DOCSLIB.ORG

Aleuts: an Outline of the Ethnic History

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aleuts: an Outline of the Ethnic History i Aleuts: An Outline of the Ethnic History Roza G. Lyapunova Translated by Richard L. Bland ii As the nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has re- sponsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural and cultural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Shared Beringian Heritage Program at the National Park Service is an international program that rec- ognizes and celebrates the natural resources and cultural heritage shared by the United States and Russia on both sides of the Bering Strait. The program seeks local, national, and international participation in the preservation and understanding of natural resources and protected lands and works to sustain and protect the cultural traditions and subsistence lifestyle of the Native peoples of the Beringia region. Aleuts: An Outline of the Ethnic History Author: Roza G. Lyapunova English translation by Richard L. Bland 2017 ISBN-13: 978-0-9965837-1-8 This book’s publication and translations were funded by the National Park Service, Shared Beringian Heritage Program. The book is provided without charge by the National Park Service. To order additional copies, please contact the Shared Beringian Heritage Program ([email protected]). National Park Service Shared Beringian Heritage Program © The Russian text of Aleuts: An Outline of the Ethnic History by Roza G. Lyapunova (Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka” leningradskoe otdelenie, 1987), was translated into English by Richard L. Bland of the Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon, Eugene, and pub- lished by the US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Shared Beringian Heritage Program, Anchorage, Alaska, by one-time permis- sion from the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), 2016. iii Департамент внутренних ресурсов США является ведущей природоохранной организацией, которой вверена охрана большей части национальных земель общего пользования и сохранение природных и культурных ресурсов. Частью работы Департамента является обеспечение наиболее разумного использования наших земельных и водных ресурсов, охрана рыболовных ресурсов, диких животных и растений, охрана окружающей среды и культурных ценностей и исторических достопримечательностей в наших национальных парках и предоставление возможности активного и приятного отдыха на природе. Программа Службы национальных парков Департамента внутренних ресурсов США «Общее наследие Берингии» является международной программой, которая способствует признанию и чествованию являющихся общими для США и России природных ресурсов и культурного наследия российской и американской территории по обеим сторонам Берингова пролива. Программа стремится обеспечить сохранение и изучение природных ресурсов и охраняемых территорий на местном, региональном и международном уровне, а также поддержку и развитие культурных традиций и традиционного образа жизни коренных народов района Берингии. Алеуты. Очерки этнической истории Автор: Роза Гавриловна Ляпунова 2017 ISBN-13: 978-0-9965837-1-8 Эта книга предоставлена бесплатно Служба национальных парков США. Чтобы заказать дополнительные экземпляры, обращайтесь пожалуйста в Программу «Общее наследие Берингии» (Shared Beringian Heritage Program) ([email protected]). Служба национальных парков Программа «Общее наследие Берингии» © The Russian text of Aleuty: ocherki ėtnicheskoĭ istorii by Roza G. Lyapunova (Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka” leningradskoe otdelenie, 1987), was translated into English by Richard L. Bland of the Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon, Eugene, and published by the US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Shared Beringian Heritage Program, Anchorage, Alaska, by one-time permission from the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), 2016. iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS TRANSLATOR’S INTRODUCTION vii PREFACE ix CHAPTER I Problems of the Origin of the Aleuts and Their Early History in Contemporary Research 1 CHAPTER II Aleuts of Russian America (1740s–1867) 29 The Epoch of the Voyages of the Fur Trading Companies (1745–1798) 37 The Era of the Russian-American Company (1799–1867) 73 CHAPTER III Aleuts of the United States (1870s–Present) 107 CHAPTER IV The Ethnic History of the Commander Aleuts (First Quarter of the 20th Century–Present) 137 LITERATURE 159 GLOSSARY 187 ABBREVIATIONS 189 vi vii TRANSLATOR’S INTRODUCTION This book was originally published as Aleuty: ocherki ėtnicheskoi istorii, a collection edited by Roza G. Lyapunova (Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka” leningradskoe otdelenie, 1987). For those interested in the prehistory and history of the Aleutian Islands, Roza Lyapunova’s work on the Aleuts will present a different perspective. Published in 1987 it provides for the