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Das Andere Osteuropa Von Den 1960Er Bis Zu Den 1980Er Jahren«

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Das Andere Osteuropa Von Den 1960Er Bis Zu Den 1980Er Jahren« Forschungsstelle Osteuropa Bremen Arbeitspapiere und Materialien Nr. 95 – Mai 2008 »Das Andere Osteuropa von den 1960er bis zu den 1980er Jahren« Berichte zur Forschungs- und Quellenlage Herausgegeben von der Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universität Bremen Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universität Bremen Klagenfurter Straße 3, D-28359 Bremen Tel. +49 421 218-3687, Fax +49 421 218-3269 http://www.forschungsstelle.uni-bremen.de Arbeitspapiere und Materialien – Forschungsstelle Osteuropa, Bremen Nr. 95: Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universität Bremen (Hg.): »Das Andere Osteuropa von den 1960er bis zu den 1980er Jahren« Berichte zur Forschungs- und Quellenlage Mai 2008 ISSN: 1616-7384 Prof. Dr. Bogusław Bakuła ist Professor für Literatur und Komparatistik am Institut für Polnische Philologie, Adam-Mickiewicz-Universität, Poznań. Dr. Ivo Bock ist Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter der Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universität Bremen. Gennadij Kuzovkin ist Historiker und Mitarbeiter des Wissenschaftlichen Zentrums »Memorial«, Moskau. Prof. Dr. Tomáš Glanc ist Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter der Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universität Bremen. Dr. Andrzej Krajewski ist Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Warschau. Dr. Jan Pauer ist Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter der Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universität Bremen. Aleksander Pawlicki ist Direktor des Cecilia Plater-Zyberk Gymnasiums, Warschau. Prof. Dr. Máté Szabó ist Professor für Politologie an der Fakultät für Rechts- und Politikwissenschaften an der Eötvös Loránd Universität, Budapest. Zoltán Gábor Szűcs ist Doktorand an der Eötvös Loránd Universität, Budapest. Dr. Tomáš Vilímek ist Mitarbeiter des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte, Prag. Lektorat: Judith Janiszewski (deutsch), Hilary Abuhove (englisch). Technische Redaktion: Matthias Neumann Umschlag nach einem Kunstwerk von Nicholas Bodde Die Meinungen, die in den von der Forschungsstelle Osteuropa herausgegebenen Veröffentlichungen geäußert werden, geben ausschließlich die Auffassung der Autoren wieder. Abdruck und sonstige publizistische Nutzung – auch auszugsweise – nur mit vorheriger Zustimmung der Forschungsstelle sowie mit Angabe des Verfassers und der Quelle gestattet. © 2008 by Forschungsstelle Osteuropa, Bremen Forschungsstelle Osteuropa Publikationsreferat Klagenfurter Str. 3 D-28359 Bremen – Germany phone: +49 421 218-3687 fax: +49 421 218-3269 e-mail: [email protected] internet: http://www.forschungsstelle.uni-bremen.de Inhalt Einleitung .......................................................................................................................... 5 Andrzej Krajewski 1. State of Research on the Democratic Opposition in Poland from 1968–1989 ............7 Aleksander Pawlicki 2. Die Zensur in der Volksrepublik Polen von den 1960er Jahren bis zum Untergang des Kommunismus im Lichte des bisherigen Forschungsstandes .......... 15 Bogusław Bakuła 3. Stand der Untersuchungen über die Kultur und Literatur des sogenannten »zweiten polnischen Umlaufs« .................................................................................25 Gennadij Kuzovkin 4. Quellenbasis und Stand der Erforschung des sowjetischen Dissens ........................ 35 Tomáš Glanc 5. Diskurse der parallelen Kultur in Russland ............................................................ 57 Tomáš Vilímek und Jan Pauer 6. Dissens in der Tschechoslowakei und der DDR – Forschungsstand ........................ 65 Ivo Bock 7. Politiken der Zensur in der UdSSR und der ČSSR (1960er bis 1980er Jahre): Quellenlage und Forschungsstand ............................................................................ 85 Máté Szabó 8. State of Research on the Democratic Opposition in Hungary ..................................93 Zoltán Gábor Szűcs 9. Archives and Institutes Concerned with Contemporary Hungarian History ..........101 Aktuelle Publikationen der Forschungsstelle Osteuropa ...............................................109 Kostenlose E-Mail-Dienste der Forschungsstelle Osteuropa .........................................111 Einleitung Die Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universität Bremen entwickelte in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut für Zeitgeschichte der Tschechischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, dem Institut für vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft an der Universität Poznań, dem Wissenschaftlichen Zen- trum »Memorial« in Moskau und der Fakultät der Rechts- und Politikwissenschaften der Eötvös Loránd Universität in Budapest ein Forschungsprojekt zum Thema »Das andere Osteuropa – die 1960er bis 1980er Jahre. Dissens in Politik und Gesellschaft, Alternativen in der Kultur. Beiträge zu einer vergleichenden Zeitgeschichte«. Das Projekt wird von der Volkswagen-Stiftung fi nanziert und hat eine Laufzeit von 30 Monaten, vom Januar 2007 bis einschließlich Juni 2009. Es umfasst vier Vorhaben oder Teilprojekte: • Politische Diskurse im Dissens • Diskurse der parallelen Kulturen • Politiken der Zensur • Lebenswege im Dissens Alle vier Vorhaben folgen einem länderübergreifenden und vergleichenden Ansatz. Untersuchungs- länder sind die frühere Sowjetunion, Tschechoslowakei und DDR sowie Polen und Ungarn. Den ersten Schritt stellte die Ermittlung der Forschungs- und Quellenlage zu den analysierten Themenfeldern (einschließlich der damit in den einzelnen Ländern befassten Institutionen) dar. In der vorliegenden Ausgabe der »Arbeitspapiere und Materialien« werden diese Forschungsüber- blicke vorgestellt. Andrzej Krajewski 1. State of Research on the Democratic Opposition in Poland from 1968–1989 The communist party ruled Poland for more than forty years. Despite the regime’s attempts to sup- press groups contesting the totalitarian system, it appeared unable to eliminate them from soci- ety. What is more, the political role of the dissidents continued to increase over time. Although the oppositional groups preceding the creation of Solidarity in 1980 were not impressively numerous, they had a huge impact on the state. Whatever their actual intentions may have been, the opposi- tional leaders’ political ideas and actions resulted in the erosion of the communist system. Some dissidents expected only to reform and democratize the political system, while others strived for the total abolition of the existing order and the complete independence of Poland from Soviet Rus- sia. Because the democratic opposition and the dissidents’ ideas formed the basis for Polish inde- pendence, the history of Polish opposition under communism is important for Polish historiogra- phy. Nowadays, thanks to easy access to the archives of the Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR) and Secret Service (SB), one can fi nd an increasing number of historical works about the various aspects of the democratic opposition’s actions in Poland. 1.1. Cross-Sectional Works Andrzej Friszke’s monograph ‘Opozycja polityczna w PRL 1945–1980’ possibly offers the most complete presentation of the history of resistance against the communist system in Poland.1 On the one hand, this book is truly valuable by virtue of its basis on rich source material as well as eye-witness testimony. On the other hand, it was written at the beginning of the 1990s, which makes it out of date. The monograph’s obsolescence becomes apparent when one compares it to Krzysztof Pomian’s book ‘Wymiary polskiego konfl iktu 1956–1981’, which is based on more contemporary historical sourc- es.2 After two decades, numerous archives have been opened, consisting of PZPR records and vast amounts of SB material as well as literature produced by the democratic opposition activists. Newly emerged resources indicate that both Andrzej Friszke’s work and the far less detailed book by Krzysztof Pomian should be rewritten. What is more, the books only cover events up to 1980 and 1981, but we now know that Solidarity in fact triggered a great many oppositional movements. Due to the impact that NSZZ Solidarność had on the whole Soviet bloc, its long history has drawn the attention of many scholars. Jerzy Holzer has attempted to describe its entire epoch in his books. However, both ‘Solidarność 1980–1981. Geneza i historia’3 and ‘Solidarność w podziemiu’4 (writ- ten with Krzysztof Leski) were written back in the 1980s, which limits their value as sources. Their limitations are evident when one compares them with the latest research results. The books on Solidarity written in English, such as ‘Solidarity. Poland 1980–81’5 by Alain Touraine, ‘The failure of Authoritarian Change. Reform, Opposition and Geo-politics in Poland in the 1980s’ by Andre W. M. Gerrits6 or even those written by the best informed about the ins and outs of PRL, 1 Friszke, Andrzej: Opozycja polityczna w PRL 1945–1980, London 1994. 2 Pomian, Krzysztof: Wymiary polskiego konfl iktu 1956–1981, London 1985. 3 Holzer, Jerzy: Solidarnosc 1980–1981. Geneza i historia, Warsaw 1984. 4 Holzer, Jerzy; Leski, Krzysztof: Solidarność w podziemiu, Lodz 1990. 5 Touraine, Alain: Solidarity. Poland 1980–81, Cambridge 1983. 6 Gerrits, Andre W. M.: The failure of Authoritarian Change. Reform, Opposition and Geo-politics in Poland in the 1980s, Dartmouth 1990. 8 Forschungsstelle Osteuropa (Hg.) Timothy Garton Ash7, are similarly dated. Fortunately, several books have recently been published that supplement the historical knowledge on the stormy 1980s in Poland. The history of political opposition in Poland after the introduction of the martial law, the under- ground organisation, the extent of resistance and the methods of fi
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