Kanienkeha':Ka

Kanienkeha':ka

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course By: Candace Squire

Ontario Native Literacy Coalition

Written by Candace Squire Layout and design by Turtle’s Back Publishing Cover - Cornhusk Dolls created by Beverly Doxtator

ISBN# 978-1-989431-27-6

Published by Turtle’s Back Publishing, a division of: Ontario Native Literacy Coalition P.O. Box 550 16 Sunrise Court, Suite 407, Ohsweken ON N0A 1M0 Telephone: 519-445-1539 ~ Toll Free: 1-855-368-3072 [email protected] ~ www.onlc.ca

This Employment Ontario project is funded by the Government of Canada and the Government of Ontario and through the Canada-Ontario Job Fund Agreement.

The views expressed in the publication are the views of the Recipient and do not necessarily reflect those of the Province. “The Government of Ontario and its agencies are in no way bound by the recommendations contained in this document.”

Thank you to Heritage Canada, Aboriginals Peoples’ Program, Aboriginal Languages Initiative component. This project has been made possible in part by the Government of Canada. Ce project a été rendu possible en partie grâce au gouvernement du Canada.

Table of Contents Introduction ...... 1 Lesson 1- Sounds ...... 2 Vowels ...... 2 Consonants...... 3 Consonant Clusters ...... 4 Sound Charts ...... 4 Exercise 1 ...... 5 Lesson 2 - Pronoun Charts ...... 7 Lesson 3 – Kanonhweratónhtshera (Thanksgiving Speech) ...... 10 Understanding Language ...... 12 Let’s Practice Greeting Each Other ...... 15 Our Clans Tsi niionkwen’tarò:ten ...... 17 Lesson 4 - Words to practice ...... 19 Family...... 20 Lesson 5 - Describing People ...... 27 Mental and Emotional Conditions ...... 29 Creating sentences, translating and writing ...... 32 Exercise A ...... 32 Exercise B ...... 32 Exercise C ...... 32 Assignment...... 33 Lesson 6 - Physical Description in the Past ...... 33 Possession ...... 36 Assignment 1...... 38 Assignment 2...... 38 Lesson 7 - Verb Study ...... 38 Communication ...... 41 Assignment...... 41 Lesson 8 - Weather Words ...... 46 Assignment...... 49 Time ...... 50 Lesson 9 - Describing Where Someone Is ...... 51

Location ...... 51 Body Parts...... 52 Assignment...... 55 Lesson 10 - Counting People and Animals ...... 55 Counting People ...... 55 Animals ...... 56 Amount...... 57 Questions ...... 57

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Introduction

The following lessons are meant to introduce you to the Kaniakeha language. We must first have a look at sound structure so that you will be able to understand what you will be learning. Many individuals who already speak one language are able to start understanding and using another language. The parts of speech are nine as in other languages – the article, noun, adjective, pronoun, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection and the verb. These will be studied as they arise, and you are not expected to know all in this course.

By the end of this introductory/beginners’ course, the learner will know the following: • The sounds of the language – the vowels and consonants and be able to read and write words using the double-vowel system of writing; • That the Kaniakeha language divides all objects into two classes animate and inanimate, both for nouns and verbs and also in the article, adjective and pronoun; • That there are two first person’s plural; • That there is no indefinite article ‘a’ the object is simply mentioned alone or with one; • That there is, however, a definite animate and definite inanimate article; • That Nouns have gender (animate and inanimate) and number (singular and plural), the diminutive ending (indicating smallness) derogative ending (term of endearment or derogatory), and locative – indicating location; • That the verb – a word that tells what the action is or the state of something, come in four types and that they can command and negate. And to use the verb, the earner needs to know the seven pronouns and how they are used, as well as the suffixes of the verb; • Develop their vocabulary pertinent to each lesson.

Learners will also be aware of: • Adjectives – words that describe the noun • Adverbs – words that modify the verb

There are many other aspects of the grammar that can be studied but as this is only an introductory/beginners’ course, further can be learned in intermediate and advanced classes.

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

The Kanienkeha':ka alphabet consists of: a e i o on en k n r s t w

Lesson 1- Sounds In the Mohawk language there are vowels and consonants that make sounds you need to become familiar with:

Vowels

“A” sounds like the a in father. “A:” colon (a:) after the vowel makes it a long vowel. Áhskwa bridge À:are curtain Ahthén:no ball À:share knife Atókwa spoon À:there basket Atià:tawi dress/shirt Kanà:ta town

“E” sounds like the e in they. “E:” colon (e:) make a long vowel. Short Vowel: É:so much Áhsire blanket Kaié:ri four Kà:sere car Ahseriiè:ta string Ká:iare bag Ohtè:ra roots Óhere corn stock

“I” sounds like the i in ski. Short Vowel: Long vowel: Onékeri hay Í:se you Atén:nits cane Í:’I me/I Ó:kwire sapling Thí:ken that one Annitskwà:ra chair Kí:ken this one

“O” sounds like the o in note. Short vowel: Long vowel: Oháhsera light/lamp Ohonró:ta tube/pipe Ohsón:kara board O’nó:wa lock Oná:kara animal horn Tsinó:wen mice Onén:ia stone atsó:kten hoe

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

“en” is a nasalized vowel that does not occur in English. Short Vowel: Long vowel: A’niá:nawen mitten Okahkwén:ta a wheel Atháhsteren pants Ahthén:na ball Énska one Karén:na song/record Ó:nenhste corn

“On” is a nasalized vowel not found in English. Short vowel: Onon’ónsera pumpkin Akon’honwá:tha broom Kahiatónhsera paper Kaná:taron bread

Consonants

“K” sounds like a g in good when occurring “K” sounds like the k in koala when its before a vowel. before another consonant. Ká:iare bag Kákhwa food Kanén:nawen pipe Áhskwa bridge Kahná:ta purse/wallet Ká:khare skirt

“H” sounds like the h in he when before a “H” as an aspirate sound when before a vowel. consonant. Ká:khare skirt Kanónhsa house Ká:nheks ribbon Ohtè:ra roots Katshè:ta bottle O’nehsarónhkwa sand

“N” is pronounced as the n in no. “R” is pronounced like an l or rl combination sound. Atenentsháhnha arm band Ó:kwire sapling A’niá:nawen mitten Ówera air Karén:na song/record Áhsire blanket Kanónhsa house À:there basket Káhonre gun Karón:ta log Orawá:ta clay Ónerahte leaf

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

“S” is pronounced as the s in sad before a “S” is pronounced as a soft z vowel. Ahseriiè:ta string Só:ra duck Atshò:kten hoe Atkón:sera pillow Anihsnónhsawi ring Kà:sere car

“W” is pronounced as the w in was. Onawá:tsta mud Oién:kwa tobacco Wá:s you go Otsi’náhkwa nest

Consonant Clusters

“TSI” is similar to sound of a gz “WH” is a soft f by letting breath through the combination. lips. Kahón:tsi black Sentá:wha go to bed Ato’tsinéhtha skates Tekonhwhará:ron peach Karístatsi iron Óhwhare pelt/fir Otsì:tsia flower Sén:tawh sleep

Sound Charts

A E i O en on H ha he hi ho hen hon K ka ke ki ko ken kon N na ne ni no nen non R ra re ri ro ren ron S sa se si so sen son T ta te ti to ten ton W wa we wi -- wen --

The glottal stop represents half the sound of a vowel.

a’ e’ i’ o’ en’ on’ H ha’ he’ hi’ ho’ hen’ hon’ K ka’ ke’ ki’ ko’ ken’ kon’ N na’ ne’ ni’ no’ nen’ non’ R ra’ re’ ri’ ro’ ren’ ron’ S sa’ se’ si’ so’ sen’ son’ T ta’ te’ ti’ to’ ten’ ton’ W wa’ we’ wi’ -- wen’ --

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

a e i o en on i ia ie -- io ien ion Kh kha khe khi kho khen khon Ki kia kie kio kien kion Kw kwa kwe kwi --- kwen --- Ni nia nie --- nio nien nion Ri ria rie --- rio rien rion sh sha she shi sho shen shon Shi shia shie --- shio shien shion Th tha the thi tho then thon Thi thia thie --- thio thien thion Ti tia tie --- tio tien tion Ts tsa tse tsi tso tsen tson Tsh tsha tshe tshi tsho tshen tshon Tshi tshia tshie --- tshio tshien tshion khw khwa khwe khwi ---- khwen ---

The following are some guidelines for pronouncing and reading the Mohawk language.

• Most syllables end with a vowel.

• Learn to recognize the vowels and underline them.

• When two or more consonants follow the vowel, see the chart to ensure that you do not separate consonants that need to stay together.

• When an “h” follows a vowel, often it is included in the syllable, refer to chart.

• The only vowels that are found together are “ae”, “ao”, “aon”, and “enen”.

• Sometimes it looks like two vowels are together as in “enon”, or “onen”, “onon” and “enen” combinations, however her are some examples to explain why this is not the case. Atenen’ónkwas-wild rice looks like two vowels together but actually the “e” in this case is the vowel and the “n” is the consonant that separates the syllable. Onon’ónsera-squash again looks like two vowels together but in this case the “o” is the vowel and the “n” is the consonant that separates them. Exercise 1 With the following words separate the syllables and practice the sounds.

1. Onkwe’shón:’a 9. Tionhéhkwen 2. Iethi’nihsténha tsionhwentsià:te 10. Tiowerawénrie 3. Iothontón:ni 11. Ratiwé:ra’s 4. Wahianiióntha 12. Entiehké:ne Karáhkwa 5. Karharónnion 13. Ahsonthenhnékha Wenhní:tare 6. Kontírio 14. Iotsistohkwarónnion 7. Kahnekarónnion 15. Teionkhiià:taton 8. Kention’shón:’a 16. Shonkwia’tíshon

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Word study

1. Onhwentsiakwé:kon - everywhere (on) 27. Iah - no/not, negation earth 28. Ki’ - exclamation 2. Onhwéntsia - earth 29. Othé:nen - something 3. Akwé:kon - all/everybody/ everything 30. Iah ki’ othé:nen - nothing at all 4. Onkwá:wen - belongs to us 31. Sewakhwaién:tahkwe- you all had food, 5. Iah tesewá:wen - does not belong to all of 32. E’tho - so you 33. Wa’kwá:nonte - we fed you all, in fact

6. Iah te - negation feature, use with verbs 34. Wa’kwaié:nawa’se - we helped you, for and adjectives your benefit

7. Iorihwí:io - it is true 35. Tasewanónhton’ - you all forced

8. Orihwí:i o - truth 36. Wahswahró:ri - you all told us

9. í:io - suffix , meaning ‘good’, ‘nice’ 37. Iah tha’ón:ton - it is not possible

10. wesewanó:wenhte - all of you lied, told an 38. Aetewató:rate - we could hunt untruth 39. Wé:ne - it is evident/ plain to see 11. nok - and 40. É:so - much/many things 12. wesewanénhsko - all of you stole 41. Wesewa’nikórhen - you all forgot 13. tó:ske - it is true 42. Shé:kon - still/now 14. tsi - particle meaning that/where/when/to/at, (may have any of 43. Káneka - somewhere these meanings depending on the 44. ah káneka - nowhere sentence) 45. Thiaétewe - anywhere to go 15. eh - contraction of e’tho meaning 46. Tewanorónhkwa - we all love ‘there/so 47. Nionkwarihò:ten - our culture 16. na’á:wen’ne - it is what happened 48. Entewatéweienhste- we all will study 17. tewentsiaié:na’skwe - we all used to fish, 49. Niienhén:we - forever but not now 50. Kanien’kehá:ka - people of Kanén:ke 18. kwah - contraction of akwah, meaning 51. Na’kawennò:ten - that kind of ‘quite’ words/language 19. ok - only/ just 52. Né:’e - it is 20. nón:we - location 53. Aonhá:’a - alone/only/mostly 21. iakwatawénriehskwe - we all used to roam 54. Tiorihowá:nen - (it is) most important about 55. Entewatá:ti - we all will speak 22. ionkwatshennón:nih - we were happy (state of being) 23. wahonnise’kénha - a long time ago 24. sewatonhkária’skwe - you all were hungry, but not now 25. kenh - here 26. wesewaké:tohte - you all showed up

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Lesson 2 - Pronoun Charts

(Red) pronoun chart prefixes- active verb, (having a degree of control on s.t.).

C stem A stem I stem E/EN stem O/ON stem -nón:we’s -attókha -ì:teron -entórha -ónnhe like it am smart reside am lazy am living I ke/ik k k k k You hse/ts/it hs ts(hs) hs hs He ra r ren hr hr She ie ion ie iak iak It ka w ken w i You & I teni ti ten ten ten s.o & I iakeni iaki iaken iaken iaken You two seni tsi sen sen sen two Ms hni hi hn hn hn two Fs keni ki ken ken ken You all & I tewa tew tewen tew ti they & I iakwa iakw iakwen iakw iaki all of you sewa sew sewen sew tsi they Ms rati ron rat/ronn ronn ronn they Fs konti kon kont/konn konn konn

(blue) pronoun chart stative verbs, (having little or no control over s.t.).

