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{Replace with the Title of Your Dissertation} Morphosyntactic analysis of Surzhyk, a Russian–Ukrainian mixed lect A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Kateryna Kent IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Nancy Stenson Adviser August 2012 © Kateryna Kent 2012 i Acknowledgements I am grateful for the assistance of the following professors: o Dr. J.P. Marcotte for his invaluable guidance on the earlier drafts of this dissertation. o Dr. Nancy Stenson for many hours of time and guidance. Her knowledge and expertise in the area of language contact and field research made this dissertation possible. I would like to thank my research participants in Ukraine for providing me with hours of corpus data and for sharing their life stories with me. Their stories enriched me professionally, culturally, and spiritually. I would like to thank my colleagues from the Classical Private University in Ukraine for their help with collecting data and recruiting research participants for my study. I would like to thank my parents, Viktor and Svitlana Dyatlov, for help and support throughout these years of graduate studies. They spent countless hours helping me recruit the research participants, driving me to my research sites all over Ukraine, and watching my son so that I can spend time writing. Finally, I would like to thank my husband, Daniel, and my son, Motya, who watched me sit in front of the computer and write, who supported me through all of the difficult times and stress that dissertation writing can cause. I love you both. ii Dedication To my parents: You taught me to persevere no matter what. To Daniel and Motya: Thank you for motivating and supporting me every step of the way. iii Abstract Surzhyk is a stigmatized Russian–Ukrainian language variety spoken in Ukraine. Although several authors have conducted research on Surzhyk, an agreed-upon classification of this language variety has not been found. Scholars classify any combination of Russian and Ukrainian elements in the same utterance as Surzhyk. Having classified spoken data that combined Russian and Ukrainian language juxtapositions, I identified what constitutes Surzhyk Proper and what are cases of Russian–Ukrainian codeswitching and lexical borrowing. Surzhyk Proper has a systematic internal structure. Its morphosyntax is supplied by Ukrainian, while lexical items are supplied either by Ukrainian or by Russian. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... i Dedication ....................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables .................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures .............................................................................................................. viii Abbreviations and Symbols ............................................................................................ ix Chapter 1. The context of research: Introduction ........................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research questions and goals of the dissertation ......................................... 6 1.2 Differences between the Russian and Ukrainian languages ......................... 9 1.2.1 Lexicon .......................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Phonology ...................................................................................... 11 1.2.3 Morphology and Syntax ................................................................. 16 1.3 Geographical and sociopolitical conditions for the genesis of Surzhyk ........ 21 1.4 Definition and existing analyses of ‘surzhyk’ .............................................. 27 1.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 2. Attitudes towards Surzhyk and ethnic identity of Surzhyk speakers ............. 37 2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................... 37 2.1 Language ideology and ethnolinguistic vitality ............................................ 38 2.1.1 Factors of the status dimension of ethnolinguistic vitality ............. 42 2.1.2 Factors of demographic dimension of ethnolinguistic vitality ....... 46 2.1.3 Factors of institutional support dimension of ethnolinguistic vitality ............................................................................................. 48 2.2 Methodology ................................................................................................. 50 2.3 Findings ......................................................................................................... 53 2.3.1 Native language and language use ................................................. 53 2.3.2 Language Attitudes ......................................................................... 54 2.4 Discussion of the term ‘native language’ ...................................................... 58 2.5 Sociolinguistic characteristics of ‘surzhyk’ speakers in this dissertation ..... 62 2.6 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 68 Chapter 3. Data analysis: Structure of Surzhyk Proper ................................................... 70 3.0 Introduction ................................................................................................... 70 3.1 Data collection ............................................................................................... 72 3.1.1 Field research .................................................................................. 73 3.2 What does not count as Surzhyk ................................................................... 75 3.2.1 Russian lexical borrowing into Ukrainian is not Surzhyk .............. 76 3.2.2 Russian–Ukrainian codeswitching is not Surzhyk ......................... 81 3.3 Features of Surzhyk ....................................................................................... 88 3.3.1 Explanation of the terminology used .............................................. 88 3.3.2 The verb be ..................................................................................... 94 3.3.3 Verbal derivational prefixes ........................................................... 98 3.3.4 Prepositional Phrases in Surzhyk ................................................. 103 3.3.5 Complementizers, adverbs, and discourse markers ...................... 111 v 3.3.6 The questionable case of the noun year ....................................... 113 3.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 116 Chapter 4. Classification of Surzhyk ............................................................................. 118 4.0 Introduction ................................................................................................. 118 4.1 What Surzhyk is not .................................................................................... 119 4.1.1 Interlanguage and interference ..................................................... 119 4.1.2 Creole ........................................................................................... 122 4.1.3 Dialects ......................................................................................... 124 4.1.4 Mixed Language ........................................................................... 128 4.2 What Surzhyk is .......................................................................................... 138 4.2.1 Mixed lects ................................................................................... 138 4.2.2 Argument that Surzhyk is a mixed lect ........................................ 140 4.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 146 Chapter 5: Conclusion ................................................................................................... 147 5.1 Surzhyk as a Russian–Ukrainian mixed lect ............................................... 147 5.2 Mixed language origin: can a mixed lect conventionalize into a mixed language? ..................................................................................................... 150 5.3 Future research ............................................................................................ 154 References ..................................................................................................................... 156 Appendices .................................................................................................................... 165 vi List of Tables Table 1.1 Different lexemes in Ukrainian and Russian ................................................. 10 Table 1.2 Morphemically identical lexemes in Ukrainian and Russian ........................ 10 Table 1.3 Russian consonant phoneme inventory ......................................................... 13 Table 1.4 Ukrainian consonant phoneme inventory ....................................................
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