FLUCTUATIONS of GLACIERS 1975-1980 with Addenda from Earlier Years This Volume Continues the Earlier Works Published Under the Titles

FLUCTUATIONS OF GLACIERS 1975-1980 with addenda from earlier years This volume continues the earlier works published under the titles

FLUCTUATIONS OF GLACIERS 1959-1965 Paris, IAHS - UNESCO, 1967

FLUCTUATIONS OF GLACIERS 1965-1970 Paris, IAHS - UNESCO, 1973

FLUCTUATIONS OF GLACIERS 1970-1975 Paris, IAHS - UNESCO, 1977 FLUCTUATIONS OF GLACIERS

1975-1980

(Vol. IV)

A contribution to the International Hydrological Programme

Compiled for the Permanent Service on the Fluctuations of Glaciers of the IUGG-FAGS/ICSU

by Wilfried Haeberli Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich

International Commission on Snow and Ice of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences and UNESCO, Paris 1985 Published jointly by the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 19 rue Eugène-Carrière, 75018 Paris and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7 Place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris

. Printed by Vontobel-Druck AG, Feldmeilen, Switzerland

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the publishers . concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or concerning the frontiers of any country or territory.

IAHS UNESCO: ISBN 92-3-102367-5 PREFACE

In many mountainous regions of the world, observations on glaciers have been undertaken for centuries for scientific as well as practical pur- poses. The main international purpose of these observations has focused on a better understanding of the evolution of climate, while at the local level the prediction and reduction of glacier catastrophes have become fields of primary concern. During this century, the task of assessing the influence of perennial ice masses on the water cycle has gained considerable interest. Regular glacier observations, which were originally limited to the more densely'populated mountain regions, have now become regular international undertakings. Snow and ice studies, for instance, have played an important role in the activities of the International Hydrological Decade (IHD, 1965-1974) and of the Inter- national Hydrological Programme (IHP) which followed the Decade. Evidence is now accumulating that man's energy consumption could have strong impacts on the global climate in the near future. Changes of climate would seriously affect all forms of ice on earth and could lead to considerable problems related with, for example, water management in semi-arid regions irrigated by glacier meltwater. For this reason, it has become evident that land ice can be considered a sensitive indicator of ongoing changes in the energy balance at the earth's surface.

It is in this context that Unesco and UNEP support the activities of the international services which collect and publish standardized glacier data: the Permanent Service on the Fluctuations of Glaciers and the Temporary Technical Secretariat for the World Glacier Inventory, both located at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich. To guarantee the continuity of the observations and to further improve the use of the resulting information, steps are presently being taken to merge the two services.

The present report, Volume IV of "Fluctuations of Glaciers" is published by IAHS with the support of Unesco. The opinions expressed herein are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations.

UNESCO, D~vision of Water Sciences, Paris, 1985. FOREWORD

The International Commission on Snow 'and Ice (ICSI) is a direct descen- dent of the former International Commission on Glaciers (1894-1927), which was created to monitor the fluctuations of gla~iers all around the world in order to understand their relations to climatic changes . .Although it was recognized early that glaciers respond sensitively to variations in climate, the time ·scale òf this response is too long for significant results to be obtained by a single generation of scientists, and an institutional, permanent service appear~d to be necessary. Thanks to the enthusiasm and efforts of a legion of volunteers in many countries, this service has survived two World Wars, economic vicissitudes and taken part in the dramatic changes in ac í.ence during the past century. This volume is the latest in a distinguished series, in which each addition adds to the value of those previously published, at the same time reflecting the changes in the priorities and methods of scientific investigation.

The general pattern observed in the dev~lopment of each geoscience can be r ecognised in the study o f q Lac iers. At the beginning, on ly geographic observations and descriptions were made. Next, the em~hasis was on investigation of regularities of structure and motion by precise surveys and quantitative measurements; at this stage some "l.aws" to predict and. explain the behaviour of glaciers in terms of climate, g rad ien t e tc . wer e s u_gg e st e d b Y Pe n c k a nd B r ü ck n e r, Ah l m a n n , R ich a rd Finsterwalder, and others, and tested against field observations. This approach has been followed by the development of physical and mathematical models to reduce the complexities of.glacier behaviour to a problem in mechanics and calo~ics. Although the first such models were devised by Sebastian Finsterwalder in 1903 and Weinberg in 1906, we may date the start of modern glacier modelling from the ICSI symposium held in Chamonix in 1958. It may be noted that mathematical modelling t echn.ì que s were applied to glacier problems somewhat earlier than to problems in most other geosciences.

MeaDwhile, and in the ~ollowing years, many new observational techniques such as VHF sounding, ·ice core drilling, or satellite imagery and alti- metry have appeared, which, together with a tremendous development in logistics, have provided a wealth of reliable and detailed information

II about glacier characteristics and behaviour that wa~ not possible before. The,study of glaciers, an important brancn of geoscience in its own right, and closely related to climatic studies and hydrology, has also become important to petrology, ~aterials science, cosmology, regional pollution, northern navigation and other areas of science and human affairs. Con.sequently, leSI has considerably broadened its scope, and its initial major activity of monitoring fluctuations of glaciers has become a Permanent Service of the Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical Services (FAGS) of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), under the tutorship of ICSI.

