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Memetics of Deception: Spreading Local Meme Hoaxes During COVID-19 1St Year
future internet Article Memetics of Deception: Spreading Local Meme Hoaxes during COVID-19 1st Year Raúl Rodríguez-Ferrándiz 1,* , Cande Sánchez-Olmos 1,* , Tatiana Hidalgo-Marí 1 and Estela Saquete-Boro 2 1 Department of Communication and Social Psychology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; [email protected] 2 Department of Software and Computing Systems, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.R.-F.); [email protected] (C.S.-O.) Abstract: The central thesis of this paper is that memetic practices can be crucial to understanding deception at present when hoaxes have increased globally due to COVID-19. Therefore, we employ existing memetic theory to describe the qualities and characteristics of meme hoaxes in terms of the way they are replicated by altering some aspects of the original, and then shared on social media platforms in order to connect global and local issues. Criteria for selecting the sample were hoaxes retrieved from and related to the local territory in the province of Alicante (Spain) during the first year of the pandemic (n = 35). Once typology, hoax topics and their memetic qualities were identified, we analysed their characteristics according to form in terms of Shifman (2014) and, secondly, their content and stance concordances both within and outside our sample (Spain and abroad). The results show, firstly, that hoaxes are mainly disinformation and they are related to the pandemic. Secondly, despite the notion that local hoaxes are linked to local circumstances that are difficult to extrapolate, our conclusions demonstrate their extraordinary memetic and “glocal” capacity: they rapidly adapt Citation: Rodríguez-Ferrándiz, R.; other hoaxes from other places to local areas, very often supplanting reliable sources, and thereby Sánchez-Olmos, C.; Hidalgo-Marí, T.; demonstrating consistency and opportunism. -
Ponkin I.V. Conclusion of 26.I.2018 on the IOC Disciplinary Commission's Report Chaired by Samuel Schmid Dated 02.XII.2017 Intro
Ponkin I.V. Conclusion of 26.I.2018 on the IOC Disciplinary Commission's Report chaired by Samuel Schmid dated 02.XII.2017 Introduction This Conclusion Report presents the results of the analysis of the Report of the IOC Disciplinary Commission chaired by Samuel Schmid, issued 02.12.2017, as presented to the IOC Executive Board1, (hereinafter the Report, Schmid Report). The goal of this Conclusion Report is an evaluation of the legal and factual justifiability of the statements, including the implications of the Schmid Report, as well as an evaluation of the legal potentiality and justifiability of using this Report as a basis and a justification of the IOC decision of 05.12.2017 to suspend the activities of the Russian Olympic Committee and to allow the participation of Russian athletes in 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang only under a neutral (Olympic) flag and without the National Anthem, and after more rigorous compulsory selection (as compared to athletes from other countries), as well as a basis and a justification to apply extra restrictions (as related to those already implemented prior to December 2017) and penalties to Russian athletes2, sports organizations, and national teams. This Conclusion Report is referring to the original text of the above-mentioned Report (as published at the IOC official website in the English language) taking into consideration the available translation into the Russian language. Page numbers of the quotes cited follow the above-mentioned original of the Report. In doing the analysis of the Schmid -
Sanctions Intelligence Update
July 17, 2014 SANCTIONS INTELLIGENCE UPDATE GENNADY TIMCHENKO & VOLGA GROUP adapting BUSINESS FOLLOWING U.S. & Canadian sanctions Overview In March and April, the US government sanctioned Russian businessman Gennady Timchenko, his Luxembourg-registered holding company Volga Group, and ten related subsidiaries. Timchenko was identified as a “member of the Russian leadership’s inner circle,” whose involvement in the energy sector was “directly linked to [President] Putin.” To date, Canada has sanctioned Timchenko, Volga Group, and nine Volga Group subsidiaries. The European Union has not acted against Timchenko or Volga Group. Since the announcement of US and Canadian sanctions, Timchenko and Volga Group- controlled firms have announced new projects in Asia, Europe, and Syria with reported financing from Chinese and Russian banks, including institutions sanctioned by the US on July 16. Financial institutions engaged in global business should consider the implications for AML and sanctions risk management. Timchenko’s post-sanctionS business ventures in China In late April 2014, President Putin appointed Gennady Timchenko to lead the Russia-China Business Council (RCBC), a body created in 2004 to expand partnerships between the two countries. Timchenko told reporters after President Putin’s RCBC announcement: “You know what Putin said? He introduced me by As head of RCBC, Timchenko is advancing Volga Group interests in saying Mr. Timchenko is the head of our business council. In other China. words – it is my words here – he is our main man for China.” • In late May 2014, Volga Group is constructing a terminal for announced a joint-venture with coal and iron ore shipments in the state-owned China Harbour Russia’s Far East. -
