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Can the Soviet System Accommodate the “Democratic Movement”?

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Can the Soviet System Accommodate the “Democratic Movement”? Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-1974 Systemic Adaptation: Can the Soviet System Accommodate the “Democratic Movement”? Phillip A. Petersen Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Petersen, Phillip A., "Systemic Adaptation: Can the Soviet System Accommodate the “Democratic Movement”?" (1974). Master's Theses. 2588. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/2588 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SYSTEMIC ADAPTATION: CAN THE SOVIET SYSTEM ACCOMMODATE THE "DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT"? by Phillip A. Petersen A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan August 1974 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to begin by thanking Dr. Craig N. Andrews of Wayne State University for introducing me to the phenomenon of dissent in the Soviet Union. As for the project itself, Dr. John Gorgone of Western Michigan University not only suggested the approach to the phenomenon, but also had a fundamental role in shaping the perspective from which observations were made. The success of the research phase of the project is due, in great part, to the encouragement and assistance of Lt. Col. Carlton Willis of the Army Security Agency Training Center and School. None of this, of course, absolves one of the sole responsibility for what appears on the pages that follow. Lastly, I must express my great appreciation for the patience demon­ strated by the members of my thesis committee: Dr. Helenan Lewis, Dr. Ernest Rossi, and Dr. Gorgone. Phillip A. Petersen Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image o f the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in • "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages* you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ] MASTERS THESIS M-6132 PETERSEN, P h m i p Arthur SYSTEMIC ADAPTATION: CAN THE SOVIET SYSTEM ACCOWODATE THE "DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT"? Western Michigan University, M.A., 1974 Sociology, socialism, communism, anarchism Xerox University MicrofilmsAnn , Arbor, Michigan 48105 © 1974 PHILLIP ARTHUR PETERSEN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I WILL THE U.S.S.R. SURVIVE UNTIL 1984? ....................... 1 The Procedure for the Analysis. 6 II THE HISTORY AND IDEATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT IN THE POST-STALIN SOVIET UNION....................... 11 The Choice of the Court as a Political Instrument. ...... 19 Intellectual Dissent Becomes a Quest for Civil Rights.......... 32 The Formal Co-ordination of Civil Rights Activities ........ 40 Uniformity of Demands for Systemic Change ................ 44 Political demands .............. 51 Economic demands................ 53 Social demands................... 55 Cultural demands.......... 56 Political Variables and Con­ verging Expectations............ 57 III POLICY SHIFTS INDUCED BY THE "DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT" ............ 74 The Institutionalization of Criticism....................... 77 The Effect of Dissent on the Soviet Polity ................... 84 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iv CHAPTER PAGE IV THE POSSIBILITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PLURALISTIC POLITICAL SYSTEM.................... 90 Subsystem Interaction and Its E f f e c t s ........................... 100 The Course of Tendency Conflict . 114 Historical sequences............... 118 The socioeconomic order ........ 119 The level of socioeconomic development..................... 123 Equalities and inequalities . 124 Subcultural pluralism . ........ 125 Domination by a foreign power . 127 Beliefs of political activists. 128 The implications for change . 136 The Soviet military as a force for change....................... 139 Projections for theFuture ............ 143 A LIST OF WORKS C I T E D ............................. 146 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WILL THE U.S.S.R. SURVIVE UNTIL 1984? The answer to Andrei Amalrik's question of whether the Soviet Union will survive until 1984, may very well be the answer to the question of whether the present system can accommodate that political opposition which calls itself the "Democratic Movement."^ A growing awareness among elements of Soviet society that Marxism- Leninism has become irrelevant has resulted in tendency conflict between self-preservation and power. For as Amalrik puts it, "in order to remain in power, the regime must change and evolve, but in order to preserve 2 itself, everything must remain unchanged." He feels that the corruption of the cause has "...reached the sad point where the idea of power is no longer connected with either a doctrine, the personality of a leader or 3 a tradition, but only wxth power itself." The regime, he says, is one of bureaucrats, and is interested only in self-preservation. The "middle-class" or "class of specialists" upon which the Democratic Movement could ^Amalrik, Andrei, Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984? New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1970, p. 10. 2 loc. cit., p. 22. ^ibid. 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. seemingly base itself in its attempt at rejuvenation or peaceful reconstruction of the political system is believed by him to be too passive. Even the part of the "middle-class" upon which the Democratic Movement presently bases itself is found by him to be "...too weak and too beset by internal contradictions to engage in a real face-to-face struggle with the regime or, in the event of the regime's self-destruction or its collapse as a result of mass disorders, to become a force capable of reorganizing society in a new way."'*' Furthermore, he feels that the "passive discontent" of the masses is not likely to be harnessed by the Demo­ cratic Movement because "...the idea of self-government, of equality before the law and of personal freedom— and the responsibility that goes with these— are almost 2 incomprehensible to the Russian people." As the regime becomes progressively weaker, he sees the de­ structive movement of the "lower classes" taking "...the form of extremely damaging, violent and irresponsible action once its members realize their relative immunity 3 from punishment." ^loc. cit., p. 32. 2 loc. cit., p. 33. 3 loc. cit., pp. 41-42. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. In his analysis of the Soviet system, Amalrik does leave room for the possibility of those representing political authority taking some action which might re­ juvenate the system. However, he is convinced that decisive and forthright measures of €Kis sort are not forthcoming. To him, it appears more likely that those representing political authority will merely continue to make the minimal necessary changes so as to stay in power. For "any fundamental change would require
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