (Turkestan), Dr. Yarkin (Tur man of WACL, Archduke Otto von key), Mr. G. Tompson (Latvia), Mr. Habsburg, Min. Ivan Matteo Lombardo, Ivan Krushelnytsky (Ukraine), Dr. Loh- John Graham, John M. Fisher, Presi risch (Germany) and Mrs. Adelaide dent of the American Security Council, Lemberg (Estonia). Dr. W alter Becher, Member of the W est During the Conference a research German Parliament, General Vanuxem, paper, "The Threat of War", by Col. Sir John Rodgers, Bt. DL, MP, Tonis Yuriy Tys-Krokhmalyuk was read. Kint, Acting President and Prime Mi All ABN sessions were attended by nister of the Estonian Republic in exile, distinguished guests from various W est Sir David Renton, MP, Rev. B. J. Har ern and Asian countries, who convey gis, Lasz.16 Pasztor, Director of Heri ed greetings and took an active part in tage Groups Division of the Republican discussion. Among them were Mr. Osa- National Committee, Mr. N. M. Guer mi Kuboki (Japan), Chairman of the rero, as well as dozens of ABN branch International Federation for Victory es and Croatian, Ukrainian, Byelorus over Communism, Prof. David Rowe sian, Baltic, and other organization and (USA), an expert on Far-Eastern affairs, individuals from the USA, Canada, Mr. Eric Butler (Australia), Dr. Chapin Australia, Latin America and Europe.

6 Moscow Attacks ABN Conference

The ABN-EFC conferences have dis Russian Iron Curtain, or to recall the turbed the Kremlin and the present- most recent example — the bloody day tsars seating in it have instructed suppression of Czechs and Slovaks! their mouthpiece, Radio Moscow, to- The relevant paragraph, expressing broadcast a "commentary" for listen Moscow's anger and containing the ers in Great Britain and Ireland only wholesale lies about the ABN national two days after the conclusion of the emigre organizations, reads as follows: activities of the ABN and EFC in Lon "On an international scale all these don. supposedly national emigre organiza As it has been the Kremlin propa tions and centres are united in such al ganda machine's custom for the past liances as the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of 50 years, the "commentary" tried to- Nations and the World Anti-Commu present the despotic rulers of the So nist League. At the head of many of viet Union as innocent, sheep, while these bodies are men who fled from accusing the West for stepping up psy the socialist countries, criminals and chological warfare despite the fact collaborators who during the Second "that the principles of peaceful co-ex World War stained their hands in the istence and non-interference in the- in blood of thousands of victims- in the ternal affairs of other countries have- Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. And received official recognition in docu today they have still not given up the ments signed by leaders of the USA, practice of provocations and terrorist the FRG, France and other Western acts. What is surprising is that the- go countries. The "commentary" praised vernments o-f the Western countries Senator Fulbright for urging that Radio which are perfectly aware of these Liberty and Radio- Free Europe be shut facts still remain and support and nur down and also unnamed members of ture these men of yesterday. And this the Federal German Parliament for at a time when tensions are being nor their hounding down of anti-Communist malized. What is more, there axe some emigre organizations in West Germany. who are even prodding these organiza But Moscow's- anger and venom have tions- into greater activity and pro- been directed most of all against lea viding them with the chance to hold ders of the ABN and WACL. Employ anti-Communist gatherings. Obviously, ing the centuries-old tactics of ordina such an attitude adds no credit to- those ry Muscovite thieves by crying out who- are- opposing th e efforts to rid the "catch the thief" in order to divert pub international atmosphere of the foul va lic attention from themselves, the Rus pours of psychological warfare-" sian Communist bosses, in the Kremlin It must be obvious, even to the blind accuse the ABN leaders- of having "the est of political observers in the West blood of thousands o-f victims in the that Moscow's whole efforts to- promote Soviet Union and Eastern Europe on "peaceful co-existence" and preserve their hands", as if there had not been the status quo in Europe by signing butcheries- Stalin's purges and Com documents and holding "security" con munist collaboration with Hitler and ferences- are only designed to lull the the Nazis not only before 21st June, W est into- a false sense- of secu rity in 1941, b u t also during th e Second W orld which the Russian Communists- could War in their joint extermination of the wage psychological warfare on their Ukrainian Liberation Movement and of own terms, as a preparation for the other non-Russian nations, as if there- further enlargement of their empire by had not been th e rap e after the- w ar o-f subversion and use of brutal physical the nations no-w enclosed behind the force.

7 No Detente Possible (Speech by O le Bjorn Kralt, Former Foreign Minister of Denmark)

President Stetsko, members of the board, delegates, It is the last time that I have the honor to speak to you as president of EFC. It is a sad occasion for me, but my resignation from the post of president — which you have for so many years bestowed on me — has become a necessity for personal reasons. But it is my hope that this will not be the last time we meet. I shall try to follow your activities and, my strength and personal situation permitting, I shall take part in the fight for freedom, human rights and independence of the subjugated nations suffering under the yoke of the dictatorial regimes and Russian occu pation. The fight, I tell you, is more necessary than ever before. I am sure you know this. You don't belong to the people — the majority of the peo ple in the Western world I'm afraid •—• who believe that we have entered a period of peaceful coexistence and detente, with the development of freedom and human rights everywhere, including the USSR and the sa tellite states. You know better. You know, and it is our duty to make this known in all countries, that Soviet Russia has not given up its goal, which is world domination one way or another. You know that the suppression of the people in the Baltic states, in the satellite states of Eastern Europe and of the nations inside the Soviet Union is as hard and merciless as it has always been. You know the recent events in Ukraine and other na tions subjugated in the USSR. This is the real situation in the world and in Europe, because the subjugated nations belong to Europe. But although it is true for the time being, detente is the password of Western policy. Of course, it may be necessary to negotiate with the Soviet Union on questions which consti tute a danger to peace. In principle, a security conference could be useful — if only both parties sincerely wished to establish a real peace and were prepared to accept the conditions which would make it last. First of all, they must accept — what we in the Western world accept —- that only self-determination and freedom of speech and thought can make peaceful coexistence possible in the long run. We all know that these con ditions will never be accepted by the Communist states. W estern powers have clearly stated at the security conference that free movement of indi viduals, ideas and information — for example free sale of daily papers from all countries of Europe in Eastern Europe and USSR as well -— is the condition for an acceptable result of the conference. The goals of the two parties are obviously quite different. What the Kremlin wants is clear, and in reality the Soviet Union has already a- chieved most of its goals. Brezhnev and his men are to this day negotiat

8 ing in line with the old principle of Russian negotiations: What is mine, is mine, what is yours must be subject to negotiations. What the Kremlin wants is that the status quo existing in Eastern Europe since 1945-48 is legalized by the Western powers. We know what this signifies. The West should accept the annexation of the Baltic states and the satellite regimes in the whole of Eastern Europe imposed against the will of the people. We should forget all about suppression. We should forget what happened in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968 and what happened eve rywhere under Russian .rule, inside and outside the Soviet Union. We should forget the cruel suppression of intellectual, national and cultural freedom. To reach its goal the Soviet Union, for the time being, speaks with a soft voice. The Soviet Union talks about detente — how peaceful and human it is. But we must not trust the Kremlin. President Stetsko delivered a powerful statement yesterday about the situation behind the Iron Cur tain, and a strong voice from inside Russia warned us only a short time ago not to believe in and accept detente on the conditions of the Soviet Union. It is Professor Andrei Sakharov, the famous nuclear scientist. He is afraid of what will happen. Nobody can live in security with a So viet neighbor who is armed to the teeth. It is wrong, he says, to be friends with a closed society which hides its true face. He does not believe that friendship between East and West will lead to more democracy in the Soviet Union. We must inform about it so that his warning will be heard and that the powers in the West will listen and act in accordance with it. No, we cannot believe in detente. All facts tell another story. They still shoot people on the wall between East and West Berlin. Before nego tiations about reduction of the armed forces in Europe begin, the Russians are sending troops and heavy arms to the zone where a balanced reduc tion is to take place. The Russians have now developed a new strong missile system and put a new class of atomic submarines into production. No, do not believe in detente. We must wake all the people to reality. The Communist system is middle-aged and a step backward. It will bring back all that mankind has tried so painfully to escape throughout cen turies: The few and powerful despots suppressing the majority of the peo ple, terror and secret police as an instrument in the hands of those in power, inequality before the law, and lack of protection against injustice, suppression of conscience and persecution of heretics, the denial of the right to self-determination and independence to peoples. The West can only win in this gigantic struggle about who shall go vern the earth, if the people in the West respect the values they believe in and live in accordance with them and consequently are ready to fight for them and try to protect them wherever they are threatened. The world policy today is the fight for ideas and the souls of the peoples. It will be won by nations which have the strongest faith in their message and are ready to fight for it.

9 A Policy of Detente Leads to W ar A Liberation Policy Leads to Peace Press Statement by Yaroslav Stetsko

The Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations synchronized national liberation revo (ABN) was formed thirty years ago on lutions of the1 subjugated nations di the 21-22nd N ovem ber 1943, in th e for rected against Russian occupation and ests of Ukraine's' Zhytomyr region. The Communist totalitarianism will destroy, initiative came from the Ukrainian In from inside, the Russian empire and surgent Army (UPA) under the com the Communist regime. mand of General Taras Chuprynka- The isolated uprisings of separate Shukhevych, (who-, in 1950, fell in nations cannot be successful, as they battle with MVD forces) and from the could easily be suppressed by Russia, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists e. g. uprisings in East G erm any, H unga (OUN) under the leadership of Stepan ry, Poland in the past. On the other Bandera (who' was assassinated by a hand, a synchronized chain of uprisings- KGB agent at the orders of Shelepin in of the subjugated nations, supported by 1959). The revolutionary com m ittee of a liberation policy of the Western the subjugated nations was formed, countries in favour of the subjugated consisting of the representatives from nations, would be successful and would the revolutionary movements of 12 na bring the revolution against the Rus tions. sian occupants to- a victorious: conclu The activities of ABN were directed, sion. at the time, against two aggressors, We feel that the- Western countries, Nazi Germany and Bolshevik Russia. helping the nations oppressed by Rus The realization of ABN's main idea of sian Communism, are serving their own a common front, against the common interests. enemies, was achieved by the forma The subjugated nations form a first tion of military detachmentsi of the va line of defence of the free world. Had rious peoples subjugated by Russia and it not been for the resistance and liber Nazi Germany, which fought under the ration struggle of these nations in the general command of the Ukrainian In past, the Russian aggressors and totali- surgent Army (UPA). tarians would by now have dominated Relying exclusively on its own forces, all of Europe. the ABN has fought for the last 30 The Achilles' heel of the Russian em years, both in its homelands and ab pire and Communist system is the libe road. ration struggle of the subjugated na ABN's goals are: The disintegration tions and oppressed people. As the ra of the Russian empire, the1 USSR, into tio of Russians to non-Russians in the independent, democratic nation-states, Russian sphere of influence is 1:2, in the restoration of full national inde favour of the subjugated peoples, the pendence to the so-called "satellite" only policy the Russians see fit to keep countries and the liquidation of artifi the empire together, is the policy of cially built statesi, such as Yugoslavia terror. or Czecho-Slovakia (CSSR). At the timei when all over the world But the Russian Empire is not invincible. the colonial systems have been or are The ideals of Freedom, which moti being liquidated, there is no1 room for vate thet subjugated nations, are strong such a system in today's Europe. er than terror and mightier than any ABN's conception of liberation: The nuclear weapon.

10 The .essential thing is that one should Communist representatives at Karlovy be aware of the weaknesses of the Rus Vary, the Soviet dictator said on April sian empire and the awkwardness of 24, 1967: its system. The West should recognize "Experience teaches, in particular, these weak points of the Russian em that the 'cold war' and the confronta pire and thus remove the myth of the tion of military blocs, the atmosphere "invincibility" of Communism and the of military threats seriously hamper Russian empire. the activity of revolutionary, democra To attack the weak points of the tic forces. In conditions of international USSR, and especially its nationality po tension, in bourgeois countries, the re licy — the Achilles' heel of the empire, actionary elements become active-, the is a policy which we recommend to the military raise- their heads-, anti-demo governments of the free world. cratic tendencies and anti-Communism Nuclear weapons cannot be used are strengthened. against the revolutionaries for obvious "And conversely, the past few ye-ars reasons. On the other hand, simulta have shown quite clearly, that in con neous revolutionary upheavals in many ditions of slackened international ten subjugated countries give the insur sion, the pointer of the po-liticial baro- gents all the chances to destroy this meter moves left. Certain changes be prison of nations and individuals with tween Communists and Social-Demo out a world war and nuclear holocaust. crats in certain countries, a noticeable There is no other more appropriate- falling off in anti-Communist hysteria, way (with the least sacrifices and dan and the increase in the influence o-f gers involved) than the path of libera West European Communist Parties is ting revolutions to get rid of the last most directly correlated with the re major aggressor and the last most vi duction in tension which has taken cious colonial empire of all times. For place in Europe!". this reason, the liberation movements (AFL-CIO Free Trade Union News, should have all the moral and material June-, 1973) support of the free world. The other alternative, the policy of There- can be no- lasting co-existence, cooperation and detente, which the net to speak of cooperation, between West now practises, will never stop tyranny and freedom. Sooner or later, the Soviet-Russian aggression, as it did it will come to- a conflict, because they not stop Hitler's aggression, and will are two- totally contradictory worlds. consequently lead to war. To prepare a victory to one's- own As for now it makes it possible for plans is sensible, but to wait for a Moscow to infiltrate the- free nations chance outcome when the enemy is al from within and conquer them later at ready actively engaged in its- course an appropriate moment. o-f action is- suicide. George Meany, the President of -the- We- consider that the West, in its por American Federation of Labour and licies towards the present-day Russian Congress of Industrial Organizations, empire, should observe some existing in an interview on M ay 30th, 1973, facts and respect the moral principles. with a German television network, The age of empires has passed. There gave an accurate analysis of Russia's are no more- Western empires. The UN world expansionist policy: Charter and Universal Declaration of "Brezhnev himself explained what de Human Rights condemn in principle tente means- to the Kremlin and what any imperialism or colonialism. Why the Soviet rulers are trying to- get out then defend the Russian colonial .em of it. Addressing a conference of select pire in Europe and Asia?

11 The constant and persistent efforts of On the other hand, the weakening of Western governments should be direct the revolutionary movements within ed towards the restoration of national the Russian empire, via a policy of de independent states of the subjugated tente, creates for the said empire a pos nations in the USSR and the realization sibility of consolidation without any of human rights in Ukraine, Estonia, danger from the outside and this in Lithuania, Latvia. Turkestan, Byelorus evitably leads to the extension of ag sia, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, gression to ever new territories. The North Caucasus and elsewhere. time will come when, as in the case of The West should aim for the restora Nazism, the West will not be able to tion of full independence and the rea retreat any further and war will be the lization of human rights in Bulgaria, only solution- Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Czechia, Hence, supporting the revolution Rumania and other satellite countries. within the USSR by the ways and The West should stand for the reuni means stated above means supporting fication in freedom and independence peace; supporting a policy of detente of the German people and the removal means encouraging war or capitula of Russian occupational forces and ter tion. ror apparatuses from all the subjugated Ours is the age of ideologies; it is countries, so that the liberated nations also the age of thermo-nuclear wea can have free elections and may re pons, of national liberating and anti-im cover all the attributes of sovereignty perial revolutions and the age of the that every independent country in the guerrilla warfare. Along with the der world enjoys. velopment of military technology, Without the fulfillment of these de grows the meaning and importance of mands, no agreements or talks with the an armed people, with the guerrilla Russian imperialists or Communist ty type of warfare. rants should be indulged in. Such an In conclusion it should be emphasized attitude of the free world would create that the Helsinki conference surpasses an unbearable atmosphere of pressure all other previous international con on Russian and Communist tyrants and ferences or agreements with Moscow, would drive them into a dead end. Si as it acknowledges all the Soviet Rus multaneously, the nations subjugated sian conquests in Europe and Asia and by them, having regained their strength gives Moscow a free hand to carry out and confidence would disintegrate the acts of terror, Russification and exter empire from within. Then the free na mination upon the subjugated nations, tions would gain lasting allies in the acts needed by the empire for further subjugated nations and, last but not ing its existence. least., a true and just peace. Unfortunately, the present-day poli The hope that such a confirmation of cy of the Western world towards the the "status quo" at the Helsinki con Russian empire is inconsistent, often ference would provide "the possibility contradictory, and does not serve its of an exchange of ideas, information own interest. As a consequence, the and people" between East and West, Western policy is leading towards war, and thus will lead to a lasting peace, is as our liberation policy leads towards merely an illusion. peace. No' country in the world is intending Why? Because the strong national to attack the USSR! Should the Soviet revolutionary liberation movements in Russian aggressors be standing on the side the empire paralize the aggression very shores of the Atlantic, they would of Russian imperialism and Commu not feel "safe" and would then perpe nism. tually desire new guarantees of their

12 current conquests, until they have street, to the young people, to the mass captured the whole world. media and to1 the intellectuals to1 sup A compromise will always be to the port the subjugated nations in their fight detriment of the free world, and the sub for national independence and human jugated nations. rights. As the crude facts of the present day We especially appeal to the press, have demonstrated, the treaties with radio and T.V. to come to the defence Moscow have caused greater intensifi of all those who have been incarcera cation of terror against the subju ted, banished from their homelands, or gated nations (e. g. the recent "U- locked up in the psychiatric clinics for kraine's plea for help"). their uncompromising stand against all violators of national and human rights. Since the official circles of the free world render neither practical assist We give our full support to an ap ance, nor human compassion and moral peal recently received from Ukraine by support to those who suffer and fight, Mr. David Floyd of "The Daily Tele w e appeal to' th e W estern m an in the graph.“.

Mr. K. Glinski reporting on activities of ABN Branch in Great Britain.

Closed session of the conference.

13 Liberation Not Capitulation Opening Address by Yaroslav S t e t s k o I have great honour and pleasure in opening the ABN Conference. Its central theme is LIBERATION NOT CAPITULATION. This method of treating the struggle against Russian imperialism and Communism is mandatory at the present time when defeatism, the spirit of compromise with Bolshevism and agreements with it, not only at the expense of the subjugated nations but at the risk of losing the freedom and independence of the still free nations of the world, are dominant in the free world. ABN must steadfastly remain the banner of uncompromising struggle against Russia and Communism, as champion of the national state, versus the empire, as a bearer of liberation nationalism in contrast to Communist tyranny, as a trailblazer of the idea of man being a creature like unto God — in contrast to man — a cog in the totalitarian machine. On the thirtieth anniversary of its existence ABN has fully justified itself. This is obvious. Out of a two-front war of nations against Nazism and Bolshevism, it expanded — from the forests of Ukraine where it was founded by revolutionaries of twelve nations — into a global anti-Russian and anti-Communist force. ABN has always depended and still depends on its own strength and not on the aid of foreigners. Its organ, the ABN Correspondence, the only international magazine of its kind in the world, which in 1972 celebrated its 25th anniversary, is financed solely with our own funds. It serves as a contrast to the Bolshevik Novoe Vremya (New Time) which appears in Moscow. ABN is the symbol of the uncompromising forces of the freedom- loving world in its struggle for NATION and INDIVIDUAL, for the SPIRI TUAL over the MATERIAL, for the HEROIC over the EGOISTIC, for the ETERNAL over the TEMPORARY.

Delegates paying homage to those who died for ABN ideas.

14 The national principle of the organization of the world is gaining vic tory over the imperialistic one. ABN is the vanguard of this global pro cess and progress. Its concept of liberation: national liberation revolutions of the subjugated nations have justified themselves as well. Not a nuclear var, but uprisings are the road to victory over empire and tyranny Nuclear bombs are not dropped on revolutions and revolutionaries. Ideas are stronger than nuclear bombs. The best fight, suffer and die for those ideas. Brezhnev and his henchmen intensify terror, also due to the capitu lation of some Western states before Russia. But the extermination of nations is not possible, not because the tyrants do not want it, or because they have become more humane, but because the nations — in particular their young generation — HAVE RID THEMSELVES OF FEAR AND ARE RISING AGAINST TYRANNY AND EMPIRE! The best from among our nations face the enemy courageously and overtly. Therefore the main theme of our Conference is: LIBERATION NOT CAPITULATION. Let us join ranks and urge the entire freedom-loving world to raise a mighty voice of protest against terror and persecution of fighters for national and human rights! This is a concrete slogan of our Conference and Mass Rally! Let the tyrants feel that the offensive spirit of struggle for truth, justice and freedom, for independence of all nations, including those of the West, is alive and regenerating itself. The ABN should be the promoter of the offensive of the West. If a certain segment of mislead people in the West can support Rus sian ideas, then the majority of them will surely support ABN ideas in their own interest. With faith in our nations' victory over the occupants, I declare the ABN Conference open.

ABN Reception

15 FREEDOM FOR NATIONS ! FREEDOM FOR INDIVIDUALS ! AN APPEAL TO THE CONSCIENCES OF FREE MEN Before your very eyes, national and cultural genocide is taking place in coun tries subjugated by the Russian aggressors and Communist totalitarians. This is facilitated by political and economic agreements of the free countries of the world, in particular the USA, with the USSR, and international conferences such as the conference on so-called European Security, which are attended by the USSR and its satellites. Not a single state in the world intends to' attack the USSR. Against whom then does Moscow want a guarantee of "security"? It wants it against the nations it subjugates, in the USSR and the satellite states, against their liberation revolutions! The national liberation struggle of these oppressed nations and individuals are the1 Achilles' heel of the Russian empire and the despotic Communist system. The aim of the Helsinki and other similar confer ences is not only a de facto recognition of the frontiers of the contemporary Rus sian colonial empire, but also, its legalization in international law. When Western empires, have ceased to exist, why should the Russian empire — whose avowed intention it is. to encompass the entire world — be preserved in Europe and Asia? Imperialistic Russia will feel "secure" only after it conquers the whole world. When Russian Communist armies will stand on the shores of the Atlantic the Kremlin tyrants will demand "security" for the expansion of their colonial empire as far as- the Atlantic. What is Russia looking for in the Mediterranean Sea, the Indian Ocean, the Northern seas, in Latin America (Cuba and so forth), in Africa, the Near East and the Pacific Ocean? Why is. it building up the strongest navy in the world? The strongest conventional land army? Thermonuclear weapons of the widest range? Neither the US nor Great Britain intend to attack anyone! Why does Russia provoke civil, class and peripheral wars, urban guerilla warfare, wildcat and political strikes? Why does it interfere in the internal affairs of every national State of the world, corrupt ing its. people from within? Obviously, all this is a means of and a road to the conquest of the world! Political, economic and technological support of the Rus sian empire on the part of free countries of the world is a boomerang against those who extend such aid. The West is preparing its own doomsday, a.t the same time depriving itself of the confidence of its most trusted allies — the subjugated peoples — and thus weakening itself in the decisive encounter with the aggressive Russian and Communist power! A prominent military theoretician of the West, British General J. F. C. Fuller w rites: "If the West is to gain the sympathies of the enslaved peoples, it must inspire them. To think in terms of the atomic bomb is autocratic; to think in terms of libe ration is democratic, and though the atomic bomb has its uses, they must be weighed against the psychological effects they are likely to produce. To use this weapon in discriminately is to repeat Hitler's blunder, and the way in which it is used will determine whether the millions of enslaved people in Europe and the USSR are to be the allies of the West or the unwilling defenders of Moscow. What they seek is libera tion and not obliteration — let the Western nations remember this." The first line of defense of the West are the nations subjugated in the Rus sian empire and its sphere of domination. Friends! The free world also' share's the responsibility for intensified terror, Russification, mass imprisonment of fighters for national and human rights, faith in God, the freedom of spiritual creativity, for deportations to Siberia, for the around two million prisoners, in concentration camps, who were imprisoned for

16 thedr national, political and religious convictions, for the destruction of national cultures and religions, and the intermingling of nations within the empire. The governments of great Western powers, even Western churches, negotiating and supporting the Russian empire and the godless Communist system and thus confirming the status quo of subjugation and imperial boundaries share the blame for cultural and national genocide. Not a single state, in particular the USA, has placed any preconditions before the Russians while extending all types of assist ance to them. In spite of this, the subjugated nations have not bowed to their oppressors. Their struggle for liberation continues. The peoples, in particular the youth, have1 gotten rid of their fear. Since the official circles of the free world do not render practical assistance, nor human compassion and moral support to those who suffer and fight, we ap peal to the1 Western man in the street, to the young people, to1 the mass media and to the intellectuals who' are aware of the fact that their freedom to' create and the spiritual values they hold themselves are defended by the inmates of Russian concentration camps, Tito's prisons and KGB psychiatric prisons to' join the broad front of protest and defense of the subjugated nations' fighters for national independence and human rights. Therefore, SEVERELY CONDEMN AND TOGETHER WITH US URGE THE LIQUIDA TION OF ALL CONCENTRATION CAMPS ! DEMAND THE RELEASE OF ALL PRISONERS CONDEMNED AND IMPRI SONED FOR THEIR NATIONAL, POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS CONVIC TIONS ! DEMAND THE TERMINATION OF THE APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL AND MEDICAL MEANS OF BREAKING THE WILLPOWER OF POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS PRISONERS IN ORDER TO EXTORT STATEMENTS OF REPENTANCE FROM THEM ! VIGOROUSLY DENOUNCE THE PRACTICE OF CONFINING FIGHTERS FOR NATIONAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN INSANE ASYLUMS ! DEMAND AN END TO PERSECUTION OF BELIEVERS IN GOD AND CUL TURAL LEADERS WHO DEFEND THE ESSENCE AND SPIRITUALITY OF THEIR OWN NATION, WITHOUT WHICH A NATION PERISHES ! DEMAND THE WITHDRAWAL OF RUSSIAN OCCUPATION FORCES AND THE COMMUNIST TERROR APPARATUS FROM THE RUSSIAN-SUBJU GATED NATIONS WITHIN THE USSR AND ITS SATELLITES ! DEMAND A RETURN OF NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY TO ALL THE NA TIONS SUBJUGATED BY RUSSIAN IMPERIALISM AND COMMUNISM IN THE USSR AND THE SATELLITE STATES, AS WELL AS FOR THOSE NA TIONS ENSLAVED IN THE ARTIFICIAL STATE OF YUGOSLAVIA ! A just and lasting peace in the world is impossible WITHOUT NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE AND STATEHOOD for each nation and without the liquidation of the colonial empire — the USSR — in Europe and Asia ! IF YOU DON'T WANT TO SEE AN END OF CULTURE IN GENERAL AND THE REIGN OF BARBARITY IN THE WORLD, FIGHT FOR THE FREEDOM OF INTELLECTUALS OF THE SUBJUGATED NATIONS ! WITHOUT NATIONAL CULTURE THERE IS NO WORLD CULTURE ! IF YOU DON'T WANT TO SEE A KGB GUN AND THE LAW OF THE JUNGLES PREVAIL IN THE WORLD FIGHT FOR HUMANISM AND FOR MORALITY BASED ON RELIGION ! OUR DAY OF PROTEST AGAINST RUSSIAN AND COMMUNIST CRIMES AND OF SOLIDARITY WITH THE SUBJUGATED NATIONS AND OF ALL