This Central Play and Contrast
VOLUNTEERS, ENTREPRENEURS AND PATRIOTS: YOUTH AS NEW SUBJECTS OF STATE POLICY IN PUTIN’S RUSSIA An NCEEER Working Paper by Julie Hemment University of Massachusetts National Council for Eurasian and East European Research 1828 L Street NW Suite 1200 Washington, DC 20036 [email protected] http://www.nceeer.org/ TITLE VIII PROGRAM Project Information* Principal Investigator: Julie Hemment NCEEER Contract Number: 828-07 Date: September 30, 2014 Copyright Information Individual researchers retain the copyright on their work products derived from research funded through a contract or grant from the National Council for Eurasian and East European Research (NCEEER). However, the NCEEER and the United States Government have the right to duplicate and disseminate, in written and electronic form, reports submitted to NCEEER to fulfill Contract or Grant Agreements either (a) for NCEEER’s own internal use, or (b) for use by the United States Government, and as follows: (1) for further dissemination to domestic, international, and foreign governments, entities and/or individuals to serve official United States Government purposes or (2) for dissemination in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act or other law or policy of the United States Government granting the public access to documents held by the United States Government. Neither NCEEER nor the United States Government nor any recipient of this Report may use it for commercial sale. * The work leading to this report was supported in part by contract or grant funds provided by the National Council for Eurasian and East European Research, funds which were made available by the U.S. Department of State under Title VIII (The Soviet-East European Research and Training Act of 1983, as amended). -
Information Warfare, International Law, and the Changing Battlefield
ARTICLE INFORMATION WARFARE, INTERNATIONAL LAW, AND THE CHANGING BATTLEFIELD Dr. Waseem Ahmad Qureshi* ABSTRACT The advancement of technology in the contemporary era has facilitated the emergence of information warfare, which includes the deployment of information as a weapon against an adversary. This is done using a numBer of tactics such as the use of media and social media to spread propaganda and disinformation against an adversary as well as the adoption of software hacking techniques to spread viruses and malware into the strategically important computer systems of an adversary either to steal confidential data or to damage the adversary’s security system. Due to the intangible nature of the damage caused By the information warfare operations, it Becomes challenging for international law to regulate the information warfare operations. The unregulated nature of information operations allows information warfare to Be used effectively By states and nonstate actors to gain advantage over their adversaries. Information warfare also enhances the lethality of hyBrid warfare. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to arrange a new convention or devise a new set of rules to regulate the sphere of information warfare to avert the potential damage that it can cause to international peace and security. ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. 901 I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 903 II. WHAT IS INFORMATION WARFARE? ............................. -
How Hydrocarbon Resources and Vladimir Putin's Acquaintances Are Linked to Russia's Foreign Policy Decisions
Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2020 How Hydrocarbon Resources and Vladimir Putin's Acquaintances are Linked to Russia's Foreign Policy Decisions Anttoni Asikainen Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Asikainen, Anttoni, "How Hydrocarbon Resources and Vladimir Putin's Acquaintances are Linked to Russia's Foreign Policy Decisions" (2020). Honors Theses. 2380. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/2380 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. How Hydrocarbon Resources and Vladimir Putin's Acquaintances are Linked to Russia's Foreign Policy Decisions By Anttoni Asikainen ********** Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of Russian and East European Studies UNION COLLEGE June 2020 i ABSTRACT ASIKAINEN, ANTTONI How Hydrocarbon Resources and Vladimir Putin's Acquaintances are Linked to Russia's Foreign Policy Decisions. Departments of Political Science and Russian and East European Studies, June 2020 ADVISOR: Kristin Bidoshi & David Siegel This thesis examines how Russia uses its hydrocarbon resources as a foreign policy tool. As one of the most significant gas and oil producers in the world, Russia has gained enormous political power in many nations. In short, for many years, Russia has been building asymmetrical economic relationships with multiple countries, including countries in the European Union. Many of these countries have become partially or entirely dependent on Russian energy. -