These developments do not mean that the monitoring of glacier fluctuations has become less important or obsolete. Today more than ever before, glaciologists need reliable and representative data on glacier behaviour to tune their models or to test their theories. A heàlthy dialectic has started between the Service which gathers the field data and the users of these data who ask for more data or for improvements in the way they are collected. Each piece of information obtained by systematic on-the-ground measurement is more laborious to acquire and more expensive to the data user than any piece of information obtained from an orbiting satellite; but data obtained by remote sensing will not replace direct field observations, although it can enhance their value. Satellite imagery is of va¡ue to glacier studies in its own right; it can be used to give generalized information when field data are missing, and can further enhance the significance of ground measur~- ments by providing comparative observations of nearby glaciers or recor- ding the timing of events between field observations. Teams of volunteers for field observations and efficient people to gather the data according to established procedures are more useful than ever to the modern study of glaciers. It is the work of these teams that is presented in this volume.

In any discussion about glacier fluctuations, it is usual to stress the .ì mp ort ance of monitoring these fluctuation,s in order to allow better management of water resources, or to detect world-wide climatic changes at an early stage. The recent broadening of glacier studies to be relevant to a wide range of sciences and important human problems has been noted above. Without minimizing in the least these important and obvious goals and developments, we should like to draw attention to a more idealistic bu~ nonetheless vital role.

III The hoble ~~jective of,UNESCO, UNEP and other agenqies forming part of the United Nations system is to foster international cooperation in the advancement of science and exchange of information, for the sake of peace, for the development of less favoured countries, and for the bene f it o f mankind. At its m odest. rank, the PSFG contributes to this objective. ,Glaciers are found in many parts of the world, from the tropics to the poles, and their presence and their value to world science bears no relation to political systems or the economic development of the countries in which they are located. Through its requests for data from all glacierized regions, ,the PSFG brings isolated agencies and geosciences from many lands into the world-wide scientific community. Being involved ina continuing study backed by an international agency helps the institutions and their staffs.to obtain facil- i~ies for fi~ld studies, to produce scientific publications and to travel. They contribute important information to a world-wide scien-

t ì f ì ce nt erpr ì se , and exchange scientific data directly with leading glacier scientists in other countries. In its small way, the PSFG helps scientists in many countries realize, perhaps, that it is not necessary to have a large budget in every branch of science or a,NASA or a CERN on their doorstep in order to be able to contribute significantly to that most important undertaking of mankind: the advancement of the scientific understanding of our shared environment.

We are therefore happy to present this fourth volume on glacier fluctuations, which materializes years of patient work, and which is published with the high standards of its predecessors and of IAHS publications. We congratulate its principal author, Dr. Wilfried Haeberli, who took over coordination of the enterprise after a number of delays and difficulties, and by his energy and dedication has brought it to a successful conclusion.

E.F. Roots L. Lliboutry President, leSI 1979-1983 President, ICSI 1983-1987

ottawa and Grenoble, 1985

IV PROLOGUE AND THANKS

Efforts to monitor land ice on a global scale date back to the last century. Between 1895 and 1913, world-wide glacier observations were summarized by the International Commission on Glaciers. This Commission was succeeded by the International Commission on Snow and Ice (ICSI) of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) which subsequently established, in 1967, the Permanent Service on the' Fluctuations of Glaciers (PSFG) as one of the services of the Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical,Sciences of the Int.ernati onal Council of Scientific Unions (FAGS/ICSU). Three volumes containing glacier fluctuation data have already been published by the PSFG:

Vol. I: Fluctuations of Glaciers 1959-1965 (P. Kasser) Vol. II: Fluctuations of Glaciers 1965-1970 (P. Kasser) Vol. III: Fluctuations of Glaciers 1970-1975 (F. MUller)

The objective of the periodic PSFG publication series is to reproduce a global set of data on the fluctuations of glaciers which

- affords a general view of the changes - encourages more extensive measurements - invites further processing of the results - facilitates consultation of the further sources - serves as a basis for research.

To aid standardization on an international level, UNESCO, together with IAHS and ICSI, published a series of "Technical Papers in Hydrology". These publications were aimed .at the study of snow and ice as natural resources, and at the study of the mechanisms of glacier fluctuations and their relationship to climatic variations. Some of these "Guides" have been updated in recent years, and the following are those most ,relevant for this present volume (Volume IV) of "Fluctuations of Glaciers":

v l. Variations of Existing Glaciers. A Guide to international Practices for their Measurement. Technical Papers in Hydrology No.3, UNESCO 1969, which is in part superseded and made more specific by: Instructions for Submission of Data for "Fluctuations of Glaciers 1975-80", issued by the PSFG in June 1983.

2. Perennial Ice and Snow Masses. A Guide for Compilation and Assemblage of Data for a World Glacier Inventory. Technical Papers in Hydrology No. l, UNESCO 1970, which is in part superseded by: F. Müller, T. Caflisch and G. Müller, 1977: Instructions for Compilation and Assemblage of Data for a World Glacier Inventory, and by: TTS (1983): Guidelines for Preliminary Glacier Inventories, both issued by the Temporary Technical Secretariat for World Glacier Inventory of ICSI, now at the Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich.