17 NOBLE-MINDED PEOPLE OF THE WORLD IS DEDICATED FIRST AND FOREMOST TO THE IMPRISONED AND PERSECUTED FIGHTERS ! Of the countless' political prisoners of Communist death camps, prisons and insame asylums we shall name only a few martyrs: a) Those imprisoned in insane asylums for an indefinite period: Gen. P. Hry- horenko, Prof. L. Plyushch, the community leader A. Lupynis — all of them Ukrainian; b) Prisoners of Mordovian concentration camps in Po-tma: poets — Zaure Kabali (Georgian), All Khatahulhov (North Caucasian), Knut Skueniks (Latvian), Waldur (Estonian), heroic Lithuanian sailor S. Kudirka; c) Further — Andrei Amalrik, Pyotr Yakir (Jew); d) The most consistently persecuted Ukrainian intellectuals, sentenced to 10-15 years of prison, concentration camps and exile: Yuriy Shukhevych, after serving a 20-year sentence, sentenced again to 15 years because he refused to disavow his father, the commander-in-chief of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA); Valentyn Moroz, historian — after 5 years- to an other 14 years; Ivan Hel, student — after 3 years to another 15 years; Prof. M. Osadchyi, -— after 2 years to- another 12 years; V. Chornovil, — after 3 years to another 12 years-; literary critic I. Svitlychnyi — to- 12 years; D- Shumuk, — after 27 years to- another 15 years; Iryna Senyk, artist — after 10 years to another 11 years; Ye. Sverstyuk, historic philo sopher, — 12 years; Ihor and Iryna Kalynets, both poets, Rev. Vasyl Romanyuk, — sentenced to- 10 years; poet V. Stus, literary critic and scholar. Ivan Dzyuba, as well as member of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and commander o-f UPA Ivan Ilchuk who- has lan guished in prisons for 25 years, nationalist O. Bilskyi who- has been in prisons for 35 years and has become blind as the result and nationalist fighter Maria Palchak imprisoned for 25 years; e) Hundreds of Croatian intellectuals: Prof. M. V eselica (7 years), Prof. S- Djodan (6 years) and numerous Czeck, Slovak, Rumanian, Bulgarian, Bye lorussian, East German, Hungarian, Turkestani patriots-. Out of thou sands murdered by the Russian occupant we shall name artist Alla Horska, architect Mykhaylo Soroka, leading member of the OUN, com mander of UPA A. Oliynyk, and so-ldier Ivan Moyseyev, for openly de claring his Christian beliefs- while in the Army. The heroic death of freedom fighters and the sufferings- of others in prisons, concentration camps and insane asylums for human rights and the national inde pendence of their peoples- is a great warning to- all feedom-lo-ving mankind! THE OPPRESSED FIGHT AND CALL UPON YOU TO JOIN THEM IN THAT STRUGGLE ! HE WHO HELPS THEM HELPS HIMSELF ! Otherwise-, the Russian Communist deluge will annihilate the still free part of Europe- and the world! FREEDOM-LOVING NATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS OF THE WORLD UNITE. IN THE STRUGGLE AGAINST RUSSIAN IMPERIALISM AND COMMUNISM AND FOR NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE AND HUMAN RIGHTS ! DECRY THE RUSSIAN AND COMMUNIST PRISON OF NATIONS ! LONG LIVE FREEDOM FOR ALL NATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS OF THE WORLD ! London, August, 1973 The Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN)

18 Resolution on the Nations Subjugated by Russian Imperialism and Communism

WHEREAS, the Russian occupants, WHEREAS, on the one hand, the being under the pressure of the strug practice: of religion is persecuted more gle for national liberation and inde and more cruelly, and on the other, the pendent statehood of the nations sub Russian Church of the Kremlin regime jugated within the USSR and in the sa (its hierarchy serving the atheist Rus tellite states- and fearing that the na sian imperialists.) is being imposed on tions subjugated by them will rise in a the non-Russian peoples; and revolution, need the support of the WHEREAS, the primary goal of all Free World in order to fight, the en International Security Conferences ini slaved nations; and tiated by Moscow, among them the so- WHEREAS, the Russian occupants called European Security and Disarma are combatting by all means liberation ment Conferences, is to safeguard Mos nationalism in all forms in the coun cow against uprisings- of the nations tries subjugated by them and are try subjugated within the: USSR and in the ing to- create a so-called "Soviet" peo satellite states fighting Russian occu ple by m erging the nations into- one pation and to- provide Moscow with a Russian supematio-n; and base for further conquests; WHEREAS, the Russian chauvinists NOW, THEREFORE, the ABN Confe and imperialists are attempting to de rence resolves to- strengthen its activi stroy the national cultures and replace ties in the Free World for; them by a so-called "Soviet" culture 1. the support of the national libe (i. e. de facto Russian culture) by im ration movements- of the nations en posing Russification by force on all slaved within the USSR and in the sa fields of creative work of the subju tellite states and others governed by a gated nations and to abolish even the totalitarian Communist regime — in so-called national republics by estab their struggle for reestablishing their in lishing seven economic regions direct dependent democratic national states; ly subordinated to Moscow; and 2. the support of the right of each WHEREAS, re-Stalinization is syste nation to- establish its own state, so matically continued and brutal terror in cial and political order, to create its creasingly practised, nationalists being own cultural values, to- practice its re executed and national upheavals crush ligion, to- realize its social ideas in ac ed by force in the occupied countries, cordance with its proper historical tra and in particular the terror practised ditions and by its free will; against cultural workers and fighters ABN Conference resolves to-. for national independence and human 3. strongly protest and condemn Rus rights being intensified; and sification, the concept of the so-called WHEREAS, cultural workers are cru "Soviet" people, national and cultural elly sentenced to- fifteen years of im genocide, the destruction of historical prisonm ent (e. g. in Ukraine) and con traditions- and historical monuments of centration camps of severe regime or the subjugated nations-, denationaliza to1 confinement for life in psychiatric tion and the annihilation of religion, hospitals- (e. g. Professor Plyushch, resulting in the disintegration of cul Kyiv) and the KGB is using the most ture and the barbarization of life, its diabolic methods to- break the prison deprival of heroism and humanity when ers' resistance by chemical devices (e. the traditional roots are taken away g. Lukyanenko, Kandyba, Yakir, Hryho- from the people; renko, Moroz and Dzyuba); and 4- with special firmness protest and

19 Condemn the assassinations and execu satellite countries, and not to disarm tions of fighters for national independ in a situation when the Bolshevik ag ence and their imprisonment, the con gressors are arming; finement in prisons, concentration 7. support the Captive Nations Law camps, psychiatric asylums of cultural No. 86-90 of October 17, 1959, enacted workers and fighters for national and by the US Congress, supporting the li human rights, the use of barbaric che beration struggle for the national inde mical devices for breaking their re pendence of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, sistance in order to obtain declarations Ukraine, Byelorussia, Hungary, Poland, of repentance, the persecution of Chris Czechia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Croatia, tianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Jewish Albania, Rumania, Georgia, Azerbaijan, religion as well as of faith in God in Armenia, Turkestan, North Caucasus, general, and the crushing of nations' Idel-Ural, Cossackia, Cuba and all aspirations to independence and free other nations enslaved within the USSR dom by armed coercion; and in the satellite states or governed 5. appeal to: by a totalitarian Communist regime, for a) the governments of the free na reunification in freedom of East Ger tions of the world to place for decision many, Vietnam, Korea being in favor oh the agenda of the UN General As of the Congressional activity of US sembly the violation of the UN Charter Senator Jackson, who requests the and the Declaration of Human Rigths, right for the nationals of all subjugated especially with respect to the cultural nations to1 freely move abroad, support workers persecuted in the USSR and in the US House Resolution 106 dated so-called satellite states and the fight Jan u ary 9, 1973, introduced b y Con ers for national and human rights; gressman Daniel J. Flood on establish b) world public opinion, including ing a special captive nations' commit various types of organizations, to orga tee of the US Congress; nize worldwide activities of protest in 8. warn the Free World of the dan defense of all those who are being per gerous consequences of the so-called secuted; European Security Conference and Dis 6. urge the governments and parlia armament Conferences, as well as of ments of the Free World to set as a any agreements with the USSR, whose prerequisite for any conference or a- goal is to consolidate its rule over the. greements the realization of the right subjugated nations with the prospect to national independence of the nations of further usurpations of the* still free subjugated within the USSR and in the part of the world.

"Anti-Soviet Demonstration in London's Trafalgar Square"

Under this heading the DPA (Ger number of the participants were U- man Press Agency) on 26th August, krainians, some in national costumes 1973, carried th e following article: or in uniforms of the Ukrainian youth organizations in Great Britain. The rea "On Sunday, in the heart of the Bri son for this gathering was the 30th tish capital there was held an interna Anniversary of the foundation of the tional anti-Soviet demonstration. Thou Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations.. Many sands of people from all over Britain, participants carried placards with such as well as from abroad, gathered in slogans as Better Dead Than Red, Trafalgar Square. The majority of the Freedom For Ukraine and others. They demonstrators were from those coun listened to1 choirs and freedom songs, tries which are at present under So- and to the speeches of exiled East Eu viet-Russian occupation. The greater ropean politicians."

20 D. Kosmovich (Byelorussia)

Subjugated Nations — The Neglected Superpower

The USSR is not a voluntary commu The national principle in the organi nity of peoples, but a power scheme zation of the world and the concepts construed by Russian Communists, of national liberation and the establish based on a Russian national sentiment, ment of national states have become though operating on behalf of the peo the general tendency in the develop ples. The USSR is a vast impenetrable ment, of the world as an antithesis to concentration camp of peoples, having the so-called large-area concepts. The different cultures, religions, customs, national idea — nationalism — is the languages, as well as historical and sign of the present era. geographical limits. The two superpowers, the USA and The Soviet lawyers estimate that 35 the so-called USSR, whose power posi national states belong to the USSR, i. e. tion was determined by the possession 15 Union republics and 20 autonomous of the atomic or hydrogen bomb, were republics. 15 Union republics are there later joined by the third superpower fore "sovereign states". By means of a (Red China), in all today, there are al distortion of terms the historical mean most five of them, when one takes into' ing of peoples' sovereign rights has consideration Japan and Western Eu thus been falsified. The Soviet Union rope whose economic complex is now definitely succeeded in influencing the being joined by Great Britain with her free world by means of its powerful economic "club" of smaller states in propaganda, based on falsifications. EFTA. The so-called Council of Nationali Hence, we can see the differentiation ties and the Union Council have no in of the world, which continues invari fluence on legislation; only the Central ably. The rapid development of techno Committee of the Communist Party of logy does not contradict the emancipa the Soviet Union decides what is to be tion of nations, while thermonuclear considered law. The individual peoples arms are incapable or arresting the therefore have no rights to represent triumphant march of the national idea their own interests freely. The Soviet and its realization, which is tantamount Union's power actually serves to. satis to the dissolution of empires- The very fy Russian great-power chauvinism. All formula of "thermonuclear stalemate" the other peoples continue to live in among the superpowers signifies the the vast prison of the USSR. self-neutralization of the nuclear threat. In 1970, 241,720,000 inhabitants w ere Thus, the thesis which we propagated registered in the Soviet Union; for years is being confirmed, namely 129,015,000 thereof were said to be that thermonuclear war is an anachro Russians. There are 21,267,000 Russians nistic concept, alien to the spirit of the living and working outside the RSFSR in national liberation revolutions; the national Soviet republics. In the RSFSR concept of guerrilla warfare has be- there are 107,748,000 Russians; 15% comei the token of our age. Hand in thereof are living and working in the hand with the development of milita so-called national autonomous repub ry technology there is the increase in lics. Thus the peoples in the USSR do the significance of man as a spiritualiz not have national sovereign rights or ed being and the significance of human autonomous rights as such. The Rus communities as free nations. And when sian, officials support the regime and in the Western world technological centralized power within the "national process does not alw ays correspond to' Soviet republics" as well. the moral and ethical perfection of

21 man, Christianity, spiritualization of arms and the number of human life, its materialization and de-hedoni- robots are of decisive importance zation, then in the countries behind for it, we must recall the for the Iron Curtain, subjugated by Rus gotten different world which is a com sian imperialists, we can discern a ponent part of the contemporary age, clear process of spiritual renaissance atomic and ideological at the same of the individuals and nations. Today, time. We have in mind the individual, as in the past, those deprived of free the ideal, and the subjugated nations. dom, persecuted, oppressed, those who G eneral J. F. C. Fuller w rote that suffer and are ready to make sacrifices “ideas are stionger than atom ic bombs". in defence of national and human rights Therefore, the guerrilla-partisan war is and freedom are the ones who in a an alternative to a nuclear war. When practical struggle become a model in today one speaks of Five Superpowers, the realization of the heroic concept of then it is impossible to pass silently life, are more strongly inspired by the over the sixth one — that of national ideals than those who are- free, the subjugated nations. In the future, content and self-satisfied. this sixth superpower will be de We can see from historic experience cisive, for it enjoys superiority over that the greatest world empires of the the five---- noble and just ideas----- and past — as for instance the Roman and cultivates, the heroic concept of life the British — no longer exist but the which elevates the dignity of man and people and nations continue to live. nation. In addition to. this, the sons of The spiritual values are incessant. the subjugated nations who are serving Faith in truth, faithJn ideals., in victo in the army of the Russian occupying ry of spirit over matter, is of decisive power, have weapons in their hands; importance for a subjugated nation. hence they also have technology at Otherwise, it will be overcome by lack their disposal. of confidence in its own strength and The United States of America, the its underestimation in relation to. the greatest power in the Western world, mighty technical, material power of the employs, the concept of the "balance adversary — the occupying power. of power" among the superpowers in Therefore, the thesis about the "inevi its world policy, having completely tability" of the de-ideologization of the disregarded the nations subjugated in liberation struggle and policies, is a the USSR and the satellite states. In its knife in the back of every liberation very basis, such a concept is erroneous movem ent. and ruinous. It does not lead to At the time when a considerable part victory but to> the defeat of the free of the free world is becoming Commu- world. In the past, Napoleon lost the nized, in Byelorussia, Ukraine and in war with the Russian empire because other countries subjugated by the Rus he failed to see the potential power of sians, Communism is becoming bank subjugated Byelorussia, Ukraine and rupt- Despite the fact that our age is other oppressed nations, striving to li also, an ideological age, in the free berate themselves from the Russian world its thermonuclear parallelism is yoke. Hitler not only ignored the sub being stressed as a dominant second jugated nations but also tried to trans force, typical of our age, while the first, form Byelorussia, Ukraine and other force — the spiritual, ideological force nations into, his colonies. Today, the is forgotten completely. USA is; making a similar mistake and At the time when the free world, im it will also lead to. tragic consequences. poverished ideologically and ethically, Despite the fact that Russia and is only counting on technological and other "powers of this world" do not material power, when thermonuclear recognize nations and nationalism, con

22 sidering them as "survivals", national- Moscow and other powers or states is isru has become the sign of our epoch to- our advantage- because it weakens as the1 most just and progressive idea. our enemy and assists in the psycho moral mobilization of revolutionary Together with the development of forces in the Russian .empire. But this human societies and civilizations, the does n.o-t mean that freedom and state principle becomes' a cornerstone of a hood will be brought to us by foreign just order in the world. Therefore, forces on their bayonets. We still have when we speak of a forgotten or neg not forgotten that Nazi-Germany's ba lected superpower (the nations subju yonets- had brought us new slavery. gated in the empire of tyranny), we Therefore taking advantage of every are not rejecting the problem of em conflict between Russia and. other pires as the sign of the epoch, but the states, we must remember that we can significance of the nation as the stan not reimburse our conditional "ally" by dard of our age. In particular, we em accommodating ourselves to his- domes phasize the importance of liberation tic, political, social and ideological of nations with its noble ideas, which system, for then w.e shall becom e a co became the basis for reconstructing the lony of the new "liberator". world. Byelorussia, Ukraine and other na Our liberation revolution is simulta tions subjugated by Russia are- for the- neously a national and social revolu time being a forgotten superpower of tion. Social revolution goes hand in our age- But its lofty semaphores! are hand with the national revolution, as not grow ing dim m er — on the- contrary one of the essential components of the they are- glow ing even b rig h ter and anti-Russian and anti-Communist revo pointing to- the only road to- be followed lution. From the moral point of view by those who search for a way out of we support everywhere and always the the blind alley of the world political, idea of national liberty and national ideological, social and even religious independence. crisis. It is therefore in the best inter No lesser nonsense are the "sugges est of the free world to support nation tions" to abandon the anti-Communist al liberation of the non-Russian nations position in order to take advantage of included in the USSR and the satel the conflict between Moscow and Pe lites of the USSR. These nations are na king. Of course, every conflict between tural allies of the free world.

The head table at ABN reception.

23 Askold Krushenytsky, Student (Ukraine)

The Real Revolulion of Ukrainian Youth

This evening we are deliberating tem. However, as I shall attempt to upon thei statement "The real youth re show from my own country — Ukraine, volution is taking place behind the the trends and events in the subjugated Iron Curtain". The dictionary defines countries are indicative of a revolution revolution as a complete change, tur in its primary stages — in the bud. The ning upsidedown, great reversal of con emphasis, as always, with the first ditions, fundamental reconstruction, for stages of a revolution, has been placed cible substitution of a new leader or on the intellectual struggle, through li polity for the old. In this definition, I terature, art and the word of mouth, think that it is most important to- note resulting in a deepening and renewal the adjective fundamental, fundamen of interest in Ukraine's national prob tal change. This, as I understand, is the lem and greater awareness of the va- difference between today's so-called luei and richness of h er trad itio n s and youth revolution in the West and the her culture, the cultural renaissance of upheaval behind the- Iron Curtain. Ukraine, as it was phrased by Valen- tyn Moroz, one of Ukraine's most for The so-called youth revolution of the midable freedom fighters. This is not West cannot be taken at its literal to say that physical demonstrations meaning; it is a searching for an alter and protests have been ignored as a native life-style within the framework means for voicing the demands of the of the existing society. In some cases it Ukrainian people, as can be seen from is merely the escapism of a minority last year's strikes and riots at Dnipro of the youth by means of the drug pe trovsk and other cities. Here wor culture, etc. but an escapist is not a re kers and students who- are demanding volutionary. The change here has been rights for Ukraine clashed with the th at m any of the- traditional values KGB who opened fire on them with such as religious faith, patriotic feeling, machine guns, with the result that do etc. have been disregarded, but not re zens of people were killed and injured. placed by new values leading therefore Some KGB buildings were destroyed to- a decline in spiritual values. This is- and KGB men killed. also not a revolution. It is more like the wandering of a child through a toy Ukraine is a country fighting for its shop — it finds something to occupy very existence. The fight is an old and amuse itself with, but then it gets fight. It is the Ukrainian Cossacks' bored and moves on to- another toy, but fight for a free nation; it is a struggle there is no concrete idea behind try for independence after th e 1917 revo ing the new toys; it's just keeping it lution, which was successful until the self from being bored- There is friction newly established Ukrainian state was with the authorities in some spheres invaded by the Russian Communists in such as drug abuse, but this cannot be 1919; it is th e fight of th e U krainian compared to the arrests, secret trials nationalists and ihe Ukrainian Insur and security apparatus that face any gent Army from 1941 to 1953 after a one coming up against the authorities proclamation of independence on the in the countries behind the Iron Cur 30th June 1941 as a political basis for tain. In my opinion, the Western revo the struggle. It is that same struggle lution is the superficial change in a mi that prompted hundred of thousands of nority, not a fundamental and popu young Ukrainians io< sacrifice their larly willed change of the whole sys lives to rid Ukraine of her Russian oc

24 cupier. The struggle has merely enter gled o-ut to- in 1968. The book by V ya ed a new phase with the Ukrainian cheslav Cho-mo-vil, a young literary cri youth breathing new vigour and life tic and writer, dealt with the-, case his into it. tories of twenty of the arrested and pointed out ho-w the Soviet version o-f Because violent means are limited at justice- was carried out behind closed the moment, when the Western coun doors with only a farce of pretence to tries refuse even to- give moral sup carry out the proceedings in a fair and port to the oppressed nations, but on legal manner. It also- pointed out that the contrary, bolster and aid the Rus under Soviet law, every citizen has the sian Communist tyranny with econo right to- freely voice his opinions which mic aid and conferences such as the was thei reason on the whole why the Helsinki Security Conference, designed defendants were arrested. The book to-guarantee- and legalize Russia's occu showed clearly how the arrested were pation of, and complete absorption by being incarcerated in prisons and con Russification of language, culture, cus centration camps because they had dar toms and traditions of other countries ed to take- a stand against the forced such as Ukraine, the struggle at this Russification of their language and cul time is, among other forms and me ture and the destruction of their na- „ thods, an intellectual one, and I shall tio-nal identity. In consequence of this primarily be concerned with briefly book, Chomovil was arrested and sen tracing out the history of Ukraine's Li tenced to seven years o-f hard labour beration Movement by means of this to- he followed by five years of exile intellectual struggle. from Ukraine. It is generally agreed that a renewal Ivan Dzyuba is another formidable of Ukraine's Liberation Movement, in fighter for Ukraine's- freedom- He is best which many artistic, scientific and known in the West for his work "Inter other talents pooled their forces occur nationalism or Russification?" in which red in the early 1960s. A m ongst these he- criticizes- Russia's present-day impe fighters for the Ukrainian cause was rialist nationalities policy from the- po Vasyl Symonenko. Through his revolu sition of the Soviet Constitution, quot tionary poetry, which effused a mili ing Marx and Lenin. This was a very tant pride- and love for Ukraine, he in astute strategy as he could not then spired and still inspires others to- ac be dismissed merely as a "bourgeois tively join in working against the oc nationalist". In his book he demon cupier. Unfortunately, he died at- the strates ho-w the increasing R ussifica early age of 29; the death was attri tion and attempts to- destroy Ukraine's buted to- cancer. At this time, the KGB identity and culture are illegal even launched a concentrated offensive a- by the Soviet Constitution. In March gainst the Ukrainian intelligentsia with of this- year, despite: the- fact th a t he the result that numerous poets-, authors, suffers from acute tuberculosis-, he was artists, cultural workers and others in sentenced to five years of imprison- volved in the- renewal of national feel men for his fight on behalf of Ukraine. ing and awareness, were arrested and Alla Horska was a woman artist;, a received severe sentences in prisons or founding member o-f the early 1960s hard labour camps. The exact number group who used her talents to execute of people arrested at this time is not works of a nationalist character or with known and probably never will be Ukrainian themes. Her greatest ability known, but1 it is- known that the arrests was, however, that of a magnetic and were very extensive. A book was writ charismic leadership. She co-uld remove ten at that time called the Chomovil people's fear of the Russian repressive Papers in the West were it was smug forces-. She could spur them, u rg e them

25 and encourage then to speak out their speech, remained silent throughout the- thoughts, write down their ideas, paini w hole proceedings. But this one- speech on canvas what they felt, not what was contained words that have since been dictated to them. Because of her person raised as a banner by the fighters for nality and her confidence in the truth Ukraine's independence and rights. He of the Ukrainian cause many people said when he was asked to repent and joined the1 renewal, the Ukrainian re probably receive: a lighter sentence, naissance. To’ the Russians this was that the responsibility had fallen on the most dangerous kind of person, him to show firmness in the face of op a person who could awaken and in pression and that he was glad to ac spire others. In N ovem ber of 1970 she cept the role, todo- otherwise would was found dead, murdered by the KGB. mean to him a loss of self-respect. He said his now famous words "We shall Then there are tnose who did not fight for the truth". V. Moroz was well have any particular literary or artistic aware that by now, removing him from talent. They are not scientists or philo the public gaze would not help the sophers, but have an infatuation with Russians for there were too many peo their countries, a love that gives them ple now ready to- take his place and no peace unless they can do something continue- his work. to help their country, to perform a I have only had time to cite a few deed that they can call their own. They examples from among the thousands of exhibit, a supreme form of love, and in modem Ukrainian revolutionaries that an almost mystical offering they give are- known, b u t for everyone whose sacrifice to' their country w here the name is known there are thousands sacrifice is their own lives. In such a who remain anonymous. Together they category can be placed people such as form a human tide of poets, authors, Vasyl Makukh, a member of the U- artists, scientists, teachers, workers, krainian Nationalist Movement, who in farmers who will not see their coun Kyiv, Ukraine's capital, doused himself try’s language Russified, or let their in petrol and burned to death w ith the: Ukrainian culture be repressed and de exclamation: "Long live free Ukraine!" stroyed and stolen to be replaced by There are many others, as one can the alien Russian one, who refuse to see by reading the: literature available, bow down to- a doctrine- of materialism but as my last example I shall talk a- enforced by the Chekist machine guns bout Valentyn Moroz. V. Moroz is a or KGB secret trials when they have history teacher by profession, who was their own faith in God and have their first arrested in 1965 for writing and own spiritual values evolved from U- protesting against the cultural looting kraine's history. Their love of Ukraine of Ukraine by the Communists. He was opposes- Russia's; s-tiving for an empire. sentenced to' th ree y ears hard labour. This tide is the antithesis of all Russian During his term of imprisonment he Communist desires. No- dam. of threats, produced several major works analyz repression and mass- murders can stem ing and criticizing the Soviet system- it. This revolution cannot be stopped, He was again arrested in 1970 and sen for you cannot arrest, imprison or mur tenced to- nine years hard labour and der • a whole nation. Although they five years exile. His behaviour at his have- tried it, the Russians can only trial was an example of the revolution hope to delay the deluge that will de ary stoicism and defiance of Ukraine's stroy all their ambitions, by building freedom fighters of today. He refused the- dam a little- higher, but the cracks to defend himself, maintaining that the in the dam have already appeared and trial was illegal, and except for one1 the pressure increases-

26 Youth Appeal

We, as representatives of the youth of our era, in the name of humanity and peace, appeal to all of you to unite together and fight for the univer sal cause of freedom — the freedom of speech, the freedom of worship, and the freedom of actions. Our cause is independence of those subju gated nations whose civil rights are openly being crushed by the reac tionary Communist Russian regime. The movements of the Biafrans, the Czechs and Slovaks, the Baltic nations, the Hungarians, the Georgians, the Croats, the people of Ban- gla-Desh and the Ukrainians — all these movements are in essence alike. The principles of freedom and individual human rights cannot have a double standard, and cannot be compromised for the furtherance of vested interests. We cannot condemn one regime, and condone another, where freedom is being suppressed. As we must unite in support of any suppressed nation we must unite and condemn with all our might the atrocities being committed in the Soviet Russian empire today. Freedom of any form is being stifled. Homicide in punishable with a period of five to ten years imprison ment but people are being imprisoned for fifteen years, condemned as so-called "political prisoners", for their literary works or for merely be ing in possession of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to which even the Soviet Union agreed. Medical experiments are being made on human "guinea pigs" held in Soviet lunatic asylums under falsified pretexts of insanity while all they wish to do is to follow their own religious beliefs and voice their rights as individuals. Over five million inmates are imprisoned in the Soviet concentration camps (as stated in the US Senate hearings Feb. 3rd, 1973) equalled only by those of Nazi Germany. As for individual examples: Valentyn Moroz, A. Amalrik, Dzyuba, Svitlychnyi, Plushch, Iryna Senyk, Osadchyi, Shukhevych, Ihor and Iryna Kalynets. This list is but of a few and there are so many, the list is never ending. Each and every one of these tortured individuals suffered only for the crime of exercising his universal rights as a human being. As we must condemn such actions of suppression, so also we cannot condone the governments of the United States of Amerika and other W est capitalist countries, which are jointly responsible for the new wave of "Stalinism" which is sweeping over Ukraine and other Soviet repub lics and Russia's satellite states, because they are making agreements at the sacrifice of national and human rights.

27 We, therefore, call upon all students and young people whoever they are and wherever they may be to demand: 1) The immediate abolition of chemicals and drugs used for punitive purposes, and the applications of malpractice including psychiatric me thods. 2) The release of all political and religious prisoners. 3) The liquidation of concentration camps. 4) The end of Russification. 5) The realization of national independence for the nations subju gated in the Soviet Union. We make these demands in the name of freedom, and in accordance with the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Discussion during ABN Open Session.