C stem A stem I stem E stem O stem -nonhwáktani -ata’karí:te -í:tahs -é:kahs -on’wéhskwani am sick am healthy am sleeping like the taste am enjoying I wake wak wak wak wak you sa s sen s s he ro ro ro raw ra she iako iako iako iakaw iaka it io io io iaw ia you & I ionkeni ionki ionken ionken ionken s.o. & I ionkeni ionki ionken ionken ionken you two seni tsi sen sen sen two Ms roti ron rot ron ron two Fs ioti ion iot ion ion you all & I ionkwa ionkw ionkwen ionkw ionki they& I ionkwa ionkw ionkwen ionkw ionki all of you sewa sew sewen sew tsi they Ms roti ron rot ron ron they Fs ioti ion iot ion ion

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Vowels that are in italic underline replaces the first letter of the root stem. Italicized “e” disappears when attached to roots starting with “h”, “i” and most k’s and t’s (but not all). When any prefix appears in front of the pronoun the “h” appears and is pronounced. Example: Kiente:ri, khnen:iehs, wakhwihstaien.

The “i” disappears when any other prefix is added. The prefix “ts” is attached to all roots that begin with “i” and “i”. The “t” disappears and is replaced by an “h” when any feature is attached to the pronoun. The prefix it is attached to all roots that begin with “hs”. Example: Tsiente:ri, tsi:teron

The “i” disappears when any other feature is placed in front of the prefix. Example: Ithswens and iah tethswens.

The following pronominal prefixes when speaking about someone to someone: Purple prefixes, All (interactive) C stem A stem I stem E/En stem O/On stem -nón:we’s -ateró:roks -í:tenhre -ehià:ra’s -onnién:nis like s.o. watch s.o. pity s.o remember s.o. make s.t./s.o.

I →you kon koni kon koni koni I→him ri rii r rii rii I→her, them, s.o. khe khei khe khei khei I→you two keni ki ken ken ken I→you all/they&I→iou kwa kw kwen kw ki you→me take takw tak tak tak you→him etshe etshi etsh etsh etsh you→her, them, s.o. hshe hshei hse hshei hshei you→them&me/Y’all→me takwa taki takwen takw taki you+I→him etshiteni etshiti etshiten etshiten etshiten you all+I→her, them, s.o. iethi iethii ieth iethii iethii you two→me takeni taki taken taken taken you two←→him etshiseni etshisi etshisen etshisen etshisen you two/all+I→him etshitewa etshitew etshitewen etshitew etshiti you all →me takwa takw takwen takw taki you 2/all←→her, them, s.o. ietshi ietshii ietsh ietshii ietshii you all→me takwa takw takwen takw taki you all←→him etshisewa etshisew etshisewen etshisew etshitsi he→me rake rakw rak rakw rak he→you hia hi hien hiai hiai he→him ro ro ro raw ra he→her, them, s.o. hshako hshako hshako hshakw hshaka he→two of us hshonkeni hshonki hshonken hshonken hshonken

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course he→us all hsonkwa hsonkw hsonkwen hsonkw hsonki she, they, s.o.→me ionke ionkw ionk ionkw ionk she, they, s.o.→iou iesa ies iesen ies iesai she, they, s.o.→him ronwa ronw ronwen ronw ronwai she, they, s.o.→her iontate iontat iontat iontat iontat she, they, s.o.→it, her konwa konw konwen konw konwai she, they, s.o.←→iou 2/all ietshi ietshii ietsh ietshii ietshii she, the, s.o.→them (Ms) ronwati ronwan ronwat ronwat ronwan she, they, s.o.→them (Fs) konwati konwan konwat konwat konwan s.o.+I→him hshakeni hshaki hshaken hshaken hshaken thei+I→him hshakwa hshakw hshakwen hshakw hshaki they/s.o.+I→her, them, s.o. iakhi iakhii iakh iakhii iakhii they, s.o.→you+I, they+I ionkhi ionkhii ionkh ionhii ionkhii they (M)→her, them, s.o. hshakoti hshakon hshakot hshakon hshakotii they (F)→her, them, s.o. iakoti iakon iakot iakon iakotii

Stress

When pronouncing words that have more than one vowel, a stress is placed on the syllables. There are three kinds of stresses:

1. Short-is indicated by ( ´ ) syllables with short stress are pronounced loud 2. Long-is indicated by ( ´: ) syllables with long stress are pronounced loud and long 3. Falling- is indicated by ( `: )syllables with falling stress are pronounced loud, long and falling tone.

Some words also have “glottals”, indicated by an apostrophe (’) after a vowel. Vowels that are followed by a glottal are cut short in pronunciation. Some words can have a long stress and a glottal in the same syllable—raksá:’a. Some words can have a short stress and a glottal in the same syllable –wakió’te. No words can have a falling accent and a glottal in the same syllable.

Short stress: Énska 1 énska iawén:re 11 Short stress: Tékeni 2 tékeni iawén:re 12 Short stress: Áhsen 3 áhsen iawén:re 13 Long stress: kaié:ri 4 kaié:ri iawén:re 14 No stress: wísk 5 wísk iawén:re 15 Falling stress: ià:iak 6 ià:iak iawén:re 16 Long stress: tsiá:ta 7 tsiá:ta iawén:re 17 Glottal & long stress: sha’té:kon 8 sha’té:kon iawén:re 18 Short stress: tióhton 9 tióhton iawén:re 19 Long stress: oié:ri 10 oié:ri iawén:re 20

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Tewáhsen énska 21 Wísk niwáhsen 50 Tewáhsen tékeni 22 Ià:iak niwáhsen 60 Tewáhsen áhsen 23 Tsiá:ta niwáhsen 70 Sha’té:kon niwáhsen 80 Áhsen niwáhsen 30 Tióhton niwáhsen 90 Áhsen niwáhsen énska 31 Énska tewenniá:we 100 Áhsen niwáhsen tékeni 32 Áhsen niwáhsen áhsen 33

Kaié:ri niwáhsen énska 41 Kaié:ri niwáhsen tékeni 42 Kaié:ri niwáhsen áhsen 43

Lesson 3 – Kanonhweratónhtshera (Thanksgiving Speech)

Sewatahonsí:iohst ken’nikarihwéhsa, Ne: ká:ti tentshitewanonhwerá:ton ne Shonkwaia’tíson ne wáhi rohsa’anion akwé:kon tsi nahó:ten teiotawèn:rie tsi iohwentsiàte.

1) Taiethinonhwerá:ton ne we give thanks to all Onkwe’shón:’a the people E’tho neniontónhake ne onkwa’nikòn:ra therefore it is so it will remain in our minds

2) Taiethinonhwerá:ton ne we give thanks to Iethi’nihsténha tsi ionhwentsià:te our mother earth E’tho neniontónhake ne onkwa’nikòn:ra therefore it is so it will remain in our minds

3) Taiethinonhwerá:ton ne we give thanks to Kahnekarónnion all the waters E’tho neniontónhake ne onkwa’nikòn:ra therefore it is so it will remain in our minds

4. Taiethinonhwerá:ton ne we give thanks to Kentsion’shón:’a the fishes E’tho neniohtónhake ne onkwa’nikòn:ra therefore it is so it will remain in our minds

5) Taiethinonhwerá:ton ne we give thanks to Iothontón:ni the grasses E’tho neniontónhake ne onkwa’nikòn:ra therefore it is so it will remain in our minds

6) Taiethinonhwerá:ton ne we give thanks to Tionhéhkwen our sustenance E’tho neniontónhake ne onkwa’nikòn:ra therefore it is so it will remain in our minds

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

7) Taiethinonhwerá:ton ne we give thanks to Wahianiióntha the fruits E’tho neniontónhake ne onkwa’nikòn:ra therefore it is so it will remain in our minds

8) Taiethinonhwerá:ton ne we give thanks to Karharónnion forest E’tho neniontónhake ne onkwa’nikòn:ra therefore it is so it will remain in our minds

9) Tayethinonhwerá:ton ne we give thanks to Kontírio the animals E’tho neniontónhake ne onkwa’nikòn:ra therefore it is so it will remain in our minds

10) Taiethinonhwerá:ton ne we give thanks to Teiowerawénrie the winds E’tho neniontónhake ne onkwa’nikòn:ra therefore it is so it will remain in our minds

11) Taiethinonhwerá:ton ne we give thanks to Ratiwé:ras to the thunders E’tho neniontónhake ne onkwa’nikòn:ra therefore it is so it will remain in our minds

12) Tatshitewanonhwerá:ton ne we give thanks to Entiehké:ne karáhkwa the sun E’tho neniontónhake ne onkwa’nikòn:ra therefore it is so it will remain in our minds

13) Taiethinonhwerá:ton ne we give thanks to Ahshenthenhnéhkha wenhní:tare the moon E’tho neniontónhake ne onkwa’nikòn:ra therefore it is so it will remain in our minds

14) Taiethinonhwerá:ton ne we give thanks to Iotsistohkwarónnion the stars E’tho neniontónhake ne onkwa’nikòn:ra therefore it is so it will remain in our minds

15) Taiethinonhwerá:ton ne we give thanks to Kaié:ri niionkwè:take the four spiritual beings

E’tho neniiontónhake ne onkwa’nikòn:ra therefore it is so it will remain in our minds

16) Tatshitewanonhwerá:ton ne we give thanks to Shonkwaia’tíson our Creator E’tho neniontónhake ne onkwa’nikòn:ra therefore it is so it will remain in our minds

17) Tho nikawén:nake.

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Understanding Language

Students will make flashcards with pictures to help them to memorize the Thanksgiving Address. This is your key to understanding how the language works.

All languages have two kinds of questions: 1. information questions, (example below) 2. Yes/no questions as in 2, (example below).

1. question: Who is that? 2. question: Is that Jim? answer: That is Jim. answer: Yes, that is Jim.

Information questions like 1. - request that specific information be given in the answer. Questions like in 2. - always require a yes or no in the answer. Information questions are similar in Kanien’kehá:ka using question words like: ónhka who oh nahò:ten what ka’nón:we where kátke when oh nontié:ren why

However yes, no questions as in 2. are formed in a different way by placing the word to the word to be questioned at the beginning of the sentence and adding the particle “ken”. “Ken” simply means “question” and cannot be translated to English. Example: Á:nen ken, iontátia’ts? Is Ann her name? Ann ? they call her

Kor ken, ne raónha? Is he Paul? Paul ? he

We also note that Kanien’kehá:ka does not raise the voice at the end of a question like in English. The accents remain in the words as they are written or said.

Pronouns: Kanienkehá:ka has two sets of pronouns, “free pronouns” similar to English as a separate word, and “bound pronouns” which are part of the verb and exists as a prefix. Í:’I me/I/us Í:se you Raónha him Akaónha her Ronónha them (males or males and females) Onónha them (females only)

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

The bound pronouns look like this and are in italic for your recognition and are part of the verb. (All one word.) ionkia’ts they to me name iesá:ia’ts they to you name ronwá:ia’ts they to him name iontátia’ts they to her name konwá:ia’ts they to it name ronwatí:ia’ts they to them name konwati:ia’ts they to them name (female only)

There are also two forms of the she/her/one, as akaónha and aónha as she/her it (neuter). Akaónha is used when you are referring to someone you like and respect or a female you do not know. Aónha is used when to refer to females you do not particularly care for. For instance, talking about your sister you would usually use akaónha, but if you should get mad at her you might switch to aónha. Aónha is also used to refer to animals and inanimate things. There are also two “they/them forms. Ronónha means they males and is also used to include females. Onónha is used when referring to females only. Particles: í:’i I/me/we/us í:se you raónha he/him akaónha she/her ne specifier ne raónha he! / him! Skén:nen peace skennenkó:wa Great Peace Ken question particle

Asking Questions: When asking questions to which the answer is yes or no, (questions that begin with “is”, “are” “do”, “does, “have”, “has”, “will”, “won’t”, “should” and “would”) the question particle “ken” appears almost always as the second word in the sentence. It appears immediately after what is under question. hén:’en/ hen yes Iah no Tó:ka I don’t know-uses only in answering questions Shé:kon still, yet

Particles and Joiners: Né:’e it is í:ken it is Ónkha who? Ok just/only Onhka ok someone/somebody

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Iah onhka ok no one, nobody Ken’ í:ken/ kí:ken / ki here / this Tho í:ken/ thí:ken / thi there / that ne joiner sometimes used like "the" nen' né:’e it is oh nahò:ten what ka'nón:we where kèn:tho here e’tho there ká:ien it lays táhnon and ken word used to make a question ó:nen now wáhi is it not (seeking confirmation) tó:ka I do not know nek tsi except (that)(but)

Word Order

Most importantly is the word order of a sentence. Onkwehón:we. I am a native person. Onkwehón:we ne í:’i. I am a native person. Í:’i onkwehón:we. I am a native person.