3. Combined Heat, Ice and Water Balances at Selected Glacier Basins, Part I: A Guide for Compilation and Assemblage of Data for Glacier Mass Balance Measurements. Part II: Specifications, Standards and Data Exchange. Technical Papers in Hydrology No.5, UNESCO 1970 and 1973.

After the publication of PSFG Volume III in 1977, the unexpected, tragic death of its director, Prof. Dr. Fritz Müller, interrupted acti vities until 1983. This interruption not only lead the service into a difficult financial situation but also produced, in some cases, a discontinuity in the contacts with national correspondents and collaborators. Nevert.heLess , thanks to the cooperation and quick response from glaciologists allover the world, the present volume could be completed within a relatively short time period.

Thanks are due to the parent agency FAGS for the allocation of grants. 'However, the main burden of the operation had to be borne by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich. The help and assistance of many colleagues at the Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and

VI Glaciology, ETH Zürich is most gratefully acknowledged. In addition to the Director, the PSFG team consisted primarily of two people who were responsible for a major part of the work involved - Peter Müller (computer programming and data management) and Pamela Alean (administration and text) who, throughout the production of this volume, showed the sort of initiative which contributed greatly to the efficiency with which this publication could be completed. They were ably assisted in their tasks by Willy Schmid (maps), and by Werner Nabs and Jiri Pika (data input). Karl Scherler, Executive Secretary of the TTS, provided valuable back-up expertise and implemented a step towards the future coordination of the TTS and the PSFG by assigning WGI-numbers to all glaciers in the PSFG data bank.

M. Kuhn (Innsbruck), 'M.F. Meier (Tacoma) and L. Reynaud (Grenoble) acted as scienti fic consultants, and the members of the Swiss Coordinating Group for PSFG/TTS - D. Vischer (Zürich), A. Ohmura (Zürich), H. Röthlisberger (Zürich) and B. Salm (Davos) - as well as C.C. Wallén, consultant to UNEP, helped with administrative measures. Their efforts greatly facilitated the work of the PSFG office during the preparation of "Fluctuations of Glaciers 1975-80".

VII TABLE OF CONTENTS page PREFACE I FOREWORD II PROLOGUE AND THANKS V TABLE OF CONTENTS VIII LIST OF ANNEXED MAPS X

CHAPTER l - INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preparation of Volume IV of "Fluctuations of Glaciers" l 1.2 Organization of the Present Vo~ume 4

CHAPTER 2 - GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE OBSERVED GLACIERS

2.1 The Parameters 6 2.2 Sources of Data and Comments for the Various Countries 7

CHAPTER 3 - VARIATION IN THE POSITION OF GLACIER FRONTS 1975-80 AND ADDENDA FROM EARLIER YEARS (TABLES B AND BB)

3.1 The Data 14 3.2 Sources of Data and Comments for the Various Countries 15

CHAPTER 4 - MASS BALANCE STUDY RESULTS AND ADDENDA FROM EARLIER YEARS (TABLES C, CC AND CCC)

4.1 The Data 23 4.2 Sources of Data and Comments for the Various Countries 23

CHAPTER 5 - CHANGES IN AREA, VOLUME AND THICKNESS OF GLACIERS

5.1 The Data 29 5.2 Sources of Data and Comments for the Various Countries 29

CHAPTER 6 - SPONSORING AGENCIES AND NATIONAL CORRESPONDENTS FOR THE GLACIER STUDIES

6.1 Introduction 31

VIII 6.2 Sponsoring Agencies and Sources of Data for the Various Countries 31 6.3 National Correspondents and Collaborators of the PSFG 40

CHAPTER 7 AND TABLE F - MISCELLANEOUS 43

CHAPTER 8 - THE ANNEXED MAPS

Bondhusbreen, Southern Norway, by B. W~ld 65 Hellstugubreen, Southern Norway, by B. Wold 66 Austre Memurubre, Southern Norway, by G. 0strem 67 Thickness Changes of Swiss Glaciers, by P. Kasser and H. Siegenthaler 68 Gepatschferner 1971, by K. Brunner 75 Hintereisferner 1979, by M. Kuhn 77 Vernagtferner 1979, by H. Rentsch 79 Langentaler Ferner 1971, by K. Brunner 81 Changes in Elevation of Glaciers in the Eastern Alps 1969-1979, by R. Finsterwalder and H. Rentsch 84 Issik Glacier, by G. Patzelt 85 Batura Glacier, by Xie Zichu 88

CHAPTER 9 - PERSPECTIVES FOR THE FUTURE 89

REFERENCES 91

APPENDIX l: Data sheets and notes on their completion 95

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TABLE A - GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE OBSERVED GLACIERS 117