David Floyd: Ukraine's Plea for Help A Ukrainian resistance movement share responsibility for the increased has smuggled to the West an appeal terror against us and the new wave of for support against Russian oppression. Stalinism in Ukraine and other Soviet The appeal, a single typed sheet in republics because they are doing deals Ukrainian, was posted in Berlin during with Moscow without demanding that the Communist-sponsored World Youth the Soviet Government observe na Festival and addressed to me at 135, tional and human rights." Fleet Street, London. The appeal names 24 Ukrainian wri The appeal concludes with a demand ters, artists, scholars and religious for the immediate banning of the use leaders who have been sentenced to of chemical and psychiatric treatment various terms of imprisonment for their of prisoners and the liberation of all opposition to the Soviet system and do political and religious prisoners. It is mination of Ukraine from Moscow. signed by the "Ukrainian National Li beration Front." West Blamed "The governments of the United The Daily Telegraph, Thursday, 16th States and other capitalist countries August, 1973

28 Ä Leiter from Ukraine

The well known specialist in Communist Affairs, Mr. David Floyd of The Daily Telegraph, of London, has recently received an appeal from Ukraine. He wrote about it in an article which appeared in The Daily Telegraph on the 16th August, 1973. Mr. David Floyd was kind enough to' hand over this document, to the represent atives of the Association of Ukrainians in Great Britedn which enabled us to make this English translation in full and which is published below. The appeal in Ukrainian has no' heading and is typewritten. It is a copy, and some words are difficult to1 read. It reads as follows:

"Our Front is compelled to act illegally, and that is why we mail this appeal without signatures. We appeal to the public opinion of the world to raise its voice in defence of the Ukrainian people, and against Russian despotism. The UN Charter and Declaration of Human Rights, winch were also signed by the Governments of the USSR and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, guarantee to each and every nation the right to national independence and individual freedom. However, the Party and Government of both the USSR and Ukrainian SSR completely dis regard their own laws. The latter is, actually, the colonial administration of Ukraine receiving direct orders from Moscow. The Government of the Ukrainian SSR did not even obtain the privilege for Ukrainian convicts to serve their sentences on Ukrainian territory, for here they are citizens and here they could obtain better assistance from their families. For attend ing the realization of just rights in Ukraine, community leaders were punished, some by death (L. Lukyanenko, I. Kandyba who had their sentences commuted to 15 years of prison and concentration camps of severe regime); for attempts to free cultural creativity and for opposing Russification, several hundred cultural workers, poets, artists, scientists and scholars (such as V. Moroz, Y. Sverstyuk, V. Chornovil, I. Svitlychnyi, Ihor and Iryna Kalynets, V. Stus, Iryna Senyk, Mykhaylo Osadchyi, I. Hel and others) were punished by heavy sentences of up to 15 years of imprisonment in concentration camps and exile; for protesting against unlawful court proceedings and for the defence of the rights of individuals, punishments in the form of unspecified terms within special psychiatric asylums under KGB supervision were passed (L. Plushch, professor of cybernetics, A. Lupynis, Gen. P. Hryhorenko and others); for religious convictions beaten to death were I. Moyseyev, Mykola Khmara and others, or were sentenced to long years of incarceration (priest V. Romanyuk lo 10 years, and others); for refusing to denounce his father, Yuriy Shukhevych was sentenced to 15 years of imprisonment, after he had previously served 20 years; for defending her husband, the micro biologist Nina Strokata-Karavanska was sentenced to 4 years of im prisonment; for defending the rights and freedom of their nations were

29 executed A. Oliynyk, P. Kovalchuk, I. Chayka and others; and tortured to death were M. Soroka, V. Malchuk and others. For defending the rights of the Ukrainian, Tatar, Jewish and other nations, S. Karavanskyi, Gen. P. Hryhorenko and Ivan Dzyuba were pun ished with extreme severity. For defending the discriminated Jewish people, Petro Yakir, and others, were again put behind iron bars. In order to break the will of resistance, the KGB are using modern chemicals and medical drugs manufactured by their professional staff, or are systematically poisoning foodstuffs (P. Starchyk, I. Dzyuba, V. Moroz, L. Lukyanenko, I. Kandyba, and others). Through the application of modern methods of breaking the will power of a human being, the terror of the type of Brezhnev—Andropov surpasses that of Stalin—Beria. The Governments of the USA, and other capitalist countries are also jointly responsible for the increase of the terroristic measures used against us, for the debauch of a new wave of Stalinism in Ukraine and other Soviet republics, because at exactly the time of massive .reprisals by the KGB, they were making agreements without any demands for the realization of national and human rights. Through these treaties Moscow intends to guarantee its domination over the subjugated nations. The Helsinki Conference also guaranteed the unhindered torturing, for it did not demand from the USSR to observe the obligations put for ward by the UN Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights. We warn you that if national rights and freedom of individuals, free dom of creativity and religion are not defended not only by us, who at present are suffering persecution and cruel treatment, but also by the entire cultural world — then a massive and intensive terror will gain the upper hand in the whole world, for Russian chauvinists and Com munists will not come to a standstill and shall not be satisfied with what they have conquered. We call upon workers, writers, artists, scholars students, and young people, women and Churches and all people of good will to demand the immediate abolition of the use of chemical and medical drugs and the application of malpractices including psychiatric methods, and furthermore the release of all political and religious prisoners, the liquidation of concentration camps, the end of Russification, and the realization of national independence for the nations subjugated in the Soviet Union in accordance with the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. July, 1973 THE FRONT OF NATIONAL DEFENCE OF UKRAINE

30 Dr. Andrija Ilic The Death of a Great Croatian Leader and Friend of All Oppressed Peoples The death of Dr. Stjepan HEFER, Pre the state- of affairs in Yugoslavia (which sident of the Croatian Liberation Move in fact means Great Serbia), and in ment, at the end of Ju ly 1973 in Buenos 1935 Belgrade w as forced to call gene Aires, is a great loss for the Croatian ral elections. The Croatian people- al people and for all the oppressed peo most unanimously voted for the Croa ples whom he regarded as brothers and tian Republican Peasant Party, and Dr. allies in our common struggle for free Hefer was elected MP on its list. Be dom and independence of our coun cause the Belgrade centralist and Great tries. Serbian Government falsified the elec Fie was one of the most prominent tion results, the Croatian MPs boycotted Croatian politicians who' all his life the new Parliament and in 1938 new fought for freedom and independence elections were called and again Dr. He of Croatia. fer was elected MP. Belgrade again fal W hen, in 1918, against the will of sified the results and again the- Croat the Croatian people, the artificial state ian national representatives stayed of Yugoslavia was created, Dr. Hefer away from the Belgrade Parliament. as a distinguished Croatian intellectual W hen, in 1941, the w ar spread to and lawyer clearly saw that this new that area of Europe-, the- Croatian peo state was a. prison for the Croatian peo ple refused to fight for their prison, ple in which their name, their history which was called Yugoslavia, and pro and their very existence would disap claimed their own independent state of pear. Croatia. The leader of the Croatian Re Therefore, as a Croatian patriot and publican Peasant Party, Dr. Vladko Ma- a convinced democrat, he vigorously cek, in a public appeal urged the Croa fought for the right of the Croatian peo tian MPs, the- o-ffcials and m em bers of ple to be free and to- live in their own the CRPP to- put themselves in the ser state of Croatia. Through his work and vice of the newly proclaimed Croatian struggle he very soon became well state-. Dr. Stjepan Hefer together with known in the ranks of the Croatian Re the majority of Croatian MPs joined publican Peasant Party of Stjepan Ra the Croatian Parliament (the historical dio, the leader of the Croatian people. Croatian state SABOR) which officially W hen, in 1928, in the Belgrade Par broke- all illegal and imposed ties with liament to the horror of the whole1 Serbia. Also, Dr. Hefer became a Crea world Stjepan Radic together with tion state- Minister. other two Croatian MPs was shot dead After the tragic end of the war, the and two other Croatian MPs were se Croatian army of 250,000 men, unbea riously wounded by the Serbian MP Pu- ten either by Serbian Tchetniks under nisa Racic, and shortly afterwards King Draza Mihajlo-vic or by Serbian Com of Serbia Alexander proclaimed his munists under Josip Broz Tito-, together brutal and cruel dictatorship, Dr. Hefer with the same number of civilian po-- camei forward in defence of the perse pulation retreated to- Austria in order cuted Croatian people. As a young and to- escape atrocities at the hands of Ti very experienced lawyer, he defended to's partisans. The Croatian army sur many Croatian patriots before the dread rendered there to- the British military ed Serbian courts "for the protection high command in firm conviction that of the Realm". — according to the- Geneva C onvention The world public opinion condemned on prisoners of war — they would be

31 treated as prisoners of war. But they ment also became an equal member of were disarmed and returned to Tito's the European Freedom Council and of butchers who in the heart of civilized WACL. He personally attended the Europe slaughtered them together with ABN-EFC Conference in London in many civilians in the most inhuman 1968 and th e WACL C onference in manner. M exico in 1972. For the ABN-EFC Con Only a few escaped, among them Dr. ference in Brussels he sent a message Stjepan Hefer, who> as- a refugee went to1 in which he exposed the danger of the Argentina- From there he carried on existence of Yugoslavia, its illegality his; fight for freedom and independence and its service to Russian imperialism. of C roatia and in 1959, after th e death In it he warned the free world that the of the Croatian Head of State, Dr. Ante Croatian people would never accept Pavelic, he became President of the this or any other sort of Yugoslavia Croatian Liberation Movement. which means death for the Croatian Very soon he; won respect and admi people and the greatest menace to Eu ration not only of all members of the ropean and world freedom. worldwide Croatian Liberation Move Dr. Stjepan Hefer died at the mo ment but also1 of all other honest Croa ment when we needed him most. Slan tian patriots. He fought for Croatia derous Belgrade propaganda which, un with his pen, words and deeds. He fortunately, has been accepted by most published a book in Croatian language of the Western press and mass media, on the founders of the CRPP "BRACA about alleged "Croatian terrorism", has RADlC" (Brothers Radic) and a great suffered a decisive blow and defeat. number of articles in Croatian newspa Those who still do1 not believe this pers and reviews. In English he pub should consult the police files of diffe lished " CROATIAN STRUGGLE FOR rent Western countries and the book FREEDOM AND STATEHOOD" and of the Australian journalist Mr. Les many treatises and Memoranda. In Shaw "TRIAL BY SLANDER". French "LIBERTE ET DROIT D'AUTO The investigation of the American DETERMINATION POUR LA CROA- Watergate Affair which, regardless of TIE" (Freedom and right of self-deter allegations against the White House, mination for Croatia). He also publish in my opinion is a platform behind ed many treatises and articles in Ger which the American enemies fight a- man and Spanish. Dr. Stjepan Hefer gainst everything the Americans stand was a true and sincere friend of all op for, should be stopped and instead of pressed peoples under the Belgrade and it an investigation under the title THE Moscow domination. In particular, he WORLDWIDE UDBA (Yugoslav Secret closely collaborated with the Macedoni- Police) AFFAIR should be initiated. aruBulgarians who- suffer th e same sort of The late Dr. Stjepan Hefer would have persecution from Belgrade as the Croats. been most appropriate Chairman of He greatly admired ABN, especially its such an investigation, and also1 the President, distinguished Ukrainian na Chairman of a long overdue investiga tional leader and freedom fighter, Mr. tion and trial against the Yugoslav Yaroslav Stetsko, who is a renowned Communist criminals with Josip Broz authority in the struggle against Tito as their chief defendant. But, alas, Russian imperialism and Communism- Dr. Stjepan Hefer is dead now. In me The late Dr. Hefer was always proud mory of him we, Croats, shall do our that the Croatian Liberation Movement best so1 that these two investigations was an equal member of ABN and eve and subsequent trials become reality rywhere propagated its aims which are and that the free world recognizes at also the Croatian aims. Under his lea last the right of the Croatian people to dership the Croatian Liberation Move be free in their own state of Croatia.

32 Eric Brodin

Communist Germany 20 Years Ago and Today

Two decades ago — on the 15th of of the work quotas." But the doors to Ju n e 1953 — began one of the m ost the headquarters of the only legal par dramatic yet futile spontaneous revolts ty, the SED, rem ained closed, and the against the regime of East Germany. demands of the construction workers The protests found response among the fell on deaf ears of the party bosses, German workers, students, intellectu Grotewohl and Ulbricht, who claimed als and housewives, until tens of thou to' exercise their pow er from an d speak sands had been filled with the hopes in the name of the German proletariat. for change — hopes which but a few The bitterness spread and turned to days later were to- be crushed by the shouts of derision as the official bulle brutal tanks of the Russian occupiers, tin was read to the assembled workers and the help of hometown quislings, the which spoke of "the voluntary norm Volkspolizisten (Vopos). increase". One worker shouted: "This is not a demonstration; this is a revolt It started as an economic protest (as of the people." A general strike was did subsequent revolts in other Com scheduled to1 start the following day munist nations of Europe). The wor the 17th of June. While the East Ger kers who laboured long and unprofit man and East Berlin radio stations on able hours reacted strongly to the new ly sent out innocuous music, the RIAS demands for additional work quotas in of West Berlin and the North German an economy which required two- full radio station announced: "The workers work days in order to buy a pound of of East Berlin call the East Berliners to> butter. It started as the natural revolt a common demonstration in the mor among those whose work day would ning hours at the Strausberger Platz." be affected by what amounted to a 20 On the following, rain-filled morning, per cent decline in real wages, but it they gathered by the tensi of thousands. soon went far beyond economic dissa They arrived grim-faced, determined, tisfactions and gave expression to economic and political hardships moti deep-seated aspirations and hopes for vating them to what they hoped against political change. The scenario' is dra hope might be an effective way out of matic and it is worthwhile to recall the their slave existence. They formed events today, 20 years later, when in groups for their massive march: the the euphoria of "co-existence" and in construction workers from the1 Stalin- an era of the Ostpolitik of a bridge allee, the cable layers from Oberspree, building Brandt, one tends to forget the women from the textile factories, the still harsh realities of Communist saleswomen, housewives, pupils, stu Europe. dents, and even the Vopos who took The construction workers along the off their hated uniforms' to join in the former Unter den Linden started it all march. No> longer were the demands on the 15th of June, when filled with only for a more tolerable economic economic grievances they called for a life. The banners and standards which strike the following day. And on the rose above the thousands-strong throng following morning East Berlin saw its read: "We want butter, not a national first demonstrations since the early army." "Down with the SED." "Raze days of 1945. It started w ith 200, but the zone borders." "We want free elec by the time the march had reached tions." "We want a reunified, Germa Leipziger Straße 2,000 had gathered. ny." The statue of Ulbricht was torn Their slogan: "We demand a lowering down at the railway station bearing his

33 name1. The Communist symbols were the pent-up frustrations of the enslaved. tom down from official buildings. The In the days and weeks that followed East German flag was lowered from the number of arrests again filled the the Brandenburger Tor. On these days emptied jails: In Magdeburg 822, in Berlin was no longer an island. In Jena Halle 601, in Leipzig 576, and in the the workers at Zeiss factories left their Chemnitz area more than a thousand- job in a sympathy strike. In Magde-- In West Berlin 60,000 of the divided burg 23 political prisoners were freed, Berliners protested the crushing of the in N eustadt 600. The street of German- brothers in the East. But the powers- Soviet Friendship was given its old o-f the free world were held back for name1 back. In Zittau the Vopos camps fear of a confrontation which might went up in flames- In Gorlitz the peo lead to yet another world-war holo ple of this half Polish half German caust. And too soon it was all over. town joined arms to protest against the Those brief moments of hope, those- barbarity of Communism. In Zode-1 the spontaneous, unorganized protests Communist leaders were chained to were crushed. By the force of a foreign their flags and forced to march in front military power, with the strength of a of the demonstrators. In the former dictatorial system, the faint embers of royal city of Dresden, the loudspeakers freedom were- soon to- be quenched, re sounded through the ancient streets: sulting in a wave of arrests-, terror, exe "Brothers! We have occupied the city cutions, intimidation and economic re radio- station. We have nothing to- lose taliations. Behind the abortive revolt but our chains! Down with the SED! lay not only broken hopes, but also We demand the resignation of the go broken bodies- The first to die was a vernment and free elections!" In Bran simple German worker, murdered by a denburg, in Ratheno-w, in Leipzig, in T-34 tank gun. He was the- first and over 300 cities, towns and villages, where he died his fellow-workers e- workers, farmers, students, men, wo rected a simple wooden cross. But he- men and the young joined in protests was only the first of 267 fellow-wor against the regime which during the kers, fellow-demostrators who lost their preceding eight years had ruled them lives. 1,067 were- w ounded and 5,000 with the increasingly harsh hand of were arrested in the wake o-f the de Communist dictatorship. m onstrations. 1,200 w ere sentenced to a total of 6,321 y ears in prison w ith Then came- the Russian occupiers — hard labour. 92 were summarily sen the Red Army — to the aid of the pup tenced to death by a military court. pet regime they had set up with the Within the military itself and within aid of old "Spitzbart" Ulbricht, and the party structure, 52 were- sentenced Grotewohl. In Berlin the T-34 tanks to- death, 1,756 were arested, 630 of rolled over the Alexanderplatz, the whom had been sentenced by 1955 to Potsdam er Platz into- the m asses of un a total of 2,000 years imprisonment. armed German workers. Strengthened 131 were deported to- the Soviet Union. by the presence of their "protectors", But th e revolt, had also- h a d som e ca the Vopos- launched an attack against sualties among those- who defended their own people, although some Rus the Communist system. 116 Vopos and sian soldiers held their fire, confused SED functionaries had b een killed, because what they saw before them did while 645 had been wounded. Among not resemble the fascists and capita lists' they had been told were revolting. the 1,000 Soviet soldiers who- w ere The tanks, and other superior weapon hastily brought from Poland and the ry soon quelled the revolt. The stones USSR to- crush the rebellion, 18 had thrc-wn in desperation against the- tanks lost th eir lives and 126 had been had no- effect except giving vent to wounded, while- eighteen Ukrainians

34 w ere executed for refusing to' fire on creasingly fewer in number. Now at a the innocent German workers. cost of $ 900,000 per kilometer, booby traps; have been installed which release a tripwire sending thousands of small Today, two decades later, the East shrapnel into' the body of the would- Berliner and the East German still lives be escapee. Yet they have escaped. in his prison of hardship and slavery. 23,000 Vopos; alone have fled since His life, to be sure, has become econo 1949, and since th e w all of sham e w ent mically better, and in the Communist up in 1961, 2,589 officers and border world the East German state has the guards have fled from the state whose highest standard of living (although it is security they were charged to guard. still one third less than that of his And in spite of all the inhuman ways West German colleague., and a car is invented by evil men to* keep men en still a relative luxury). But. the econo slaved they come. In 1971 alone 134 mic betterment had not been accompa fled across; the Berlin border and an nied by something he desires even other 698 into' West Germany. There more strongly •—• a greater sense of are, of course;, many who' fail- For some freedom. He wants, the freedom to read those failures, mean long-term impri the newspapers and magazines of his sonment., for others the firing squad. In choice, to> send his children to' a school the first ten years of the wall there which teaches without Communist ideo were 83 killed in the process of scaling logy end indoctrination. He wants to the hated walls; or swimming the wate have the freedom of worship, and re ry borders between the two> Berlins. ligion. Het wants. to< exercise the natu And in the pursuit of the would-be es ral freedom to' cross, the borders to- vi capee, 285 bullets from East Berlin guns sit with relatives; and friends. The walls have found their way into the homes between his and the free part of Ger of West Berliners often narrowly fail many are still there — today even more ing to' cause casualties there as well. efficiently enforced by mines, traps, watchtow.ers, armed guards and watch The so-called German Democratic dogs. The wall between the two parts Republic which is, it has been alleged, of Berlin, so callously erected twelve neither German, nor democratic nor a y ears ago', still divides m other and republic — but a Russian-controlled, child, brother and sister, friend from Communist dictatorship), is presently friend. 1,345 kilom eters of w alls and engaged in a charm offensive tç> sell barbed wire separate East Germany itself to- the UN and to the nations, of from the free world. And along 747 ki the world. W e are told this Communist lom eters of this; border 2.23 million nation is in process of "liberalization". mines; have been placed to see that no. For West Germans it is easier to' pay one; escapes this Communist paradise. a visit to the elderly parents still in the To' m ake sure that th e 17 m illion G er East —• and they may bring a quarter mans. in the East cannot join their 61 of a pound more coffee with them. The million divided brethren in the West West German visitor is. not subject to there is a body of brutal border police humiliating search of luggage and con which keeps the East German a pri fiscation of capitalist magazines — but. soner in his own land. 50,000 of them, the Danish and the Swedish visitors joined by 80,000 Vopos, 30,000 police, still are. At the annual PR festivities at 200,000 in the national army and 350,000 Rostock, Scandinavian youth groups— in the party paramilitary groups. What even some representing the1 non-social more eloqent evidence can there be ist and ostensibly anti-Communist op that Communism is no voluntary way position — are seduced into praising of life? this; bloody Com m unist regim e. The Some escape, but they become in Swedish Prince Bertil was given a ro-

35 yal welcome in East Berlin where he loudly, spoken up against American in expressed hopes for greater exchange volvement in Vietnam, will not he of sports teams (a week later four overly concerned with the involvement Swedish sportsmen were all but lynch of Russia's Red Army in a neighbouring ed for daring to participate in the South country. African games). 20 years ago in East Berlin, 17 years The left-wing forces of Scandinavia ago in Budapest, 12 years ago at the call for diplomatic recognition of East Berlin wall, 5 years ago in Prague, 3 Germany, asking that the Pankow re years ago' in Danzig end on so many gime be accepted, as Finland has done other less well documented occasions, already. Never mind that this is a na the hopes for freedom were brutally tion which allows neither freedom of crushed- But this is the era of "nego press, information, religion, assembly, tiation not confrontation". Because we strike, travel nor of political expres so1 desperately wish it, we believe we sion — although the suppression of any see that Communism is changing from one of these in Portugal, Spain, Greece, a deep blood red to a more innocuous or South Africa would be enough to pink. But should we not — we who are call for sanctions and support of vio still privileged to1 live in a nation rela lent "independence movements". It is tively free from political terror — re not likely that the Swedish Radio and call these tragic days of June 20 years Television, or those of the other Scan ago and in recalling them realize anew dinavian countries will recall the bru the unchanged barbarity of Commu tal suppression of freedom in East Ger nism which is still today, as it has been many 20 years ago. They are too con for the past half a century, the most in cerned with things much farther away sidious and formidable danger facing from them geographically. The strident the freedom and the human dignity of voices which have so often, and so m ankind?

ABN — the best alternative to ICBM.

ABN Mass Rally at Trafalgar Square, London, August 26, 1973.

36 Long-Term Prisoners of Russian Concentration Camps

Oleksa Bilskyi Becomes Blind soned for 23 years now with 2 more in the Concentration Camp years remaining. He has no family; he had no time In a concentration camp in, Potma, to1 get married since he was imprisoned there circulates a book about which as a 19-year-old boy; his parents have it is known that it was the first book died long ago. He, like other Ukrainian about Soviet camps after Stalin's death. nationalists who> have not renounced It appeared sooner than Solzhenitsyn's their convictions, will not be permitted book "One Day in the Life of I. Deni to return to< Ukraine. He works, in a sovich". Its author, a dramatist who' wood-cutting workshop, carrying logs was interned in one of the Siberian h> be sawed; the work is very hard. camps from. 1950-1954, met there a Until June 1970 he was in the Lesnoy young 19-year-old boy from West U- settlement, in camp No. 19 near the kraine, who' became blind in camp as Potma station in Mordovia. In June the result of malnutrition. One of the 1972 h e w as transported to' one of the imprisoned doctors performed an ope Perm camps which ware recently open ration on him with fantastic success — ed for political prisoners. Mykhaylo he managed to restore 20% sight of one Dyak, Lev Horokhivskyi and others eye tot the blind boy. went together with him to the Perm After having read the book, pacing camps. the barrack I passed by a cot which This is the story of Oleksa's life. He bore the sign: Oleksa Byelskyi (Bilskyi), had lived outside prisons and concen I would not have noticed this, if on tration cam ps only some 15-16 y e a rs of the cot's pillow I had not seen a pair of his life, as a, child and adolescent. Two glasses. The glasses were interesting further years, he was linked with the by the fact that one lense was of ordi underground struggle against Germans nary glass, while the other was very and Russians. The remaining 35 years thick. I recalled the read story and of his life were spent in prisons and asked Oleksa, a. tall, thin man, aged camps, without receiving a single par 50-55: cel or a letter from anyone. He became —Have you been in Siberia, in such blind in his early prison years due to and such a camp? hunger or possibly also' beatings. If he — Yes. lives long enough to- be freed, he will —And was not Col. so and so in come out "to' freedom" into a hostile, charge of the camp? unknown world, for he surely will not — Yes. be permitted to' go1 to his native and — Then, you are mentioned in a dear Ukraine. book, and it is said that you were re It is high time for at least one of the leased in 1958. hundreds of charitable and humanita He took the book and I read him the rian organizations of the world to take episode out loud, for he could not read. care of Oleksa Bilskyi, at least in his O leska recounted th at in 1958 the prison years and after his release. (A.) camp in which he was interned was re ally dissolved and all prisoners were Let's Defend Maria Palchak dispatched to* a separate settlement. But along the way, all Bandera follow The state of health of the Ukrainian ers were returned to camp. The book's political prisoner Maria Palchak, who author, not knowing this, thought that is languishing in a Russian concentra all prisoners had been freed. But Oleksa tion camp in Potma, has worsened con did not get to freedom and is impri siderably. Kateryna Zarytska, Daria

37 Husyak and other Ukrainian female children who- suffer so much even with prisoners were confined to the same small food parcels. camp. Maria Palchak is seriously ill with Ivan Ilchuk — Long-term Prisoner rheumatism, which she acquired during of Russian Concentration Camps her imprisonment in cold prison cells Ukrainian prisoner Ivan Ilchuk, born and which is causing her much pain in in 1925 in Volhynia, is languishing for the cold Mordovian climate. She1 is still almost 25 years in a concentration suffering from unhealed wounds which camp in Potma, Mordovia. He was im she sustained during a shoot out with prisoned by the Russian occupation re the KGB. She is plagued by a severe gim e in 1948 for his m em bership in the cough and has fever constantly. All this Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). Il has resulted in a general weakening chuk fought in the ranks of the UPA of the organism, the so-called distro- betw een 1942 and 1948, first against phy. In spite of the critical state of the Germans and then against the health, Maria Palchak must do1 hard forced "liberators" of Ukraine, the Rus physical labor, since no- medical treat sian troops and police apparatus- In ment is provided in Russian concentra spite of his youth, I. Ilchuk became tion camps for unsubdued fighters for lieutenant in the UPA. liberty of the Ukrainian nation. Very Ilchuk is a profoundly religious per often, such critically ill prisoners are son. As a devout Christian, he not only taken to1 the camp infirmary just before says his daily prayers, but also- tries to their death, not for treatment but to observe all Sundays and holy days. have them die there. The Russian camp authorities are a- M aria Palchak was born in 1927. As w are of his. religiousness. T hey p u r a member of the OUN (Organization of posely do everything to hurt him and Ukrainian Nationalists) movement she send Ilchuk on Sundays and holy days was arrested, seriously wounded, in a to do hard labor. Ilchuk protests and bunker in the Tem opil region in 1961. refuses to: show up for work on feast- The sole surviver of the group, she was days. His refusal to work gives the taken to a hospital where a compli Russian satraps an additional opportu cated surgery was performed in order nity to' persecute Ilchuk. He is thrown that an investigation could be conduct for several days into' the camp prison, ed and she could be prosecuted by the the so-called kartser. For a prisoner, occupational court. Barely alive, ex exhausted by long years of confine tremely enfeebled and with unhealed ment, this causes unbearable pain. It is wounds, the Ukrainian revolutionary a dark cell, a bit larger than a coffin, was given the death sentence — exe with cold water dripping from its walls- cution by a firing squad — by the Rus Deprived of half of camp rations, the sian occupational court, for her mem prisoner barely survives his days of bership in the OUN. Later, "the court horrible tortures. But this, does not dis of appeals" changed this verdict to 15 courage the noble and honest Ilchuk, years of severe regime in concentra who. suffers but continues to pray, re tion camps. In th e sam e trial in 1961, m aining tru e to' his ideals, God and the Russian court sentenced her bro Ukraine. ther, Stepan Palchak, to 10 years ot In the course of his many years, of imprisonment. He was charged with imprisonment, the Russian authorities collaboration with the OUN. Still rer promised to. pardon Ilchuk, to release maining is their aging mother, who him prior to' the completion of his term, lives in poverty without any means provided, of course, th at he. renounces of support. She can no' longer work and his national views and condemns his is therefore unable to help her heroic past. Ilchuk constantly asserts that he