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Let’s Practice Greeting Each Other

Shé:kon, skennenkó:wa ken? Still, is everything peaceful? (Hello, how are you?) Shé:kon, ioianerátie ken ? Again, is it going well?

Skennen’kó:wa ní:’i. Great peace for me. (I am fine) Nok ní:se? And you? Ioianerátie. It is going well.

Oh nahò:ten iesá:ia’ts ? What is your name? Oh nahò:ten ronwá:ia’ts ? What is his name? Oh nahò:ten iontátia’ts ? What is her name? Oh nahò:ten ronwatí:ia’ts ? What is their name?

Nok ní:se? And you? Nok ne raónha? And him? Nok ne akaónha? And her? Nok ne ronónha? And them?

Á:nen iónkia’ts. Anna is my name. Wátio ronwá:ia’ts. Matthew is his name. Sosán iontátia’ts Susan is her name. Hill ronwatí:ia’ts Their name is Hill. Ó:nen ki’ wáhi. Now, then. (Bye, then.) Ó:nen. (Bye)

Conversation to practice:

A. Shé:kon, skennenkó: ken? Hello, how are you? B. Skennen’kó:wa, nok ní:se? Fine, and you?

A. Ioianerátie It is going well. B. Oh nahò:ten iesá:ia’ts? What is your name?

A. ______ionkia’ts, My name is ______, nok ní:se? and you? B. ______ionkia’ts. My name is ______.

A. Nok ne raónha? And him? B. ______ronwá:ia’ts. His name is ______.

A. Ó:nen ki’ wáhi. Good bye then. B. Ó:nen. Good bye.

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

You can make new conversations by combining the lines from the following variations, practice these variations and make you your own conversation.

1. A. Shé:kon, skennen’kó: ken? Hello, how are you? Shé:kon, ioianerátie ken? Hello, is it all going well?

2. B. Skennen’kó:wa ní:’i. I am fine Skennen’kó:wa, nok ní:se? I am fine and you? Ioianerátie. It is going well.

3. A. Nahò:ten iesá:ia’ts? What is your name? Nahò:ten ronwá:ia’ts? What is his name? Nahò:ten iontátia’ts? What is her name? Nahò:ten ronwatí:ia’ts? What is their name?

4. B. ______iónkia’ts. My name is ______. ______ronwá:ia’ts. His name is ______. ______iontátia’ts. Her name is ______. ______ronwatí:ia’ts. Their name is______.

5. A. Nok ní:se? And you? Nok ne raónha? And him? Nok ne akaónha? And her? Nok ne ronónha? And them?

6. B. ______iónkia’ts. My name is ______. ______ronwá:ia’ts. His name is ______. ______iontátia’ts. Her name is ______. ______táhnon ______ronwatí:ia’ts. Their names are ______and ______.

7. A. Ó:nen ki’wáhi. Good bye then. B. Ó:nen. Good bye.

A group of students are hanging out.

A. Shé:kon, ______ionkia’ts. Hello, my name is ______. B. Shé:kon. Hello. A. Nok ní:se, nahò:ten iesá:ia’ts? And you, whats your name? B. Ónhka, i’ ken? Who? Me? A. Iah, iah í:se té:ken, akaónha. No, not you, her. B. ______iontátia’ts. Her name is ______. A. Nok ne ronónha? And them? B. ______táhnon ______Their names are ______and ______. ronwatí:ia’ts.

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Our Clans Tsi niionkwen’tarò:ten

In Mohawk we have 3 clans. The following demonstrates how to say, “I am ______clan” (incorporated) and “I am (turtle) clan” (non incorporated).

Incorporated wakeniáhten I am of the turtle clan a’nowara turtle saniáhten You are of the turtle clan ronáhten He is of the turtle clan iakoniáhten She is of the turtle clan ionkeniniáhten We (you and I/ s.o. and I) are of the turtle clan seniniáhten You two are of the turtle clan rotiniáhten Two (Ms) are of the turtle clan iotiniáhten Two (Fs) are of the turtle clan ionkwaniáhten You all and I are of the turtle clan ioniwaniáhten You all and I are of the turtle clan sewaniáhten all of you are of the turtle clan rotiniáhten They (Ms) are of the turtle clan iotiniáhten They (Fs) are of the turtle clan wakathahión:ni I am of the wolf clan okwaho wolf sathahión:ni you are rothahión:ni he is iakothahión:ni she is ionkiathahión:ni you and I ionkiatháhión:ni s.o. and I tsiathahión:ni you two ronathahión:ni two (Ms) ionathahión:ni two (Fs) ionkwathahión:ni you all & I/they & I sewathahión:ni all of you ronathahión:ni they (Ms) ionathahión:ni they (Fs) wakhskaré:wake I am of the bear clan ohkwari bear sahskaré:wake you are rohskaré:wake he is iakohskaré:wake she is ionkenihskaré:wake you & I/s.o. & I senihskaré:wake you two rotihskaré:wake they two (Ms) iotihskaré:wake they two (Fs) ionkwahskaré:wake you all & I/they & I sewahskaré:wake all of you rotihskaré:wake they (Ms) iotihskaré:wake they (Fs)

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

If you are not incorporating a clan, you will use the Non incorporated terms: Non incorporated a’nowara turtle okwaho wolf ohkwari bear

Names niwaki’tarò:ten I am ______clan Oh nisen’tarò:ten? What kind of clan are you? Oh niho’tarò:ten? is he Oh niiako’tarò:ten? is she Oh niionkeni’tarò:ten? you & I/s.o. & I Oh niseni’tarò:ten? you two Oh nihoti’tarò:ten? two (Ms) Oh niioti’tarò:ten? two (Fs) Oh niionkwen’tarò:ten? you all & I/they & I Oh nisewen’tarò:ten? all of you Oh nihoti’tarò:ten? they (Ms) Oh niioti’tarò:ten? they (Fs)

Place of Residence: Kì:teron and Kenákere both refer to a place where I live. Although their meanings overlap, kì:teron should be used to describe a place where someone resides/lives (where their house is located). While Kenákere is used to describe the general area in which someone lives a distance away from the speaker, or where someone permanently lives.

Kì:teron I live Kenákere I inhabit (I am from) tsì:teron You live Senákere You inhabit rèn: teron He lives Ranákere He inhabits Iè:teron She lives Ienákere She inhabits Iakenì:teron Someone and I live Iakeninákere S.O. and I inhabit Iakwèn:teron They and I live Senákere They and I inhabit

Nations and Clans: Names of the Six Nations Kanien’kehà:ka Mohawk Oneniote’á:ka Oneida’ Ononta’kehá:ka Onondaga Kaionkwe’hàka Cayuga Shotinontowane’ hàka Seneca Thatiskarò:roks Tuscarora

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

There are other clans in the other nations. These clans are:

Wakenehsí:io I am Snipe clan Tiawerón:ko Eel À:kweks Eagle Karhakónha’ Hawk Tsaní:to Beaver Wakhsennakéhte I am Deer Clan

Phrases: Introducing oneself:

______iónkia’ts. my name is ______. ______niwakonhwentsó:ten. my nation is ______. ______niwaki’tarò:ten. my clan is ______. ______kenákere. I am from ______. ______kì:teron I live at ______road/street.

Other phrases to use: You will hear your teacher use these phrases and you will need them to begin communicating. Start using them now.

Tontahsathna’néta. Repeat it please. Tontatsiathna’néta. Repeat it, the two of you. Tontasewathna’néta. Repeat it, all of you. Satahónhsatat. Listen. Tiatahónhsatat. Listen, the two of you. Sewatahónhsatat. Listen, all of you. Tsí:ron.... Say..... Oh nahò:ten wahsì:ron? What did you say?

Lesson 4 - Words to practice

Here are some terms to practice: eksá:’a a child oksténha an old man keksá:’a I am a child wakesténha I am an old person seksá:’a you are a child saksténha You are an old person raksá:’a he is a child roksténha He is an old person ieksá:’a she is a child akoksténha She is an old person ónkwe a person onkwehón:we a first/real/original person kónkwe I am a person konkwehón:we I am a first person (native) sónkwe You are a person sonkwehón:we You are a first person (native) rónkwe He is a person ronkwehón:we He is a first person (native)

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course iakónkwe She is a person iakonkwehón:we She is a first person (native) Kenekénhteron I am a young man kia’taséha I am a young woman senekénhteron you are a young man tsia’taséha You are a young woman ranekénhteron he is a young man ieia’taséha she is a young woman

Examples in use of particles and joiners:

Making simple statements: 1. Ne ieksá:’a. The girl. 2. Ne thí:ken ieksá:’a. That girl. 3. Ne kí:ken ieksá:’a. This girl. 4. Ieksá:’a nen’ né:’e It is a girl. 5. Ieksá:’a ne thí:ken. That is a girl. 6. Ieksá:’a ne kí:ken. This is a girl.

Making simple questions: 7. Oh nahò:ten ne thí:ken? What is that? 8. Oh nahò:ten ne kí:ken? What is this? 9. Oh nahò:ten nen’ né:’e? What is it? 10. Ónhka ne thí:ken? Who is that? 11. Ónhka ne kí:ken? Who is this? 12. Ónhka nen’ né:’e? Who is it? 13. Ka’nón:we ká:ien? Where is it? (Where does it lay?) 14. Ieksá:’a ken? Is it a girl? 15. Ieksá:’a ken, ne thí:ken? Is that a girl? 16. Ieksá:’a ken, ne ki:ken? Is this a girl? 17. Ne ieksá:’a wáhi? It is the girl, is it not?

Statements: 18. Kèn:tho ká:ien. It is here. (It lies here.) 19. E’tho ká:ien. It is there. (It lies there.) 20. Ieksá:’a táhnon raksá:’a. A girl and a boy.

Family Phrases used to desctibe family:

Kahwá:tsire Kinship- a family akhwá:tsire my family sahwá:tsire your family raohwá:tsire his family akohwá:tsire her family aowá:tsire its family onkenihwá:tsire our (us two) family senihwá:tsire your (you two) family

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course onkwahwá:tsire our (all of us) family sewahwá:tsire your (all of you) family raotihwá:tsire their family aotihwá:tsire their family (Fs only) akhwatsí:rakon in my family sahwatsí:rakon in your family raohwatsí:rakon in his family akohwatsí:rakon in her family aohwatsí:rakon in its family onkenihwatsí:rakon in our (us two) family senihwatsí:rakon in your (you two) family onkwahwatsí:rakon in our (all of us) family sewahwatsí:rakon in your (all of you) family raotihwatsí:rakonin their family aotihwatsí:rakon in their family (Fs only)

Father: rake'níha my father ia'niha your father ro'níha his father shako'níha her father etshiseni'níha your (2) father etshisewa'níha your (all) father shonkeni'níha our (2) father shonkwa'níha our (all) father shakoti'níha their father (M) konwati'níha their father (F)

Mother: ake'nihsténha my mother sa'nisténha your mother ro'nihsténha his mother ako'nihsténha her mother seni'nihsténha your (2) mother sewa'nihsténha your (all) mother onkeni'nihsténha our (2) mother onkwa'nihsténha our (all) mother roti'nihsténha their mother (M) oti'nihsténha their mother (F)

Grandmother: akhsótha my grandmother sahsótha your grandmother rohsótha his akohsótha her

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course senihsótha your (2) sewahsótha your (all) onkenihsótha our (2) onkwahsótha our (all) rotihsótha their (M) otihsótha their (F)

Grandfather: raksótha my grandfather iahsótha your rohsótha his shakohsótha her etshisenihsótha your (2) shonkenihsótha our (2) etshisewahsótha your (all) shonkwahsótha our (all) shakotihsótha their

Older Brother: raktsí:'a my older brother iahtsí:'a your rohtsí:'a his shakohtsí:'a her etshisenihtsí:'a your (2) shonkenihtsí:'a our (2) etshisewahtsí:'a your (all) shonkwahtsí:'a our (all) shakohtsí:'a their shakotihtsí:'a their older brothers

Younger Brother: ri'kén:'a my younger brother etshe'kén:'a your ro'kén:'a his ronwa'kén:'a her etshiseni'kén:'a your (2) etshisewa'kén:'a your (all) etshiteni'kén:'a our (2) etshitewa'kén:'a our (all) shakoti'kén:'a their

Older Sister: akhtsí:'a my older sister sahtsí:'a your rohtsí:'a his akohtsí:'a her

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course senihtsí:'a you (2) sewahtsí:'a you (all) onkenihtsí:'a our (2) onkwahtsí:'a our (all) otihtsí:'a their (F) rotihtsí:'a their (M)

Younger Sister: khe'kén:'a my younger sister she'kén:'a your shako'kén:'a his iontate'kén:'a her etshiseni'kén:'a you (2) etshisewa'kén:'a you (all) etshiteni'kén:'a our (2) shakeni'kén:'a our etshitewa'kén:'a our (all) shakwa'kén:'a our kontate'kén:'a their

Nephew: riionhwatén:'a my nephew etsheionwatén:'a your raonhwatén:'a his ronwaionhwatén:'a her etshisenonhwatén:'a your (2) etshitsewanonhwatén:'a your (all) etshitenonhwatén:'a our (2) etshitionhwatén:'a our (all) shakionhwatén:'a our ronwaionhwatén:'a their