TABLE B - VARIATIONS IN THE POSITION OF GLACIER FRONTS: 1975-80 137

TABLE BB - VARIATIONS IN THE POSITION OF GLACIER FRONTS ADDENDA FROM EARLIER YEARS 157

TABLE C - MASS BALANCE SUMMARY DATA: 1975-80 169

IX TABLE CC - MASS BALANCE SUMMARY DATA ADDENDA FROM EARLIER YEARS 181

TABLE CCC - MASS BALANCE VERSUS ALTITUDE FOR SELECTED GLACIERS 185

TABLE D - CHANGES IN AREA, VOLUME AND THICKNESS 221

TABLE E - AVAILABILITY OF HYDROMETEOROLGICAL DATA 237

TABLE F - SEE CHAPTER 7 (PAGE 43)

ALPHABETIC INDEX 249

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LIST OF THE ANNEXED MAPS

Bondhusbreen (1:10,000) Hel1stugubreen (1:10,000) Austre Memurubre (1:10,000) SdIvret.t.a,Verstancla and Chamm glaciers (1:10,000) Limmern and Plattalva glaciers (1:10,000) Gries glacier (1:10,000) Gepatschferner 1971 (1:10,000) Hintereisferner 1979 (1:10,000) Ver~agtferner 1979 (1:10,000) Langtaler Ferner 1971 (1:7,500) Changes in Elevation of Glaciers in the Eastern Alps 1969-79'(1:20,000) (with accompanying sheet) Issik Glacier (1:25,000) Batura Glacier (1:60,000)

x CHAPTER l INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preparation of Volume IV of "Fluctuations of Glaciers"

The present volume of Fluctuations of Glaciers 1975-1980 continues the series of ,publications started by Kasser (1967, 1973) and Müller (1977), - referred to here as Volumes I, II and III. Volume III saw a major development towards standardization of data and the installation of a data bank; it appears that this standardization is, in general, acknowledged by the glaciological community to be both appropriate and useful. It was felt that changes in terminolgy, format and types of data should be kept to a minimum in order to preserve the coherency of this long- term series. The format of the present volume therefore strongly resembles that of Volume III.

Data sheets were "sent to national correspondents in summer 1983. These sheets saw only minor changes compared to those distributed during the compilation of Volume III. The question of mass balance terminolgy may be the most delicate point. Some mass balance terms used in Volume III, such as "net accumulation", not only give correspondents the freedom to

present their specí.aL'kí nd of observations, but may also lead to some uncertainty when interpreting mass balance data~ It was therefore recommended that national correspondents define what they actually measured by using, whenever possible, the terminology developed by Mayo et al. (1972); this recommendation was, unfortunately, not followed by most national correspondents. This is certainly regrettable from a puristic point of view; it may, however, be of less importance with respect to the practical use of long-ter~ records. The data sheets also requested information on the availability of hydrometeorological data, even though the actual data are not published in PSFG volumes. A note- worthy change with respect to Volume III is the fact that length variations of glacier tongues are given as total displacements (m) and not as mean velocities (m/year) of advance or retreat, which were sometimes interpolated over long time intervals; this change was suggested by Patzelt (1979). For the first time, correspondents were asked to supply information about unusual events, such as glacier surges or large glacier floods; such information in national reports (e.g., Kasser and Aellen 1983, Rist 1984) has proven to be very useful despite the fact that it is often qualitative and incomplete. The request by the PSFG on this point was considered as a' pilot study on the question as to whether or not such observations should be included in future PSFG volumes. The weak echo to the request probably indicates that information on unusual events is not easily obtainable and cannot yet be collected for regular publication on a whrld-wide scale. For similar reasons, it was decided not to include bibliographies and results of short-term energy balance studies.

Computer programmes were developed to not only represent the actual data but also to process it further in order to summarize the results at a later date and to form a basis for making assessments on current developments. A system was developed to store all the data received on data sheets, magnetic tapes, punch cards and print-outs. Information is most complete on the original data sheets where, for example, specific remarks pertinent to the measurements of individual glaciers can sometimes be found. Other information, such as the dates of individual measurements, was stored on the magnetic tapes, but is not printed in this volume. This means that information more complete than that printed in the tables is available. Computer work was done using the CDC computer at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich. Proofs of the tables and the text were sent to national correspondents at the end of 1984 and beginning of 1985.

The present volume contains information on 691 glaciers. Data on "Positians of Glacier Fronts" for the period 1975-1980 were received for 626 glaciers, with "Addenda from Earlier Years" for 105. "Mass Balance Study Results - Summary Data" were submitted for a total of 76 glaciers, with detailed "Mass Balance versus Altitude" data for 20 glaciers. Data relating to "Changes in Area, Volume and Thickness" are presented for 36 glaciers. Although some information is available from glaciers in Africa, South America, Asia and Antarctica, the bulk of the data comes from North America, Europe and the USSR. For the first time in the PSFG series, data on Chinese glaciers is included, but no fluctuation data was obtained from Mexico, Venezuela, Columbia, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Spain, Turkey, Afghanistan, Nepal, India and Bhutan. In some cases, the PSFG was not able to establish contacts (e.g., Chile), in others programmes seem to have been suspended (e.g., Afghanistan) or to have st art ed after 1980 (e.g.,Spain).

2 A special section, Chapter 7, has been included in this volume to represent important information which does not fit into the standardized format of the tables. This section mainly concerns balances estimated using "index measurements" on remote glaciers and polar ice sheets. The scarcity of fluctuation data from the largest ice bodies on earth still represents the chief limitation to global land ice monitoring today.