Stuxnet Under the Microscope
Stuxnet Under the Microscope Revision 1.31 Aleksandr Matrosov, Senior Virus Researcher Eugene Rodionov, Rootkit Analyst David Harley, Senior Research Fellow Juraj Malcho, Head of Virus Laboratory 2 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 TARGETED ATTACKS ............................................................................................................................. 5 1.2 STUXNET VERSUS AURORA ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 STUXNET REVEALED............................................................................................................................ 11 1.4 STATISTICS ON THE SPREAD OF THE STUXNET WORM ................................................................................ 15 2 MICROSOFT, MALWARE AND THE MEDIA ....................................................................................... 17 2.1 SCADA, SIEMENS AND STUXNET .......................................................................................................... 17 2.2 STUXNET TIMELINE............................................................................................................................. 19 3 DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................................................................. 24 3.1 THE LNK EXPLOIT ............................................................................................................................. -
Applying a Framework to Assess Deterrence of Gray Zone Aggression for More Information on This Publication, Visit
C O R P O R A T I O N MICHAEL J. MAZARR, JOE CHERAVITCH, JEFFREY W. HORNUNG, STEPHANIE PEZARD What Deters and Why Applying a Framework to Assess Deterrence of Gray Zone Aggression For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR3142 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0397-1 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © 2021 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: REUTERS/Kyodo Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This report documents research and analysis conducted as part of a project entitled What Deters and Why: North Korea and Russia, sponsored by the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3/5/7, U.S. -
ON the EFFECTIVE USE of PROXY WARFARE by Andrew Lewis Peek Baltimore, Maryland May 2021 © 2021 Andrew Peek All Rights Reserved
ON THE EFFECTIVE USE OF PROXY WARFARE by Andrew Lewis Peek A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland May 2021 2021 Andrew Peek All rights reserved Abstract This dissertation asks a simple question: how are states most effectively conducting proxy warfare in the modern international system? It answers this question by conducting a comparative study of the sponsorship of proxy forces. It uses process tracing to examine five cases of proxy warfare and predicts that the differentiation in support for each proxy impacts their utility. In particular, it proposes that increasing the principal-agent distance between sponsors and proxies might correlate with strategic effectiveness. That is, the less directly a proxy is supported and controlled by a sponsor, the more effective the proxy becomes. Strategic effectiveness here is conceptualized as consisting of two key parts: a proxy’s operational capability and a sponsor’s plausible deniability. These should be in inverse relation to each other: the greater and more overt a sponsor’s support is to a proxy, the more capable – better armed, better trained – its proxies should be on the battlefield. However, this close support to such proxies should also make the sponsor’s influence less deniable, and thus incur strategic costs against both it and the proxy. These costs primarily consist of external balancing by rival states, the same way such states would balance against conventional aggression. Conversely, the more deniable such support is – the more indirect and less overt – the less balancing occurs. -
Maciej Łuczak Oszustwo Dopingowe W Sporcie Wyczynowym