English-language reader two important viewpoints: a look at the Aleut people from the Soviet perspective and a discussion of the Aleuts in the Commander Islands. Dr. Lyapunova follows the Aleuts from the earliest written records, from their earliest Russian contacts up to the present (1987). In doing this she uses all sources available, many of which are in English. However, many of her numerous sources are in Russian— manuscripts gleaned from archives in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and elsewhere. Some of those have been translated into English, but most have not. Despite the fact that a book published in 1987 might seem anti- quated, much of the information will be new and interesting for the scholar studying the Aleutian Islands. On the other hand, the photographs were taken during the Soviet era and are somewhat lacking in clarity. Every translation, and particularly one from Russian to English, has the problem of finding a suitable form of transliteration. None of the three systems available (U.S. Board of Geographic Names [BGN], Library of Congress [LOC], or the “Linguistic” system [Ling]) was felt to be entirely adequate. I have therefore “created” my own system. In this I use some of the BGN system with a slightly modified version of the LOC. For example, the “ye” of BGN is written as “e” following LOC. The Russian “ë” is also written as “e” (not “yo”), following Ling. (In the ë/e problem, an exception is made for the name of the author of this book). The Russian “э” is written as “e,” following BGN. Both the Russian “и” and “й” are transliterated as “i,” unlike in any of the three systems. The Russian “ю” and “я” are written as “yu” and “ya,” following the BGN. The Russian soft sign, which is often dropped in transliterations or replaced with an “i,” is retained here as an apostrophe, following BGN. I have also settled on one ending for words, as the English language forces us to do, rather than providing the appropriate ending (masculine, feminine, neuter, plural/nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional) that can occur in Russian. And having twenty-four possible grammatical endings is not the end of it. In the masculine nominative, for a name ending in “-sky” there are at least five possible endings that can be found in English (“-sky,” “-skiy,” “-skij,” “-skii,” “-ski”). In addition, there are aberrant spellings that have been accepted in the literature; for example, Wrangell instead of the Russian Vrangel’ (here the soft sign has been replaced by a second “l”) has already been adopted in English. Some names are “semi” formalized in English. For names that do not have an accepted English form I have tried consistently to use my system for transliterating. On the other hand, I generally give a (Russian) “i” or “y” plural for plural words that are not translated. This is with the exception of ethnic names, which are given no ending in the plural (following one accepted form found in Webster’s 3rd International Dictionary, 1965). All this in no way exhausts the problems the translator faces, but rather provides a notion of the difficulties attendant upon any translation project. Nonetheless, I hope the explanation of my method will aid the reader, especially if he or she should want to go back from English to Cyrillic, and I apologize to all whose names I have unintentionally “corrupted.” viii No original photographs were available to the translator. Therefore, the illustrations in the book had to be scanned. Soviet-quality photographs, the age of the Soviet-quality book, and the scanning leave much to be desired. Nevertheless, the photos in this translation are approximately as good as in the original book. I owe a debt of gratitude to Anna Gokhman who proofread the translation, to Laura Eidam and Rachel Mason who edited the manuscript into more idiomatic English, to Terry Duffy who laid out the manuscript in book form, and to Julia Knowles who proofread the manuscript in final form for typos and other errors. I am also deeply indebted to Andrew Tremayne, director of the Shared Beringian Heritage Program, who shepherded me through the process and has endured my many questions. Finally, I am most indebted to Nan Coppock for much-needed editorial assistance. Without them this work could not have been done. Ultimately, we all are very deeply indebted to Museum of Anthropology and Ethnogra- phy (Kunstkamera) Russian Academy of Sciences for permitting us to translate and publish Dr. Roza G. Lyapunova’s valuable book into English. Richard L
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Supreme Court of the United States ------♦ ------STEVEN T