Niece: kheionhwatén:'a my niece sheionhwatén:'a your shakonhwatén:'a his iontatonhwatén:'a her etshisenonhwatén:'a your (2) etshitsewanonhwatén:'a your (all) etshitenonhwatén:'a our (2) shakenonhwatén:'a etshitionhwatén:'a our (all) shakionhwatén:'a iotatonhwatén:'a their

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Uncle: rakenohá:'a my uncle ianohá:'a your ronohá:'a his shakonohá:'a her etshiseninohá:'a your (2) etshisewanohá:'a your (all) etshiteninohá:'a our (2) shonkeninohá:'a our (someone & I) etshitewanohá:'a our (all) shakonohá:'a their shakotinohá:'a their uncles

Son: riién:'a my son etsién:'a your roién:'a his ronwaién:'a her etshiseniién:'a your (2) etsiteniién:'a our (2) shakeniién:'a our (someone & my) ronwaién:'a their

Daughter: kheién:'a my daughter sheién:'a your shakoién:'a his iontatién:'a her ietshién:'a your (2) iethién:'a our (you & I) iethiién:'a our (someone & I) iontatién:'a their

Grandson: riiateré:'a my grandson etsiateré:'a your roiateré:'a his ronwaiateré:'a her etshitsiateré:'a your (2) etshisewateré:'a (etstsisewatere’okón:'a) your (all) etshitiateré:'a (iethiiatere’okón:'a) our (your (all) & my) shakiateré:'a (iethiiatere’okón:'a) our (someone & I) shakwateré:'a our (their & my)

Granddaughter: kheiateré:'a my granddaughter

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course sheiateré:'a your shakoiateré:'a his iontatateré:'a her etshitsiateré:'a your (2) etshisewateré:'a(ietshiiatere’okón:'a) your (all) etshitiateré:'a(iethiiateré:’a) our (2) shakiateré:'a (iethiiateré:’a) our ( someone & I) shakwateré:'a (iethiiateré:’a) our (they & I)

Cousins: onkiara’sé:’a my cousin tsiara’sé:’a your cousin ronara’sé:’a his cousin ionara’sé:’a her cousin onkwara’sé:’a our cousin sewara’sé:’a you all are cousins sewara’se’okon:’a your cousins ronnara’sé:’a they (M+F) are cousins ronnara’se’okón:’a their cousins (M+F) ionnara’sé:’a they (females only) are cousins ionnara’se’okón:’a they (F)

Aunt: Ihstá:’a my aunt * This term is used in most situations where reference is made to the sister of one’s parents. To be more specific it is necessary to make descriptions such as; Ake’nihsténha akohtsí:’a “my mother’s older sister” Rake’níha rohtsí:’a “my father’s older sister” or Ake’nihsténha iontate’kén:’a “my mother’s younger sister,” “my fathers younger sister.”

Friends - Phrases used to describe friends/relationships:

Onkiatén:ron my friend (M) Ionkiatén:ron my friend (F) Tsiatén:ron your friend Ionatén:ron her friend Ronatén:ron his friend Ionatenron’okón:’ her friends Ronatenron’okón:’a his friends Wakia’tase’tsherá:ien I have a girlfriend. Tsia’tase’tsherá:ien You have a girlfriend Roia’tase’tsherá:ien He has a girlfriend Rotiia’tase’tshserá:ien They (M) have girlfriends Wakenekenhteren’thsherá:ien I have a boyfriend Sanekenhteren’tsherá:ien You have a boyfriend Iakonekenhteren’tsherá:ien She has a boyfriend Iotinekenhteren’tsherá:ien They (F) have boyfriends.

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Practice reading sentences: Here are a few sentences you can practice saying: 1. Khenòn:we’s ne onkiara’sé:’a. I like my cousin. (female) 2. Iah teionkenòn:we’s ne onkiara’sé:’a. My cousin (female) doesn’t like me. 3. Khenòn:we’s ne onkiara’sé:’a nek tsi iah I like my (female) cousin but she doesn’t like me. teionkenòn:we’s. 1. Rinorónhkwa ne rakhsótha táhnon I love my grandfather and he loves me. rakenorónhkwa.

1. Sheienté:ri ken ne kheién:’a? Do you know my daughter? 2. Hén:’en, kheienté:ri ne sheién:’a. Yes, I know your daughter. 3. Etshienté:ri ken ne ri ién:’a? Do you know my son? 4. Iah. Iah tehiienté:ri. No, I don’t know your son. 5. Oh nahò:ten ronwá:iats ne etshién:’a? What’s your son’s name? 6. Sóse ronwá:iats. His name is Joe. 7. Riienté:ri thí:ken rón:kwe nek tsi iah I know him that man, but he doesn’t know me. tehakienté:ri.

1. Oh nahò:ten iesá:iats ne onkwehonwenéha? What is your native name? 2. Oh nahò:ten iontátiats ne thí:ken ieksá:’a? What is that girl’s name?

Answer the following questions in Kanien’kehá:ka, as completely as possible, also be prepared to answer these questions orally.

1. Shé:kon, skennen’kó: ken?

______

2. Oh nahò:ten iesá:ia’ts?

______

3. Nok ne raónha, oh nahò:ten ronwá:i’ats?

______

4. Nok ní:se, oh nahò:ten iesá:ia’ts?

______

5. Oh nahò:ten ronwá:ia’ts ne raónha?

______

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Lesson 5 - Describing People

The following words will help you when describing people:

Khnén:iehs I am tall ken’nikhneniéhsha I am short Shnén:iehs You are tall ken’nihshneniéhsha You are short rahnén:iehs He is tall ken’nihahneniéhsha He is short Iehnén:iehs She is tall ken’niiehneniéhsha She is short

Ikkowá:nen I am big niká:’a I am small Skowá:nen You are big nihsá:’a You are small Rakowá:nen He is big nihrá:’a He is small Iekowá:nen I am big niiaká:’a She is small

Ke’shátste I am strong Waktsi’ió:ha I am weak Se’shátste You are strong Satsi’ió:ha You are weak Ra’shátste He is strong Rotsi’ió:ha He is weak Ie’shátste She is strong Iakotsi’ió:ha She is weak

Wakáre’sen I am fat Wakatí:wen I am thin Sáre’sen You are fat Satí:wen You are thin Róre’sen He is fat Rotí:wen He is thin Iakore’sen She is fat Iakotí:wen I am thin

Wakenonhkwíserehs I have long hair niwakenonhkwiseréhsha I have short hair Sanonhkwíserehs you have long hair nisanonhkwiseréhsha You have short hair Rononhkwíserehs He has long hair nihononhkwiseréhsha He has short hair Iakononhkwíserehs She has long hair niiakononhkwiseréhsha She has short hair

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Kihnará:ken I am light skinned kihnahón:tsi I am dark skinned Tsihnará:ken You are light skinned Tsihnahón:tsi You are dark skinned Rahnará:ken He is light skinned Rahnahón:tsi He is dark skinned Iehnará:ken She is light skinned Iehnahón:tsi She is dark skinned

Wakia’tákste I am heavy tewakatewí:sonte I wear glasses Saia’tákste You are heavy tesatewí:sonte You wear glasses Roia’tákste He is heavy tehokatewí:sonte He wears glassesIakoia’tákste She is heavy teiakotewí:sonte She wears glasses

Wakenonhkwiserará:ken I have light hair (white) wakenonhkwiserahón:tsi I have dark hair (black) Sanonhkwiserará:ken You have light hair (white) Sanonhkwiserahón:tsi You have dark hair (black Rononhkwiserará:ken He has light hair (white) Rononhkwiserahón:tsi He has dark hair (black) Iakononhkwiserará:ken She has light hair (white) Iakononhkwiserahón:tsi She has dark hair (black)

Practice reading sentences:

1. Iakore’sén ieksá:’a. The girl is fat. 2. Wakare’sénhne ne shikek sá:’a. I was fat when I was a child. 3. Ónhka ne thí:ken rakowá:nen? Who is the big male? 4. Kwah í:ken tsi niiehneniéhsha ne kheién:’a. My daughter is very short. 5. Sheienté:ri ken ne thí:ken niiaká:’a. Do you know that little female? 6. Ohstónha róre’sen ne ri’kén:’a. My brother is a little fat. 7. Ra’shatste ne ia’níha? Is you father strong? 8. Iehnén:iehs ken ne sa’nihsténha? Is your mother tall? 9. Iah tha’teiakotewísonte ne akhsótha. My grandmother doesn’t wear glasses. 10. Shenón:we’s ken ne thí:ken ieia’taséha? Do you like her? (the young woman) 11. Sare’sénhne ke shihseksá:’? Were you fat when you were a kid? 12. Iah. Shé:kon wakatí:wen. No. I’m still thin.

Places one might go Tsi nón:we tókat nón:wa iaháhse. tsi iontenhninón:tha to the store tsi ronkénnies to the fair/ gambling tsi ratihwístaiens to the casino tsi rontké:rons to the market tsi rontekhwahní:nons to the grocery store tsi onkiatenrón:ke to my friends (M) place tsi ionkiaterón:ke to my friends (F) place

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course tsi tsiaterón:ke to your friends’ place tsi iontaweia’táhkwa to school tsi teiontska’hónhkwa to the restaurant tsi iehwistaientáhkwa to the bank tsi tewatén:niote to a wedding tsi ronten’wéhshens to a party tsi tekanonniáhkwen to a dance tsi kahehtahserón:ni to a park tsi teioia’áksne to the movies tsi kanonhsésne to longhouse tsi tewakenónhsote to my place tsi tisanónhsote to your place tsi thonónhsote to his place tsi tiakonónhsote to her place tsi thotinónhsote to their place tsi tkontinónhsote to their place (F)

Notes to students: The verb root begins with a consonant, and the verb means ‘place’ or ‘house’ (*-nonh), this is a stative verb, which means the verb shows little or no action, it simply is. Look at the chart at the front of the book and note the example verbs used.

Examples are, sick, healthy, sleeping, taste and enjoying. This kind of a verb will take the pronouns as listed on the chart (blue). The stem is what the verb root begins with, and in this case, it begins with an ‘n’.

That is what we call a C stem, stative verb.

Our most common verbs are irregular, which means they do not follow a predictable pattern when changing pronouns. Such is the case with “going someplace”. This is an active verb because it clearly shows an ACTION.

Mental and Emotional Conditions

Wakatshennón:ni I am happy Wake’nikonhráksen I am sad Satshennón:ni You are happy Sa’nikonhráksen You are sad Rotshennón:ni He is happy Ro’nikonhráksen He is sad Iakotshennón:ni She is happy Iako’nikonhráksen She is sad

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Wakena’khwén:’on I am angry Wakiéhson I am laughing/smiling Sana’khwén:’on You are angry Saiéhson You are laughing/smiling Rona’khwén:’on He is angry Roiéhson He is laughing/smiling Iakona’khwén:’on She is angry Iakoiéhson She is laughing/smiling

Wakata’karí:te I am healthy Wakenonhwáktani I am sick Sata’karí:te You are healthy Sanonhwáktani You are sick Rota’karí:te He is healthy Rononhwáktani He is sick Iakota’karí:te She is healthy Iakononhwáktani She is sick

Tewakhwihshenhé:ion I am tired tewakeweiénhare I am busy Tesahwihshenhé:ion You are tired tesaweiénhare You are busy Tehohwihshenhé:ion He is tired tehoweiénhare He is busy Teiakohwihshenhé:ion She is tired teiakoweiénhare She is busy

Wakkwátshe I am rich Wakí:tenht I am poor Sakwátshe You are rich Sén:tenht You are poor Rokwátshe He is rich Wakí:tenht He is poor Iakokwátshe She is rich Wakí:tenht She is poor

Wakatera’swí:io I am lucky Wakatera’swáksen I am unlucky Satera’swí:io You are lucky Satera’swáksen You are unlucky Rotera’swí:io He is lucky Rotera’swáksen He is unlucky Iakotera’swí:io She is lucky Iakotera’swáksen She is unluck

Konkwe’tí:io I am a good person Wake’nikonhrí:io I am content Sonkwe’tí:io You are good person Sa’nikonhrí:io You are content Ronkwe’tí:io He is a good person Ro’nikonhrí:io He is content Iakonkwe’tí:io She is a good person Iako’nikonhrí:io She is content

Kattókha I am clever Sattókha You are clever Rattókha He is clever Ionttókha She is clever

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Tewake’nikónrhare I am worried Tesa’nikónrhare You are worried Teho’nikónrhare He is worried Teiako’nikónrhare She is worried

Wakhsté:rihst I am funny Sahsté:rihst You are funny Rohsté:rihst He is funny Iakohsté:rihst She is funny

ikhseróhen I am mean/nasty ithseróhen You are mean/nasty rahseróhen He is mean/nasty iehseróhen She is mean/nasty

Tewakenonhwarawénrie I am crazy wakatshé:iaron I am shy Tewakenonhwarawénrie You are crazy wakatshé:iaron You are shy Tewakenonhwarawénrie He is crazy wakatshé:iaron He is shy Tewakenonhwarawénrie She is crazy wakatshé:iaron She is shy

Kentórha I am lazy wake’nikonhrèn:ton I am depressed Kentórha I am lazy wake’nikonhrèn:ton I am depressed Kentórha I am lazy wake’nikonhrèn:ton I am depressed Kentórha I am lazy wake’nikonhrèn:ton I am depressed

Wakhterón:ni I am afraid Sahterón:ni You are afraid Rohterón:ni He is afraid Iakohterón:ni She is afraid

Wakí:tahs I am sleeping Sén:tahs You are sleeping Ró:tahs He is sleeping Iakó:tahs She is sleeping

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Creating sentences, translating and writing COPY the exercise and complete. (Remember to put in all the accent marks).