The tradition of including examples of special glacier maps .ìabe i.nq continued with the inclusion of 13 maps in the back pocket of this volume. The collection of maps in PSFG volumes not only reflects the "state of the art" in the field of glacier mapping, but is also thought to document especially well-studied glaciers and qLac ì ers in remote areas. The value of such maps for interpreting glacier fluctuation data is certainly beyond any discussion. The PSFG is extremely grateful for the fact that most of the maps included here were donated. Brief descriptions of the maps are given in Chapter 8.

A reference list for the present volume is to be found after Chapter 9, immediately before Table A. It should be noted, however, that references pertinent to the map texts are found at the end of each text and are therefore not included in the general reference list.

As a result of requests for the standard PSFG'data sheets from various scientists and authorities, it has been decided to include the data sheets which were used for the collection of data for this volume in Appendix l, together with the corresponding explanations.

3 1.2 Organization of the Present Volume

The data presented in this volume consist of the following types: Table Ä: General Information on the Observed Glaciers Table B: Variations in the Position of Glacier Fronts, 1975-80 Table BB: Variations in the Position of Glacier Fronts - Addenda from'earlier years Table C: Mass Balance Summary Data, 1975-80· Table CC: Mass Balance Summary Data - Addenda from earlier years Table CCC: Mass Balance versus Altitude for Selected Glaciers Table D: Changes in Thickness, Area and Volume Table E: Availability of Hydrometeorological Data Table F: Miscellaneous Data presented in Chapter 7

Sources of data and comments can be found in Chapters 2 to 7. Within each data type, the glaciers are organized according to the country where they occur with, in same cases, sub-division into smaller geographical units, e.g., Austrian glaciers are divided into Il groups according to natural sub-divisions of the country. Table A provides the reader not only with general information on the glaciers of a particular country or region, but also lists which data are available for these glaciers in other tables. An alphabetic index of glaciers is given at the end of this volume to allow easy location of the data for anyone glacier within the various tables A to F.

Glaciers are identified with a name of up to 15 alphabetical and numerical characters and a "PSFG Number" of four or five digits with an alphabetical prefix denoting the country. The order in which data from the different countries are presented, together with the corresponding prefixes, is shown in the following table: Country: ---Prefix: Country: Prefix: Canada CD France F U.S.A. US Switzerland CH Peru PE Austria A Greenland G Italy I

Iceland IS Kenya KN Norway N U.S.S.R. SU Sweden S China CN Germany (Fed.Rep.) D Antarctica AN

4 Although in some cases it was necessary 'to abbreviate the names of glaciers, it should always be possible to compare data for any particular glacier in the present volume with data in previous volumes. This volume sees the inclusion of the PsFG number for each glacier in every data table, including the index. In addition, the corresponding World Glacier Inventory (WGI) code number for each glacier is given in the index in order to facilitate work with both data sets (PsFG and WGI) in the future. It should be noted, ,however, that the WGI numbers printed in the present volume are those which were being used by the TTs at the end of 1984. Some of these may be changed in the final publication of the WGI and a corrected list will appear in PsFG Volume V.

Although all data are tabulated in Tables A to E, it is not recommended that they be used without consultation of the relevant sections in the text ; in the case o f Tab le F, the data are given w ithin the text o f Chapter 7. Furthermore, when citing data from this volume, references to the original sources of the data - given in the relevant chapter of the text - should be quoted wherever possible.

5 CHAPTER 2 - GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE OBSERVED GLACIERS

2.1 The Parameters

The inçluded parameters consti~ute a useful minimum of information about each observed glacier. Emphasis is placed upon basic information available from a national glacier inventory carr ied out according to internationally agreed specifications. A list of the parameters given in Table A, together with their abbreviations as used in the Table can be found on the cover page of Table A. The 3-digi t classi fication of each glacier (CODE) is based on the following scheme (UNESCO/lASH, 1970) :

Digit l: Primary Classification O Miscellaneous l Continental Ice Sheet 2 Ice-field 3 Ice Cap 4 Outlet glacier 5 Valley glacier 6 Mountain glacier 7 Glacieret or snowfield 8 Ice-shelf 9 Rock glacier

Digit 2: Form O Miscellaneous l Compound basins - two or more glaciers coalescing 2 Compound basin - two or more accumulation basins 3 Simple basin 4 Cirque 5 Niche 6 Crater 7 Ice apron 8 Group 9 Remnant

6 Digit 3: Frontal Characteristics ° Miscellaneous l Piedmont 2 Expanded foot 3 Lobed 4 Calving 5 Coalescing, non .contributing 6 Irregular, mainly clean ice 7 Irregular, mainly debris covered 8 Single lobed, mainly clean ice 9 Single lobe, mainly debris covered

2.2 Sources of Data and Comments for the Various Countries

Indi vidual investigators and their sponsor ing agencies are gi ven for each country in Chapters 3 and 4. The addresses of the sponsoring agencies and organizations holding original data are given in Chapter 6.