    Nos. 20-543, 20-544 ================================================================================================================ In The Supreme Court of the United States --------------------------------- ♦ --------------------------------- STEVEN T. MNUCHIN, Secretary of the Treasury, Petitioner, v. CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF THE CHEHALIS RESERVATION, ET AL., Respondents. --------------------------------- ♦ --------------------------------- ALASKA NATIVE VILLAGE CORPORATION ASSOCIATION, INC., ET AL., Petitioners, v. CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF THE CHEHALIS RESERVATION, ET AL., Respondents. --------------------------------- ♦ --------------------------------- On Petitions For A Writ Of Certiorari To The United States Court Of Appeals For The District Of Columbia Circuit --------------------------------- ♦ --------------------------------- BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE STATE OF ALASKA IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONS FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI --------------------------------- ♦ --------------------------------- CLYDE “ED” SNIFFEN, JR. Acting Attorney General State of Alaska LAURA WOLFF* MARY ANN LUNDQUIST Assistant Attorneys General 1031 West Fourth Avenue, Ste. 200 Anchorage, AK 99501 (907) 269-5100 [email protected] *Counsel of Record ================================================================================================================ COCKLE LEGAL BRIEFS (800) 225-6964 WWW.COCKLELEGALBRIEFS.COM i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................... i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ................................. ii INTEREST
    [Show full text]
  • Glacial Change on Baranof Island: Quantifying Local-Level Impact of Climate Change
    Glacial Change on Baranof Island: Quantifying Local-level Impact of Climate Change Jonathan Kreiss-Tomkins, Chandler Kemp, Eli Bildner Overview The glaciers of Baranof Island – the only glaciated island in Southeast Alaska – are small, disparate, and sensitive to climatic change due to the temperate climate in which they are situated. We propose to quantify the change in area of a selection of Baranof Island glaciers over recent history by gathering geospatial data, calculating the perimeter and surface area of the glaciers, using a model to estimate glacial volume, and then comparing our findings against the historical record – historical USGS field measurements, historical aerial photographs, tree core data, and geomorphological indicators such as terminal moraines and trim lines. We will then quantify historical change of surface area and perimeter, and if sufficient historical data points are available, we will also calculate a rate of change (both for surface area and extent of the terminus) and predict future glacial advance or retreat. Methodology Targeted Glaciers We will gather data for two subsets of glaciers, one subset from mid-Baranof Island, one subset from the South Baranof Wilderness Area. The first subset of glaciers will consist of two glaciers from mid-Baranof Island, both on or near the Cross-Baranof Island Trail and well known by users of the Sitka Community Use Area. These glaciers are indicated in map attachment 1 – a small valley glacier north of Glacier Lake and a modest icefield north of the Baranof River valley. The second subset of glaciers will consist of three smaller hanging and cirque glaciers from the South Baranof Wilderness Area (see map attachment 2).
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of Alaskan Geology
    BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ALASKAN GEOLOGY , ,. SPECIAL REPORT 22 ..... Compiled by: CRAWFORD E. FRITTS and MILDRED E. BROWN State of Alaska Department of Hat ural Resources OIVISIOH OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY College, Alaska 187 1 STATE OF ALASKA William A. Egan - Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Charles F. Herbert - Commissioner DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William C. Fackler - Assistant Commissioner for Minerals BIBLIOGWHY OF ALASKAN GEOLOGY, 1919-1949 Compiled by Crawford E. Fritrs and Mildred E. Brown College, Alaska 1971 CONTENTS Page Introduction ................................ 1 Purpose. source and format .......,............... 1 Serial publications ........................... 2 Other publishing media .........................ll Miscellaneous abbreviations ....................... 13 Bibliography ................................ 15 Index .................. Arealgeology ............. Earthquakes .............. Economic geology ........... Engineering geology .......... General subjects ........... Geomorphology [or physiography] .... Geophysical surveys .......... Glacial geology ............ Historical geology .......... Maps. geologic ............ Mineralogy .............. Paleoclimatology ........... Paleontology ............. Petrology ............... Physical geology ........... Sedimentation or sedimentary petrology Stratigraphy ............. Structural geology .......... Volcanism and volcanology ....... ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 . Quadrangles and major geographic divisions of Alaska referred to in this report .......................