Exercise A Translate the following statements into Mohawk.

1) This old woman. 9) The man. 17) That old man. 2) That man. 10) This girl. 18) The old woman. 3) The girl. 11) That boy. 19) This woman. 4) This old man. 12) The woman. 20) That pretty female. 5) That woman. 13) This boy. 21) The old man. 6) The boy. 14) That girl. 22) This handsome male. 7) This pretty female. 15) The handsome male. 23) That old woman. 8) That handsome (male). 16) This man. 24) The pretty female.

Exercise B Copy the exercixe and complete (Remember to put in all the accent marks)

1) It is a pretty female. 9) This is a man. 17) It is a handsome male. 2) That is an old man. 10) It is a handsome male. 18) This is a handsome male. 3) This is a handsome boy. 11) That is a girl. 19) It is a woman. 4) It is an old man. 12) It is a boy. 20) This old man. 5) This is a pretty female. 13) This is a woman. 21) The girl. 6) That is a woman. 14) That is a boy. 22) That handsome male. 7) It is an old woman. 15) This is a girl. 23) That is a man. 8) That is an old man. 16) It is a man. 24) This is an old woman.

Exercise C Translate to English

1) Ne raksá:’a. 17) Ne rón:kwe. 34) Ranekénhteren nen’ né: e. 2) Ieià:tase nen’ né: e. 18) Rón:kwe ne kí:ken. 35) Ne thí:ken rokstén:ha. 3) Ne thí:ken rón:kwe. 19) Ne kí:ken ieksá:’a. 36) Ranekénhtaren ne kí:ken. 4) Rokstén:ha ne thí:ken. 20) Ranekénhtaren nen’ né: e. 37) Ne iakokstén:ha. 5) Ne ieksá:’a. 21) Ne thí:ken Raksá:’a. 38) Iakón:kwe nen’ né: e. 6) Ranekénhtaren ne kí:ken. 22) Ieksá:’a ne thí:ken. 39) Ne kí:ken iakón:kwe.

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7) Ne kí:ken rokstén:ha. 23) Ne Iakón:kwe. 40) Ne kí:ken rokstén:ha. 8) Rokstén:ha nen’ne: e. 24) Raksá:’a nen’ né: e. 41) Ne thí:ken ieià:tase. 9) Thí:ken iakón:kwe. 25) Ne kí:ken raksá:’a. 42) Ne ieksa:’a. 10) Ieià:tase ne kí:ken. 26) Iakón:kwe ne kí:ken. 43) Ne rokstén:ha. 11) Ne raksá:’a. 27) Ne thí:ken ieksá:’a. 44) Ne thí:ken ranekénhtaren. 12) Iakón:kwe ne thí:ken. 28) Raksá:’a ne thí:ken. 45) Ne kí:ken ranekénhtaren. 13) Ne kí:ken ieià:tase. 29) Ne thí:ken ieià:tase. 46) Rón:kwe ne kí:ken. 14) Iakokstén:ha nen’ né: e. 30) Ieksá:’a ne kí:ken. 15) Ne thí:ken ranekénhtaren. 31) Ne ranekénhtaren. 47) Ne thí:ken iakokstén:ha. 16) Rokstén:ha ne thí:ken. 32) Rón:kwe nen’ né: e. 48) Iakokstén:ha ne ki:ken. 33) Ne kí:ken ronkwe. 49) Ne ieià:tase.

Assignment

Write a physical description of a person using only the patterns and vocabulary given in the first five lessons.

Lesson 6 - Physical Description in the Past

Emotion Words to study meaning I was…. or I used to….

Wakatshennonníhne I was happy Wake’nikonhraksénhne I was sad Wakena’khwen’ónhne I was angry Wakiehsónhne I was laughing Tewakhwihshenheiónhne I was tired Tewakeweienhá:rahkwe I was busy Wakhteronníhne I was afraid Wakí:tahskwe I was sleeping Wakkwátshehkwe I was rich Wakí:tenth I was poor Wakatera’swiíohne I was lucky Wakatera’swaksénhne I was lucky Tewakenonhwarawénrie I was crazy Wakatsheiarónhne I was shy Konkwe’tiióhne I was a good person Wake’nikonhriióhne I was content Kattókhahkwe I was clever tewake’nikónrhare I was worried Wakhsterístahkwe I was funny Ikhserohénhne mean/nasty Wakata’karíteke I was healthy wakenonhwaktaníhahkwe I was sick Kentorhahkwe I was lazy wake’ninkonhrèn:ton I was depressed

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The following are more particles to be studied:

Né:’e tsi because (it is that) thiia’teká:konte all the time Ne karihón:ni because (for the reason) tiótkon always Ne aorí:wa because (of the matter) iotká:te often Ahse’kén because (as a result of) sewatié:rens sometimes Iah nonwén:ton never ne ó:nen when

Reading Practice Wakhterón:ni ne ahirihwanón:ton’se. I’m afraid to ask him. Wakhterón:ni ne akherihwanón:ton’se. I’m afraid to ask her/them. Rohterón:ni ne ahakerihwanón:ton’se. He’s afraid to ask me. Rohterón:ni ne ahorihwanón:ton’se. He’s afraid to ask him. Rohterón:ni ne ahshakorihwanón:ton’se. He’s afraid to ask her/them. Iakohterón:ni ne aionkerihwanón:ton’se. She’s afraid to ask me. Iakohterón:ni ne ahonwarihwanón:ton’se. She’s afraid to ask him. Iakohterón:ni ne aiontaterihwanón:ton’se. She’s afraid to ask her/them.

Practice Reading Kwah tsi rentórha ne ri’kén:’a. My younger brother is quite lazy. Kwah í:ken tsi teho’nikónrhare ne rakenohá:’a é’tho káti iah teho’nikonhrí:io nón:wa. My uncle is very worried so he’s not content now. Thiia’teká:konte tewakhwihsenhé:ion. I’m tired all the time. Tiótkon ken rona’khwén:’on ne iahtsí:’a? Is your older brother always angry? Iah tewakatshennón:ni ne ó:nen sanonhwáktani. I’m not happy when you’re sick. Sewatié:rens iako’nikonhrèn:ton ne akhsótha. Sometimes my grandmother is depressed. Teiakohwihshenhé:ion ne ake’nihsténha ahse’kén tiótkon teiakoweiénhare.Ω My mother is always tired because she’s always busy. Nonwén:ton ken iakotshennón:ni ne she’kén:’a? Is your younger sister ever happy? Iah nonwén:ton tehononhwakataníhahkwe ne rake’níha. My father has never been sick. Iotká:te rotera’swí:io ne onkiara’sé:’a. My cousin is often lucky. Teho’nikónrhare ne onkiatén:ro né:’e tsi iah nonwén:ton teiakota’karí:te ne ro’nihsténha. My friend is worried because his other is never well.

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What Kind of Colour Is It? Ohniwahsohkò:ten?

Oharennáhta purple Kahón:tsi black Kenrá:ken white Ohónte green Onekwénhtara red Orónia blue Atiarén:ta orange Ata’kén:ra gray Otsínekwar yellow Wahsén:rate pink

Practice Reading

Oharennáhta niwahsohkò:ten. Kahón:tsi niwahsohkò:ten Kenrá:ken niwahsohkò:ten. Ohónte niwahsohkò:ten. Onekwénhtara niwahsohkò:ten. Orónia niwahsohkò:ten. Atiarén:ta niwahsohkò:ten. Ata’kén:ra niwahsohkò:ten. Otsínekwar niwahsohkò:ten. Wahsén:rate niwahsohkò:ten.

Nouns There are numerous nouns in lesson one which were practiced learning the sounds.

Ahthén:no ball Atókwa spoon Atià:tawi dress/shirt À:a’re curtain À:share knife À:there basket Áhsire blanket Kà:sere car Ká:iare bag Ato’tsinéhtha skates Otsì:tsia flower Annitskwà:ra chair Anònwarore hat Atháhsteren pants Atkahránha eye glasses Kanónhsa house Kaia’tárha television Oháhsera light, lamp Iehnekihráhkwa pitcher, cup Iehiatónhkwa pencil, pen Áhta shoes Karístatsi iron

Student will make flashcards for the colours and objects given.

Practice Reading Ohniwahsohkò:ten ne kà:sere? What colour is the car? Onekwénhtara niwahsohkò:ten ne kà:sere. The car is red.

Ohniwahsohkò:ten thí:ken kà:sere? What colour is that car? Onekwénhtara niwahsohkò:ten thí:ken kà:sere. That car is red.

Onekwénhtara kén niwahsohkò:ten? Is it red? Onekwénhtara kén niwahsohkò:ten ne kà:sere? Is the car red? Onekwénhtara kén niwahsohkò:ten thí:ken kà:sere. Is that car is red?

Oharennáhta kén niwahsohkò:ten? Is it purple? Kenrá:ken kén niwahsohkò:ten? Is it white?

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Onekwénhtara kén niwahsohkò:ten? Is it red? Atiarén:ta kén niwahsohkò:ten? Is it orange? Otsínekwar kén niwahsohkò:ten? Is it yellow? Kahón:tsi kén niwahsohkò:ten? Is it black? Ohónte kén niwahsohkò:ten? Is it green? Orónia kén niwahsohkò:ten? Is it blue? Ata’kén:ra kén niwahsohkò:ten? Is it gray? Wahsén:rate kén niwahsohkò:ten? Is it pink?

Oharennáhta kén niwahsohkò:ten ne kàsere? Is the car purple? Kenrá:ken kén niwahsohkò:ten ne kahiatónhsera? Is the paper white? Onekwénhtara kén niwahsohkò:ten oháhsera? Is the light red? Atiarén:ta kén niwahsohkò:ten áhta? Is the shoes orange? Otsínekwar kén niwahsohkò:ten kanónhsa? Is the house yellow? Kahón:tsi kén niwahsohkò:ten atháhsteren? Is the house black? Ohónte kén niwahsohkò:ten iehiatónhkwa? Is the pencil green? Orónia kén niwahsohkò:ten atià:tawi? Is the shirt blue? Ata’kén:ra kén niwahsohkò:ten annitskwà:ra? Is the chair gray? Wahsén:rate kén niwahsohkò:ten anònwarore? Is the hat pink?

Oharennáhta kén niwahsohkò:ten kí:ken otsì:tsia? Is this flower red? Onekwénhtara kén niwahsohkò:ten kí:ken atià:tawi? Is this shirt red? Atiarén:ta kén niwahsohkò:ten kí:ken ká:iare? Is this bag orange? Otsínekwar kén niwahsohkò:ten kí:ken ahthén:no? Is this ball yellow? Kahón:tsi kén niwahsohkò:ten kí:ken ato’tsinéhtha. Is this skate black? Ohónte kén niwahsohkò:ten kí:ken annitskwà:ra. Is this chair green? Orónia kén niwahsohkò:ten kí:ken kàsere. Is this car is blue? Ata’kén:ra kén niwahsohkò:ten kí:ken atià:tawi. Is this shirt gray? Wahsén:rate kén niwahsohkò:ten kí:ken áhta. Is this shoe pink?

Possession

With the nouns given we can say that it belongs to someone by using the following:

Akwá:wen’ I own it/ It is mine/ It belongs to me. Sá:wen’ You own it/ It is yours/ It belongs to you. Raó:wen’ He owns it/ It is his/ It belong to him. Akaó:wen’ She owns it/ It is hers/ It belong to her.

Using the Free Pronouns emphasizes ownership:

Í:’i akwá:wen’ It is mine! Í:se’ sá:wen’ It is yours! Raónha raó:wen’ It is his! Akaónha akaó:wen’ It is hers!

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Ownership can be used with the nouns:

Akwá:wen’ ne kà:sere. The car is mine/ I own the car/ The car belongs to me. Sá:wen’ ne iehiatónhkwa. The pen is yours/ You own the pen/ The pen belongs to you. Raó:wen’ kí:ken à:share. This knife is his/ He owns this knife/ This knife belongs to him. Akaó:wen’ thí:ken otsì:tsia. That flower is hers/She owns that flower/ That flower belongs to her.

Questioning ownership is done by using the word “ken”.