Canada (CD)

Data for 43 Canadian glaciers were provided by C.S.l. Ommanney of the Surface Water Division, Ottawa (SW), in the form of a manuscript incorporating the standard PSFG data sheets (Ommanney, unpublished). Ommanney was assisted by J. Jackson and J. Zi to. Data on individual glaciers are mostly derived from the Canadian Topographic Map Series (NTS) at a scale of 1:50,000.

All of Canada has been flolNn with low level aerial photography suitable for mapping at a scale of 1:50,000. In several cases, special air photo missions have been flown for the mapping of glaciers at a scale of 1:10,000 or better. Flight line information and the individual prints are available from the: National Air Photo Library, Surveys and Mapping Branch, 615, Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario, KIA OE9

7 The Surveys and Mapping Branch is striving to complete its mapping of Canada at a scale of 1:50,000 and to update the 1:250,000 scale NTS sheets. Having a somewhat lower priority, many of the mountain and glacierized areas of Canada have yet to be mapped at the larger scale. Maps at all scales and indices are available from the : Canada Map Office, Surveys ,and Mapping Branch, 130, Bentley Avenue, ottiwa, Ontario, KIA OE9

Area values, when not taken from published reports or submitted data, have been taken off the most recent NTS maps sheets using a computer- based digitizing system with the "Automap" software. For the large ice caps and icefields, approximate boundaries were drawn on the 1:1,000,000 scale glacier maps of Canada and the areas measured.

The PSFG number allocation for Canadian glaciers has been based on the initial alphabetic division, using the first two digits, .ì ,e , A = Dl .. to Z = 26 .. and w ith unnamed features starting at 50... The last two digits have been assigned at a scale of 1-99 based on the relative position of a glacier name within its particular alphabetic block, as determined from the latest listing of named glaciological features in Canada. Glacier names with the subscript west, south-east and east etc. refer to the fact that only one lobe of the main tongue was observed.

The Canadian manuscript contains a b~bliography which lists papers and reports published or produced from 1975 to 1980 inclusive. References to work published since then are available from the national correspondent.

Data for 3 additional glaciers in NWT Canada were submitted by R. LeB. Hooke (UM) and A. Ohmura (GIETH).

U.S.A. (US)

Data for 106 U.S. glaciers were provided to the PSFG by C S. Brown of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGST). The first digi t of the PSFG number denotes the state where the glacier is located; the second digit denotes the range, the mountains or a specific mountain.

8 1st digit O, l Alaska 0001-0199 Brooks Range 0200-0399 Alaska Range, Aleutian Range 0400-0599 Kenai Mountains 0600-1099 Chugach Mountains 1100-1299 Wrangell Mountains 1300-1799 St. Elias Mountains 1800-1999 Coast Mountains

2 Washington 2101-2150 Olympic Mountains 2002-2012 Mount Baker 2014-2019 Glacier Peak 2020-2040 Mount Rainier 2050-2065 Mount Adams 2075-2090 Mount St. Helens

5 Montana

Peru (PE)

Data for 4 Peruvian glaciers were received from M. Zamora Cobos of the "Unidad de Glaciologia" of the "Empresa Electricidad del Peru" in Huaraz (ElectroperujEP). Data for Quelccaya Ice Cap were sent by C S. Brown of the U.S. Geological Survey.

Greenland (G)

Mass balance data for 3 glaciers in Greenland were received from A. Weidick of the Geological Survey of Greenland in Copenhagen (GGU)

9 Iceland (IS)

Frontal variation data for 49 Icelandic glacier tongues were provided by S. Rist of the Hydrological Survey, National Energy Authority in Reykja- vik (OS), and compiled by H. Björnssnn of the University of Iceland in Reykjavik. The Icelandic letters ö and ~ appearing in glacier names have been transliterated in the data tables as o and d respectively.

Norway (N)

Data were received from three sources: from B. Wold of the Norwegian

Resources and Electricity Board (NVE) in Oslo, from o. t ì est e I of the Norwegian Polar Research Institute (NPI) in Oslo, and from J. Jania of the Silesian University in Sosnowiec, Poland (SUP) - for Spitsbergen.

The Norwegian letters ~ and ~ appearing in glacier names have been transliterated as oe and aa respectively.

Sweden (S)

Data for 15 Swedish glaciers were received from V. Schytt and P. Holmlund of the Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm Univer- sity (NGSU). Shortly before this volume went to press, the PSFG office received the sad news of the death of Professor Schytt. As one of the early pioneers to start glacier mass balance measurements and as national correspondent for Sweden since the very beginning of the PSFG publication series, he holds a special place in the history of this service and will long be remembered for the active role he played.

The PSFG numbers for the Swedish glaciers are the last four digits of the IHD index numbers given by Gaffeng (1971). The Swedish letters ä, ö and ~ have been transliterated as ae, oe and a respectively.

The names of the following glaciers are taken from topographical maps and are corrections of the names appearing in Volume III

10 PSFG number Name Name in PSFG Volume III S 767 Ruotesjekna Ruotesglaciaeren S 796 Passusjietna W Pasustjietna W S 797 Passusjietna E Pasustjietna E S 798 Karsojietna Karsajoekeln

Germany, Federal Republic (D)

Data for 3 Bavarian glaciers were received from o. Reinwarth of the Commission for Glaciology, Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich (CGBAS).