    [Show full text]
  • A Many-Storied Place
    A Many-storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator Midwest Region National Park Service Omaha, Nebraska 2017 A Many-Storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator 2017 Recommended: {){ Superintendent, Arkansas Post AihV'j Concurred: Associate Regional Director, Cultural Resources, Midwest Region Date Approved: Date Remove not the ancient landmark which thy fathers have set. Proverbs 22:28 Words spoken by Regional Director Elbert Cox Arkansas Post National Memorial dedication June 23, 1964 Table of Contents List of Figures vii Introduction 1 1 – Geography and the River 4 2 – The Site in Antiquity and Quapaw Ethnogenesis 38 3 – A French and Spanish Outpost in Colonial America 72 4 – Osotouy and the Changing Native World 115 5 – Arkansas Post from the Louisiana Purchase to the Trail of Tears 141 6 – The River Port from Arkansas Statehood to the Civil War 179 7 – The Village and Environs from Reconstruction to Recent Times 209 Conclusion 237 Appendices 241 1 – Cultural Resource Base Map: Eight exhibits from the Memorial Unit CLR (a) Pre-1673 / Pre-Contact Period Contributing Features (b) 1673-1803 / Colonial and Revolutionary Period Contributing Features (c) 1804-1855 / Settlement and Early Statehood Period Contributing Features (d) 1856-1865 / Civil War Period Contributing Features (e) 1866-1928 / Late 19th and Early 20th Century Period Contributing Features (f) 1929-1963 / Early 20th Century Period
    [Show full text]
  • LEV IAKOVLEVICH SHTERNBERG: at the OUTSET of SOVIET ETHNOGRAPHY1 Anna A. Sirina and Tat'iana P. Roon Introduction the Works Of
    First published in “Jochelson, Bogoras and Shternberg: A Scientific Exploration of Northeastern Siberia and the Shaping of Soviet Ethnography”, edited by Erich Kasten, 2018: 207 – 264. Fürstenberg/Havel: Kulturstiftung Sibirien. — Electronic edition for www.siberien-studies.org LEV IAKOVLEVICH SHTERNBERG: 8 AT THE OUTSET OF SOVIET ETHNOGRAPHY1 Anna A. Sirina and Tat‘iana P. Roon Introduction The works of Lev Iakovlevich Shternberg, the eminent Russian and Soviet scientist, accomplished theoretical evolutionist, professor, and corresponding member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (from 1924), are well known by present day historians, ethnographers and anthropologists. An active public figure, he was engaged in the ethnography of the peoples of the Russian Far East and in Jewish ethnography. His acquaintance through correspondence with Friedrich Engels played a not insignificant role in his prominence: Engels wrote to Shternberg, having become acquainted with his discovery of group marriages amongst the Gilyak (or Nivkh) people (Shternberg et al. 1933; Shternberg 1933b: xvii-xix; see also Marx and Engels 1962, vol. 22: 364–367). This “discovery,” as with his description of other features of the Nivkh (Gilyak) social order, made on the Island of Sakhalin, was the beginning of his scientific activities. Over the period of his eight-year administrative exile he gathered unique field mate- rial on the language, folklore and social and religious life of the Nivkh. The results of his research were published in Russia beginning as early as 1893 (Shternberg 1893a; 1895; 1896). A considerable amount has been written on Lev Shternberg: obituaries, including ones in foreign journals,2 articles by ethnographers, archeologists, museologists and historians of science.3 Of particular interest is an absorbing book by Nina Gagen-Torn who, on the basis of personal recollections and archival documents, gives a vivid and emotional account of her teacher — the revolutionary and founder of the Leningrad School of Ethnography (Gagen-Torn 1971; 1975).