Sá:wen’ ken? Is it yours? Raó:wen’ ken thí:ken? Is that his? Akaó:wen’ ken kí:ken? Is that hers?

Using the free pronouns puts emphasis on the possession.

Í:se’ ken sá:wen’? Is it YOURS? Raónha ken raó:wen’ thí:ken? Is that HIS? Akaónha ken akaó:wen’ ne kí:ken? Is this HERS?

Possession can be attached to nouns.

Akwatià:tawi my coat/ my shirt/ my dress Akhiatónhsera my book

Sáhta your shoe(s) Sàhsire your blanket

Raohiatónhkwa His pen/pencil Raohthén:no His ball

Akaotháhsteren Her pants Akaonònwarore Her hat

Aóhsire Its blanket Aonónhsa its house

Using Free Pronouns creates ownership

Í:’i akwatià:tawi, It is MY coat. Í:se’ satià:tawi. It is YOUR coat. Raónha raotià:tawi. It is HIS coat. Akaónha akaotià:tawi. It is HER coat. Aónha aotià:tawi. It is ITS coat.

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Assignment 1

Add to your writing about a person’s physical description in the past using only the patterns and vocabulary given in the beginning lessons.

Practice making 10 sentences using the words given in this lesson.

Example: Oh niwahsohkò:ten ne raò:sere? What colour is his car? Onekwénhtara niwahsohkò:ten ne raò:sere. His car is red.

Assignment 2

Write a physical description of a person using the past and only the patterns and vocabulary given in the first six lessons.

Lesson 7 - Verb Study

Verb - someone going s.p. (irregular verb) wà:ke I am going wáhse You are going wà:re He is going wá:’en She is going wahón:ne They are going wa’kón:ne They are going (Fs only)

The following verb is a stative, and simply reflects a STATE of BEING. Refer to the blue chart (pg. 7) and note the pronouns that attach to the verb root. In this case the verb stem is an ‘a’. Note the underlined o on the chart. The underline means that the ‘o’ will cover up the ‘a’ when changing pronouns. All of our verbs must contain a pronoun and in this way it is different from English. The stem on its own has no meaning.

Knowing about s.t. - a stem: wakaterién:tare I know tsiatereién:tare two of you know saterién:tare you know ronaterién:tare they 2 know (Ms) roteién:tare he knows ionaterién:tare they 2 know (Fs) iakoterién:tare she knows ionkwaterién:tare you all / they and I know

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course ioterién:tare it knows sewaterién:tare all of you know ionkiateryén:tare you and I / s.o. knows ronaterién:tare they know ionaterién:tare they (Fs) know

When we want to create a statement on negation, or saying ‘not’, we need to add features to the verb. We want to create the statement ‘I DON’T know’. We use the word ‘Iah’ which means NO and add a prefix to the verb as te- which completes the condition of NOT. One other item to remember is when there is a prefix in front of a male pro-noun, that pro-noun ‘r’ changes to an ‘h’. * The change is highlighted in red and is flagged with a * marker. Here is what it looks like. wakaterién:tare I know Iah tewakaterién:tare I don’t know Iah tesaterién:tare you don’t know Iah tehoteién:tare * he don’t know Iah teiakoterién:tare she don’t know Iah teioterién:tare it don’t know Iah teionkiaterién:tare you and I / s.o. don’t know Iah tetsiatereién:tare two of you don’t know Iah tehonaterién:tare * they 2 don’t know (Ms) Iah teionaterién:tare they 2 don’t know (Fs) Iah teionkwaterién:tare you all / they and I don’t know Iah tesewaterién:tare all of you don’t know Iah tehonaterién:tare * they don’t know Iah teionaterién:tare they (Fs) don’t know

Practice:

A. Ka’ wáhse? A. Where are you going? B. Tsi iontaweia’táhkwa wà:ke. B. I am going to school.

A. Tahnon ronónha, ka’ wahón:ne? A. And them, where are they going? B. Iah tewakaterién:tare. B. I don’t know.

Manipulate :

A. Ónhka ne thí:ken? A. Who is that? Ónhka ne kí:ken? Who is this?

B. Onkiatén:ron ne thí:ken. B. That is my (M) friend. Onkiatén:ron ne kí:ken. This is my (M) friend. Ionkatén:ron ne thí:ken. That is my (F) friend. Ionkiatén:ron ne kí:ken. This is my (F) friend. Tsiatén:ron ne thí:ken. That is your friend.

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A. Saterién:tare ken, ka’ wá:re? A. Do you know where he is going? Saterién:tare ken, ka’ wà:’en? Do you know where she is going? Saterién:tare ken, ka’ wahón:ne? Do you know where they are going? Saterién:tare ken, ka’ wa’kón:ne? Do you know where they (F) are going?

B. Enh hen, wakaterién:tare. B. Yes, I know. Yah tewakaterién:tare. I don’t know. Ónhka iakoteién:tare Who knows. Ónhka ok iakoterién:tare Somebody knows. Iah ónhka teiakoterién:tare. Nobody knows.

A. Tsi iontenhninión:tha ken, wà:re? A. Is he going to the store? Tsi iontaweia’táhkwa ken, wáhse? Are you going to school? Tsi teioia’áksne ken, wà:’en? Is she going to the movies? Tsi tekanoniáhkwen ken, wahón:ne? Are they going to the dance? Tsi tisanónhsote ken, wa’kón:ne? Are they (F) going to your place?

After you have studied the examples fill in the blanks.

1. Ka’ wà:re ne Kwite? A. Where is Peter going? Iah tewakaterién:tare. B. I don’t know

2. Tsi iontenhninión:tha ____ wá:’en? A. Is she going to the store? Enh hen, tsi ______wá:’en. B. Yes, she is going to the store.

3. ______nithawé:non? A. Where did he come from? ______nithawé:non. B. He came from Simcoe.

4. E’tho ken, ______? A. Is that where he is living? ______. B. Yes, that’s where he lives.

5. Ka’ nón:we ______? A. Where is she from? (place of origin) ______nitiakohtóntion. B. She is from Toronto.

6. ______? A. Where do they live? ______. B. They live Brantford.

7. ______? A. Is that your friend? ______. B. Yes, this is my friend.

8. ______? A. Are you going to your place? ______B. No, I am going to a party.

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Communication

Wesewatátken ne tsiatenron’okón:’a kaná:takon. You all met your friends in town.

A. Shé:kon A. Greetings B. Shé:kon, Oh niiontonháte? B. Greetings, how is everything?

A. Ioianerátie ní:’i A. All is going well with me nok ní:se? and you? B. I’ ó:ni ioianerátie, B. Me too, all is good, ónhka ne kí:ken? who is this?

A. Ionkiatén:ron ne kí:ken, A. This is my friend, Sosan iontátia’ts. her name is Susan. B. Ka’ nitisené:non? B. Where did you two come from?

A. Tsi teionska’hónhkwa, A. From the restaurant nók ní:se? and you? B. Tsi onkiatenrón:ke, B. At my (M) friends place, Ka’ wáhse nón:wa? where are you going now?

A. Tsi tewakenónhsote wá:ke A. I am going home táhnon ionkiatén:ron and my (F) friend tsi teioia’áksne wá:’en. is going to the movies. B. Ah, ioiánere ki’ wáhi. B. Oh, thats nice, isn’t it (in it) Ó:nen ki’ wáhi. Bye then.

A. Ó:nen ki wáhi tsi niió:re á:re. A. Bye for now till later. B. Hao’ ki’ wáhi, ó:nen B. Ok then, bye

Assignment

Create your own conversation discussing where you or someone else is going. Students will include their names, the lesson they learned it from, the date and the setting of their conversation.

Student converastion –

Name______Lesson______Date______Setting______

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Kanen’kehá:ka English

A: A: B: B:

Review: ka’nón:we where abouts kèn:tho here in this spot- full form usually used in a single word response e’tho there- full form usually used in a single word response ká:ien it is lying ka’nón:we ká:ien where it is lying? kèn:tho ká:ien it is lying here e’tho ká:ien it is lying there káhere it is on something iekáhere it is on something over there

When information is required about an unknown gender, the female pronouns are used. (Shown in Q.) When we want to emphasize ‘who is the one’ doing something, then we also include the free pronoun in the sentence or question. (Shown in A.)

Q. Ónhka iakó:ien ne áhta? Who has the shoes? A. Í:i wákien ne áhta. I (am the one that) have the shoes.

It is not necessary to use the free pronoun before the verb unless you want the response to be very specific. When both free and bound pronouns are used it the same sentence, it puts on extra emphasis on ‘who’. In English it would be something like: is the one who.

Remember to maintain gender agreement.

Wákien ne áhta. I have shoes. Í:se sá:ien ne áhta. It is you that has shoes. (you are the one)

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Sá:ien ne áhta. You have the shoes. Raónha ró:ien ne áhta. It is him that has shoes. (he is the one) Ró:ien ne áhta. He has shoes Akaónha iakó:ien ne áhta. It is her that has shoes. (she is the one) Iakó:ien ne áhta. She has shoes. Ronónha rotí:ien ne áhta. It is them (M)+ that have shoes. (they are the ones) Rotí:ien ne áhta. They (M)+ have shoes. Onónha iotí:ien ne áhta. It is them (F) that have shoes (they Fs are the ones) Iotí:en ne áhta. They (F) have shoes.

More nouns using ownership:

Ohwíhsta money Ohwíhsta wákien. I have money. Ne thi:ken ohwíhsta wákien. I have that money. Ohwíhsta ken, sá:ien. Do you have money?

The above example is a natural word order, as in- noun first followed by the verb. The noun first tells, what the verb indicates, and in this case ‘what the person has’. We can also change the word order, but when we do, we alter what the emphasis is on. As in the example below, since the verb is first, the emphasis is on HAVING. We also need to add the joiner word ‘ne’ to complete the sentence. Also, you can add the free pronoun to indicate ‘the one who’.

Wákien ne ohwíhsta . I HAVE money. Wákien ne thí:ken ohwíhsta. I HAVE that (particular money). Sá:ien ken, ne ohwíhsta? Do you HAVE money? Í:se ken, sá:ien ne ohwíhsta? Are you the one that HAS money?

Creating a negation with a verb requires the use of ‘iah’, and the prefix ‘te’- to the verb. Example: Iah, iah tewákien ne ohwíhsta. No, no I don’t have the money. Iah tehó:ien ne ohwíhsta. He does not have the money.

Asking a question and not knowing ‘who’, we use the female pronoun in the verb. Example: Ónhka káti iakó:ien ne ohwíhsta? Who then has the money? Use of both free and bound pro-noun, means “the one who”.

Example: Raónha ró:ien ne ohwíhsta. Him, he has the money.

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New vocabulary: short forms in isolation full form to use with incorporation

áhta shoe ahtáhkwa atháhsteren pants athahsterentshera anòn:warore hat anonwarorè:tshera atià:tawi covering for upper body atia’tawi’tshera (root word - ia:t- is from oia:ta meaning body) a’niá:nawen mitts, gloves a’nianawèn:tshera atkahráhnha glasses- put your eyes on atkahrahnhá:tshera atia’táhnha belt; it goes around your body atia’tahnhà:tshera

Verb: wákien I have (in possession of) sá:ien you have ró:ien he has iakó:ien she has rotí:ien they (M) + have iotí:ien they (F) have ió:ien It has

Oral exercise :

Q. Oh nahò:ten nen’né:’e? A. (noun) nen’ne:’e. Q. Oh nahò:ten ne thí:ken? A. (noun) kí:ken. Q. Ka’nón:we ká:ien ne thí:ken áhta? A. E’tho kí:ien ne thí:ken áhta.

Like English there are a variety of ways to ask for information. These vary from general information to specific information. The response you receive can be just as varied. The placement and choice of particle is used to manipulate the context of the sentence.

Ka’nón:we ká:ien ne áhta? Where are the shoes lying? Ka’nón:we ká:ien ne thí:ken áhta? Where are those shoes lying?

Kén:tho ká:ien. It is lying here. E’tho ká:ien. It is lying there.

E’tho ká:ien ne áhta. The shoes are lying there. E’tho ká:ien ne thí:ken áhta. Those shoes are lying there.

Kén:tho ká:ien ne áhta. The shoes are lying here.

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Kén:tho ká:ien ne thí:ken áhta. Those shoes are lying here.

Wákien ne áhta. I have shoes. Í:se sá:ien ne áhta. It is you that has shoes. (you are the one) Sá:ien ne áhta. You have the shoes. Raónha ró:ien ne áhta. It is him that has shoes. (he is the one) Ró:ien ne áhta. He has shoes.

Akaónha iakó:ien ne áhta. It is her that has shoes. (she is the one) Iakó:ien ne áhta. She has shoes. Ronónha rotí:ien ne áhta. It is them (M)+ that have shoes. (they are the ones) Rotí:ien ne áhta. They (M)+ have shoes. Onónha iotí:ien ne áhta. It is them (F) that have shoes (they Fs are the ones) Iotí:ien ne áhta. They (F) have shoes.

When adding a name, we indicate the name first as in English.