38 has done nothing wrong as far as his the organizer of a joint hunger strike nation is concerned and therefore he of Ukrainians; and Jews; in defense- of hu has nothing for which to repent. On man rights and respect for human digni the contrary, he demands his release ty of political prisoners. Sokulskyi was on the gro-unds that he was illegally subjected to intensive interrogation by imprisoned by a foreign government. the camp KGB and given solitary con In thei w inter of 1972, tw o years be finement. Heavy police methods of in fore the expiration of his 25-year term, terrogation were used. Although they Ilchuk wrote a petition to the Soviet could not prove him guilty, he- was- ne government in which he urged that the vertheless sentenced to- 2 years of se Russians discontinue their occupation vere regime in Vladimir prison. Having of Ukraine, liberate it and reinstitute thrust; Sokulskyi into this prison, which Ukraine's independence. He; did not re in its strict regime; resembles; the pri ceive any reply to his; letter. But on his sons of the Middle Ages, the; Russian nam eday in th e fall of 1972, an infor satraps are doing everything possible mer brought him a poisoned bottle of to make his s-tay in this torture- chamber liquor as a gift. Nobody drank it. Pos even more- painful. sibly this gift from the camp authori Because- Sokulskyi, thanks- to- his ties was a treacherous reply to his cou firm and proud Ukrainian character, rageous statement. does not succumb to Russian tortures Ivan Ilchuk was told in advance that and continues to protest, the state of after his release he will not be- permit his health has grown considerably ted to- live in Ukraine. worse-, for it is physically impossible for an individual to- endure such tor I. Sokulskyi Subjected to Torture tures. in Vladimir Prison Ivan Sokulskyi, the young Ukrainian Ivan Sokulskyi, a young Ukrainian poet, is suffering but not surrendering. poet born in 1940, was transferred to- the V ladim ir prison in M ay 1972. Sokul Russians Torture Ukrainian skyi was taken to- Vladimir from a con Political Prisoners centration camp in Potma where he w as interned since- Ju n e 1969 following In the first week of August 1973 his sentencing to- 4 Vs years of impri Vyacheslav Chomovil was taken from sonment for "anti-Soviet propaganda Lviv to the Vladimir prison- Following and agitation". his conviction, Chomovil demanded The young Ukrainian conducted him the right to- serve his term of punish self bravely and with dignity while; in ment on the territory of Ukraine. His camp and helped his compatriots and pro-tests and demands were categori other prisoners w ith whom he; shared cally rejected by the occupational go Russian bondage in misfortune-. He vernm ent. spoke Ukrainian at all times;, so that Cho-mo-vil's trial was- held in early even during an additional trial in Pot February 1973 and h e w as sentenced to ma a special Ukrainian/Russian transla seven years; of severe regime camps- tor had to appear. The camp authorities- and five years; exile. After six months- of forced Vo-lodymyr To-bchiy to take on efforts by the KGB organs to make him the role of translator who, taking this denounce his past, condemn his wri to heart, later became- insane. tings; and speak out against other per The main charge against I. Sokulskyi secuted Ukrainian patriots, his sent consisted in the fact that he not only ence was- changed and in stead of de did not "re-educate" himself but also portation to- a concentration camp-, the incited other prisoners by his Ukrain- unyielding Chomovil was- taken to the ianism. He was also accused of being infamous- Vladimir prison where the

39 yreatest "criminals'1 of the cannibalis make us proud of them. In true friend tic Russian empire are interned. ship they are joined with Lithuanians, As far as his family is concerned, Georgians and Turkestanis. his father, Maksym Yosypovych Chor- Danylo Shumuk is confined in the novil, who' is seriously ill, and his mo concentration camp of Potma in the ther live in the village of Vilkhivets in Mordovian ASSR where among others the Cherkasy region, his brother An- the following prisoners are detained: driy, a student of the Kyiv Medical Ivan Ilchuk, Yevhen Pryshlyak, Dmy Institute, and his sister Valentyna alle tro Verkholyak, Mykhaylo Dyak, Ivan gedly live in Kyiv, while his wife and Tretyakiv, Mykola Bilenkyi. Last y ear son are in Lviv. Ukrainians, Lithuanians and Jews or Valentyn Moroz, whose state of ganized a common hunger strike in health has taken a turn for the worse, Potma. is also> confined to the Vladimir prison. Ihor Kalynets, a prominent Ukrain Growth of National Liberation ian intellectual, is in a concentration Activities in the Russian Empire camp in Perm. He is kept in isolation According to' the French paper Figaro, from other convicted Ukrainians. large-scale anti-Soviet and anti-Russian Mykola Plakhtonyuk, a physician and disturbances have occurred in Georgia poet, is confined to a Dnipropetrovsk on M ay 28, 1973. M ass dem onstrations psychiatric clinic. His living conditions were transformed into revolutionary are very harsh. In the same "clinic" activities when Georgian fighters at the Russians are tormenting a pro tacked with fire bombs strategic points minent Ukrainian scientist, Leonid of the occupational forces in various Plushch. For the first time in 18 places of Tiflis; in particular, a consi months, his wife received permission derable part of the theatre was de to visit h er husband in A ugust, 1973. stroyed. But Plyushch is in such a horrible, in human state that he failed to recognize Occupational police forces and the her, being under the influence of the Army in the whole republic were drug haloperidol- Approximately at the placed on military alert. A large num same time the KGB conducted a search ber of Georgian nationalists were ar in the Plushch apartment. rested. Nobody was authorized to> leave the city without a special permission. Dmytro Verkholyak is persecuted in Simultaneously, the Government in an inhuman manner: although a sick, Moscow announced that vast regions disabled worker, he is obliged to1 do of the Empire were suddenly cordoned hard work and is not allowed to prac off and closed to' foreigners. T he fol tice his profession as hospital-assistant; lowing cities were complety isolated: h e was forced to' sign a declaration of Kyiv, Lviv, Vilnius, Riga, Reval, Kyshy- repentance repudiating his ideas which niv as well as Astrakhan and Volgo he did not want to1 do. grad. Yevhen Pryshlyak — completely dis Western experts on Soviet affairs abled — having completed his 15-year maintain that there are various expla sentence in prison and concentration nations for this unexpected isolation camp long ago' is still detained in of the Baltic countries and Ukraine. The Potma. vast manoeuvres — very little being News coming from concentration known about them — are suppossedly camps tell us that the Ukrainians' re one reason. Some kind of "technical" sistance has not been broken and that complications in the communication they possess courage which should network are perhaps another. It is in

40 teresting that government circles do tary of the aggressors' regime ordered not give any reasonable explanations all Christian symbols, especially the for the interdiction to enter the above- crosses on all the churches which had mentioned cities and the countries already been closed down, to be imme where these cities are situated. diately destroyed. At a time when in It might be possible that Yevhen Moscow many ancient churches are re Vronsky's (the pilot of a Soviet milita stored, primarily for tourist excursions ry airplane) escape on May 27th to the and for the establishment of museums Federal Republic of Germany is con therein, anything reminding people of nected with the recent events — upri Christianity is being destroyed in Bye sings in various republics of the USSR. lorussia. Said pilot escaped to the West for pre A new wave of chauvinist tyranny cisely political reasons. is also' engulfing the faithful servants We should like to recall that accor of Russia in Ukraine. The recent Presi ding to the Swedish press a few months dent of the Writers' Union of Ukraine, ago a Ukrainian nationalist tried to get Yuriy Smolych, who was attacked by to Sweden by plane and when he did Mykola Shamota, another renegade, in not succeed in doing so he killed him the Communist of Ukraine h a s also' self with a grenade. fallen into disgrace because he tried, although without success, to present Mykola Khvylovyi and WAPLITE (Free Academy of Proletarian Litera During the last w eeks the; Bolshevik ture) in a more favourable light. press in Ukraine has been filled with In an atmosphere of mutual bullying news dealing with measures' taken and attempting to win the favour of against Ukrainian nationalists in va rious respects. their new employers (Brezhnev's clique trying to rule almightily in the Em Russian Chauvinists Advance, pire) I. Bedzyk, I. Tsyupa and L. Sanov attacked their "colleague" O. Dmytren- but the Unsubdued Nations Strike ko- for apparently taking "narrow uni Back lateral positions" on the basis of which As already reported the Bolshe "the writings of several young prose- viks have sentenced Yevhen Svers- writers have been considered and eval tyuk, a Ukrainian intellectual, to 5 uated". This is reported from thei ses years of imprisonment and 5 years sion of the Kyiv branch of the Writers' of forced labour in a concentration Union of Ukraine. camp. Now we learn that this sent The Daily Telegraph dated M ay 22, ence was prolonged to 7 years of 1973, reported that nationalist moods imprisonment and 5 years of forced are ruling in Ukraine. Recently two labour. writers have again been sentenced to1 Russian atheists have closed down 7 and 5 years of forced labour, respec the famous Cathedral of Chemihiv. A tively, for participating in activities of small wooden church at the outskirts a "national cultural movement". There of the city has been assigned to the have been considerable national and community of the faithful by the occu religious uprisings in Latvia and Li pational regime. Even the Bishop of the thuania. Similar activities are evident Russian Church in Chernihiv, Vladimir in Tadzhikistan, Azerbaijan and Turk Sabotan, was dismissed and thus the menistan. Diocese has practically ceased to exist. On Monday, May 28, the KGB was Russian chauvinists are also' attack supposed to release from concentration ing Byelorussia where the First Secre camp Andrei Amalrik, an intellectual

41 known as author of the famous essay their terms will be doubled or trippled, entitled: "Will the USSR Survive after as it is commonly done with prisoners 1984?" However, his wife informed the and those confined to concentration press that Amalrik is still detained in camps. Based on experience, this can be Magadan, Siberia. expected. According to another source, Amal In the struggle with its opponents, rik has been released but was rear- and most of them are to' be found a- rested 5 days later. He was again mong the subjugated peoples, Russia charged with having spread "false in seeks out and invents ever newer (more formation" about the Soviet Union for refined and cruel) forms of punishment. which pursuant to terrorisl Soviet For whom is this punishment intended? “law" he received another 3-year sent Former inmates of prisons and concen ence. tration camps relate that 75% of all prisoners are Ukrainian. From this it A New Form of Punishment would follow that in the punitive de tachments Ukrainians will predominate An independent Munich newspaper as well. Bild of June 25, 1973, reported that I. Dubenko since January of this year 15,000 young opponents of the regime in the USSR Students in Soviet Demo were sent off to the punitive detach ments of the Red Army. Neither the A group of Ukrainian students, who physical condition nor the state of occupied the London office of Intourist health of the young people is taken in today got a frosty Siberian-style wel to consideration. They are to serve a come from the Russians. total of six years at the Sino-Soviet bor der. The action is conducted by three The students were demanding the re people close to Brezhnev. It is not yet lease of two Ukrainian political prison known what they are going to do there. ers, Valentyn Moroz and Yuriy Shukhe- Will they only undergo military train vych. ing and perform military duties, or will they dig ditches and trenches, and work "The officials asked us to leave but on construction while subjected to when we refused to' go> they called the strict military discipline, as had been police. They refused to read any of done by Ukrainian Cossacks who cur pamphlets or listen to our protest, worked at construction of canals and and gave us the cold shoulder," said fortifications in tsarist times? 19-year-old law student Orest Baran, Preparing itself for a confrontation from Leeds. with Red China, Russia is pulling more When police arrived the 12 demon and more military forces to the 7,000 strators left peacefully and continued kms. long Chinese border, building for tifications, roads, settlements, factories to picket outside the office1 with ban and so forth. Thousands are needed for ners. They are demanding that Moroz, these projects. Ukrainian historian sentenced to 14 years in prison for dissent, and Shu- The first contingent of 15,000 draftees is a considerable number of young pat khevych, sentenced to 10 years prison riots who will be subjected to severe and 5 years banishment, should be discipline and difficult conditions. Their freed. ranks will most likely be supplemented. There were no arrests. We do' not know whether several years more will be added or whether (Evening Standard, Septembers, 1973)

42 News and Views

Mass Deportation of Balts their attempts toi legalize their aggres Commemorated in New York sion at the Helsinki Conference, were sent to' the members of US Government On June 24 the Lithuanians, Latvians and Congress as well as to other per and Estonians! who. reside in Greater sonalities. Elmar Lipping New York and the vicinity commemo rated their countym en who- on Ju n e 24, Amnesty International in Defense 1941, w ere deported by Russian autho of Ihor Kalynets rities to' Siberia. It w as also an occa sion to' protest vigorously against Mos A t its Ju n e 4, 1973 m eeting in A lgon cow's Red Tsar Leonid Brezhnev's vi quin College', the Ottawa Section of sit and political dealings in the United Amnesty International selected Ihor States. Kalynets, a Ukrainian poet and prison 24th of June was proclaimed by Nel er of Russian concentration camps, in son A. Rockefeller, Governor of the order to work for his release and to State of New York, as Commemoration take care of him. Day of the Mass Deportation to- Sibe Among the three prisoners SO' selec ria of Lithuanians, Latvians and Esto ted, there is always, one from the So nians. viet Union. In New York's Flushing Meadows- Corona Park, a Lithuanian Shrine has The United Nations Ready to been erected, which is- now popularly Examine the Case of N. Strokata called the Baltic Cross. It stands in me In response to the petition of the mory of those Balts who died and suf American Association of Microbiolo fered under the Soviet Russian regime. gists signed by 279 members from 11 There the gathering of the Balts and countries and submitted by 2 Ukrain their American friends took place. ians on M ay 17, 1973, th e UN Com Rt. Rev- Msgr. John Bahamas pre mittee of Human Rights informed the sented the Invocation. Addresses were Board of the Association that at its next delivered by Mr. Alexander Vakselis, meeting the Committee would examine Nikolaja Grava, Allan Pensa and Pet- the case of Nina Strokata-Karavanska ras Azoulas. The main speaker was Mr. who' had been sentenced to 4 years of Martin J. Knorr, member of New York imprisonment by the occupational court State Senate and a very closei friend in Ukraine for the sole reason that she of the Balts. Mr. Dorsey Short, the Edi refused to> disavow her husband Svya to r of Ridgewood Times had also ma toslav Karavanskyi. ny encouraging words for the Balts as This petition, initiated by Dr. Andriy well as for all Captive Nations. Zvarun and supported by Dr. Y. Ro- A Colour Guard from the Lithuanian slytskyi from Canada, was adopted by Chapter of the American legion and the conference of the Association held the War Veterans Organizations of on M ay 5, 1973 in M iami Beach and Latvians! and Estonians also. participa signed by the following personalities ted. among many others: The event was covered by the press, J. Stocky (University of New York), radio' and television. A. Sarachek (Wichita State Universi P rotest letters against thei Russian oc ty), J. H. W allace (University of Louis cupation of the Baltic States, as well as ville), D. Frazer (Universiiy of Indiana),

43 H. Blumenthal (LoyolaMedical School), they attacked him by surprise at the H. P. Friedman (University of Missouri), Arabakonak Pass but he defended him M. T. Tandler (Yeshiva University), self with a gun. A few days later they W. König (University of Tübingen), tried it for a second time when the L. O. Kallings (National Bacteriological Communist Party destroyed the Ca Laboratory of the Health Institute, Tel thedral of Sofia by a bomb and 160 Aviv), E- de Mayer (Radium Institute persons were killed and more than 500 of Paris), J. de V. Castro e Melo (Por people were wounded. tugal), E. Eisenstadt (Genetics Institute Through his intelligent policy and of Cologne), Dr. J. Kushner (University tenacity he succeeded in transforming of Ottawa). a ruined and defeated Bulgaria into' a modem and advanced country. The Review "Latch" In 1940 and 1941 his efforts were fi "Latch" is the periodical review of nally successful: without striking a the Association of Bulgarian Writers blow he attained the reincorporation of and Artist in Exile. southern Dobrudja having been annex ed by Rumania in 1913, of Thracia hav The founding editor of the review is ing been annexed by G reece in 1920 Mrs. D ora G abenska (5732 V irginia and of Macedonia having been annex Ave., Apt. 3, Los Angeles, California ed by Serbia in 1913 into Bulgaria. 90038, USA). On A ugust 28, 1943 in th e m iddle of Mrs. Gabenska is ardently opposed the war King Boris died under myste to' Communism and an eminent fighter rious circumstances. Did the Commu for the liberation of Bulglaria from its nists finally succeed this time in what enslavement by Russian Bolshevist im they had tried so many times before? perialism . (K. D.) The twofold issue 29/30 of the review comprising 54 pages contains very in "WOMEN'S LIBERATION" IN CZARS teresting articles dealing with events of present interest and literature as Russia, of all places! well as with the struggle conducted by Former member of parliament and Bulgarian intellectuals in exile against minister of Lithuania, an activist So tyranny and red dictatorship now rul cial-Democrat, Vladas Pozela (Pozhela), ing in Bulgaria. Some of these articles in his "Jaunystes Atsiminimal" ("Me are in English. Moreover, the review mories of Youth"), published by Ame surveys the literary works of Bulga rican Lithuanian Social-Democratic So rian poets and writers in exile. (K. D-) ciety, notes that Tartu university in Estonia, (where he was studying under Mysterious Death of the assumed name — because he was King of Bulgaria wanted in Lithuania for 1905 revolu tionary activities like demanding Li On O ctober 3, 1918 at the end of thuania's independence — while even World War II King Boris the Third of the name of Lithuania was absorbed Bulgaria ascended to the throne. He into "Russa"), during W.W.I. was the found himself confronted with military first university to open doors for wo riots incited by the Russian October men: the law said, "Persons with high Revolution and, in particular, with the school education are accepted to' stu Communist insurrection of September dy at the university"; till then govern 1923. ment held that persons are men — Tartu In 1925 Com m unist terrorists at university interpreted that women also tempted to' assassinate him twice. First, are persons.

44 Signs During a Demonstration in Kaunas '//////////////.///////////////////////////ZTOiûmmmâ In th e course of th e 1972 ev en ts in Resistance and Arrests in Lithuania Kaunas, demonstrators carried placards. A Demonstrative Attempt On one of them it was stated: "Jews to Commit Suicide have won freedom, now it is our turn!" Another sign called on Lithuanian In O ctober 1972, as a sign of protest youth to' refuse serving in the Red Ar against the suppression of freedom in my. Lithuania, poet Egidius Stepanovicius The KGB is still conducting arrests cut his veins under the Lenin Monu and interrogations in connection with ment facing the KGB headquarters at the 1972 events in Kaunas. In 1973, Lenin Square in Vilnius. He was taken 23 students were arrested in Vilnius to a psychiatric clinic in Vilnius and and Kaunas'. They are confined to' the held there for two* months. He was Internal Prison of the KGB. In reply forced to undergo a complete course of to queries, the KGB agents say: "An medical treatment with increased doses investigation is in progress." of aminarin. After this he was released in the custody of his family as a men University Professor Murdered tally ill person, dangerous to his sur Philosophy professor Kazlauskas. roundings. (Vilnius), known for his nationalistic In A pril 1973 Stepanovicius sent a remarks, disappeared without a trace. petition to the imperial organs urging In D ecem ber 1972 his corps w as found that a referendum be held on the ques in a river in the New Vilnius district. tion of Lithuania's separation from the Major Khadayev of the militia began USSR. an investigation. But the KGB has taken the matter into is own hands under Members of the Communist Party Fa the direction of its investigators— Ma voring Lithuania's Independence jor Kovalev and Capt. Vaynivillo. In mid-1972 in Vilnius, two members When Kazlauskas' wife asked about of the Central Committee of thei Com the professor, she was coarsly told to munist Party of Lithuania were secret shut up if she does not want to' follow ly removed from that committee, impri her husband- soned and deported to an unknown des Major Savchuk of the Kaunas KGB tination. Their names arei being with said while talking to one Zionist de held- The chief of the special depart tained for 15 days: "If you don't stop ment of railroad KGB, Vinkentiy Fidel - your anti-Soviet activity, you'll be skyi, revealed while drunk that these where Kazlauskas is!" two1 members of the Lithuanian CC of The investigation in the case of Kaz the Party were conspiring with the aim lauskas' death was terminated due to of separating Lithuania from the Soviet a "failure to' find the guilty." Union, but that the KGB had exposed their activity. Upon the question, what Locked Up in a Special Insane Asylum happened to the conspirators, V. Fidel- A Lithuanian sculptor, a member of skyi replied meaningfully: "Siberia is the Lithuanian Union of Artists, was vast; the whole Lithuania can fit into imprisoned and confined to a psychiat it." ric clinic. This followed his meeting

45 with an employee of the US Embassy several cows and distributed the meat in Moscow, held 18 months ago, at among starving workers of the collec which the sculptor requested the emp tive farm. The- following night he w as loyee's help- to emigrate to the US to arrested by KGB officials and taken to join his mother. KGB headquarters in De-rbent. In early 1973, drugs which disrupt Two days later 200 collective farm the nervous system were to be admi workers armed with shotguns appeared nistered to- the imprisoned Kudirka. in Derbent and staged a sit-in strike in The doctor refused, and the chief phy front of the local militia building. They sician, Dr. Gutmanas, the chief psychi threatened to organize a rebellion un atrist of Vilnius, was dismissed from less the director of the collective- farm work. was set free. The strike lasted two A philologist from Vilnius (name not days. A crowd of inhabitants- gathered given) derived the Russian word 11 ra- around the strikers and finally the- di bochyi" (worker) from the words "rah" rector of the kolkhoz was released. (slave) and "ochi" (eyes) in other words, "a seeing slave". Based o-n thei estimates- of the Li mmms thuanian nationalist movement, the hatred toward the Russians- has de Arrests at Lviv University creased anti-Semitism in Lithuania by 95°/o. According to- the latest reports, in M ay 1973 the KGB arrested 9 students NORTH CAUCASUS of Lviv University from the depart ments of History, Journalism and Me Additional news concerning former dicine. The arrested were allegedly uprisings in th e Caucasus have arrived: accused of circulating inscriptions and In Ju n e 1971 Cabardinians organized an leaflets inside the university with pro uprising in the city of Nalchyk. The tests against Russification, discrimina crowd tore apart a policeman and threw tion against the Ukrainian language, foul fruit and eggs at the First Secre history and literature. tary of the local Communist Party and In this connection, two- committees-, at the chiefs of the police and of one from Kyiv under the leadership oil the local KGB who had come- with Valentyn Malanchuk, Secretary of the their bodyguards to- calm down the de Central Committee of the Communist. monstrators. Then the Army intervened Party of Ukraine, and the other from and the- dem onstrators w ere finally dis Moscow were sent to Lviv. Malanchuk, persed. Eight people were caught, a- who is responsible for ideological af mong them a woman. They were tried fairs in the CC, demanded that the stu behind closed doors. The woman being dents be convicted. The Russians did accused of organizing the demonstra not agree to his, authorizing that the tion was shot and the other prisoners arrested be released but at the same were sentenced to 10 to 15 years of im time demanding the expulsion from the prisonment. The disturbances lasted an university of the- said students and their other 6 hours. instructors. Thus, seven professors w ere At the-Jew ish Passover 1972 the KGB discharged from the university, while incited racist pogroms against Jew s others are urged to sign statements of and Cabardinians. They spread rum ours repentance. that the Jews are using human blood The arrested students conducted for preparing matzos- Two Jews and themselves- bravely and those among eight Cabardinians were hurt. them who- studied history accused the In D ecem ber 1972 the director of the- government of the fact that it fails to kolkhoz Saabuncha in Dagestan killed give them access to historic sources

46 without which it is impossible to learn that his father was a priest. He was the historic truth and that it is high on the staff of Lviv University since time for students of history to be able 1933. to use all the achievements of human Hanna Lastovetska, b om in 1923, thought of the past. Candidate of Philology, lecturer of Po Prior to May, eleven students of an lish in the department of Slavic Lan tique philology were expelled from the guages since 1954, author of num erous Lviv University. The reason for re works, including those on the history pressions against them was the fact of thei Czech language. that leaflets were circulated in the uni Khudash, assistant professor, lectu versity protesting against the ban on rer of psychology. the observance of Shevchenko's anni Among the students who were ar versary, as well as a separate publica rested and expelled from the university tion entitled "Progress". in connection with the appearance of Professors and Students Persecuted th e samvydav periodical Progress and in Lviv the dissemination of leaflets protesting the ban on T. Shevchenko's observ The Russian occupational govern ances at the university are: V asyl Ha- ment has conducted a large-scale purge nushchak, Volodymyr Udovychenko, among the Ukrainian teachers and stu Bohdan Rokytskyi, Volodymyr Yavor- dents of the Lviv University. The fol skyi, Halyna Yaremych, Valya Komiy- lowing professors and lecturers were chuk — all students of the Ukrainian dismissed from work: language, and Leonid Filonov, Ivan Iiy n a Huzar, b om in 1905, D octor of Svamyk, Volodymyr Kozovyk, Mariy- Philology, assistant, professor, author of an Dolnevskyi, Ihor Petryna — stu textbooks for the study of German and dents of the departments of history and lecturer in German grammar since 1940. journalism. Yosyp Kobiv, bom in 1910, Candidate of Philology, assistant professor since New Victims of Russian Terror 1945, chairm an of the Latin departm ent, The most recent reports from Ukraine editor of the irregularly appearing col indicate that most likely M ykola Lu lections "The Problems of Classical kash and Hryhoriy Kochur h av e been Philology" and author of numerous arrested- Lukash was already expelled works, dismissed from work under the from the Union of Writers of Ukraine. pretext that under German occupation Mykola Lukash was bom in 1919 in he had been president of a chessmen's K rolivets, Sumy region. In 1947, h e gra club in Lviv. duated from the Kharkiv Pedagogical Oleksander Huts, lecturer in the de Institute of Foreign Languages. Since partment of physics; dismissed from then he was doing educational work, work under the pretext of having teaching German, French and English friendly relations with M- Osadchyi, in the higher educational establish V. Chomovil and others. ments of Kharkiv. He is an excellent, Lyubomyra Popadyuk, lecturer of translator, translating in 18 languages: German, dismissed under the same pre English, German, French, Italian, Spa text as O. Huts. Her son, Zoryan, was nish, Portuguese, Danish, Hungarian, arrested in 1972. Czech, Slovak, Polish, Bulgarian, Ser Teoktyst Pachovskyi, bo m in 1907, bian, Slovenian, Lusatian, Russian, Bye a literary critic, Candidate of Philolo lorussian and Hebrew. gy, assistant professor, author of nu His most outstanding translations in merous works dealing with the history clude "Faust" by Goethe, "Decameron" of Ukrainian and Polish literature, dis by Bocaccio, "Madame Bovary" by missed from work under the pretext Flaubert, and the poems by Hugo,

47 Heine, Berns, Mickiewicz, Schiller and Odessa, a 35-year-old author of seve others- ral collections, of poetry and of the H ryhoriy Kochur w as born in 1908 in poem "The Oak of Shevchenko". A the village of Festkivtsi, in the Mensk member of the Communist Party of district of the C hem yhiv region. In 1932 Ukraine and of the Union of Writers he graduated from the Kyiv Institute of Ukraine, he held, until December of Public Education and was a lecturer. 1972, a position of senior editor in the He is known as translator from Czech, propaganda department on the editorial Polish, English and French, as well as board of "Radio1 Station Odessa". He a literary critic. His major translation wrote his material in Ukrainian and at is "Hamlet" by Shakespeare. times opposed excessive Russification. For this accounts were squared with Causes of Extermination Disguised him. At a party meeting, V. Moroz was forced to admit his "mistakes". After Together with arrests, dismissals this, he was not dismissed from work from work and drafting of the young but was demoted to a clerk in the radio for long-term military service, the Rus station's correspondence department. sians are discharging from positions of responsibility bothersome people, accus News from the Front Line of the ing them of various "blunders" in pro Liberation Struggle fessional work and concealing the true motives behind their liquidation. Offi In January 1973 blue-yellow flags cial charges for their imprisonment or were hissed and leaflets were distribut dismissal from work are> invented. They ed when the Declaration of the Resto are not of political nature but those ration of the Ukrainian Independent which degrade the victim, such as mis State of January 22, 1918-1919 was management, bribery or accusations of commemorated in Chortkiv; these criminal acts. In line with the dis events caused general alarm among the guised method of police purges, the fol occupants. lowing were sentenced to death by In Volhynia 3 persons died after the shooting in Odessa: visiting assizes. — Bulavko — head of the executive In Ju n e 1972 there w as an uprising committee of the Zhovten district of in Dniprodzerzhynsk lasting 7 days. Odessa; In Dnipropetrovsk the Secret Police — Shatylo — assistant manager of tried to arouse the population against a metallurgical products plant; the Jews by shouting the slogan "Beat — Ostrovskyi — manager of the the Hebrews!" The revolting popula said plant. tion, however, shouted: "Beat the Rus "Taking bribes" and "harmful under sians! Long Live Free Ukraine!" mining of the economy" were given as official reasons for the execution of In Kyiv 17 persons were arrested these inconvenient people. when arms were found in the basement In A pril 1973, Parkhanskyi, a m ana of a public building. ger of an underwear factory, and in * M ay, Manevych, an attorney, were dis In June 1971 there were student up missed from work. The real reason for heavals in Tyraspol, M oldavian SSR depriving these people of their liveli lasting 2 days. The students requested hood was that the manager's son has that Moldavia be separated from the filed documents for emigration to Israel, USSR and annexed to1 Rumania. The while Atty. Manevych's daughter had militia dispersed the demonstration. already left Odessa for Israel. Twenty persons werei arrested and Repressions have caught up with sentenced to 1 to1 3 years of imprison Ukrainian poet Valentyn Moroz of ment. They were beaten.