    [Show full text]
  • Pribilof Islands Red King Crab
    2011 Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Pribilof Islands Blue King Crab Fisheries of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Regions R.J. Foy Alaska Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Executive Summary *highlighted text will be filled in with new survey and catch data prior to the September 2011 meeting. 1. Stock: Pribilof Islands blue king crab, Paralithodes platypus 2. Catches: Retained catches have not occurred since 1998/1999. Bycatch and discards have been steady or decreased in recent years to current levels near 0.5 t (0.001 million lbs). 3. Stock biomass: Stock biomass in recent years was decreasing between the 1995 and 2008 survey, and after a slight increase in 2009, there was a decrease in most size classes in 2010. 4. Recruitment: Recruitment indices are not well understood for Pribilof blue king crab. Pre-recruit have remained relatively consistent in the past 10 years although may not be well assessed with the survey. 5. Management performance: MSST Biomass Retained Total Year TAC OFL ABC (MMBmating) Catch Catch 2,105 113A 0 0 0.5 1.81 2008/09 (4.64) (0.25) (0.001) (0.004) 2,105 513B 0 0 0.5 1.81 2009/10 (4.64) (1.13) (0.001) (0.004) 286 C 1.81 2010/11 (0.63) (0.004) 2011/12 xD All units are tons (million pounds) of crabs and the OFL is a total catch OFL for each year. The stock was below MSST in 2009/10 and is hence overfished. Overfishing did not occur during the 2009/10 fishing year.
    [Show full text]
  • CAC Letterhead
    Gabriel Kompkoff CEO Chugach Alaska Corporation 3800 Centerpoint Drive, Suite 1200 Anchorage, AK 99503 House Committee on Natural Resources Subcommittee on Indian, Insular and Alaska Native Affairs 1324 Longworth House Office Building Washington, D.C. 20515 Hearing Date: Thursday, April 26, 2018 at 2 p.m. Hearing Title: H.R. 211 (Rep. Don Young of AK), Chugach Region Lands Study Act Chairman Doug LaMalfa and Members of the Subcommittee: My name is Gabriel Kompkoff and I am Chief Executive Officer of Chugach Alaska Corporation (Chugach). Chugach is the Regional Native Corporation organized under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) for Alaska Natives historically residing in the Chugach Region as described in my statement attached. Chugach currently has approximately 2,600 Alaska Native shareholders. It is my privilege to submit the attached testimony in support of the Chugach Region Lands Study Act, which would authorize the Secretary of the Interior to complete a land exchange with Chugach. We greatly appreciate the introduction of this important legislation and the opportunity to submit this written statement in support of its enactment. Sincerely, Gabriel Kompkoff CEO Chugach Alaska Corporation • 3800 Centerpoint Dr., Suite 1200, Anchorage, AK 99503 • T: 907.563.8866 • F: 907.563.8402 April 26, 2018 House Resolution (H.R.) 211 (Rep. Don Young of AK) Chugach Alaska Corporation Lands Study Act Short (Oral) Testimony My name is Gabriel Kompkoff and I am Chief Executive Officer of Chugach Alaska Corporation (Chugach). Chugach is a regional Alaska Native Corporation organized under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act – also known as ANCSA. Today, Chugach has approximately 2,600 Alaska Native shareholders.