Kwite ró:ien. Pete has it. Wá:ri iakó:ien. Mary has it. Kwite ró:ien ne ohwíhsta. Peter has the money.

When creating a question, what the question is about comes first followed by the question word ‘ken’.

Ne ken, ne ohwíhsta ró:ien ne Kwi:te? Is it the money that Peter has? Ne ken, ne thí:ken? Is that the one?

Other useful words:

Sewahió:wane ietharáhkwa An apple I phone Wii wahtentia’táhkwa A Wii system

Practice:

Write the Kanien’keha translation for the following English sentences.

1. Tom has a bike. Atonwa ró:ien ne teiokahkwèn:tote. 2. Peter has a phone. Kwite ró:ien ne ietharáhkwa. 3. A boy has the pencil. Raksá:’a ró:ien ne iehiatónhkwa. 4. It is the boy who has the book. Ne raksá:’a ne ró:ien ne kahiatónhsera. 5. It is the old woman who has the car. Ne iakokstén:ha iakó:ien ne kà:sere.

Write the sentence

6. The girl has the phone. ______7. John has a bike. ______

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8. The woman has a book. ______9. Peter has the pencil. ______10. Mary has the car. ______11. Who has a Wii system? ______12. I have a phone. ______13. Who has money? ______14. Does she have money? ______15. No, she doesn’t have money. ______16. They are the ones who (M) have money. ______17. The girl is the one who has the phone. ______18. John is the one who has a bike. ______19. The woman is the one who has a book. ______20. Peter is the one who has the pencil. ______21. Mary is the one who has the car. ______22. Who has a Wii system? ______23. I am the one who has a phone. ______24. Who has money? ______25. Is she the one who has money? ______26. No, she isn’t the one who has money. ______27. They (M) are the ones who have money. ______

Lesson 8 - Weather Words

These are words to describe the weather: Oh niwenhniserò:ten? What kind of day / weather is it? Iothó:re. It’s cold. Io’taríhen. It’s hot. Iokennó:ren. It’s raining. Io’kerén:’enh. It’s snowing. Iaó:te. It’s windy. Ioráhkote. It’s sunny. Ioronhióron. It’s overcast. Wenhniserí:io. It’s a nice day / nice weather. Wenhniseráksen. It’s a bad day / poor weather.

Wenhniseranón:iani It is a nasty day Iostaraténnion It is sprinkling Iowé:ron It is thundering Tewani’ne’karawánnions It is lightning Iowisóntsion It is freezing rain

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Teiotshà:taien It is foggy Iaonhawí:ne It is misting Iotón:ri’s It is damp

Niio’kerén:’onh ná:’a. It’s such snowy weather! Niiaó:te ná:’a. It’s such windy weather! Niioráhkote ná:’a. It’s such sunny weather! Niioronhiòron ná:’a. It’s such overcast weather! Niwenhniserí:io ná:’a. It’s such nice weather! Niwenhniseráksen ná:’a. It’s such poor weather!

Akwah í:ken tsi iothó:re. It is so cold! Akwah í:ken tsi io’taríhen. It is so hot. Akwah í:ken tsi iokennó:ren. It is so rainy. Akwah í:ken tsi io’kerén:’onh. It is so snowy. Akwah í:ken tsi iaote. It is so windy.

Akwah í:ken tsiiorahkote. It is so sunny. Akwah í:ken tsi ioroniòron. It is so overcast. Akwah í:ken tsi wenhniserí:io. It is so nice (ie. weather). Akwah í:ken tsi wenhniseráksen. It is so nasty. (ie. weather). Orihwí:o ki’ ná:’a tsi iothó:re. It sure is cold!

Orihwí:io ki’ ná:’a tsi io’taríhen. It sure is hot! Orihwí:io ki’ ná:’a tsi iokennó:ren. It sure is rainy! Orihwí:io ki’ ná:’a tsi io’kerén:’onh. It sure is snowy! Orihwí:io ki’ ná:’a tsi iaó:te. It sure is windy! Orihwí:io ki’ ná:’a tsi ioráhkote. It sure is sunny. Orihwí:io ki’ ná:’a tsi ioronhiòron. It sure is overcast. Orihwí:io ki’ ná:’a tsi wenhniserí:o. It sure is nice (ie. weather). Orihwí:io ki’ ná:’a tsi wenhniseráksen. It sure is nasty (ie. weather).

Oh niwenhniserò:ten? How is the weather? Iothó:re tsi niwenhniserò:ten. It’s a cold day. Io’taríhen tsi niwenhniserò:ten. It’s a hot day. Iokennó:ren tsi niwenhniserò:ten. It’s a rainy day. Io’kerén:’onh tsi niwenhniserò:ten. It’s a snowy day. Iaó:te tsi niwenhniserò:ten. It’s a windy day. Ioráhkote tsi niwenhniserò:ten. It’s a sunny day. Ioronhiòron tsi niwenhniserò:ten. It’s a overcast day.

Iothó:re ná:’a tsi niwenhniserò:ten. It’s a cold day! Io’taríhen ná:’a tsi niwenhniserò:ten. It’s a hot day! Iokennóren ná:’a tsi niwenhniserò:ten. It’s a rainy day! Io’kerén:’onh ná:’a tsi niwenhniserò:ten. It’s a snowy day! Iaó:te ná:’a tsi niwenhniserò:ten. It’s a windy day!

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Ioráhkote ná:’a tsi niwenhniserò:ten. It’s a sunny day! Ioronhiòron ná:’a tsi niwenhniserò:ten. It’s a overcast day!

Wenhniserí:io, it is a nice day, nek tsi iothó:re. but it’s cold. nek tsi io’taríhen. but it’s hot. nek tsi iokennó:ren. but it’s raining. nek tsi io’kerén:’onh. but it’s snowing. nek tsi iaó:te. but it’s windy. nek tsi ioráhkote. but it’s sunny. nek tsi ioronhiòron. but it’s overcast. nek tsi ohstón:ha iothó:re. but it’s a little cold. nek tsi ohstón:ha io’taríhen. but it’s a little hot. nek tsi ohstón:ha iokennó:ren. but it’s a little rainy. nek tsi ohstón:ha io’kerén:’onh. but it’s a little snowy. nek tsi ohstón:ha iaó:te. but it’s a little windy. nek tsi ohstón:ha ioráhkote. but it’s a little sunny. nek tsi ohstón:ha ioronhiòron. but it’s a little cloudy. nek tsi só:tsi iothó:re. but it’s too cold. nek tsi só:tsi io’taríhen. but it’s too hot. nek tsi só:tsi iokennó:ren. but it’s too rainy. nek tsi só:tsi iaó:te. but it’s too windy. nek tsi só:tsi ioráhkote. but it’s too sunny. nek tsi só:tsi ioronhiòron. but it’s too cloudy. nek tsi akwah ki’ iothó:re. but it’s quite cold. nek tsi akwah ki’ io’taríhen. but it’s quite hot. nek tsi akwah ki’ iokennó:ren. but it’s quite rainy. nek tsi akwah ki’ io’kerén:’onh. but it’s quite snowy. nek tsi akwah ki’ iaó:te. but it’s quite windy. nek tsi akwah ki’ ioráhkote. but it’s quite sunny. nek tsi akwah ki’ ioronhiòron. but it’s quite cloudy. nek tsi akwah í:ken tsi iothó:re. but it’s very cold. nek tsi akwah í:ken tsi io’taríhen. but it’s very hot. nek tsi akwah í:ken tsi iokennó:ren. but it’s very rainy. nek tsi akwah í:ken tsi io’kerén:’onh. but it’s very snowy. nek tsi akwah í:ken tsi iaó:te. but it’s very windy. nek tsi akwah í:ken tsi ioráhkote. but it’s very sunny. nek tsi akwah í:ken tsi ioronhiòron. but it’s very overcast.

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Practice:

Fill in the blanks.

1. Iothó:re ken? A. Is it cold? Iah, ______. B. No, it’s not cold, its’ a nice day.

2. Iokennó:ron ken? A. Is it raining? Iah, ______. B. No, it’s not raining, it is sunny.

3. ______. A. Is it thundering? ______. B. No, but it is raining.

4. ______. A. Is it windy? ______. B. No, but it is snowing.

5. ______. A. Is it cloudy? ______. B. Yes, and it’s windy too.

6. ______. A. Is it sunny? ______. B. Yes, for sure it’s hot.

7. ______. A. Is it hot? ______. B. Yes, it is such hot weather.

8. ______. A. Is it a nice day? ______. B. Yes but it’s a little cold.

9. ______. A. Is it still a nice day? ______. B. Yes, but it’s too windy.

Assignment

Create 10 of your own questions and be prepared to present them. You must also be prepared to answer your own questions.

1. ______

2. ______

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3. ______

4. ______

5. ______

6. ______

7. ______

8. ______

9. ______

10.______

Time

Here are someTime Related phrases that students will study:

Today ón:wa kenh wenhniserá:te/ón:wa wenhniserá:te/nón:wa Yesterday thetén:re The day before yesterday ó:ia shithetén:re Tomorrow eniórhen’ne The day after tomorrow ó:ia ientsiórhen’ne Last night shiiò:karahs Tonight eniò:karahwe Tomorrow night eniórhen’ne eniò:karahwe Noon éntie/néntie/ éntie ní:kare Midnight ahsónthen This morning shiiorhèn:ke This afternoon iotohétston néntie During the day tsi niwenhní:seres During the night tsi niwahsón:tehs Last week shisewén:te/ Shiswentekénha Next week ensewén:te

How many days? To niwenhniserá:ke? How many months? To niwenhnì:take How many years? To niiohserá:ke How many males? To nihá:ti? (This can be Males only or a mixed male/female) How many females? To nikón:ti?(This can be used for animals as well) To nikarì:wehs? How long? (length of time)

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Lesson 9 - Describing Where Someone Is

Location

Ken’ í:ke’s. I am here. Ken’ íhse’s. You are here. Ken’ ì:re’s. He is here. Ken’ í:ien’s. She is here. Ken’ í:we’s. It is here. Ken’ iákwe’s. We (they & I) are here. Ken’ rón:ne’s. They (males) are here. Ken’ kón:ne’s. They (females) are here.

Ka’ nón:we níhse’skwe’. Where were you? Ka’ nón:we nì:re’skwe’. Where was he? Ka’ nón:we ní:ien’skwe’. Where was she? Ka’ nón:we ní:we’skwe’. Where was it? Ka’ nón:we nísewe’skwe’. Where were you all? Ka’ nón:we rón:ne’skwe’. Where were they (males)? Ka’ nón:we kón:ne’skwe’. Where were they (females)?

Ken’ ní:ke’skwe’. I was here Ken’ niákwe’skwe’. We (they & I) were here. Ken’ níhse’skwe’. You were here. Ken’ rón:ne’skwe’. They (males) were here. Ken’ nì:re’skwe’. He was here. Ken’ kón:ne’skwe’. They (females) were here Ken’ ní:ien’skwe’. She was here. Ken’ ní:we’skwe’. It was here.

Eh ié:ke’skwe’. I was there. Eh iéhse’skwe’. You were there. Eh iè:re’skwe’. He was there. Eh ié:ien’skwe’. She was there. Eh ié:we’skwe’. It was there. Eh ieiákwe’skwe’. We (they & I) were there. Eh iehón:ne’skwe’. They (M) were there. Eh iekón:ne’skwe’. They (F) were there.

Oh na’karihón:ni tsi ken’ íhse’s? Why are you here? Ken’ í:ke’s ne akatéweienhste. I am here to study. Ken’ íhse’s ne ahsatéweienhste. You are here to study. Ken’ ì:re’s ne ahatéweienhste. He is here to study. Ken’ í:ien’s ne aiontéweienhste. She is here to study. Ken’ iákwe’s ne aiakwatéweienhste. We are here to study. Ken’ rón:ne’s ne ahontéweienhste. They (M) are here to study. Ken’ kón:ne’s ne akontéweienhste. They (F) are here to study. Oh na’karihón:ni tsi ken’ íhse’skwe. Why were you here? Ken’ ní:ke’skwe ne akatéweienhste. I was here to study.

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Ken’ níhse’skwe ne ahsatéweienhste. You were here to study. Ken’ nì:re’skwe ne ahatéweienhste. He was here to study. Ken’ ní:ien’skwe ne aiontéweienhste. She was here to study. Ken’ niákwe’skwe ne aiakwatéweienhste. We were here to study. Ken’ rón:ne’skwe ne ahontéweienhste. They (M) were here to study. Ken’ kón:ne’skwe ne akontéweienhste. They (F) were here to study.

Oh na’karihón:ni tsi eh iéhse’skwe. Why were you there? Eh iéke’skwe ne akatéweienhste. I was there to study. Eh iéhse’skwe ne ahsatéweyenhste. You were there to study. Eh iè:re’skwe ne ahatéweienhste. He was there to study. Eh ié:ien’skwe ne aiontéweienhste. She was there to study. Eh ieiákwe’skwe ne aiakwatéweienhste. We were there to study. Eh iehón:ne’skwe ne ahontéweienhste. They (M) were there to study. Eh iekón:ne’skwe ne akontéweienhste. They (F) were there to study.