ROZPRAWY NAUKOWE Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu 2018, 60, 118 – 134 Maciej Łuczak Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego w Poznaniu OSZUSTWO DOPINGOWE W SPORCIE WYCZYNOWYM WśRÓD KOBIET W LATACH 1950–2017 Cel badań. W artykule przedstawiono zjawisko dopingu kobiet w sporcie w XX i XXI w. Wśród sportsmenek sztuczne wspomaganie wykryto w latach 50. XX w. W niektórych krajach powstał system maskowania dopingu przez władze państwowe. Doświadczenie w zakresie opracowywania i podawania leków wspomagających miały laboratoria antydopingowe, m.in. w Kreischa w NRD. Stosowanie niedozwolonych praktyk ukazano na przykładzie NRD, RFN, ZSRR, Chin, USA, Kenii i Polski. Materiał i metody. Materiał badawczy został zinterpretowany przy użyciu metod stoso- wanych w naukach historycznych: indukcyjnej, dedukcyjnej, komparatystycznej i analizy litera- tury specjalistycznej. Do sformułowania ostatecznych wniosków wykorzystano metodę syntezy. Wyniki. Praktyki dopingowe miały miejsce w wielu krajach. Od 1956 r. notuje się stosowanie wspomagania organizmów sportsmenek za pomocą testosteronu. Z czasem doszły bardziej udo- skonalone niedozwolone środki oraz metody, takie jak np. doping ciążowy. Najbardziej zorganizo- wany doping pod kuratelą państwa miał miejsce w NRD, RFN, ZSRR, Chinach, USA, Kenii i w Polsce. Wnioski. W latach 50. XX w. zawodniczki – zwłaszcza w Związku Radzieckim – spo- radycznie przyjmowały testosteron oraz steroidy anaboliczno-androgenne. Później liczba stoso- wanych środków dopingujących systematycznie rosła. Na większą skalę zaczęto je przyjmować dopiero w latach 70. i 80. XX w. Próbą zapanowania nad tym zjawiskiem są badania antydopin- gowe, jednak chęć zwycięstwa często przeważa nad zdrowym rozsądkiem. Słowa kluczowe: sport, doping, historia, kobiety WprowadzEniE Doping w sporcie znany jest od bardzo dawna. Zapewne byłby łatwiejszy do wykrycia, gdyby nie korzyści płynące z niego dla firm farmaceutycznych, lekarzy, trenerów, za- wodników, federacji sportowych oraz polityków i rządów państw. -
Coming to Grips with Life in the Disinformation Age
Coming to Grips with Life in the Disinformation Age “The Information Age” is the term given to post-World War II contemporary society, particularly from the Sixties, onward, when we were coming to the realization that our ability to publish information of all kinds, fact and fiction, was increasing at an exponential rate so as to make librarians worry that they would soon run out of storage space. Their storage worries were temporarily allayed by the advent of the common use of microform analog photography of printed materials, and eventually further by digital technology and nanotechnology. It is noted that in this era, similar to other past eras of great growth in communications technology such as written language, the printing press, analog recording, and telecommunication, dramatic changes occurred as well in human thinking and socialness. More ready archiving negatively impacted our disposition to remember things by rote, including, in recent times, our own phone numbers. Moreover, many opportunities for routine socializing were lost, particularly those involving public speech and readings, live music and theater, live visits to neighbors and friends, etc. The recognition that there had been a significant tradeoff from which there seemed to be no turning back evoked discussion of how to come to grips with “life in the Information Age”. Perhaps we could discover new social and intellectual opportunities from our technological advances to replace the old ones lost, ways made available by new technology. Today we are facing a new challenge, also brought on largely by new technology: that of coming to grips with life in the “Disinformation Age”. -
Economic and Social Council
UNITED NATIONS E Economic and Social Distr. Council GENERAL E/CN.4/2004/62/Add.1 26 March 2004 ENGLISH/FRENCH/SPANISH ONLY COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Sixtieth session Agenda item 11 (c) CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS, INCLUDING QUESTIONS OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION The right to freedom of opinion and expression Addendum ∗ Summary of cases transmitted to Governments and replies received ∗ ∗ The present document is being circulated in the language of submission only as it greatly exceeds the page limitations currently imposed by the relevant General Assembly resolutions GE.04-12400 E/CN.4/2004/62/Add.1 Page 2 CONTENTS Paragraphs Page Introduction 1 – 2 5 SUMMARY OF CASES TRANSMITTED AND REPLIES RECEIVED 3 – 387 5 Afghanistan 3 – 5 5 Albania 6 – 7 6 Algeria 8 – 25 6 Argentina 26 – 34 11 Armenia 35 – 38 13 Azerbaijan 39 – 66 15 Bangladesh 67 – 87 30 Belarus 88 – 94 36 Benin 95 – 96 39 Bolivia 97 – 102 39 Botswana 103 – 106 42 Brazil 107 -108 43 Burkina Faso 109 -111 43 Cambodia 112 – 115 44 Cameroon 116 – 127 45 Central African Republic 128 – 132 49 Chad 133 – 135 50 Chile 136 – 138 51 China 139 – 197 52 Colombia 198 – 212 71 Comoros 213 – 214 75 Côte d’Ivoire 215 – 219 75 Cuba 220 – 237 77 Democratic Republic of the Congo 238 – 257 82 Djibouti 258 – 260 90 Dominican Republic 261 – 262 91 Ecuador 263 – 266 91 Egypt 267 – 296 92 El Salvador 297 – 298 100 Eritrea 299 – 315 100 Ethiopia 316 – 321 104 Gabon 322 – 325 106 Gambia 326 – 328 108 Georgia 329 – 332 109 Greece 333 – 334 111 Guatemala 335 – 347 111 Guinea-Bissau 348 – 351 116 E/CN.4/2004/62/Add.1