    [Show full text]
  • Noaa Coastal Mapping Program Project Completion Report
    NOAA COASTAL MAPPING PROGRAM PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT PROJECT AK0502 Western Krenitzin Islands and Northeast Unalaska Island Aleutian Islands, Alaska Introduction Coastal Mapping Program (CMP) Project AK0502 provides coastal zone mapping data of the area around the Krenitzin Islands. This area includes Akun Island, Akun Bay, Tangik Island, Poa Island, Akutan Island, Akutan Bay, Akutan Pass, Unaiga Island, Unaiga Pass, Egg Island, Sedanka Island, Udagak Strait and Unalaska Island from Cape Cheerful through Unalaska Bay and Dutch Harbor to Beaver Inlet, almost to Kayak Cape. The digital cartographic feature file (DCFF) may be used in support of the NOAA Nautical Charting Program (NCP) as well as geographic information systems (GIS) for a variety of coastal zone management applications. Project Design This project was designed per a request from the NOAA Hydrographic Surveys Division (HSD) of the Office of Coast Survey, NOAA, for GIS data in support of HSD operations. Based on an analysis of project requirements and results of a source data search, it was determined that CMP procedures for multiple source projects would apply for this project. Available source data deemed adequate for successful completion of this project included sources acquired between January 2000 and April 2002. Field Operations Routine CMP field operations did not apply for this project based on the origin of the project source data. Aerotriangulation The aerotriangulation task was accomplished by Western Air Maps, Inc. personnel in mid October, 2005. The image files were imported into SOCET SET, Version 5.0, using the DataThruWay, Version 5.0 software. The import process also converted the stored and compressed files to a recognized native SOCET SET format (NITF 2.0) and included supporting data extension files consisting of previously measured sensor model parameters.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource Utilization in Atka, Aleutian Islands, Alaska
    RESOURCEUTILIZATION IN ATKA, ALEUTIAN ISLANDS, ALASKA Douglas W. Veltre, Ph.D. and Mary J. Veltre, B.A. Technical Paper Number 88 Prepared for State of Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Contract 83-0496 December 1983 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To the people of Atka, who have shared so much with us over the years, go our sincere thanks for making this report possible. A number of individuals gave generously of their time and knowledge, and the Atx^am Corporation and the Atka Village Council, who assisted us in many ways, deserve particular appreciation. Mr. Moses Dirks, an Aleut language specialist from Atka, kindly helped us with Atkan Aleut terminology and place names, and these contributions are noted throughout this report. Finally, thanks go to Dr. Linda Ellanna, Deputy Director of the Division of Subsistence, for her support for this project, and to her and other individuals who offered valuable comments on an earlier draft of this report. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . e . a . ii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION . e . 1 Purpose ........................ Research objectives .................. Research methods Discussion of rese~r~h*m~t~odoio~y .................... Organization of the report .............. 2 THE NATURAL SETTING . 10 Introduction ........... 10 Location, geog;aih;,' &d*&oio&’ ........... 10 Climate ........................ 16 Flora ......................... 22 Terrestrial fauna ................... 22 Marine fauna ..................... 23 Birds ......................... 31 Conclusions ...................... 32 3 LITERATURE REVIEW AND HISTORY OF RESEARCH ON ATKA . e . 37 Introduction ..................... 37 Netsvetov .............. ......... 37 Jochelson and HrdliEka ................ 38 Bank ....................... 39 Bergslind . 40 Veltre and'Vll;r;! .................................... 41 Taniisif. ....................... 41 Bilingual materials .................. 41 Conclusions ...................... 42 iii 4 OVERVIEW OF ALEUT RESOURCE UTILIZATION . 43 Introduction ............