48 The orchestra of the Ukrainian Youth Association playing the ABN anthem during the Mass Rally at Trafalgar Square.

ANTI-COMMUNIST GROUPS MEET IN LONDON

Delegates from Europe, the United The ABN also1 promised to support States, Canada, Australia and Asia at "THE RIGHT OF EACH NATION TO tended a four-day Conference in Lon ESTABLISH ITS OWN CULTURAL don, ending tonight, organized by the VALUES, TO PRACTISE ITS RELI Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of N ations (ABN) GION AND TO REALIZE ITS SOCIAL and the European Freedom Council, IDEAS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS two’ anti-Communist organizations. HISTORICAL TRADITIONS AND BY They approved a "MESSAGE TO ITS OWN FREE WILL". NATIONS ENSLAVED BY RUSSIAN IMPERIALISM AND COMMUNISM" A European Freedom Council resolu pledging the determination of both or tion called for the "Removal of RUS ganizations' tO' "fight with you" until SIAN OCCUPATION FORCES FROM national independence and human CZECHO-SLOVAKIA, HUNGARY, PO rights under the UN Charter were LAND, EAST GERMANY, UKRAINE, achieved. LITHUANIA, LATVIA, ESTONIA, BYELORUSSIA, TURKESTAN, GEOR A resolution passed by the ABN, GIA AND ARMENIA". formed in Ukraine 30 years ago1, pro mised that the organization would Mr. Yaroslav STETSKO, a former U- "STRENGTHEN ITS ACTIVITIES IN krainian prime minister, today was un THE FREE WORLD FOR THE SUP animously re-elected president of ABN PORT OF NATIONAL LIBERATION Central Committee. MOVEMENTS OF NATIONS ENSLAV ED WITHIN THE USSR, IN THE SA More than 4,000 people attended an TELLITE STATES AND IN OTHERS ABN-organized rally in TRAFALGAR GOVERNED BY TOTALITARIAN SQUARE yesterday (Sunday), a spokes COMMUNIST REGIMES IN THEIR man for the organization said. STRUGGLE TO ESTABLISH DEMO CRATIC INDEPENDENT STATES". (Universal News Service, August 27, 1973) Photo: P. Lenkivsk ABN Rally at Trafalgar Square GW ISSN 0001 - 0545 B 20004 F

BULLETIN OF THE ANTIBOLSHEVIK BLOC OF NATIONS

30 ih Anniversary of ABN

Verlagspostamt: München 80 November - December 1973 Vol. XXIV No. 6 CONTENTS : Yaroslav Stetsko (Ukraine) The Present Stage ol the National Liberation Strug gle of the Subjugated Nations . . . . 4 Levan Zourabichvili (Georgia) Eastern Policy of the West as a Consolidating Factor for the Soviet-Russian E m p ir e ...... 8 Ole Bjorn Kraft Elected Honorary President of EFC 13 Col. Yuriy Tys-Krochrnaliuk (Ukraine) The Threat of War? ...... 15 Suzanne Labin (France) Conferences to Bury Free E u r o p e ...... 19 Donald A. Martin (Great Britain) Economic Realities and the Task Ahead . . . 23 Dr. B. Hayit (Turkestan) The Struggle between the Nationalism of the Sub jugated Nations and the Chauvinism of Russians in the Soviet U n io n ...... 27 Volodymyr Kosyk (Ukraine) For the Realization of Human and National Rights 32 Dr. Ante Bonifacio (Croatia) The Role of Titoism in the Communist as well as in the Free W o r l d ...... 36 Dr. Kyril Drenikoff (Bulgaria) What Makes Moscow T r e m b l e ? ...... 39 Dr. J. Kaskelis (Lithuania) Life in Lithuania under Russian Occupation . . 43 K. Glinski (Byelorussia) B y e lo r u s s ia ...... 46

Publisher: Press Bureau of the Antibol Annual subscription DM 12.— in Germany, shevik Bloc of Nations (ABN) 6 Dollars in USA, and the equivalent of 6 8 Munich 80, Zeppelinstr. 67 Dollars in all other countries. Remittances Editorial Staff: Board of Editors. to Deutsche Bank, Munich, Filiale Deposi Editor-in-Chief: Mrs. Slava Stetsko, M. A. tenkasse, Neuhauser Str. 6, Account, No. Articles signed with name or pseudonym 30/261 35 (ABN) do not necessarily reflect the Editor's o- pinion, but that of the author. Manuscripts Herausgeber. Presse-Büro des Antibolsche sent in unrequested cannot be returned in wistischen Blocks der Nationen (ABN), case of non-publication unless postage is 8 München 80, Zeppelinstraße 67/0, enclosed. Telefon: 44 10 69 It is not our practice Schriftleitung: Redaktionskollegium. to pay for contributions. Verantw. Redakteur Frau Slava Stetzko. Reproduction permitted but only Erscheinungsort München. with indication of source (ABN-Corr.). Druck: Dr. J. Негр, München. THE ABN CALLS FOR A STRUGGLE — against imperialism, colonialism, Great Russian chauvinist arrogance and tutelage; — against totalitarianism, despotic dictatorship, Communist enslave ment, and the exploitation of the working individual by the despotic class of Communist sharks; — against the artificial creation of a so-called Soviet nation by imposed intermixing, "merging of nations", and Russification in order to form a single Russian supemation, a Russian "Herrenvolk" (master race); — against national, religious and racial discrimination and national, cultural and languistic Russification; — against the deportation of the youth of the subjugated nations, or even of entire peoples, outside their native countries, and against their de-nationalization; — against the existence and lawless acts of the secret political police — the KGB — and the terrorist bands of KGB and MVD, which terrorize nations and individuals; — against militant atheism and the Kremlin's regime Church (so-called Orthodox) headed by "Patriarch" Pimen — the lackey of a godless system and a genocidal empire; — against the barbaric destruction of national traditions, cultural ob jects and the millennium-long creativity of the peoples under Russian subjugation; — against political and economic agreements of the free nations with the totalitarian Russian Communist colonialists and nation-slayers, which only strengthen their grip on subjugated nations and individuals; — against the guarantees, by various conferences and agreements, of the Russian usurpers' unhindered terroristic punishment of the sub jugated peoples' national-liberation movement. Friends! Brezhnev, successor to Hitler and Stalin, profiting from agreements with the USA and from the aid and cooperation of Western nations, has renewed the Stalinist terror, sending close to two million fighters for na tional and human rights to concentration camps, prisons and mental hos pitals! This is a direct warning to the free world! Had we not continued our liberation struggle, no part of Europe would be free today, and the Ame rican continent would lie open to the threat of the Communist tyrants. Who helps us, helps himself! We thus make our appeal: Freedom-loving nations and men of the world, unite in the struggle against Russian imperialism and Communism, for the national state inde pendence of all peoples and the freedom of all individuals!

2 Let us all rise — particularly at this time ■— to act to defend the sub jugated nations' fighters for national state independence, separation from Russia, and human rights! Let us rise, especially in defence of the cultural workers who are pu nished in concentration camps, prisons and psychiatric jails, where the tyrants use inhuman medical and chemical methods to break their will! He who defends his nation's culture, defends the very existence of nations and the culture and liberty of all humanity! Freedom for nations! Freedom for individuals! ANTI - BOLSHEVIK BLOC OF NATIONS (ABN)

Dearest Friends, J wish I were joining you all for participating in your gathering, for celebrating with you the 30th Anniversary of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations. The spirit which — three decades ago, in the forests of Zhytomyr — presided over the compact binding together of the heroic representatives of people and nations oppressed and enslaved in the USSR, in the Russian prison of nations is inspiring more than ever those who “prefer not to be rather than be slaves“. The only sublime epic of this epoch of our present viorld is the sacred struggle for liberation that countless men and women of the nations subjugated by Russian imperialism are defiantly and undauntedly waging — at a terrific cost of death, torture, and misery for themselves and their kin — for asserting the right of the nations to which they belong to full sovereignty and independence from the yoke of foreign oppression. History teaches that empires disintegrate and fall, that tyranny and usurpation sooner or later are doomed. Nations, on the other hand, are immortal, and eternal is the spirit of freedom for U cannot be eradicated from the minds and hearts of men, from the supreme aspirations of the peoples. The freedom fighters for liberation of the subjugated nations consider as their holy duty to follow a poet's inflamatory exhortation: “Strike — till the last armed foe expires; Strike — for your altars and your fires; Strike — for the green graves of your sires; God — and your native land!“ (Fitz-Greene Halleclc, 1790-1867: Marco Bozzaris.) Wherever and whenever men “with arm to strike, and soul to dare" are struggling against tyranny, no hope is lost. Their heroic dedication and deeds not only command the admiration of their contemporaries, but anticipate “the thanks of the millions yet to be“ for whom it will be possible to live in a world in which freedom for the individuals, the restoration of sovereignty and independence of the nations trampled at present by usurpers and occupants, will constitute the only guarantee of human dignity, of lasting peace and true security. But woe, today, to those who stay blind, mute, deaf and cynically indifferent before the tragedy of life and death of their brethren enslaved and persecuted. Because such hedonistic posture, such cowardly lack of solidarity, such agnosticism bordering on insanity could cost them too their individual liberty, and the freedom of their own nations. Freedom stands indivisible! - God is with the faith's defenders! - Long live the ABN! Ivan Matteo Lombardo

3 land, winning an increase in their size for lawfulness — this is a revolutionary (Izvestia, May 19). In some state farms slogan which mobilizes the moral senti of the Kazakh SSR, the workers syste ments in a system of “legalized" law matically reduced their time of work lessness and disfranchisement. Political (Selskoe khozyaystvo, July 17). In the self-determination is not a mobilizing Stalin region the miners forced the ma slogan, for Lenin even added "includ nagement to' increase their wages ing secession" to it, yet he was able (Pravda Ukrainy, March 6). In Dnipro- to deceive the people. Therefore, the dzerzhynsk the workers of a metallur only rallying cry is national independ gical plant protested against the in ence — complete separation from Rus crease of work norms. Beginning with sia. There is no other alternative. The 1956 and up to 1973, there are count disintegration of the empire and thei re less such examples. What is the heart establishment of independent national of the matter? democratic states is the goal which is attractive. A struggle is being waged The decisive factor, it must be em for sovereign mle, for freedom and phasized, is that various strata within justice, for the realization of the na the subjugated nations have joined in tions' own ways of life in their own the struggle. They are fighting to fully states. In this: aim there is simultane realize their idea of the substance of ously concentrated the definition of the each sector of life. Such a fulfillment contents of every phase of national can be achieved only in their own in life, the principles of its organization, dependent states. A precondition of es for never in the history (e. g. of West sential changes in every sphere of life ern empires) was there a situation is each nation's own government in its where a subjugated nation had to fight own land. W ithout the sovereign rule of not only against military occupation a given nation there is no land and no and economic exploitation, but also a- freedom. Therefore the new slogan is gainst a, hostile spirituality, sociality, a not "land and freedom", but "sovereign contradictory way of life, an entirely rule, land and freedom". This is self- different system of life and beliefs. Bol evident to all strata of the subjugated shevism, Communism, Sovietism, the nations. Without a political revolution, Russian way of life, the spiritual, cul that is without the assumption of power tural and religious Russification are by those staging it, i. e. the subjugated neither a Lithuanian, nor a Georgian, nations, there is no' fulfillment of the nor an Estonian, nor a Byelorussian, aspirations of any stratum of a people. nor a, Turkestani, nor an Azerbaijani, The essence of the present stage of the nor a Ukrainian way of life. A charac liberation struggle is a spontaneous and teristic phenomenon of the contempo systematic mobilization of the broad rary era of the liberation struggle of circles within the subjugated nations in the subjugated nations inside ihe Rus order to reach the zenith — the renew sian empire and in the Communist- al of national statehood, which only dominated countries is that, hand in then will make an all-round develop hand with the direct forms and methods ment of a modem nation possible. The of struggle, such as demonstrations, slogan, "freedom", alone is insufficient. strikes, revolts, mass actions and armed Freedom is a framework which must be clashes, goes the ideological, political, filled with the content- Freedom is a cultural and religious struggle, a strug prerequisite, an opportunity to make a choice among diverse values. It is man gle of two opposite concepts of life — datory to clearly define for what val the Russian, Bolshevik, Communist con ues, for what qualities does one stand. cept and that of the subjugated nations. The peoples have been deceived for It is a clash of total national organisms, many decades. A struggle for justice, of the captor and his captives, who are

6 not only physically oppressed and eco nomically exploited, but attempts are also' being made to deprive them of their national soul. And this is essen tial in that struggle. The struggle for the souls of nations!

And the greatest achievement of our liberation struggle, a guarantee of our victory is the fact that the struggle for the soul of the subjugated nations was taken up by the YOUNG generation, which at times was bom of parents al ready grown up under the Bolshevik occupation, a generation which has ne ver seen the free world, but to the con trary, was reared in an atmosphere hostile to its own nation, in the spirit of the occupant. Mr. Yaroslav Stetsko addressing the Mass Rally at Trafalgar Square. The1 banner of traditionalism of a mil lennium, the primacy of the spirit, the rule the revolution of soldiers was pre immortality of the soul, the banner of ceded by the revolution of poets and the nation, of the eternity of a nation creators of spiritual values. was raised by the generation of the sixties and the seventies, was carried The ideological, spiritual, moral and by sons and daughters not only of in political revolution is a precondition of mates of prisons and concentration armed revolution. The creativity of the camps, but also' of average workers, young generation has a clear national collective fanners and even technor political aim: the national state. crats.

This is the greatest blow suffered by The so-called samvydav (self-publi the Communist ideology and system of cation) from the subjugated countries, life, the Russian system of occupation, widely known in the world, is proof of in recent decades. This is all the more this. The Ukrainian Herald, an uncen- so, since the realization of one's own sored publication of the Ukrainian pat national quality, of one:'s own inherent riots, besides political statements and substance, of one's own values of tra documentation, also carries literary- ditional spirituality, culture, lawfulness, works while the Chronicle of Current society and statehood of the past, the Events limits itself only to* an informa reawakening of national self-respect, the tive content. The Exodus, dealing with discovery of one's own millennial tra Jewish affairs, and otheT periodical and dition of statehood, the treasures of one's own land not only of the present non-periodical publications outside cen but also' the richness of all-round state- sorship published in Estonia, Lithuania, political, cultural and sociopolitical Armenia, Georgia, Turkestan and Lat creativity of the past. This is the final via reveal a similar purpose as that of ideological victory over the enemy's the Ukrainian Herald and the creativi system of ideas. ty in Ukraine in general uncontrolled by censorship. For this reason, it will be impossible to crush the national aspirations. As a (To be continued)

7 It is true that we have made a long third world first of all) and their deter way since the times when, in 1961, at mination ha use Western cooperation the Second Conference on the Political in order to> solve if they can their crisis Warfare of the Soviet-Russians (orga without modifying their economic prio» nized in Rome, by Mme S. LABIN and rities and without reducing their arma former minister of Italy I. M. LOM ment and war industry budget. (For ex BARDO), one of the main reporters ample, a few days ago the Western could call for a thorough limitation on world was informed of the acquisition the beginning West-East trade because by the USSR of a MLRV force: while of its dangers... without being accus the US-USSR trade agreements and the ed of menial defficiency. Since then French-Soviet long term cooperation the USSR, despite the incident of agreement provide the Soviet economy Prague in 1968, has succeeded in im with goods, industrial equipment, ca posing a new image of itself: . .. pital, and technical support.) "Friendly and Businesslike". During At the same time, in Vienna or Hel the same time KHRUSHCHEV... sinki Moscow brandishes a new formu KOSYGIN . . . KIRILLIN .. . MIKO- la: "Don't make war, make trade", but YAN . . . GVICHIANI... and BREZH the "walls" and the "curtains" do re NEV have showed to the world a new main (while some young West Ger Soviet mask: of the "Commercial State mans were speaking at the intematio- traveller", a man half-serious and half nal meeting in East Berlin on the theme h o ax er... "Free Flow of Ideas" two families were Since 1972 BREZHNEV has multi crossing the Berlin wall and risking plied his proposals for a cooperative their life. And the Soviet-Russian re coexistence because of the anticipated presentatives regularly repeat that a political profits, but also undoubtedly free flow of ideas and goods does not because of the economic failure of the mean a free flow of all ideas... They Soviet system and of the COMECON. think of coexistence of two distinct and The French political review L' Express separate worlds, as in the times of LE (No1 1146) gives us some particularly NIN ("In this world today, there are revealing figures on the dead end of two worlds", V. I. Lenin). the Soviet economy, figures coming, by While nobody in the high political the way, from the well-informed review circles really believes the Soviet decla Politika. The economic backwardness, rations, many Western newspapers like according these figures, is obvious to underline that MOSCOW provides not only in the com or wheat produc us with "real proofs" of its good will tion, and in the agricultural field, but and that all the conflicts in which Rus more and more in the very important sia was, directly or indirectly, taking fields of the modem industrial eguip- part, (Biafra, Yemen, Vietnam, Bangia- ment and in all the fields of what we Desh, Laos.. .) belong to the past; that call "know-how", that is to say: Ma the espionage within the Western states nagement, Merchandising, Marketing, is disappearing (the expulsion of the and the Computer Industry- 105 diplomats from Great Britain is al Also very obvious is the1 lack of ca ready forgotten) . •. pital for long or medium term invest Revealing of the new tendency was ments. As the representatives of the the fact that the M ilitary Attache of the Captive Nations' vital interests, we Soviet Embassy in Paris was caught have to make clear, and to underline, while trying toi steal a laser device at the the Soviet-Russian determination to1 aeronautical exhibition at the Bourget take advantage of and to make a pro Airport... Of course the industrial spy fit on Western capital (which should ing is psychologically more reassuring go> to the developing countries of the for the public opinion, than is espionage

9 in the political, military, or atomic have to pay for the devilish games be fields. tween the simple-minded of the modem Despite all the endeavours of the diplomacy" . .. Eastern bloc, the realizations appear Especially we remember "Ukraine more as propaganda achievements than Plea for Help", an appeal from the U- as a real progress. Of course in, five krainian resistance movement, publish years the volume of the East-West ed in The Daily Telegraph, August 16, trade remains 2 or 4% of the total for 1973. (Full text reprinted in ABN Cor eign trade of each of the Western coun respondence NO' 5, 1973, pp. )Editor) tries even when these countries do But despite all these voices, the compete in order to become the privi Western countries are engaged in com leged partner of the East and even petition and rivalry, and they all want when they offer long term loans in or to be the most favoured ..., to be the der to go beyond the old barter rela first on the way to1 "detente". Thus, on tions. the 10th of July, Mr. V. GISCARD Mr. Raymond ARON reported re a'ESTAING signed in Moscow an agree cently in the French newspaper Le ment on economic and industrial co Figaro (July 25) that the USSR prefers operation, and on the 26th of July, M- to have bilateral relations and looks JOBERT and M. KIRILLIN, signed to with suspicion at any attempt at a mul gether the program for the "deepening" tilateralization of the commercial rela of cooperation between the USSR and tions. He recalls that in general the ex France in the fields of Science and ports to the USSR are made at lower Technology. Meanwhile, Mr. Edgar prices than the international trade FAURE, following a two-hour-long talk prices which are applied to the trade with BREZHNEV, expressed his faith with developing countries. Mr. ARON in Mr. BREZHNEV'S good will and de expresses his doubts and fears that the clared that "to think of the danger of developments of the US diplomacy the Russian tanks breaking over Eu could favour the evolution toward a rope was ridiculous".. . Mr. FAURE Soviet protectorate in Western Europe. and Mr. PISAR should not forget that Samuel PISAR who- had analyzed in despite his peaceful proposals BREZH his book "The Weapons of Peace“ the NEV goes on with the strengthening prospects of East-West trade and who of the USSR military forces in Europe is considered as the supporter of the (more than threei fourth of which are US policy in this field, sees this trade on the European side, and only a quar as a solution and as a remedy to the po ter on the Asian and Chinese borders) litical problems, and believes in what and in the Mediterranean. To the 5000 he declared to the French economist R. tanks that were in Central Europe in PRIOURET: "when the goods begin to 1972, another 1500 tanks have been flow, the ideas flow too. This process added in 1973. There is a significant is inavoidable". Mr. PISAR who is a increase in quantity, and moderniza Polish Jew, and a refugee, should re tion of the Artillery and the Air Force member that the economy of the Hitle (with a 50% renovation of the tactical rite state has definitely proved the con aircraft). The naval forces have rea trary. And if we listen to the inner ched, the level of 231 battleships and voices of the USSR, — V. MAXIMOV 350 submarines (of which 40 are mis (expelled from the Union of Soviet sile launching) as we are told by Paris- Writers) writes in an open letter to the MATCH review of August 11th. And Nobel Prize recipient H. BOLL, that the according to Jane's Fighting Ships (Ju inner opposition to' the Russians will be ly 25, 1973) the Soviet Navy has two the loser in the East-West negotiations: new atomic submarines, one "miracle" "God only knows, bow much we shall cmiser of 10,000 tons, "Kara", and the

10 45,000 tons aircraft-carrier "Kiev", pulsion of Mr. MZHAVANADZE (Geor "which gives a new dimension to the gia)), and Mr. SHELEST (Ukraine), to Soviet naval power" adds the above- gether with the growing importance of mentioned book. the KGB men, the Russians: ANDRO Thus, Moscow looks for new econo POV and SHELEPIN. mic and financial means wherever it We have to say and to repeat to the can find them, that is to say in the Western governments that their East Western world. But 40°/o of the real ern policy -— is a policy of trade at Soviet budget, refloated this way, are any price, at any cost: devoted to insuring the predominance of the Russian military forces. ■ The Western taxpayers are paying for Some politicians would say that the long term loans and the low prices, there is no immediate danger, because and for a trade which benefits, and China will be the first target. Others will for many years benefit essential would say that such a power is only ly the Russian aggressors. meant to be used at the given time as a * This policy dangerously delays the de counterpart in the negotiations for the velopment of the Third World. mutual balanced forces r.educlion ■ This policy involves a certain support (MBFR) in Europe. But we know that for the USSR against CHINA.... and, such a reduction could not seriously as the experienced French General endanger the Soviet military superior BEAUFRE says (Le Figaro. August 21): rity in this area. (For instance, this is "leads to a political neutralization of why President POMPIDOU refused to the US, and gives a predominance to have this matter discussed at Helsinki Russia in European Affairs". ... ). Probably one will talk about this ■ Anyway this policy makes more and subject in November, at Vienna, but more difficult the construction of a nobody could believe that it may lead politically united Europe. to the withdrawal of the Russian forces from Hungary, Czechoslovakia, nor * It appears clearly that this policy will even from East Germany. not bring a progressive liberalization The detente as it is seen by the Eu in Eastern Europe and in the nations ropean and US governments, has a subjugated in the USSR, but on the counterpart which is: 1) an increase contrary that each step forward, to of the military force of the Russian Em ward outside detente, is followed in pire; 2) the strengthening of the pres the inner policy of the Socialist Bloc, sure upon the intelligentsia and the in by two steps backward. ner opposition, and revolutionary na ■ This policy "at any price" is deve tional liberation movements of the sub loped at the expense of the Captive jugated nations in the entire USSR. Nations; it means a denial of the right Thus, while in international relations to Liberty, Justice and National In 1972/73 was the period of Helsinki, and dependence for the 250 million people of BREZHNEV'S trips around the world, of 19 subjugated colonized nations, a "good time" for detente — in the So and same for the 120 millions of ge viet Union it was the worst period for nuine Russians. the intelligentsia and especially for the non-Russian nations. In GEORGIA, in Up to now, we have already had the UKRAINE, in AZERBAIJAN, economic iniquitous "Article 2" of the UN Char deficiencies were the pretext for the ter which gave Moscow free hands and strong national repressions, for the no unmatched power to oppress its 14 non- mination of "stronger" men coming Russian colonies. from KGB ranks. At the POLITBURO Since the 1968 PRAGUE Affair, Mos the Russification goes on with the ex cow's imperial "rights" over the So

il cialist Bloc were less and less seriously Ukrainian underground appeal for sup challenged by the Western powers. But port against Russian oppression: the new trends of cooperation, which lead thei West to Helsinki and Vienna, "Detente without democratization, almost grant a diplomatic recognition detente for which the West should of this special super-right. accept in fact our rules of the This is a way toward a definite aban game, would be a dangerous de donment of all moral values of the ci tente. It would not settle any of vilized world, in order to obtain the the international problems and possibility of trade with the Socialist would only mean a capitulation in Bloc. the face of our strength: be it real The Western world is going to feed or overrated. " the jailer and the murderer, and sup "The government of the United port its attempt to repress more and States and other capitalist coun more our unfortunate peoples. But we tries share responsibility tor the have to- repeat and to recall to the West increased terror against us and the that this game, too, may be dangerous new wave: of Stalinism in the U- and that what today is our jail may kraine and other Soviet republics, tomorrow be the grave of Europe. May because they are doing deals- with I, to- end my report, quote the words Moscow without demanding that of the Russian scientist Andrei SA the Soviet government observe na KHAROV about the present state; of tional and human rights." (The detente, and especially those from the Daily Telegraph, August 16, 1973).