France (F)

Data for 7 French glaciers were received from L. Reynaud of the Labora- tory of Glaciology and Environmental Geophysics in Grenoble (CNRS).

Switzerland (CH)

Data on 114 Swiss glaciers were received from M. Aellen of the Labora- tory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH), and additional, mass balance data for Rhone glacier was sent by M. Funk of the Geographical Institute of the ETH in Zürich (GIETH). The main source of general information was the Swiss Glacier Inventory by Müller et al. (1976).

Austria (A)

Data for a total of 120 Austrian glaciers were sent to the PSFG from three sources: from G. Patzelt of the Institute for High Mountain Research in Innsbruck (IHG), from H. Slupetzky of the Geographical Institute, University of Salzburg (GlUS), and from o. Reinwarth of the Commission for Glaciology in Munich (CGBAS). The main source of information was the Austrian Glacier Inventory; the data in Table A (General Information) were, in most cases, taken from this inventory and refer to the situation in 1969.

11 The first two digits of the PSFG numbers for Austria denote the mountain groups as shown in the following table:

Di~it Mountain Group Digit Mountain Group Dl Silvretta Gruppe 07 Glockner Gruppe 02 Oetztaler Alpen 08 Sonnblick Gruppe (Goldberg G. ) 03 Stubaier Alpen 09 Hochkönig 04 Zillertaler Alpen 10 Ankogel-Hochalmspitz Gruppe 05 Venediger Gruppe Il Dachstein Gruppe 06 Granatspitz Gruppe

Italy (I)

Data for 60 Italian glaciers were received from G. Zanon of the Department of Geography, University of Padua (DGUP). The main sources of information were the World Glacier Inventory (in preparation) and the Italian Glacier Inventory.

Kenya (KN)

Data on 6 glaciers on Mount Kenya were received-from S. Hastenrath of the Department of Meteorology, University of Wisconsin, U.S.A. (UWDM).

U.S.S.R. (SU)

Data on glacier fluctuations in the U.S.S.R.were received in the form of a manuscript report in Russian by K.G. Makarevitch (unpublished), of the Institute of Geography, Academy of Sciences in Alma Ata (ASKASSR). Some additional data were taken from various Soviet glacier inventory publications. Data are given on a total of 87 Soviet glaciers in this volume.

China (CN)

Data on 27 Chinese glaciers were sent to the PSFG by Shi Yafeng and Ren Binghui of the Lanzhou Institute of Glaciolology and Cryopedology (LIGC).

12 Antarctica (AN)

Data on 32 Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic glaciers were received from T.J. Chinn of the Ministry of Works and'Development in Christchurch, New Zealand (MWD) and from I. Allison of the Antarctic Division, Department of Science, University of Melbourne, Australia.

There is considerable difficulty fitting Antarctic ice sheet data into the present format of the PSFG volumes for two reasons: knowledge of the ice sheet is still only rudimentary and both the spatial scale of the glaciers and the time scales of the variations are much greater than those of mountain glaciers for which the PSFG format was largely desi qned. (See Chapter 7 for further comments.)

13 CHAPTER 3 - VARIATION IN THE POSITION OF GLACIER FRONTS 1975-80 AND ADDENDA FROM EARLIER YEARS (TABLES B AND BB)

3.1 The Data

Data relating to the position of glacier fronts are given in Table B for the period 1975-80. The data for periods preceding 1975 which were not included in Volume III are given in Table BB of the present volume; in same cases Table BB also gives data which were reported in earlier volumes but which have now been corrected or updated.

Quantitative data in Table B represent the variation in the position of the glacier front in metres. Qualitative data are also given for cases where no measurements were made although there was some frontal activity observed in the reported period: ST = glacier appears to be stationary; +X = glacier appears to be in advance; -X = glacier appears to be in retreat; SN = glacier tongue is covered with snow so as to make the survey impossible. In all cases, the qualitative data should refer to the preceding year for which either quantitative or qualitative data are available. On the other hand, quantitative data following a series of qualitative observations should be understood as referring to the whole period since the last quantitative measurement.

The data given in Table B are not homogeneous with respect to the method of observation used. In some cases, the measurements are made by regular annual or biennial surveys following methods similar to those recommended by the Glacier Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences in Kasser (1967, p , 20-26). In other cases, the measurements are more sporadic or casual and are often based upon photogrammetrie methods rather than theodolite survey. The accuracy of the data will rarely be better than about ±0.5m and may be much worse, d~pending on the m~thod used.

Dates of survey are omitted from Table B simply on account of shortage

14 of space. In almost all cases it can be assumed that the surveys are made at or near the end of the balance year, i.e., in the Boreal or Austral Autumn seasons. Deviation from a time interval of 365 days between annual surveys will cause errors in the calculation of annual variations, but they will usually lie within the limit of errors due to other causes.

3.2 Sources of Data and Comments for,the Various Countries

The methods used to investigate the variations in the position of glacier fronts are given for each glacier in the text which follows, according to the following key:

a = aerial photogrammetry b = terrestrial photogrammetry c = geodetic ground survey (theodolite, tape etc.) d = combination of a, b or c e = other methods (e.g. , visual) or no information given

The key to the symbols used for the sponsoring agencies can be found in Chapter 6.