    [Show full text]
  • Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program
    Technical Report Number 36 Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program Sponsor: Bureau of Land Management Alaska Outer Northern Gulf of Alaska Petroleum Development Scenarios Sociocultural Impacts The United States Department of the Interior was designated by the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Lands Act of 1953 to carry out the majority of the Act’s provisions for administering the mineral leasing and develop- ment of offshore areas of the United States under federal jurisdiction. Within the Department, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has the responsibility to meet requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) as well as other legislation and regulations dealing with the effects of offshore development. In Alaska, unique cultural differences and climatic conditions create a need for developing addi- tional socioeconomic and environmental information to improve OCS deci- sion making at all governmental levels. In fulfillment of its federal responsibilities and with an awareness of these additional information needs, the BLM has initiated several investigative programs, one of which is the Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program (SESP). The Alaska OCS Socioeconomic Studies Program is a multi-year research effort which attempts to predict and evaluate the effects of Alaska OCS Petroleum Development upon the physical, social, and economic environ- ments within the state. The overall methodology is divided into three broad research components. The first component identifies an alterna- tive set of assumptions regarding the location, the nature, and the timing of future petroleum events and related activities. In this component, the program takes into account the particular needs of the petroleum industry and projects the human, technological, economic, and environmental offshore and onshore development requirements of the regional petroleum industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Grischenko Annals 1
    Paper in: Patrick N. Wyse Jackson & Mary E. Spencer Jones (eds) (2002) Annals of Bryozoology: aspects of the history of research on bryozoans. International Bryozoology Association, Dublin, pp. viii+381. BRYOZOAN STUDIES IN THE BERING SEA 97 History of investigations and current state of knowledge of bryozoan species diversity in the Bering Sea Andrei V. Grischenko Systematics and Evolution, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060–0810, Japan 1. Introduction 2. Investigations of the American bryozoological school 3. Investigations of the Russian bryozoological school 4. Current knowledge on the bryozoans of the Bering Sea 4.1. Total diversity 4.2 Regional diversity 5. Discussion 6. Acknowledgements 1. Introduction The Bryozoa are one of the most abundant and widely distributed groups of macrobenthos in the Bering Sea. Although investigations of the phylum have taken place over a century, knowledge of species diversity in this sea is still very incomplete. The coastal waters of the Bering Sea belong territorially to Russia and the United States of America and, accordingly, study of the bryofauna has been achieved generally by the efforts of the Russian and American bryozoological schools. For a number of reasons, their investigations were conducted independently and, because the investigators identified specimens collected within their “national” sea areas, species occurring in the eastern and southeastern shelves of the sea were generally studied by American scientists and those in western coastal waters by Russians. Therefore the history of bryozoan investigations of the Bering Sea is most usefully presented according to the two lines of research. 2. Investigations of the American bryozoological school The first reliable data about bryozoans in the Bering Sea were connected with biological investigations of the Alaskan shelf and reported by Alice Robertson.1 She recorded three species – Membranipora membranacea (L.), Bugula purpurotincta (later changed to B.
    [Show full text]
  • A Preliminary Baseline Study of Subsistence Resource Utilization in the Pribilof Islands
    A PRELIMINARY BASELINE STUDY OF SUBSISTENCE RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS Douglas W. Veltre Ph.D Mary J. Veltre, B.A. Technical Paper Number 57 Prepared for Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Contract 81-119 October 15, 1981 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . The authors would like to thank those numerous mem- bers of St. George and St. Paul who gave generously of their time and knowledge to help with this project. The Tanaq Corporation of St. George and the Tanadgusix Corporation of St. Paul, as well as the village councils of both communities, also deserve thanks for their cooperation. In addition, per- sonnel of the National Marine Fisheries Service in the Pribi- lofs provided insight into the fur seal operations. Finally, Linda Ellanna and Alice Stickney of the Department of Fish and Game gave valuable assistance and guidance, especially through their participation in field research. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ii Chapter I INTRODUCTION . 1 Purpose . 1 Research objectives . : . 4 Research methods . 6 Discussion of research methodology . 8 Organization of the report . 11 II BACKGROUND ON ALEUT SUBSISTENCE . 13 Introduction . 13 Precontact subsistence patterns . 15 The early postcontact period . 22 Conclusions . 23 III HISTORICAL BACXGROUND . 27 Introduction . 27 Russian period . 27 American period ........... 35 History of Pribilof Island settlements ... 37 St. George community profile ........ 39 St. Paul community profile ......... 45 Conclusions ......... ; ........ 48 IV THE NATURAL SETTING .............. 50 Introduction ................ 50 Location, geography, and geology ...... 50 Climate ................... 55 Fauna and flora ............... 61 Aleutian-Pribilof Islands comparison .... 72 V SUBSISTENCE RESOURCES AND UTILIZATION IN THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS ............ 74 Introduction ................ 74 Inventory of subsistence resources .
    [Show full text]