Messages to the ABN Conference Dear Mr. Stetsko, I very much appreciate receiving the invitation to speak at the ABN Conference on the 25th and 26th of August but other engagements prevent me from doing so, unfortunately. I would very much like to have been able to be present but it is just not possible. As I am in full agreement with the action being token to bring to the notice of the free world the fact that there are so many innocent persons who find them selves today in Russian prisons and concentration camps because they dared to believe that they could speak freely, but in no way seditiously, which is of the essence of the UN Charter and indeed, of the Soviet Constitution, I would like to have been able to add my views to your cause. With all good wishes for a successful Conference and again expressing my regret at being unable to accept the invitation which you extended to me, I am Yours sincerely, The Rt. Hon. John G. Diefenbaker, P. C., Q. C., M. P.

~ k

Dear Mr. Chopiwskyj, I sincerely regret my inability to serve as your keynote speaker as the ABN marks its 30th anniversary in London, England. I hope I can prevail upon you to convey to the Honorable Yaroslav Stetsko my best wishes for a successful conference. Sincerely Barry Goldwater

12 Ole Bjorn Kraft Elected Honorary President of EFC Mr. President, This is the first time in the post-World War II period that an organi zation has been founded — jointly initiated by representatives of the free and subjugated nations — in which the principle of equal rights is binding and where the interests of free nations and the nations oppressed in the Russian prison of nations are joined into one. Without the liberation of the subjugated nations and the reestablish ment of their independent states there is no security and lasting peace in the free part of Europe and the world. You, Mr. President, are one of the champions of equality of rights for nations and their liberation from the Russian colonial yoke and Com munist slavery. As the first president of the European Freedom Council, you have headed and united the free and the enslaved in a harmonious action and struggle in defence of freedom and in efforts to extend it to where it is trampled underfoot by tyrants and colonialist aggressors. At one time you stood up courageously against the Nazi tyranny, defending the rights of your nation, having suffered severe Nazi persecus- sion as a result. But as champion of truth and justice, you, as perhaps the first Western statesman, had the courage to extend a hand in friend ship to us and to rise in defence of German anti-Nazi and anti-Communist patriots, unjustly accused by the Russians and their fellow-travellers. The love of truth is your way of life. This love for truth and your desire to see it triumph also in the world held captive by the Russian tyrants has motivated you to join ranks with us in the struggle for its realization.

Honorary President of EFC Ole Bjorn Kraft (left) accepting a citation from ABN President Yaroslav Stetsko (right) during the ABN/EFC Conference, London, August 25, 1973.

13 In your homeland you have reached the heights of great reponsibility for its destiny, as well as in such European institutions as NATO and others. You are one of the few Europeans who think in terms of Europe as a whole, both enslaved and free, being aware of the fact that the re mainder of the still free Europe is doomed to conquest by the tyrants, if the free nations fail to support the struggle of the subjugated nations for their liberation. You will enter history as the symbol of unity of the whole of Europe, of the free and subjugated nations. But, Mr. President, your political horizon extended to the entire free dom-loving world. You were a spokesman of the free and oppressed nations also on the world forum — WACL. You favoured liberation from the Com munist and Russian yoke of all nations of the world. And I am obliged to communicate to you the gratitude not only of Estonia, but of distant Turkestan, not only of Bulgaria but also of Georgia, not only of Croatia but also of North Caucasus, not only of Slovakia but also of Azerbaijan, of all the subjugated nations — Czechia, East Germany, Hungary, Ruma nia, Latvia, Lithuania, Armenia as well as of my native Ukraine. Minister Oberlander, as a living witness of your fearlessness when it is necessary to stand up for the truth, will speak on behalf of the free nations of Europe. Your name is widely known among the peoples of our subjugated homelands and is living proof of the spirit of Europe's times of grandeur, which in its free part is still alive. For us you personify the spirit of the Occident with its heroism and dedication. Even your presence here is proof of your great generosity, since in spite of a difficult family situation you still agreed to preside over and speak at our conference. We have great respect for your wife, who although seriously ill, insisted that you be among us today, and for this we are eternally grateful. It will remain in our memory as an example of the grandeur of the human soul and as a moral support for those who fight and suffer. Although we are bidding you farewell today, your deeds and the spirit you breathed in to our oragnization will remain. The truly great are always present among their fellow comrades-in-arms. You will be remembered not only in the history of your heroic Da nish nation, but that of our peoples as well, as a champion of the struggle for their freedom and independence. The ABN Conference has elected you today by a vote of acclamation the Honorary Member of the ABN Executive Board and requests that you accept this humble token of respect. At the same time I believe that I shall be the spokesman for the general will in proposing to elect you Honorary President of the European Freedom Council.

14 Col. Yuriy Tys-Krochmaliuk (Ukraine) The Threat of War?

The liberation of nations from Rus clearly stated that the year 1973 is sian imperialism is a very complex "the year of Europe". problem, no less complicated than the Propagandists articles alleging that international situation itself. For ex the "cold war" has come to an end do ample, Western willingness h> co not depict reality. From Moscow it was operate both with the USSR and announced that talks with capitalist Red China is an outward expression of states are only directed toward the the necessity to delay the outbreak of economic sphere and in no instances a, world war. This, after all, was clear touch upon political and ideological is ly stated by President Nixon upon his sues. But in the case of economy, too, return from his trip to Moscow. events do1 not correspond to- reality. So A tendency prevails to pass over the far Germany records only a 2n/o in existing danger in silence. This can be crease in its exports. American sales noticed from the daily press which amount to about 1 billion dollars, which keeps silent about many facts which has no economic significance at all- are reported in more specialized perio The capitalists will not let themselves dicals. be deceived by Soviet cunning: Ameri For instance, after his recent visit to ca has much to' sell to the USSR but Washington, West German Chancellor the situation is not reciprocal since so Willy Brandt declared that his meet far raw materials satisfy production ings with Nixon could not be released needs and Soviet products do not mea for publication. Besides this, he admit sure up to the quality and standards of ted that Russia's Communist satellites the West. are heavily arming themselves. One of the prominent US authorities stated The prospects of natural gas in Si that the fate of Europe actually is the beria do not create much enthusiasm. fate of the USA, although in the mean The USSR does not w ant to' supply any time much is being said about differ concrete data on the quantity and qua ences of opinion between the USA and lity of natural gas under the ever frozen Europe. terrain, while Western exports and ca Cooperation between the West and pitalists have no intention of investing the USSR in the sphere of economics funds in uncertain schemes. and the conferences on European secu At the same time, infiltration by rity allegedly point to a new Yalta, Communism is on the increase, and when the opposite is true: the global arms production has been accelerated infiltration of Russian imperialism is and increased. In the satellite states growing steadily, and with it, a threat garrisons of Russian troops have been of a conflict, i. e. of W orld W ar III. reinforced and stockpiles of the most This conflict is brewing in the Persian modem weaponry have been increased. Gulf area as well as in Europe, which The same is true of the USSR's West the USSR has every intention of "Fin- ern borders. I cannot cite statistics and landizing", i. e. conquering without an figures for this is a matter of seconda armed conflict. The direction taken by ry importance as far as the subject un Soviet Russian expansion has forced der discussion is concerned. But from the USA to end the war in Vietnam at the general picture of military efforts all costs, to conceal its feailure in the and movements of Soviet armed forces, Far East and to focus its full attention a strategic plan against Europe can be on the aforementioned regions. Nixon ascertained:

15 1) To encircle Europe from the tains much more numerous troops in the North, drawing Scandinavia into its satellite states and along its Western orbit, isolating Scandinavia and Mid- borders. Moreover, it is ready to use Eastern Europe from the Atlantic O- nuclear arms at any time. Besides, Eu cean by its navy and submarines, i. e. rope has been undermined by Commu from the USA. nism and weakened by the psychologi 2) To surround Europe from the cal war with symptoms of indifference, South along the Mediterranean Sea, in anti-militarism and a readiness to. capi filtrating Greece, drawing Yugoslavia tulate to the enemy. into its military system (most likely af It might appear on the surface that, ter Tito's death), cutting Europe off there are no traces of a pending storm. from oil deliveries, of which this con Coexistence, with its naive hopes, con tinent imports almost 100°/o from the tinues to grow, but the chief of the Middle East. armed forces of the USSR declared in The situation in the Far East is no May this year that a threat of a large- less complicated. The Japanese general scale war does exist and urged that staff has. worked out a strategy in case precautions be made for it. But suffice of war. This can be expected from two it to' mention that Moscow has station powers, the USSR and Red China, which ed 75% of its troops in Ukraine and have an appetite for almost defense the1 Baltic states, keeping the rest along less Japan. the Chinese border. According to the opinion of experts, From competent press sourcess and in the present state Japan could not Soviet publications it becomes appa withstand an invasion of conventional rent that Moscow intends "to put in Soviet armies for long. In case of con order" the political state of affairs in flict with Red China, Japan would be Europe in the direction of domination helpless in the face of mass Chinese of Soviet Russian policies until the si infiltration and psychological warfare. tuation has been reached where Eu rope will become a domestic affair of The American umbrella over Europe the USSR, at the same time fully iso and Japan can be of significance to^ lating itself from the USA. day, but what would happen in the In the Middle East the situation is event of an armed conflict? Neither unclear. The Israeli-Arab question West European states, nor the Japa seems to- be losing actuality for the nese can be 100% sure of America's time being, in view of the consolida joining the war — this time a nuclear tion of Soviet influence among oil-pro one — and even many experts feel ducing states. After the withdrawal of that the USA will not risk nuclear aid the British from the Persian Gulf area, a in order to have Soviet atomic bombs quiet struggle is being waged between appear in the span of several hours the USSR and the USA for influence in over American cities with millions of the oil regions. Recently thei situation inhabitants. has become more tense due to the ap Let us take a brief look at the diffi pearance of guerrillas, who. attempt, to culties faced by the West, and then at ignite "national liberation wars" and those of Russian imperialism. the resistance of America's allies. Both The situation in Europe and its future sides have adequate supplies of wea depend on its military might, i. e. on pons and enough military advisers, and the strength of NATO. This subject has as of late new guerrillas, have appear been and is discussed so broadly that ed who' are under Maoist influence. it is needless to pause over it. NATO The Soviet propaganda in the West is weak in comparison with its aggres leasures that should "peoples demo sive Eastern neighbour. The USSR main cratic" republics be created in the vac

16 uum left by the withdrawal of the Bri by a small group of leaders. Hence, a tish there will not, be any changes any sort of a nucleus must be created and way: the USSR will deliver oil to Eu this is essential for the success of the rope, Japan and the USA, since it must revolution. Members of the nucleus are sell it. W hat has, not been said is that to have their seat in forests and guer half of thei oil reserves on our planet rilla centres. put in Russia's hands, would mean the This theory did not justify itself but free world's total dependence upon we shall cover this matter later on. The Russian imperialism. problem still remains, however, that In South America, or more precisely the population growth in Latin Ameri in Latin America, there is a chronic ca will produce unemployment and a state of unrest and in parts, chaos. This still lower standard of living and, if go is exploited by Communism by orga vernment factors, or national or inter nizing psychological war, guerrilla ac national capital do, not provide for the tivities and disturbances. The back expansion of industry, a powerful so ground of this state of affairs is an cial revolution must be expected in a enormous economic difference between dozen or so years. With this end in the oligarchy, which is isolated and few mind, the USSR is preparing appropri in numbers, and the masses of the, po ate attitudes and a psychological foun pulation. This population, particular dation, at a time when the West does ly the rural population, has no political absolutely nothing. Moscow is counting interests, does not understand them, on a Communist revolution and with and for this reason finds Communist it on a total encirclement of the USA doctrines incomprehensible and remote. and the liquidation of the centre of the This situation forced Moscow to capitalist system. transfer its propaganda to the students, even the sons of the oligarchy, to1 army officers, officials and intelligentsia in general. This was a new phenomenon, For the last several years the USA since Lenin's doctrine rested on the has been undermined by Communist a- working class, Mao counted on the ru gents. To' this point not only the racial ral population, while in Latin America disturbances, organized systematically it was necessary to work out new tac and meticulously but also gross acts of tics. The test with Cuba was successful sabotage, attempted bombings, arson, because Castro was backed by the kidnappings, etc. — all coordinated not young intelligentsia because of his per only in various cities of the USA but sonality and managed to win over a also' in Europe and other continents. section of the population horribly ex The late FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover ploited by the government and the dic warned some years ago against "for tator, while the army consisted of mer eign influence" and compiled a report cenaries who were not very enthusiastic on urban guerrilla warfare in the USA. about dying in battle with insurgents. Active in this field were not only Having seized power, Castro was Negro' organizations, in particular the forced to extend Communist revolu Black Panthers but also White, the tions to other states because he rea Weathermen and a student organiza lized that he could not hold out by tion, the "Student Democratic Union". himself in tiny Cuba. Castro, Che Gue All of them carried out directives aim vara and other leaders of thei Com ed against the "establishment". munist revolution accepted the theory Recently, during the US Senate hear of the French theoretician of revolu ings on the Watergate Affair it was rer tion, Debrey, who, argued that the Latin vealed that many secret documents American revolution must be prepared were taken out of the White House

17 and were passed along to North Viet dignantly rejected this proposition say nam, or into the enemy's hands. And ing: we are no thieves! thus the enemy knew immediately a- This- was a total blow to- the' Red expe bout secret meetings concerning the rimenters. Also- the tactic of cooperation termination of the bombing of North with the workers- proved to- be a fai Vietnam or its resumption. Secret do lure-: the workers- were not interested cuments, too, dealing with the Vietnam in revolution but in labour unions. war, which disappeared from the Pen tagon, mysteriously found their way to Government troops- developed a spe the Soviet Embassy. Also secret delibe cial tactic: to discover by the use of rations and decisions on the limitation helicopters, the- place where the guer of .offensive arms, prepared for use du rillas were hiding, to- surround them ring negotiations with Brezhnev, got and wait. Without engaging in success beyond authorized personnel. ful battles-, the guerrillas had no- am All this points to the fact that eco munition, used outdated weapons- and nomic affairs are one thing and infiltra even if they wanted to- fight their way tion and cold war are something else out, they could not hold out against sol again. diers- with m odem weapons. Hiding in unpopulated forests-, they soon began to suffer from hunger and were forced In this connection it is generally to surrender without a fight. known that many states train military Urban guerrilla warfare became the units for special assignments, i. e. they next tactic. It was possible- to score train them for guerrilla warfare and for some successes. Steps were taken in co-mbatling guerrilla detachments and two directions: in underdeveloped counteracting psychological aggres countries, i. e. in several states of La sion. tin America and in those- with highly Red China generally counts only on developed industry (USA) or small its own guerrillas as a bulwark against countries with a densely populated ca armed aggression of the USSR. Latin pital (Uruguay). America, too, trains its troops in anti- Members of armed groups- were- pre guerrilla tactics. With respect to that dominantly students, doctors, lawyers, continent, it has been and is a training sons- of millionaires, generally the edu ground for the study of guerrilla tac cated element, brainwashed by propa tics adopted to' the present technologi ganda. At the beginning neither wea cal level of military events. pons nor supplies were lacking, for The experience of numerous Red money was, supplied by the guerrillas bands in Latin American countries re themselves, or came from Moscow via vealed that it is impossible to count Cuba. There began acts of sabotage, on the support of the population which arson, attacks on m ilitary stations-, is mostly illiterate and exists on a very- armed clashes with police in city low intellectual level. The defeat; of streets, kidnappings of prominent indi Che Guevara •— as it follows from, his viduals for ransom, burning or destroy diary — consisted in the fact that his ing through bombing of large compa small detachment could not find sup nies, and so forth. Often, partisan porters of the Communist movement, groups- were led by officers from go although from the start it was forced vernment Iroo-ps, who received their to- masquerade as a national and social guerrilla war training in the USA; movement. When his partisans agitated there were also- officers and soldiers. among the population to- divide large Students' participated in the actions on estates and livestock (cows- and horses) Saturday and Sunday, attending uni among themselves, the- population in versity classes- on week days.

18 Suzanne Labin (France) Conferences to Bury Free Europe

In December 1922, the Bolsheviks Thieu was called an oppressor and an decided to rebaptize the Russian Em American puppet, while the Communist pire into' the Union of Soviet Socialist puppets and butchers were called Republics. In fact, for fifty years there emancipators. has been no Union, but a bloody terror The Communist cheat is not smaller against the peoples; no Socialism, but in Europe. During the Summit Confer a totalitarian dictatorship; no Soviets, ence held in Paris in 1972, the floods but an omnipotent secret police; and of misleading words were as intense as no Republics, the national republics, those covering the sell-out of Vietnam; which had believed in Lenin's promise their purpose being the sell-out of Eu of independence, having been crushed rope. It was said that Europe had to by Lenin's soldiers. build an autonomous civilization and Thus, in December 1922, the Bolshe an independent personality. This seems viks crowned their method of using very nice. But in practice these slogans words to designate the exact opposite are spread to split Free Europe from of what they meant, a method which Free America- In fact, all the values they had already illustrated by calling of the European civilization are identi the mere coup of October 1917, " revo cal to those of the American civiliza lution". I often wondered whether tion: human dignity, respect for the the systematic hiding of the Com law, social progress, freedom of con munists behind fake labels meant science. Speaking of a European auto for them a, weakness or a strength- nomy in this field is only a hypocriti Morally, it is a. weakness, because cal way of implying that America em it reveals their bad. conscience. But, bodies some inferior kind of society, strategically, it is rewarding be which is a, gross distortion spread in cause the Western world, unused in Europe: to stir up anti-American feel the absolute lie, is constantly mystified ings, which is the best trump card of by the Communist deceit. Communism. The most cynical and tragic example -The independent personality of Eu of the use of false labels had occurred rope is also- a hypocritical way of say in Vietnam. It was obvious that the ing that Europe should not be at Ame Communist forces from Hanoi had as rica's side in the face of Communism, sailed a free and peaceful country to but must, build instead a so-called subjugate it. This was especially bla "third force" between both camps, tant since the invasion of the South by which is pure desertion of a European Ihe regular army of the North. Yet, defence. The Communist menace is of those invaders were called liberators, such a size that we hardly have enough while the Americans who defended the of the unified forces of Europe and A- country against its aggressors were merica to> face it. What would the Eu called invaders. It was obvious that the ropeans have said, when confronted by Vietnamese people, by fleeing in mass the Nazi aggressors, if Washington had from the regions occupied by the Reds, told them; "My friends, you are too to1 seek protection in those governed by systematically opposed to the Nazis; I President Thieu, had hated Communism shall keep aloof from you and build a and considered Thieu's administration third force between freedom and ty as the legitimate one. Yet, President ranny" .

19 Bui no third force can exist between of the twelve divisions of the ferocious- freedom and tyranny, just as- between Nixon; while, obviously, the- twelve di life and death. visions- of the gentle Nixon are there- only because of the three hundred di The third force slogan lends to hide visions of the ferocious Brezhnev. the reality of the Communist danger, and thus dissolve the solidarity of the Moscow can also count on the- new Europeans and the Americans before a isolationists in America who are now common enemy. Here, the Kremlin a- on the- left, and who- work hard t.o- do-pts the old strategy of the wolf which make- the American people disgusted, tries to convince Little Red Riding Hood with the heavy financial load of main that there- is no wolf to- eat her. taining troops in Europe, while their For the time being between the leftist counterparts in Europe work Russian wolf and our villages, there hard to- make the Europeans disgusted is still an enormous obstacle em with the- American shield. bodied in the American troops. Since- But offering our flesh to the Com the end of the last World War, the munist dagger is still not enough. Com Kremlin's obsession has been to- obtain munism requests- that we open o-ur the withdrawal of these troops, which purse to- it. That is the purpose of the would leave Europe at the Sovie-t-Rus- Helsinki Conference- about "Security sian mercy. But the- Kremlin is too weak and Cooperation in Europe". Again, to- break this American fortress by an nice- names- to- hide ugly facts. By “co open attack. So- it resorts to its old operation" you have- to- understand that method of cheating to fool its future resources, food, talents, money and Prey. technology of wealthy Europe will, Another conference is organizing — hereafter, fertilize the impotent and so its title says -—- "the simultaneous moribund economy of the Communist and balanced reduction of armed forces regimes. Without the- slightest recipro in Europe". This sounds like a treaty city in favour o-f the free world to give of fair play. But, don't forget the usual some meaning to- the "co" prefix, in the misuse of words by the Communists. word "cooperation". Presently, the Soviet forces are six As a matter of fact, for fifty years times- s-tro-nge-r than thei European ones. the So-vie-t-Russians have never ceased The Kremlin pretends- that there- will to- pump into- their miserable economy, be a balance if their forces redeploy be- it by the good will of blind capita behind a, paper line of 400 miles from lists, be it by the- direct plundering of the heart of Europe, while all the Ame the Captive- Nations, goods, machinery rican forces will cross the Atlantic O- and technological services worth bil cean to- return to- their homes, 4,000 lions of dollars- without which the Com miles from our shores. What the So- munist system wo-uld have collapsed a vie-t-Russ-ians understand by their long time ago- in a shameful failure. "peace offensive" is that the towns- of The collusion between the- incapable- Europe become wide open to- the crush Communists and the unconscious capi ing superiority of their ground troops. talists- is age old. The only novelty is- But that day, believe me, not one- Prime that from no-w on, this permanent re Minister in Europe would take a deci scue of the executioner by its victims sion without looking over his shoulder will be called cooperation. In other to- see whether it pleases Moscow. wo-rds-, the lean Russian bear has led Alas, that sinister farce finds a lot of the fat European sheep to fill his lair, advocates in our ranks. They explain and in addition, to bless this lair. This that the- three hundred divisions- of the is indeed the- true- meaning of the other gentle Brezhnev are there only because- panel of that conference, the one- call

20 ed "security". This concretely means We now see in their true light the that Europe, which is the threatened Kremlin's aims in the European theatre. area, shall guarantee the security of They can be summarized as follows: the USSR, which is the threatening power. How? By consecrating solemly 1) The irrevocable acceptance: by the the borders which Soviet Russia has West of the Soviet-Russian hegemony conquered by blood and deceit, and by in Eastern Europe too. recognizing openly the; legitimacy of 2) The destruction of the American the dictatorships which have never shield in Europe and the general break been legitimated by the consent of the ing of relations between Europe and conquered peoples, and by admitting America- that in all the extent of these territo ries, whatever the aspirations of the 3) The channelling to the Communist peoples living there may be, the lords lands of the advanced economy and of thei Kremlin have the right to, im technology of the West. pose their inhuman order by tanks and 4) The sabotage of the European lies. Common Market in order to prevent Finally, the security of those makers the economic and military strengthen of world insecurity shall be guaranteed ing of a unified Europe. by denying to' all the peoples enslaved behind the Iron Curtain — in the sa 5) The institutionalization of the dis- tellite states, and in the Soviet Union — symetry which opens our media of the right of self-determination and na communications to Communist propa tional independence. A right, mind you, ganda, and closes the Communist uni which is proclaimed supreme in the verse toi the ideas of freedom. United Nations Charter. To sum up, the security plans of Hel For the democrats, a genuine Euro sinki mean death of a unified free Eu pean security should guarantee the free rope. movement of people, ideas and infor mation across all frontiers. The Soviet That Europe can accept such aims is newspaper Pravda has labelled such a mark of abdication, the parallel of a humanitarian claim as an "intrigue which is unknown in history. Consec to poison the atmosphere of the Confe rating the totalitarian power of the rence and an attempt to interfere in Communist lords in the area of their the internal affairs of the Socialist colonialism, implies not only betrayal countries".. So' the Europeans will not of all political principles, but also the be authorized to> spread their ideas, be cruel insensibility to. the blood, sweat hind the Iron Curtain. The director of and tears shed by the subjugated peo the Soviet news agency TASS made ples,. For under the Communist yoke, a clear statement to this end: "We are there are tens of millions of our bre- by no. means going to interpret ihe theren — who. should be the bretheren peaceful coexistence principle as a of all free men — who suffer every loophole for the infiltration of hostile day from physical and moral terror, propaganda and for ideological subver from an economy of starvation, from a sion of our country". But the Soviet- black censorship, from religious; perse Russians will go on spreading their cution, from national oppression. When hostile propaganda and subversive war our civilized countries sprinkle on that, fare in our European countries. Conse terror the blessed waters of their dip quently, by coexistence the Soviet- lomatic agreements, they will commit Russiansi understand that they exist the crime called in our civilized codes,; both in their home and in ours, while "Refusal of assistance to persons in we can hardly exist in ours. danger."

21 Our Best Allies it is for the West not to cultivate the anxiety of the Communist masters, a- Those who want to honour this duty bout this, volcano, never extinct on their of assistance to peoples under tyranny, inner front. must relay outside, in a loud voice, the mute but unflinching NIET that the So- I should like to, emphasize that we, viet-Russian masters never ceased I01 on whom many liberals try to cast dis read on the muzzled lips of their sub credit by calling us "systematic anti jects. Here lies the crucial truth, alas communists", ought to claim that label forgotten by the Western diplomats; with pride, for we bear it in excellent the faith in Communism exists only in company. Indeed the, most systematic the non-Communist countries, but anti-Communists of the world are the wherever Communism rules, it is hated peoples of the Communist countries,, by its people. and we may be proud of ourselves for having been wholeheartedly in tune Yet the most tragic feature in all with them. Yes, the free world owes those diplomatic games is that the West its survival today to the irreconcilable forgets the most significant element: hatred that the masses of Czechoslo that the East lives under a black ty vakia, Hungary, Poland, Ukraine, Chi ranny. This fact, as heavy as ten Hi na, Vietnam, have never ceased to show malayas, is completely silenced in all to their Communist rulers, be it by si the international conferences. While the lent refusal, be it by open revolt. It. is Communists in their speeches never they who will one day bring our deli forget to denounce the deficiencies of verance together with their own. capitalism, the Western leaders, in none of their speeches dare mention the crimes of Communism. And this at a That is why the final aims of our po time when those crimes are.swelling licy must be to destroy dictatorship in up to1 a Stalinist level, when the best Moscow and Peking. For as long as intellectuals are sent to lunatic asy Communist dictatorship stands, no man lums., when concentration camps are anywhere on earth will be able to face again filled with innocent victims, the future with confidence. And the when the oppressed nations within the best way for achieving his aim without Russian empire suffer from a major a World War is to have that dictator wave of terror- ship overthrown from within, by its re bellious subjects in the course of na When, oh when, will the Western tional liberation revolutions of the leaders stop descending the ladder of subjugated nations for the reestablish complacency towards, the Communist ment of their independent states and rulers? When, oh when, will they cease human rights. flattering the tyrants and begin to as sist the tyrannized? To back up these But this policy obliges us to help victims would be in agreement both with all our heart and might the re with a political morality and an intelli sistance of those captive peoples, be gent strategy, because the best bar cause they are altogether, the most ef gaining value of the democratic leaders, fective, the most valuable and the most lies in the revolt of the subjugated exposed allies of the free world. And peoples against their Communist mas their sublime sacrifice not only obliges ters. For one ally that these Commu us to denounce their tyrants, but also nist lords recruit at great cost, in our shows, us what can weld our union. It free world we have hundreds of friends is the fire that glows in the forge of all behind the Iron Curtain volunteering our civilizations, and the name of that to. defend our cause. What blindness fire is FREEDOM.