Practice Reading:

Ka’nón:we ní:ien’s ne sa’nihsténha nón:wa? Where is your mother now? Tsi tiè:teron ítiens. She is at home. Kénh ken íhse’skwe then:re. Were you here yesterday? Tsi tkanatáhere ié:ke’skwe shiiò:karahs. I was in Brantford last night. Ónhka ó:ia eh í:ien’skwe? Who else was there? Rake’níha ó:ni eh iè:re’skwe. My father weas there too. Eh ken ié:ien’skwe ne sahsótha? Was your grandmother there? Iah. Iah eh thiié:ien’skwe. No. She wasn’t there. Ka’nón:we enhsè:seke’ eniò:karahwe? Where will you be tonight? Tsi tkì:teron entkè:seke eniò:karahwe? I’ll be at home tonight. Tsi tkarón:to ken enhsè:seke ensewén:te? Will you be in Toronto next week? Iah. Iah eh thiakè:seke. No, I won’t be there.

Body Parts

Ohsinekò:ta’ ankle Onéntsha’ arm Khsineko’tà:ke on my ankle Kenentshà:ke on my arm Raohsineko’tà:ke on his ankle Raonéntshà:ke on his arm Akohsineko’tà:ke on her ankle Akonéntshà:ke on her arm

Óhswa (small of) back Ohiótsha chin Khsòn:ne. on my back Khiotshà:ke on my chin Raohsòn:ne on his back Raohiotshà:ke on his chin Akohsòn:ne on her back Akohiotshà:ke on her chin

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Ohónhta ear Ohióhsa elbow Raohonhtà:ke on his ear Khiohsà:ke on my elbow Akohonhtà:ke on her ear Raohiohsà:ke on his elbow Kahonhtà:ke on my ear Akohiohsà:ke on her elbow

Okà:ra eye Okónhsa face Ikkahrà:ke on my eye Ikkonhsà:ke on my face Raokahrà:ke on his eye Raokonhsà:ke on his face Akokahrà:ke on her eye Akokonhsà:ke on her face

Ohsì:ta foot Otsi’é:ra fingernail Kahsi’tà:ke on my foot Aktsi’erà:ke on my fingernail Raohsi’tà:ke on his foot Raotsi’erà:ke on his fingernail Akohsi’tà:ke on her foot Akotsi’erà:ke on her fingernail

Ohsnónhsa hand Okwítsha knee Kehsnonhsà:ke in my hand Ikkwitshà:ke on my knee Raohsnonhsà:ke in his hand Raokwitshà:ke on his knee Akohsnonhsà:ke in her hand Akokwitshà:ke on her knee Kehsnòn:ke on my hand Raohsnòn:ke on his hand Akohsnòn:ke on her hand

Ohsí:na leg Ohnià:sa. throat Iksinà:ke on my leg Khnia’sà:ke on my throat Raosinà:ke on his leg Raohnia’sà:ke on his throat Akosinà:ke on her leg Akohnia’sà:ke on her throat

Ohswénhkara lip (upper) Ohskèn:ta’ Ikhswenhkarà:ke on my (upper) lip Ikhsken’tà:ke lower lip Raohswenhkarà:ke on his (upper) lip Raohsken’tà:ke Akohswenhkarà:ke on her (upper) lip Akohsken’tà:ke

Oniá:ra neck (nape of) O’niónhsa nose Keniarà:ke on my neck Ke’nionhsà:ke on my nose Raoniarà:ke on his neck Rao’nionhsà:ke on his nose Akoniarà:ke on her neck Ako’nionhsà:ke on her nose

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Ohnénhsa Shoulder Onawí:ra Teeth Khnenhsà: on my shoulder Kenawirà:ke on my teeth Raohnenhsà:ke on his shoulder Raonawirà:ke on his teeth Akohnenhsà:ke on her shoulde Akonawirà:ke on her teeth Onekwèn:ta Stomach Ohsiahòn:ta Abdomen Kenekwen’tà:ke on my stomach Akhsiahontà:ke on my abdomen Raonekwen’tà:ke on his stomach Raohsiahontà:ke on his abdomen Akonekwen’tà:ke on her stomach Akohsiahontà:ke on her abdomen

Ohiakwí:ra toe Khsakà:ronte mouth Kahiakwirà:ke on my toe Tsi khsakà:ronte on my mouth Raohiakwirà:ke on his toe Raohsakà:ronte on his mouth Akohiawirà:ke on her toe Akohsakà:ronte on her mouth

Okèn:kwara’ forehead Ona’wà:sa eyelids Keken’kwarà:ke on my forehead Kena’wahsà:ke on my eyelids Raoken’kwarà:ke on his forehead Raona’wahsà:ke on his eyelids Akoken’kwarà:ke on her forehead Akona’wahsà:ke on her eyelids

Onón:tsi head Kenontsì:ne on my head Raonontsì:ne on his head Akonontsì:ne on her head

Word study

Oh ní:ioht can be translated as “what is the matter with……” and “how is….)

Teió’tson’ dirty onawa’tstà:ke on/in the mud Ioná:nawen wet onawa’tstóskon all muddy (covered in mud)

Iokaión’on it is old ioterátsion it is torn or ripped Tetsá:ron both of them akwé:kon all/everything Ohna’á:wen what happened ohnahsátiere what did you do?

Kenóhare I wash Senóhare You wash Ranóhare He washIenóhare She wash

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Practice Reading

Ónhkak tá:ien. Somebody is coming. Ónhkak wá:en’. Somebody is going. Ónhkak kanónhskon tié:teron. Somebody is in the house. Hen, wakathón:te’. Yes, I hear. Hen, tehiká:nere’. Yes, I am looking at him. Tetsá:ron teió’tson’. They are both dirty. Teió’tson’. It is dirty. Ioná:nawen. It is wet. Wa:s akwé:kon senóhare. Go and wash everything. Wa:s senóhare. Go and wash. Wa:s tetsá:ron senóhare. Go and wash both of them. Nahó:ten sá:ton? What are you saying? Nahó:ten tsá:ton? What are you (2) saying? Nahó:ten wahsí:ron? What did you say? Nahó:ten rón:ton? What are they (males) saying?

1. Satkáhtho ne sahsi’tà:ke! Look at your feet! ______What is the matter with my feet? 2.______Your feet are dirty. ______What is the matter with his face? 3.______He has mud on his face.

Assignment

Create 10 simple sentences using the words given in this lesson and prior lessons.

Lesson 10 - Counting People and Animals

Counting People

In lesson one numbers were studied. When counting people and animals in Mohawk we use three different forms: 1) when there is just one person or animal, 2) when there are two of them, 3) when there are three or more.

Male Female Shaià:ta raksá:’a one child Tsieià:ta ieksá:’a Shaià:ta ranekènhteron one youth Tsieià:ta ieia’taséha Shaià:ta rón:kwe one adult Tsieià:ta iakón:kwe

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Shaià:ta roksténha one old person Tsieià:ta akoksténha Skaià:ta érhar one dog

Tehniiáhse tehniksá:’a two children Tekeniiáhse tekeniksá:’a Tehniiáhse tehninekènhteron two youths Tekeniiáhse tekeniia’taséha Tehniiáhse tehnón:kwe two adults Tekeniiáhse tekenón:kwe Tehniiáhse tehotiksténha two old people Tekeniiáhse teiotiksténha Tekeniiáhse érhar two dogs

Áhsen nihá:ti ratiksa’okón:’a three children Áhsen nikón:ti kontiksa’okón:’a Wísk nihá:ti ratinekènhteron’ okón:’a five youths Wísk nikón:ti kontiia’tasé’okón:’a Ià:iak nihá:ti ronón:kwe six adults Ià:iak nikón:ti konón:’kwe Oié:ri nihá:ti rotiksten’okón:’a ten old people Oié:ri nikón:ti otiksten’okón:’a tewáhsen nikón:ti érhar three dogs

Shaià:ta one male person Tsieià:ta one female person Tehniiáhse two people-two males or one male & one female Tekeniiáhse two female persons or two animals nihá:ti multiple people (3 or more) all males or mixed M’s & F’s nikón:ti multiple females or multiple animals (3 or more) Skaià:ta one animal

Animals

Orhió:ken’- chipmunk Kít kit - chicken

Ohskennón:to – deer tionnhónhskwaron’ - cow

Tsítsho - fox érhar - dog

Ska’niónhsa’ - moose tewahónhtehs - donkey

Tsinó:wen – mouse só:ra - duck

Atí:ron - raccoon kaia’tákeras - goat

Anonhwaráweron – woodchuck iakohsá:tens - horse

Taonhtané:ken - Jack Rabbit Síksik - sheep

Kwa’ien - Rabbit Kwéskwes - pig

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Amount

Ne ok ne/ nek ne just/only Sénha niháti/ Sénha nikón:ti more than Ká:ro niháti/ Ká:ro nikón:ti less than Tóhkara niháti/ Tóhkara nikón:ti a few É:so niháti/ É:so nikón:ti many/a lot Thóha almost

Practice Reading:

To nihá:ti kenh rón:ne’skwe? How may people were here? Ne ok ne shaià:ta roksténha kenh ì:re’skwe. There was only one old man here. To nihá:ti eh enhonnè:seke’? How many people will be there? Tekeniiáhse tekenón:kwe eh enkenè:seke’. Two women will be here. Thóha énhska tewen’niá:we nihá:ti eh rón:ne’skwe. Almost a hundred people were there. To: nikarì:wes kenh enièn:seke’ ne sa’nihsténha? How long will your mom be here? Ne ok ne tóhkara niwenhniserá:ke kenh enièn:seke’. She’ll be here only a few days.

Questions

Oh niiohtonhátie? How’s it going? Oh niiohtonhátie ní:se? How’s it going for you? Oh niiohtonhátie ne raónha? How’s it going for him? Oh niiohtonhátie ne akaónha? How’s it going for her? Oh niiohtonhátie ne Sewatis? How’s it going for John? Oh niiohtonhátie ne Wari? How’s it going for Mary? Oh niiohtonhátie ne sa’nihsténha? How’s it with your mother? Oh niiohtonhátie ne ______? How are things with ______? (Use friends or family members in the blank) To káti ... How about ... To káti ní:se? How about you? To káti ne raónha? How about him? To káti ne akaónha? How about her?

Oh káti ... How about ... Oh káti ní:se? How about you? Oh káti ne raónha? How about him? Oh káti ne akáonha? How about her? Nok How about/and 57

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Nok ní:se? How about you? Nok ne raónha? How about him? Nok ne akaónha? How about her?

Ka’ nón:we ní:se? Where are you? Ka’ nón:we ne raónha? Where is he? Ka’ nón:we nakaónha? Where is she? Ka’ nón:we ne Tawit? Where is David? Ka’ nón:we ne Wari? Where is Mary?

Ka’ ní:se? Where are you? Ka’ ne raónha.? Where is he? Ka’ ne akaónha? Where is she? Ka’ ne Tawit? Where is David? Ka’ ne Wari? Where is Mary? Ka’ nón:we tisenákere? Where are you living? Ka’ nón:we thanákere? Where is he living? Ka’ nón:we tienákere.? Where is she living?

Tsi tkarón:to nitkenákere. I am living in Toronto. Kaná:tsio nithanákere. He is living in Ottawa. Ohrónwakon nitienákere. She is living in Hamilton. Shé:kon .... nikenákere. I am still living at...... Shé:kon .... nihanákere. He is still living at...... Shé:kon .... niienákere. She is still living at.... Shé:kon Tsi tkarón:to nikenákere. I am still living in Toronto. Shé:kon Ohswékon nihanákere. He is still living in Ohsweken. Shé:kon Tsi Iohná:wate niienákere. She is still living in Belleville.

Practice Reading: a) Shé:kon Wíhshe. Hello Mike. b) Shé:kon Sewátis. Hi John. Oh niiohtonhátie ní:se. How’s it going by you? a) Ioianerátie. OK. Nok ní:se? And you? b) Enkakwé:ni all right 58

A Beginners Mohawk Language Course

Ka’ nón:we tihsenákere, nón:wa? Where are you living now? a) Tsi tkanatáhere tkenákere. I’m living in Brantford. Nok ní:se? How about you? b) Shé:kon Ohswéken nikenákere. I’m still in Oshweken. Ka’nón:we nón:wa thanákere ne Where’s your older brother Iahtsí:’a Sose. presently living? a) Tsi tkarón:to nón:wa thanákere. He’s presently in Toronto. Nok ne Sahtsí:’a Wari? And your older sister Mary? Ka’ne akaónha nón:wa? Where is she now? b) Ohswéken ó:ni tienákere. She’s in Ohsweken too.

This resource is meant to introduce learners to the Kaniakeha language. The parts of speech are nine as in other languages – the article, noun, adjective, pronoun, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection and the verb. With lessons in grammatical structures for learners to understand words/phrases. These will be studied as they arise, and learners are not expected to know all in this course.