22 Donald A. Martin (Great Britain) Economic Realities and the Task Ahead

Impose a heavy progressive or graduated income tax, abolish all right of inheritance — through such things as death or probate duties, — centralize credit in the hands of the state — through such instruments as the Bank of Eng land or th e F ed eral R eserve B ank of the USA., — centralize the means of communication and transport in the hands of the state, through such instruments as the British Post Office and Tele communications Service, British Rail and Road Services. You may well ask why on earth start an address with such policy statements? We came here to hear about the evils and dangers ■ of Communism, not a party political speech which could well be explaining the policies of your own British Government or many other governments of the free world. I think many of us would agree that these are policies that we see being implemented throughout the free world. W hat we do not hear how ever is that the four policy statements that I made have in fact been ob tained almost word perfect, from Karl Marx's ten famous points for com- munizing a state, as set out in the Manifesto of the Communist Party. The reality of this situation cannot be denied —- it is all around us for us to see. It is these very policies together with others fostered by the Commu nists and their supporters and dupes in the free world, that are leading us on a course of destruction. What are the forces and policies — and where do these policies come from — that are driving us towards the Communist state in the free world, whilst at the same time we fail to come to the assistance of our greatest allies — the peoples subjugated by Russian imperialism and Communism. On Saturday the European Freedom Council adopted a resolution that all anti-Communist movements should cooperate to appoint a special committee to investigate the charge that Communism is, in fact, to use the words of Great Britain's wartime Prime Minister, Winston Churchill in 1920, part of a "world wide conspiracy", and that it was initially fi nanced by international finance groups in the West which have since

23 maintained the necessary financial support in order that, as Dr. Anthony C. Sutton, Fellow of the famous Hoover Institute on War, Peace and Re volution at Stanford University USA shows in his research, that Western technology and industry has been used to hold the Communist Russian Empire together and could, if necessary, be used to make the Communist Empire collapse from within. The European Freedom Council therefore adopted the suggestion that all the relevant evidence should be brought together in a comprehensive report, published by the anti-Communist movements, and then widely distributed as a major part of an international campaign to insist that non- Communist governments take every possible step to prevent any further economic assistance to the Communist Empire until such time as the Communist leaders, by their acts, show that they are prepared to release their captives. Whilst congratulating the members of the European Freedom Council for adopting such a resolution, we may find that it would be just as well to see if any of the evidence obtained also shows that organizations bene- fitting from the trade to help to hold the Communist Empire together, also benefit from the centralizing policies in the free world. At his stage someone says — what on earth is the point of this exer cise, the Communists are supposed to be against the monopoly groups in the free world. This — on the surface — appears to be the truth. But we must not forget the operation of Communist dialectics or semantics. The Communists are in favour of peace —■ but the only peace accept able to a Communist is peace under Communist dictatorship. Hardly the same as the Western Christian idea of peace. The other peace that Com munists are of course in favour of is a piece of Ukraine, a piece of Poland, a piece of Germany or a piece of any other country in the world. So it is with monopoly. The Communists are against what they call Capitalist monopoly, but if you call it State monopoly, they are in favour. i So we see that it is not the label but the reality behind the label that is important. At this stage we may find ourselves in agreement but once again we come back to the point, how do we achieve our objective of reversing these policies and obtaining the freedom and independence of the sub jugated nations. Speech after speech at the ABN and EFC conferences has been made, making the point that we don't seem to be getting much assistance from governments and we have rightly turned our appeal to the man in the street in the Western world, so that he in turn may influence people in influential positions and ultimately change government policy.

24 However, if our appeal is going to be effective, we must first face the reality that the only person who is going to assist in such a task — is a free man. Surely, you may say to me, you are not going to suggest that the people of Britain are not free people. But what do we mean by a free people? Do we mean freedom of thought and spirit? Yes, this is part of what is .required. But all the people of the subjugated nations have this freedom, it is this freedom that keeps them going in the struggle against the tyranny of godless Communism. It is true, that in the free world we have to a large extent also freedom of speech and action, that is denied to the subjugated peoples. But if we are going to have support from the people of the Western world, they must have the means to be able to exercise that freedom. All with the knowledge of the Communist takeover of Eastern Europe and the nations in the Soviet Union, know that one of the major instru ments for imposing Communist control and subjugation on the captive peoples, was economic policy. The sort of policy that constantly devalued money and destroyed the people's savings. It has often been observed that economic independence is the basis of real freedom of the individual. Individual freedom for the individual, en abling him to spiritualize it through self-development, is a basic feature of Christian doctrine. Unless able to exercise free will, and be personally responsible for the choices made, the individual cannot rise above the ani mal level. The Christian God is one of love whose abundant universe of fers the life more abundantly. But the life more abundant is only possible through the discovery of the truths governing natural laws and their cor rect application in the production o,r economic sphere. It is quite clear that we are not applying, or for that matter — in go vernment circles — not even looking for those truths that govern natural laws. It is for this .reason that we move from one economic and moral crisis to the next. The Communists merely explain this as the decadence of the West and further proof that we are incapable of solving our prob lems without having to rely on their trade anjd moving further along the road of Marxist economic policy. The further we in the West move along this road, relying more and more on governments to help us economically, the more we lose our freedom of action. If this process is allowed to continue unchecked, there will be no really free Western Christian men to appeal to for help. At the best we could say that we are at least some of the best informed people on the dangers and evils of Communism ever to be shunted into a concentration camp.

25 What therefore do we do to save ourselves and our captive nation allies? First we must face the realities that I have spoken about. The EFC has taken a bold step in the right direction. Armed with this sort of infor mation and the members of the ABN as living proof of the evils of Commu nism, we must do battle in the war of words, ideas and philosophies. If we are going to fight this war and win, there are other realities that we must face. Firstly, if this were a military war, we would have no difficulty in accepting discipline and the necessity to arm and train our selves. We must accept the hardest discipline of all — self-discipline. We must be prepared to set up training schools and seminars not only to understand fully the forces and policies — both political and economic — that we are against; but also to understand those things that we are for. If we do not understand clearly what we are for, then there is the greatest danger that we could become that which we are against. We must not only arm ourselves with knowledge and tactics, but more important we must train ourselves in the application of these tactics. We must learn lessons from our tactical successes and failures. As an army dedicated to the Christian ideals of truth and freedom, we must enrol the support of our friends and convert our enemies. We must get away from the easy task of telling one another how terrible everything is and get out amongs the community. This requires that every one of us should accept the personal responsibility to involve others outside our ranks. The road should be clear to all of us, but let us remember that it is hard, long and narrow. Let us be charitable to those who may fall by the wayside or into traps laid by our enemies. This requires the maximum of cooperation, and toleration combined with determination and dedication. It does not require organizational unity — but unity of purpose, for we are many armies on different roads which should ail be heading to the same destination of truth and freedom. As we conclude this final function of the ABN and EFC conferences let us dedicate ourselves to the task ahead. Let the following words by Edward Everitt Hale stir our hearts as the spirit necessary for victory: V "I am only one, but I am one; I cannot do everything But I can do something. And what I can do; And what I ought to do, By the Grace of God I will do."

26 Dr. B. Hayit (Turkestan)

The Struggle between the Nationalism of the Subjugated Nations and the Chauvinism of Russians in the Soviet Union

The: chauvinism of the Russians and ever, it can by no. means be compared the nationalism of the non-Russian peo to. the past West European nationalism ples are regarded as factors determin as far as its intentions are concerned. ing political, cultural and intellectual The West European nationalisms were life in the Soviet Union. Both tenden more or less founded on the state ma cies have their own distinct goals. Con chinery, often causing military and po sequently, the chauvinism of the Rus litical disputes in order to strengthen sians is directly opposed to- the nation the power of the nation concerned, alism of the non-Russians. whereas- the nationalism of the oppres The Russian chauvinism is one of the sed has always been a means of de oldest phenomena of Russian thought fence against foreign rule. Nationalism and political actions, within the Russian constituted a means for the' non-Rus empire. It involves the feeling implied sian peoples within the Soviet Union in exerting power over foreign peoples of cultivating their national conscious and an instinctive political tendency, ness and of fighting against Russian being elevated to an almost national chauvinism consistently. The peoples characteristic of the Russians, which suppressed by Russia were in the posi decisively influences the nature of the tion, through their nationalim, to pre Russian empire. The chauvinism of serve their national properties (e. g. Russia is responsible for the creation of geographic hemogeneousness, linguis the Russian empire in the old Tsarist tic peculiarities, religious life, cultural form and has also, contributed to a re and intellectual heritage connected shaping of the old Russian empire in with history) and to express their poli the Communist-Soviet form. The pre tical will- sent Russian empire would not exist As is well known, the Soviet Union without Russian national chauvinism. comprises various peoples having The nationalism of the subjugated diverse cultures, religions and other peoples came into existence after the characteristics. Russians who- are repre chauvinistic Russians, had tried to de sented as the moulders of the empire cisively influence the life of the peo and as a dominant nation were- in the- ples conquered and subjugated by Rus minority vis-a-vis the non-Russians in sia. The non-Russian peoples tried to 1920. According to- official Soviet Rus defend themselves against the: supre sian sources the Tsarist empire consist macy of Russian chauvinism by means ed of about 45 percent Russians and of 55 of nationalism. Nationalism in the So percent non-Russians. This population viet Union of today is just the collec structure has been transformed by the- tive term for the attempts of the sub effect exerted by Russian chauvinism jugated peoples to maintain their na and by the Soviet regime as such. After tional existence, and the expression of the census of January 1970 the USSR their national liberation movements. government announced that the popu This nationalism is practically identi lations: of the Soviet Union comprised cal, as far as. the term is concerned, 241,720,000 inhabitants, 129,015,000 with the West European nationalism thereof being Russians and 112,705,000 of the 19th and 20th centuries. How non-Russians:. It can be deduced that in

27 the course of about 50 years the Rus comprising 2,642,000 inhabitants who sian regime succeeded in transforming are known as nationally conscious op the population stucture of the Soviet ponents of Russian chauvinism in the Union in favour of the Russian popu past and at present. lation. At present, the Soviet Russian The Baltic peoples (Lithuanians empire, according to Soviet sources, 2,665,000, Latvians 1,430,000 and Esto comprises somewhat more than 50 per nians 1,007,000) having lost their na cent of Russians (ca. 53 percent) and tional independence as a result of So somewhat less than 50 percent of non- viet Russian aggression in 1940 also* Russians (ca. 47 percent). constitute one of the pillars of non- The non-Russian population of the Russian nationalism. Many states have Soviet Union being essentially the car not yet acknowledged (dejure) the an rier of nationalism and opposing Rus nexation of the Baltic states by the sian chauvinism, is striving to' secure Soviet Union. its growth in order to be able to- hold As regards opposition to the regime its ground against the Russians. Among and to Russian chauvinism, the impor the non-Russian nations the Ukrainians tance of the Jew s (2,151,000 in 1970) (according to the 1970 census 40,753,000) and the Germans (1,846,000) should not play a particular role in the struggle be underestimated. These two national against Russian chauvinism owing to groups are not concentrated over any the number of their population and definite territory. The Germans were their national traditions. The national deported from their settlement areas consciousness of Byelorussians (9,052, on the Volga. A considerable part of 000 in 1970) and Moldavians (2,698, them (over 1,000,000) are now living in 000 in 1970) is also generally known in Turkestan, especially in the Soviet Re the Soviet Union. They are followed public of Kazakhstan. The Jews are al by the Turkish and Islamic peoples and so scattered over all areas- of the USSR- smaller ethnic groups being closely re These ethnic groups, disposing of no lated to' them in cultural respect. This area, are mainly striving to oppose cultural sphere includes 39,723,900 inha Russification, to cultivate their parti bitants- It is known that Turkish and cularities and to achieve a more liberal Islamic peoples, due to their national, way of life. It is known that these two religious, cultural, linguistic and geo national groups have produced many graphic peculiarities, have remained opponents of the regime. The Jewish one of the most obstinate opponents of opposition to the Soviet regime; pre Russian chauvinism. Within the group sently being supported especially by of Turkish and Islamic peoples the Uz the international Jewry, is well known. beks play an important role because of their numerical superiority (9,195, Apart from the above-mentioned na 000 inhabitants in 1970). They are fol tions- there are numerous other peoples lowed by Tartars (5,931,000), Kazakhs disposing of their own territory, e. g. (5,299,000), Azerbaijanians (4,380,000), Finns, Karelians, Komis, Maris, Yakuts, Chuvas (1,694,000), Turkmen (1,525,000), Hakasi, Udmurts, Buryats a.nd other Si Kirghiz (1,452,000) and Tadzhiks (2,136, berian ethnic groups. 000). These peoples also- have their own Other important bastions of nationa concepts as to' how to cultivate their lism in the Soviet Union are the Cau national peculiarities and they have' casian peoples such as Armenians proved their vitality although numeri (3,559,000 in 1970) Georgians, (3,245,000) cally they are not significant, com and Nord Caucasians (e. g. Avars, Kal pared to the other national groups. myks, Kabardins, Karachanians, Bal It is generally known, that national kars, Chechens, Ossets, Lezgins, etc.) ism constituted one of the most dan

28 gerous phenomena directed, against non-Russian nations. By no means, did Russian rule in the subjugated coun the Russian leaders intend to tolerate tries within the- Tsarist empire. The un the existence of national states. solved national question is still pend ing in the Soviet Russian empire. The As a substitute for the national inde Communist leadership has recognized pendent states the Soviet Russian lea the importance of the national move dership first sought to establish Soviet ments in the former Tsarist empire. Communist states on the respective na tional territories. Then in 1922 it pro It realized that the artificial empire claimed the Union of Soviet Socialist built up and ruled by force and com prising a non-Russian majority could Republics without guaranteeing the rights! of the non-Russian nations. Lenin easily disintegrate on the national ba very much feared the reaction of the sis. The non-Russian nations (Ukraine, non-Russians to Russian supremacy in Turkestan, Byelorussia, Latvia, Lithua such a "Union" and wrote among other nia, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Arme things on December 30, 1922: nia, Azerbaijan, North Caucasus', Don- Cossackia, Tatar-Bashkiria and others, "... whether we have taken suffi indeed succeeded in reconstituting cient precautions to' really protect the their national independence after the1 non-Russians against the genuine Rus revolution. The Communist Russian sian derzhemorda (hold the tongue, or leaders then had to' try to' reincorpo be hanged) I think, we should, not have rate the independent national states in taken such precautions although we to' the Soviet Russian empire as the could and should have taken them." Communist leadership would have lost, its credibility vis-a-vis Russian chauvi The Soviet leaders created so-called nism. On the issue of reincorporation Soviet socialist republics, autonomous of the nations, which regained their in regions and even districts based on the dependence for a short time, into' the peoples and Iheir respective territories. Soviet empire, the Communists claim At least they did not deny the exist ing to be internationalists and promo ence of numerous peoples in the Soviet ters of freedom were cooperating with Union. For the Russian nation they the Russian chauvinists who' also want created the Russian Soviet Federated ed to prevent, at any cost, the disinteg Socialist Republic (RSFSR) including ration of the Russian empire. Two Rus many non-Russian peoples. This Rus sian political trends — Communism and sian Soviet Republic presently compri chauvinism — thus combined into' a ses 16 so-called autonomous republics, uniform political tendency which was 5 autonomous regions: and 10 national in the position to abolish, one by one, districts. The Russians' themselves do' the nationally independent states which not have: any autonomous republic nor had replaced the Russian empire. Al does the constitution or any other law ready in 1921 the Russian empire was provide a definite area for the Rus- completely reconstituted except for ians. Although the above-stated so- some states (e. g. the existence of na called "national" autonomous, repub tional states was tolerated in the' Bal lics, autonomous regions and national tic region, Finland and Poland). The districts are named after the non-Rus slogans concerning the peoples' right sian peoples within the RSFSR, their to self-determination, the declaration of population practically consists of a the rights of the peoples of the Russian Russian majority. empire and the appeals to the peoples The so-called Soviet socialist repub referring to the organization of life on lics have SO' far been represented as the basis of their national needs were sovereign republics by the Soviet lea only sweet tranquillizers deceiving the dership ; they were created for countries

29 •such as Ukraine, Byelorussia, Azerbai be drowned in this chauvinistic Rus jan, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, sian sea just as a fly in milk." Kirghizistan, Tadzhikistan, Turkmeni stan, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Lenin proved to1 be right although he Moldavia. The 15 Union republics are did not acknowledge the peoples' rights entitled, in accordance with the USSR even if constantly stressing the peo Constitution, to freely secede from the ples' right to self-determination. USSR. However, there is no regulation stating where, when and under what The Soviet leaders do not even think conditions the national Soviet repub of granting national autonomy to the lics can express their intention to se individual Union republics. The Con cede from the USSR. If the right of se stitution of the Soviet Union even pre cession were to> be asserted before the tends to guarantee the right of repre Supreme Soviet of the USSR the Rus sentation abroad for some of the Union sian majority would refuse it categori republics. So' far the Ukrainian and the cally. If the Supreme Soviets (Soviet Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republics Parliaments) of the individual Soviet have been admitLed as members of the republics tried to make use of the right United Nations. However, it has become of secession, such an attempt might be evident that the membership of the So declared void by the USSR Govern viet republics in the United Nations ment since, in accordance with the was only a formal gesture and that the USSR Constitution (Article 20) it may representatives of these republics in repeal any law of the so-called sove the United Nations were used as an in reign Soviet republics. There is no1 con strument for Soviet propaganda. None stitutional court in the Soviet Union to of the remaining republics are, at least which the national leaders might ap formally, represented abroad or have peal. Therefore, the right of the indivi any foreign representatives within their dual republics to freely secede from the borders. Union is only a fictitious right. Lenin If the Soviet leadership tolerates the himself admitted that the Soviet Go vernment was governing on the basis existence of the Soviet republics on the basis of national areas under the pre of the Tsarist administrative apparatus. He also' declared that "the freedom of sent conditions it does so’ only because secession from the Union" was worth the non-Russian peoples have an in less stating: tense nationalistic feeling directed a- gainst Russian chauvinism. The Soviet leaders constantly claim that they in "Under these circumstances (means tend to fight chauvinism and nation the failure to' discard the Tsarist alism at the same time. If one closely administrative apparatus) it is quite observes the evolution of the Soviet natural that the freedom to secede empire from within one realizes that from the Union, which we are us challenging Russian chauvinism was ing as a justification, will prove to just one of the Soviet leaders' modes be a worthless scrap of paper not of proceeding against nationalism, re suited at all for the protection of gularly and intensively, using even ter the non-Russian inhabitants of Rus rorist measures. However, the Soviet sia against the invasion of the true Russian leaders were striving to check Russian i. e. the Great Russian chau the unrestrained Russian chauvinist ac vinist basically being a scoundrel tivity in order to prevent the radicali- and a brute, such as the typical zation of the subjugated peoples' na Russian bureaucrat. There is no tionalism. But, this- tactical drag did not doubt, the decreasing percentage of imply that the Communist leaders were Soviet and Sovietized workers will dispensing of Russian chauvinism. On

30 the contrary, Communism became an The nationalism of the non-Russian ideological form of Russian chauvinism peoples is also- playing a part within and imperialism. Russian instincts un- the regime although these nations derly the Communist ideology. Again cannot be regarded as pillars of the and again we have tried to’ draw the regime as they have rather tried to international public's attention to* the weaken the regime from within and to fact that the present regime in the So prevent its strengthening in order to viet Union is based on the political find an outlet for their attempts at na and ideological elements of Russian tional liberation. So far the Soviet re chauvinism and on Russian imperialism gime has not succeeded in abolishing which has been cultivated for centuries the existence of nations within the and is acting in all directions, as well sphere of power of the Soviet Union as on Marxist teaching which has been nor will it be able to< achieve this goal transformed in accordance with Rus in the near future. sia's striving for power- (To be continued)

Dear Friends of A. B. N., We thank the President and Members of the Central Committee of the Anti-Bol shevik Bloc of Nations for the invitation to the reception commemorating the 30th Anniversary of the ABN and regret very much our inability to attend. At a time when the pressures for ‘detente‘ between East and West are being ex erted by the power giants, as well as by the weak in both camps, there is a tempta tion to achieve temporary successes by alliances with organizations and individuals who say that while they accept some of the principles on which the Anti-Bolshevik movement is based, they are not prepared to accept the whole of these principles and ask for compromise as a basis for their cooperation. Such compromise can only lead to disaster in our view. It is the steadfastness of ABN over the past 30 years which has placed it at the head of the Anti-Bolshevik movement. The maintenance of this steadfastness to the principles laid down 30 years ago are a prerequisite to success in the future. There can be no substitute for the realization of national independence for the subjugated nations and the total destruction of the Communist empires. These are the first essential steps towards real security in Europe and elsewhere. And in achieving these essential goals, ABN will play a major role. Of this we have no doubt. May the celebration of this Anniversary strengthen the determination of all friends of ABN to rededicate themselves to the struggle initiated by the founders; and may the aims and principles laid down by the founders inspire us all to make whatever contribution we can toward their achievement. Most sincerely yours, John Graham

The compliments of the saeson and sincere wishes 1 for the coming year to all our friends and readers of ABN - Correspondence.

Central Committee of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations

31 Volodymyr Kosyk (Ukraine) For the Realization of Human and National Rights in the USSR

Efforts to realize human and national Freedom for Nations! Freedom for In rights in the USSR date back a long dividuals! — which became a motto1 of time, but the present phase of these ac the international movement for the li tivities really started during the Se beration of the peoples oppressed by cond World War. In the liason bulletin, Soviet Russia. published through the initiative of the Ukrainian nationalists on the eve of After the war, in December 1948, the the Soviet-German war, we can read General Assembly of the United Na among other things this passage: tions adopted the Universal Declara "Struggles, revolutions, wars of our era, tion of Human Rights. This, no doubt, show that the individual is not satis is a progressive step in relationship to fied with material gains, that he strug the past. But what is lacking on our gles until he obtains the essential needs planet today is not only a declaration — namely free expressoin of his cre- of human rights, but a declaration of ativei force in his national environment- the rights of nations of the world. The individual aspires to a total fulfil The first article of the Universal De ment. This signifies that he is not sa claration of Human Rights stipulates tisfied to- be merely freed from some that "all human beings are born free thing, but that he aspires to be that and equal in their dignity and in their which he wants to be . .. always total rights". We would certainly avoid a ly himself — totally free. Therefore great deal of human tragedies- if the this freedom can only be assured to civilized world were to accept equally him by his own people ..." the principle according to which "each In other words, the author expresses nation is bom equal and free in its his convictions that a man cannot be dignity and its rights". Another article free unless the people of which he is a. of the Universal Declaration of Human part is free and independent, unless his Rights states that "every individual has people, in the ethnic, not tire social a right to life, to liberty and to' perso sense, enjoys national independence. nal security". How many human lives and sufferings would have been avoid W e, therefore, come to two aspects ed if there existed, and w as justly ap- of man's quest for liberty, one' of which plaid, a declaration stating that each na is related to the individual as such, and tion has' a right to life, na tional independ the other to the community within ence and its own economic, cultural which he lives. There can be no- free and political development, which would individual in a, community which isi be independent and particular to' the not free. Man cannot be free if his nation itself. It is not the particularity nation is occupied, enslaved, domi of a given people; nor the m ultitude of nated by foreign powers. national states which would be suscep This first precept is well understood tible in endangering humanity, in impo by the politicians, writers and political verishing or hindering its evolution- The philosophers of an oppressed nation. It impoverishment and obstacles result is not surprising, therefore, that the rather from the standardization and Ukrainian nationalists adopted at their uniformity particular to state structures congress in April 1941, the motto': which we define as multinational and

32 which are nothing but empires as is the contrary, there is an exceptional the case of the Soviet Union where, be disproportion in this particular field. sides the culture of the dominating na Even foreign observers, such as Leonid tion, noi other culture has the right to Vladimirov, George Bortoli Sasha Si flourish in freedom. Moreover, the en mon, who are not favourably disposed tire policy of the government is formu to1 the cause of the non-Russian nations, lated with the aim of liquidation of the admit that the dissident Russian circ non-Russian peoples and nations. Such les are extremely limited in number and a policy is at the root of all discrimina that most of Russian intellectuals and tions, prejudicies and persecutions people stand behind state power. The majority of Western anti-Communists Just as a. human being, a people — are incapable of noting this fact. The in the sense of a nation, also- aspire to1 situation is quite different in the non- have the right to be themselves, to be Russian republics of the Soviet Union- able to develop freely in its national Let us cite, for example, Ukraine — the independent state. It is here that we largest non-Russian republic in the find the reason for the existence in the USSR. In a recent issue of the French Soviet Union of a two-fold opposition, weekly Le Point (4th June, 1973), we the opposition by individuals as human find an article on this particular sub entities, and the opposition of indivi ject. A professor from Kyiv explained duals of an oppressed nation. For West to a French journalist that "at present, erners this reality is difficult to grasp the Ukrainians number 55 million. If not only because Russian propaganda there was a way to look into1 their secures it, but equally because one on hearts and minds we would probably ly understands most easily the situa discover that a quarter of the Ukrain tions one has experienced. But Western ian population are committed dissi nations which are more or less the dents ..." A quarter of this population masters of the political destinies of the of over 50 million is not to be treated world, had never experienced a state lightly. comparable to1 Russian occupation. Moreover, in the West, the notion of It is a fact that in order to suppress "nation" is confused almost entirely the publications of the underground with that of "state". Thus, as soon as Russian journal — Chronicle of Cur one speaks of the Soviet state, one rent Events and the Russian samizdat thinks that it is without, a doubt inha the authorities simply arrested a few bited by a single nation — obviously individuals. However, in order to stop the Russian nation. the publication and distribution of the Ukrainian samizdat, namely the Ukrain As a result of the particular circum ian Herald, and suppress Ukrainian un stances and this notion, the Western derground publications, the Russian media speaks a great deal, and'most regime was forced to- arrest over 300 frequently about Russian dissidents individuals. We know the names of (Sinyavsky, Galanskov, Bukovsky, Me- more than fifty persons who were ar dvedyev, Sakharov), rather than about rested since January 1972. Most of non-Russian freedom fighters, them were tried and sentenced to1 long Among those who expertly follow years of imprisonment. The fate of the developments in the USSR, a great ma others is unknown. jority would not be able to name a There is a marked difference be single non-Russian freedom fighter. In tween the terms of the sentences pass reality, this situation corresponds nei ed upon dissidents in Russia and those ther to the numerical importance of in Ukraine. With the exception of Si Russian dissidents nor to the force of nyavsky, Galanskov and Bukovsky, repressions exercised against them. On who were all condemned to seven

33 years imprisonment, Russian dissidents, The above list describes political pri persecuted and tried under the same soners, but in the USSR there are count terms of accusation as the Ukrainian less numbers of prisoners condemned dissidents (for anti-Soviet activities, for for their religious convictions. the propagation of information defam According to- the latest report of Pro ing the regime, etc.), generally obtain fessor Peter Reddaway submitted to1 the sentences of 3 to 5 years, whereas, the International Committee for the De sentences passed against Ukrainians fence of Human Rights in the USSR, vary from 3 to 15 years, and in the re there are at present approximately cent past there were a number of death 1,200,000 inmates in Russian concen sentences and two executions result tration camps. This is only a partial ing from the discovery of underground estimate which is no doubt less than organizations. the actual. The actual number of those Let us cite a, few examples. Valentyn imprisoned for their religious beliefs is Moroz who has already served 4 years probably double this figure. But we will in Soviet concentration camps has been never know exactly, because we lack sentenced again in December 1970 to 6 official statistics on this subject which years imprisonment, 3 years in a con are withheld from the public as a state centration' camp, and five years in secret. Nor do> we have figures on the exile — in all 14 years; Ivan Dzyuba number of people incarcerated in men was sentenced last March to 5 years of tal asylums for political and religious imprisonment and to1 5 years of exile; reasons. Vyacheslav Chomovil was sentenced As a reult of numerous testimonies last February to 7 years in concentra we are now familiar with the condi tion camps and five years of exile; tions of imprisonment in the prisons Yuriy Shukhevych who has already and labor camps as well as in mental served 20 years of concentration camps asylums. These conditions are abomin has been sentenced to additional 10 able, degrading and inhuman. In the years of concentration camps and 5 camps human dignity is totally dese years of exile; Ivan Hel, 10 years of crated and all the human rights are imprisonment, 5 years exile; Danylo trampled upon. The prisoners are ex Shumuk, who already served 27 years hausted to the limit of human endur of imprisonment in Stalinist and Nazi ance by forced labor and undernourish concentration camps, was condemned ment. to an additional 10 years of hard labour Very often, a process of physical and and 5 years of exile, etc, etc,... In rea menial weakening is induced by means lity the arrests in Ukraine have taken of toxic medication secretly added to on the form of a true "pogrom" of U- their food. In the various labor camps, krainian intellectuals. prisons and psychiatric asylums, the Ukrainians arei certainly not the only Russian state power pursues the same ones to be subjected to persecution by ultimate aim: to' break all resistance the Russian repressive regime. The in and will power of the human being, to tellectuals and "dissidents" of the Bal make of him a docile animal whose a- tic States, for example, are equally bility to reason will be completely sub severely persecuted. Simas Kudirka, a jected to' state power. Lithuanian seaman who- attempted to Very often- inmates die suddenly un seek freedom and was handed over to der mysterious circumstances. There the Russians by the captain of an Ame fore it is easy to' conclude that they rican navy cruiser, has been condem- had been eliminated by special sections ed to 10 years. Another Lithuanian, A. of the Soviet secret police. It is in this Yastrauskas, has been condemned to manner that the Ukrainian prisoner 12 years. Mykhaylo' Soroka, the priest Boris Ta-

34 lantov and the Lithuanian prisoner Jan that in our era, any state, including the Kapucins met their death. Furthermore, Soviet Union, is more or less sensitive we1 are informed of the disappearance to the reaction of world opinion. It is of certain Ukrainian intellectual in U- therefore necessary to sensitize and mo kraine who have not been officially ar bilize public opinion in every country rested or condemned- But no trace of of the Western world expressly for this them has been left. In the hard labor cause, be it only for humanitarian rea camps, there are prisoners who are in sons. carcerated for twenty and even thirty This entails a systematic diffusion years. Their state of health has com of information at all levels. Each and pletely deteriorated and some of them every one of us can and must do it! We have even lost their sight. They are must speak out at conferences; we waiting in vain for their liberty. must write in the press; we must in What can we do to lend a helping form all agencies , all national and inter hand to these people whose only national organizations, and this we "crime" is that they have dared to' fight must do not only in the name of human for the rights of Man and Nation? I am solidarity, but also because their strag not here to offer some ideal solution, gle for human rights and the rights of for such does not exist, but it is a fact. their peoples is equally ours.

Adelaida Lemberg (Estonia) Restoration of Freedom Will Guarantee Security Dear friends of freedom! I have the pleasure of greeting you from the Estonian and other Baltic organizations in Sweden. We protest against Russification and violation of human rights in my home country Estonia, in Latvia and Lithuania. We demand the right of self-determination to the Baltic nations, and restoration of independence to Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, subjugated by the Soviet Russia. We admire the energy of the ABN and the European Freedom Coun cil in the common struggle against Russian imperialism and subjugation of the free will of nations. We want freedom for all people who have been bereaved of it. We are aware of the fact that only the restoration of freedom and full national independence to nations under Soviet domination and in Moscow's sphere of influence will guarantee security in Europe but not appeasement, conferences and agreements in order to achieve a so- called normalization according to Kremlin's pattern.

TURKISH ANNIVERSARY

The 29th October, 1973, is the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Turkish Republic which was established by a great anti-Bolshevik Turkish leader, Kemal Ataturk on the 29th October, 1923. We wish every success to our neighbour, the great Turkish Nation.

35 Dr. Ante Bonifacic (Croatia) The Role of Titoism in the Communist as well as in the Free World Tito was regarded by Bishop Hurley as virtually more dangerous than Stalin. Titoism is today more contagious than Stalinism to German Jusos, and the French workers at Lip in Besancon. Stalinism was rejected but Communism with an imaginary human face is accepted by the new left. We all know the story of "Le petit chaperon rouge" (The Little Red Riding Hood) devoured by the wolf. Imagine a Balcan Fabian Society with half a dozen queens, Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor and sage men from all nations on the island of Brioni. Nobody knows that the yearly budget costs the people of Yugo slavia over one million dollars only for Brioni. And there are a dozen other places. On the island of Korcula are the international members of "Praxis", where the sages are fed and amused by "II Principe". You may learn there everything about Marx and Marcusse. Abortion costs five pounds and there are 26 international casinos. Meyer Lansky and Bernie Cornfeld are good friends. No wonder that the 82-years-old disciple of Stalin is now leading over 70 nations to Algiers as non-aligned nations. They are neither for Nixon nor for Brezhnev, but Tito received two Orders of Lenin and these still free peoples will close their frontiers to the bad capitalists and they will badly miss the oil, uranium, copper, wolfram and the islands for their warships — the last is Madagascar — and the next countries are Angola and Mozambique. Tito first tried to destroy the state of Croatia, and you may find a description about it in "OPERATION SLAUGHTERHOUSE". During his visit to the USA, Tito explained in the Press Club in Wash ington that he was using another kind of democracy: "There are no rights for the opposition!" I seems to me that Watergate started there. The free world should use the same methods as its adversaries. Dostoyevsky said it first: "If there is no God, all is permitted." And as you know: "God is dead". Prof. Max Horkheimer explained before his death in July 1973 that "solange es Freiheit gibt, die Kollektive werden aggressive bleiben" (as long as there is freedom the collectives will remain aggressive) (Der Spiegel, 16 July, 1973). W hen w e destroy God, Liberty, Nations and standards of living we will all live as the "New Class" in a satisfied present time: "Befriedetes Dasein" (Content Existence). Therefore, in Yugoslavia everything which helps the regime is right: "Wrong or right — my Party". In Croatia Tito found Lumpenproletariat, nationalism, religion and put everybody in jail. At present, all Croatian leaders, who are not a- broad, are in jail .. .

36 His designed successor in a collective leadership is known in London from an article in the Spectator as "the butcher of Kocevje" where, in 1945, he liquidated more than ten thousand Slovene "Domobranci" (Home Defenders). Former Tito's deputy from Montenegro explained to Ivan Metrovic that they had to destroy half a million Croats because without this Yugo slavia could not exist. He is a philosopher and writer. Stalin sent the Ukrainian "Kulaks" to Siberia and Tito sent the Croa tian peasants as the so-called guest workers to Germany, Sweden, Austria, France and Australia. If they protest, they are proclaimed "Ustashi terro rists". Major General Miskovic as chief of "KOS" (Counter Intelligence Military Service), Croatian born, created the necessary artificial terrorists with the help — when necessary — of true Croatian peasant lads looking for vendetta. He is now retired, but he was living on the paradise island too, every morning expecting his Diocletian with some chosen bits of genuine Croatian Slavonic "Kulen-Salami". Tito's closest friends, Kardelj and Bakaric have succeeded now because he has retired, but Mitja stays. Now every Croatian worker in Sweden and Germany has to explain to his landlady that he is not a terrorist. All leading Croats in the USA were denounced by Tito's ambassadors by means of diplomatic notes. All these ambassadors are usually Serbs having good connections with the press and the financial establishment. To retain Tito's friendship on his global strategic spot, four or five billion of convertible dollars given to him by Uncle Sam since 1945 were not enough. They contracted over four billion dollars of fresh debts and they have to pay intrest every month of over one hundred million dollars. As "honorary Africans" and leaders of the Third World, they badly need more gold than the three billion dollars extracted from 20 million enslaved people. Before the war, the budget of Yugoslavia was 300 million dollars. The Croats supply, besides guest workers and ships, all Yugosla vian oil, and you may understand the ideology of "Unity and Brother hood" in Tito's lost "Letter". Nasser said that he was taught by Tito to extract money on both sides. Brezhnev also promised one billion but it is dropping so slowly that the poor Americans had to give aid recently for the development of "South Serbia" with a miserable sum of 60 million dollars through the World Bank. Chancellor Brandt did not give the demanded one billion DMarks for the victims of Nazism but only 150 million DM and promised to help the commercial development of the country. There are now more than 4,000 Belgrade agents abroad earning 10-50% on every item imported. "La corruption s'etale avec une impudique, une savoureuse tranqui- life." (The corruption increases with a shameless savoury tranquility.)

37 (L'Express, 10 April, 1973). Tariq Ali and Robin Blackburn explained to Lajos Lederer that Yugoslavia1 had to import food while about one million hectares of the most fertile land in Europe is not being cultivated and a million unemployed workers are inside. (Observer, 10-16 June, 1973). Right and left Marxist and nationalist opponents are in prisons for fight ing this "Paleo-Capitalism". We would like to see the reaction of Mr. Harold Wilson or the Scotch in Great Britain if they were treated in such a way. But Mr. Sulzberger writes now from Aspen about the "ferocious Croatian nationalism" and about Tito's "permission" to Croatian workers to work in Europe to which we belong for 13 centuries. Now someone in West Germany would like to organize the guest workers as the shock troopers for the Jusos (Young Socialists). Is it not funny that only Russia and the Third World lead the national liberation movements? No bleeding hearts protested when half a dozen Croatian citizens from Australia were shot and nobody pleaded for Miljenko Hrkac who was condemned three times for the crime committed by the Belgrade police. Croatian poet Tomicic got 3 years of prison and poet Vidovic 4 years — one year for each of his 4 poems. General Tudjman, a Communist historian, national representative Veselica, economist Dr. Sosic, poet and philosopher Gotovac and economist and university professor Dr. Djodan were sentenced to between 3-6 years in jail because they said that Tito stated in his letter how managers were stealing and 500 of them were convicted. We, Croats, agree with the Czech intellectuals on the European Se curity Conference that European security is unthinkable without the full security of the citizens of every European country. And only in a free Croatian state is this possible for us Croats.

ABN/EFC rally at Trafalgar Square, London, August 26, 1973.

38 Dr. Kyril Drenikoff (Bulgaria) What Makes Moscow Tremble?

We have reached a crossroad or ra out intermission, in all directions. They ther a bifurcation of history- One of are emty, without any meaning, and the roads leads to- slavery and the their only object is to soothe our con other to freedom. The time of dreams science and to lull us to sleep in order and utopias has passed. For decades to make us go1 by ourselves to< the the world has been living in an illu slaughterhouse. We should not let our sion. It is time to- awake it as long as selves be taken in. It is hardly possible it is not too late and there is a possi that the Soviet Union will display hu bility to> react, i. e. to fight. manitarian and Christian feelings- This would by no means be in accordance Still today we must bear the tragic with orthodox Marxist-Leninist teach consequences of World War II, and ing. The final strategic goal of the Com more particularly the monumental mis munist doctrine is "World Revolution, takes — intended or not — of a dis Soviets everywhere". Anything else1 is abled man who was unfortunately only a veil, a tactical and temporary placed at the top of the most powerful manoeuvre imposed by circumstances nation of the world and who, instead but always directed towards the final of assuming his responsibilities in ac objective. cordance with the interests of his peo ple and his declaration and, instead of Why does Soviet Russia at present practicing the Atlantic Charter, the de even seek a "detente" and peaceful co clarations with respect to freedom, and existence? Those who pretend to know human rights and national independ everything with their unstable disposi ence — the Allies having been fighting tions and empty heads will most pro for these principles, — abandoned over bably answer immediately: "The So 150 millions of Europeans to' slavery. viet Union has become a conservative The blood and sufferings of these power anxious to consolidate its ac slaves, martyrs for freedom, constitute quired position. It cannot do without a blemish staining the honour of the Western support, to1 feed its population great American nation for ever. and furnish its industry." Today a new Yalta is coming up: the Demoralizing the West in this way nuclear Yalta, as a result of which the is wrong and dangerous since this is Russians will be free to extend their what Moscow actually wants. The So rule all over Europe and subsequently viet Russian readers have coldly and to> transform the free world into1 their authoritatively figured out that the satellites, as has been done with East West would be extremely sensitive to European countries 30 years ago. hypothetical commercial profits, that the prospect of material gains would We were not present at Yalta in 1944 make it blind and, consequently, would and did not have any possibility to* act. lead it directly to- its ruin — being just However, wei were witnessing the pro a matter of time once it has chosen this cess and, therefore, today we may con road without return. scientiously ring the alarm bell and call attention to this newly rising mon Soviet Russia does not need any ster differing from the preceding one trade with the West. She can do with by its name only. We must not delude out it as history has proved. Nor does ourselves by nice and noble declara she evidently intend to' enrich the capi tions that Moscow is spreading, with talist world.

39 The chief theorist of Communism at According to Suslov the following prob present, Mikhail Suslov, a member of lems — in the order placed by himself the POLITBUREAU, has made clear his — preoccupy Russia nowadays.; point of view in this respect. A few 1) The nationalism of the peoples weeks ago during the celebrations in constituting the Soviet Union and the connection with the anniversary of the satellite states. 2nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union he repeated that, 2) Western ideological influence. the establishment and development of 3) Revisionism. economic and trade relations with the West by no means implied abandoning As we may realize it is by no ideological warfare. On the contrary, means charity of nor an imperative the ideological struggle was to be con need for the Soviet Union to1 take up tinued even more ardently. When re trade with the West. turning from the Unites States Brezh Suslov mentions revisionism, last. So nev also* hastened to' insist on the ideo viet Russia, in fact, fears revisionism, logical struggle in a, speech broadcast in particular that of Mao-. This is ob not only within the entire Soviet Union vious, but this fear is long-term. The but also' in all countries of the Commu crisis as. foreseen will not break out be nist Bloc. fore the end of the century. Most pro This clear and unambiguous view of bably it will be resolved by means of the Russian collective leadership defi an armed conflict. And this excludes nitely sweeps away the declarations any possible slow down in the produc made by the supporters of Brezhnev & tion of armaments in the Soviet Union. Co- The Kremlin in fact wants peace On the contrary — as has recently been and coexistence but only provided it is shown by an eminent French economist a Soviet type1 of peace and coexistence. — the Soviet military budget continues and will continue to rise. The moderni However, why is Soviet Russia just zation of armaments is effected at an at the moment trying so hard to im accelerated pace. Considerable efforts prove her relations with her Western are made with respect to land forces neighbours? Why is: she seeking to at which will benefit from increasing mo tract highly industrialized countries by torization and whose classical artil the prospect of considerable commer lery will be replaced by rocket units. cial profits? Why does she choose a New tactical and strategic arms will be moment when the West rotten by ma employed. On the other hand, the So terial wealth and deprived of a positive viet Navy with its submarines and sur and consistent ideal undergoes a se face ships, has practically achieved pre rious crisis of decadence? eminence and demands a considerable There is a simple explanation to this material effort on the part of the United but the problem must be considered at States to avoid being surpassed by the the roots. In this connection we again Soviet Union. refer to the primary theorist of the- The future crisis attributable to the Communist doctrine, Mikhail Suslov. doings of the revisionists constitutes a On the occasion of the celebration of reason sufficient per se for explaining the 50th anniversary of the Marx-En- the new policy, i. e. covering the rear. gels-Lenin Institute in Moscow the Even more, the USSR will pretend to' guardian of orthodox Communism de be the saviour of the West in view of livered his conventional speech dealing the increasing Chinese menace. Basi in detail with the ideological problems cally, however, after analyzing the si of the USSR to be solved and being of tuation we will realize that this prob high importance for its: very existence. lem alone would not have incited the

40 Being conscious of the fact that the Thus 30 years ago' the delegates of 12 spirit of freedom is burning more ar countries subjugated by the Soviet dently than ever before among all op Union by force gathered in the forests pressed peoples, each of them posses of Zhytomyr and decided — under the sing eminent historical and moral va protection of the Ukrainian Insurgent lue, we must pay our respects to* them. Army (UPA) — to' create the ABN (An We should pay our respects to the peo- ti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations), the op pesi of the satellite states having been pressed peoples' common organization, "bolshevized" by the force of thei Red in order to' fight against slavery and Army and to’ the peoples which, against for freedom. their will, have been incorporated by The peoples oppressed by Commu violence into the Russian empire. All nism — a form of Russian imperialism these peoples subjected to an intense — havei pot ceased to fight and will Russification by force, a true genocide lay down their arms only after being —the average Western citizen does victorious. not even know their names — whose population amounts to over 100 million Without fearing imprisonment or people suffering next to your doors concentration camps the Jan Palachs, have realized that their only chance is Morozes, Dzyubas and others opposing to unite and that they may obtain free tyranny will secure the victory of jus dom only through their own efforts. tice and freedom.

Greetings to ABN/EFC Conferences

Mr. Yaroslav Stetsko Chairman, European Freedom Council President, Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations

Thank you for your letter and invitation regarding the European Freedom Council and the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations. Regretfully, I will be unable to attend then joint London Conference, in August, because of prior commitments. We congratulate you and the activities of your organizations for your inestimable contribution toward freedom throughout the globe. It is through efforts such as yours that the people of the free world will come to know the oppressive reality of Communism and to realize how fortunate they are to live in freedom. The struggle against Communism is not confined to national boundaries. Indeed, this fight is being waged and will ultimately be won by people throughout the ivorld. The very existence of the European Freedom Council and the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations demonstrates that free people have joined together in a common cause against a common enemy — Communism. I I should like to offer you, the European Freedom Council and the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations, my own personal commendation as well as the commendation of the American Security Council. I sincerely hope that your forthcoming convention will be successful and productive. Best regards, Sincerely John M. Fischer President, American Security Council

42 Dr. J. Kaskelis (Lithuania) Life in Lithuania under Russian Occupation

In 1940, as the result of the plot de The West is aware of the tragic Po vised by Stalinist Russia and Hitlerite lish uprising in Warsaw, but has still Germany, by force and fraud, by break heard little about the no less tragic ing all treaties held sacred in the ci and no1 less heroic revolt of 1944-53 vilized world (Peace Treaty conclud which involved all Lithuania for almost ed in Moscow on July 12, 1920; the 10 years and which finally was crushed Non-Aggression Pact signed in Moscow by the Russians- The Warsaw insur on September 28, 1926, never renounc gents were regarded by the Germans ed by either the Soviet Union or Li as a regular army, and, when taken thuania; the Convention on the Defini prisoner, were treated as prisoners-of- tion of Aggression of July 5, 1933, war. The Lithuanian insurgents, how wherein it states that "no considera ever, were regarded as "bandits"; their tion of political, military, economic, or bodies were publicly exposed in the other nature may serve as an excuse city streets and squares; their families or justification for aggression"; the Mu destroyed and deported; their homes tual Assistance Pact of October 10, burnt and demolished. Not counting 1939, which was imposed on Lithuania the deported or martyred families, the by Soviet leaders and violated by number of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters them less than 8 months later Lithuania, who have perished with weapons in Latvia, and Estonia were occupied by their hands against a ten-fold larger Soviet Russia. Since that time, at the force equipped with tanks and air cost of painful sacrifices to' the Lithuan planes, was 25 to> 30,000. For a nation ian people, they have courageously of 3,000,000, this figure represents 1% fought to recover their freedom and in of tire population, and this is relatively dependence, and have not accepted the twice as large as the number of Ger alien Soviet Russian Communist impe mans fallen in the Second World War. rialist regime. The Lithuanian Revolt of 1944-53, hope In 1940, Lithuania was not strong less and tragic as it was, little known enough to resist an open battle with in the West and deprived of Weslern the collosal Red Army of Occupation support, will rank in the history of Li The President of the Lithuanian Re thuania as the most illustrious mani public and the Lithuanian Diplomatic festation of the will for freedom and representatives: abroad publicly pro independence of a small nation. tested against the gross violation of Li Here I would like to remark that thuanian sovereign rights, and, even when in 1946 all Western Europe was today, the occupation of Lithuania by practically disarmed and would not Russia is not recognized by the West have been in a position to offer effec ern Democracies. tive resistance to Soviet Russian inva In Lithuania itself, since the very be sion of it, the Soviet Russians did not ginning of the occupation in 1940, a take advantage of that opportunity. Lithuanian Independent Underground Why? The answer to that question Movement began to- be organized, and, should not evoke the slightest doubt; when in 1944 the Soviet Russian armies Western Europe was saved by the im again, inundated Lithuania, a sponta mense self-sacrifice1 of such nations as neous mass revolt broke out in the en Lithuania, Ukraine, and others. The ac tire country. tive struggle of Lithuanians, Ukrainians

43 К. Glinski (Byelorussia) Byelorussia

Byelorussia, sometimes called "White a) The equality and sovereignty of Russia", formed the major part of what the nations of Russia, was historically known as the Grand b) The right of the nations to free Duchy of Lithuania (with Byelorussian dom of self-determination, including as the official language until 1697). the right to- secede and form indepen Byelorussian SSR in her present po dent states. litical boundaries occupies a territory It is worthwhile to underline, that of 207,600 square kilometers (the size these principles have never been aban of England and Scotland put together) doned by the Russian Communist ru and according to the Soviet Census of lers, and are included in the present 15th January 1970 had at that time a Constitution of the USSR (Art. 17), and population of 9,040,000 people (81% the constitutions of the Union Repub Byelorussians, 19% other nationalities, lics. mainly Russians). 5) 5 January 1919 — the new Byelor- Some historical facts concerning Bye russian Communist government, ap lorussia: pointed by Moscow, moves to Minsk. 1) December 5-17, 1917, — All-Bye 6) Peace Conference in Paris. The lorussian Congress (1,872 delegates) in Byelorussian Delegation submitted a Minsk (capital in 1972 pop. over 1 mil memorandum demanding recognition lion) , of the Byelorussian Provisional Govern ment and independence of Byelorussia 2) 25 March, 1918, — Proclamation based on the enclosed ethnic map. The of Independence of the Byelorussian memorandum was accepted but the National Republic on its ethnic territo Byelorussian Delegation was not ad ries (recognized "de facto" by 12 na mitted to the Conference. tions). The Versailles Treaty was signed on 3) 10 December 1918 — the Red Ar 28 June, 1919, without taking the Bye my occupied Minsk and the major part lorussian request into account. of Byelorussian territory. The Provi 7) 1919-1920 — W ar between Poland sional Byelorussian Government ("Ra and the Bolsheviks. da") moved to' Grodno (Western Bye 8) 20 October 1920 — Truce (armis lorussia), later to Lithuania, and from tice) was signed. there to Czecho-Slo-vakia (Prague), where it acted as the government in 9) Byelorussian uprisings against exile until World War II. the Bolsheviks: a) Uprising of General Bulak-Bula- 4) 1 January 1919 —- the Bolsheviks khovich (about 20,000 soldiers), fight proclaimed the establishment of the ing the Bolsheviks for about 3 month, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic until the end of December 1920; in Smolensk and outlawed the Rada. b) Slutsk uprising from the middle Not a bene: After the October Revolu of November to' 28 December 1920 tion in 1917 when the Bolsheviks seized headed by Col. Antsypovich (about power in Russia, they proclaimed on 10,000 soldiers); November 15, 1917 the Declaration of c) Over 30 smaller ones (based on Rights of the Nations of Russia, the Soviet statistics), the last one cru whose main principles, based on Lenin's shed by the Bolsheviks in 1929. doctrine, were as follows: 10) 18 March 1921 — A Peace Tr,ea-

46 ty was signed, at Riga. Byelorussia and statistics) amounted to 2,500,000 peo Ukraine were partitioned between the ple, i. e. 25°/o of the entire population, Bolsheviks and Poland. through guerrilla warfare, German re 11) 30th December 1922 — The Byelo pressions, but mainly through the So russian SSR entered into "voluntary" viet Russian purges, mass deportations union with Ukraine, Russia and the and liquidations of all nationalist ele Transcaucasian Republics, thus forming ments or merely suspects after the war. the USSR. The Soviet statistics were given by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of 12) 17 September 1939 — After the the Byelorussian SSR in his booklet: defeat of Poland, Werstem Byelorussia "Byelorussia", London, 1960, p. 9, but reunited with the BSSR. he blames Germans for those losses, 13) 1941-1944 — During German-So saying: "The Fascists exterminated viet War, Byelorussia occupied by Ger 2,200,000 inhabitants and w ar prisoners mans who were welcomed as liberators and sent off some 300,000 people to by a considerable number of Byelorus slave labour in Germany". sians and other nationalities. But their racial policy, lack of clear programme Remark. A t the end of 1939, the po concerning the Soviet Republics, bad pulation of BSSR was approximately treatment of the local population, ar 10.5 million (Bolshaya Sovietskaya Ent- rests and deportations alienated nearly siklopedia, 1948, p. 1823)- In 1959, after the entire population from them. 20 years, the Soviet census registered only 8,054,600 inhabitants. A t the end 14) 1944 — When the' result of the of the last century there w ere 10,200,000 war became doubtful, the Germans inhabitants in Byelorussia (tsarist Rus granted Byelorussians some degree of sian census of 1897). autonomy and allowed them to' orga nize an army. The Byelorussians con 18) For the last two decades there vened the Second All-Byelorussian was an increased Russian pressure Congress (27.6. 1944) consisting of and policy directed towards Russifca- 1,039 delegates, which again proclaim tion and assimilation of all nations of ed the Independence of Byelorussia. the USSR. It was particularly strong in This was rather a symbolic act which Byelorussia and Ukraine- After the 24th was to demonstrate again the determi Congress of the Communist Party of nation of the Byelorussian people that the USSR in 1971 the Russification of the ideas of freedom, self-determination the peoples of the USSR ("internation and independence were still alive and alization", as it was called) became the deeply rooted- official policy. 15) 3 July 1944 The victorious 19) In recent years there1 have been Red Army reentered Minsk, and at the no mass deportations-, but still they end of July cleared out the whole of have not stopped yet. For example, if Byelorussia. we compare the last two' Soviet cen suses': 16) 1945-1953 (until Stalins death) — A period of mass arrests and deporta Number of Byelorussians in Kazakh tions of the Byelorussian nationalist SSR in 1959 was 106,000. elements; thousands were executed Number of Byelorussians in Kazakh for their alleged collaboration with the SSR in 1970 was 198,000, Germans. an increasee of 87°/o, 17) The losses in Byelorussian po Number of Russians in the Byelorus pulation during and immediately fol sian SSR in 1959 was 660,000, lowing W orld W ar II (based on the Bye Number of Russians in the Byelorus lorussian estimates drawn from all pos sian SSR in 1970 was 938,000, sible sources which agree with Soviet an increase of 42.2°/o.

47 abroad by secretly listening to radio ally stop talcing part in Byelorussian transmissions from Germany, the Vati community activities. Fear. can (there are transmissions in Byelo 24) Byelorussia and Ukraine belong russian) and to a number of other for to* the UN, but are represented almost eign stations. Transistors are small and entirely by the Russians, never vote cheap and this helps people to* find a independently of the delegation of the safe place for listening. Baptists with Soviet Union, always giving uncondi their regular radio transmissions have tional support to the Russians- considerable success. there. The peo In spite of that quite grim account, ple's attitude towards Western Demo the Byelorussian people have not lost cracies is generally very friendly, but faith in the future. They believe that they do not believe in any radical totalitarian regimes based on brutal changes, at least not in the near future. force do not last for ever. The dream After their return, the people who have of freedom and independence is still visited their relatives in the BSSR, usu alive.

Mass Rally, London, August 26, 1973. Top: The Ukrainian male choir "Homin". Bottom: Delegates and guests to the ABN/EFC Conference. ABN and EFC Conferences in London August 24 - 27, 1973

Prof. F. Schlafly (United States) addressing the Conference

Dr. Ante Bonifacic (Croatian) speaking during the session