Canada (CD)

Data for 25 Canadian glaciers are given in Table B and for 21 glaciers in Table BB. Glacier variations in Canada have been measured in a number of different ways over the years. Early investigators traditionally measured from one fixed, know~ point to the outer limit of the visible glacier, or determined the mean variation from a number of fixed point measurements. Some of the systematic glacier studies around the turn of the century, reported in the previous Canadian PSFG report (for fluctuations 1970-75), also included regular ground photography 'from established photo stations.

In 1945, the Dominion Water and Power Bureau started routine surveys of the variations and rate of movement of several glaciers in Alberta and British Columbia. Up to 1960, changes were determined by a snout area method and thereafter by a baseline method. The methodology was dis- cussed in the previous report. The Water Survey of Canada has been the

15 only agency in Canada measuring glacier variations systematically on an annual or biennial basis. Unfortunately, their programme in British Columbia has been suspended and that in Alberta is under review. 1978 marked the last year of the biennial terrestrial photogrammentric surveys on Bugaboo, Kokanee, Nadahini, Sentinel and Spinx glaciers and those on Athabasca and Saskatchewan glaciers were suspended in 1979. Fortunately, the Çalgary Office of the Water Survey of Canada has continued snout surveys on these latter two glaciers in even-numbered years. The plaque-line, glacier movement survey of Saskatchewan glacier was discontinued in 1978, 'but that on Athabasca glacier continued.

In the previous Canadian report, figures for the retreat of Athabasca and Saskatchewan glaciers were annual rather than biennial values. Hence corrected values are given for these two glaciers. In additian, the figures listed for these two glaciers in Table B of the present volume are variations over a two-year period, since there were two differents sets of biennial surveys.

The investigators for the Canadian glaciers, together with their sponsoring agencies, are as follows: Athabasca/c - WSCC and I.A. Reid and J.D.G. Charbonneau (WSCO); Berm/a, Elkin/d, Fleur des Neiges/a, Griffin East and West Tongues/a, Staircase East and West Tongues/a, Thunderclap East and West Lobes/a, Tsoloss West Tongue/d and Caltha Lake/c - K. Ricker (RICKER and ACC); Bugaboo/c, Kokanee/c, Nadahini/c, Sentinel/c and Sphinx/c - I.A. Reid and J.D.G. Charbonneau (WSCO); Clendenning/d, Havoc/a, Surf/d, and Wave/d - K. Ricker, K. Hunt and L. Jozsa (RICKER and ACC); Emerald/c - R.J. Rogerson (MUN); Friendly/c - J. Lixvar and K. Ricker (RICKER and ACC); "New Moon" North West and SouthWest Lobes /a - K. Ricker, L. Jozsa and D. Kennedy (RICKER, FCC, SJC and ACC); Saskatchewan/c - WSCC, AHD, I.A. Reid and J.D.G.Charbon- neau (WSCO); Tchaikazan/c - J. Lixvar, K. Ricker and N. Carter (RICKER and ACC); Terrific/a - K. Ricker, J. Clarke and A. Post (RICKER and ACC); Wedgemount/d - W.A. Tupper, K. Bracewell. J. Leroux and K. Ricker (BCIT and RICKER).

U.S.A. (US)

Data for 102 U.S. glaciers are given in Table B and for 18 glaciers in Table BB. Sources of data and sponsoring agencies for the U.S. glaciers

16 in the order in which they appear in Tables B and BB are: Falling to Meares - W.O. Field (WOF/mostly b but also a, c and e); Columbia- M.F. Meier and A. Post (USGST/d), W.O. Fißld (WOF/d), G.K. Gilbert, U.S. Grant and D.F. Higgins (b,e,e); Shoup to Saddlebag - W.O. Field (WOF /a, b, c and e); Betseli to Chetaslina - C. Benson, M. Sturm and P. MaeKeith (UA/a, c and e); Geikie to Wright - W.O. Field (WOF/a, b, c and e); South Cascade - R.M. Krimmel (USGST/e); Carbon to North Mowieh - C. Dr iedger (USGST/a); Shoestrinq - M. Bruggm an and M .F. Meier (USGST/a and c); Carrie to Ice River -·R.C. Spicer (USGST/a and b); Blue - Table B data from W.B. Kamb and K. Eehelmeyer (CAL/e), Table BB data from W.B. Kamb et al (CAL/e), E.R. La Chapelle and R. Hubley (UW/e), F Dickinson and G.O. Fagerlund (ONP/e), C.R. Allen and R.P. Sharp (CAL/e); Black to Queets - R.C. Spicer (USGST/a,b); Grinnell - Table B data from W.A. Blenkarn (USGSH/e), Table BB data from M.E. Beatty and A. Johnson (USGSH/e), M.J. Elrod, .Ll., Dyson and G.C. Ruhle (GNP/c); Sperry - W.A. Blenkarn (USGSH/e)

Peru (PE)

Individual investigators for the Peruvian glaciers, together with their sponsoring agencies and method of investigation are: Queleeaya/e - l.G. Thompson (NSF); Broggi, Yanamarey, Uruashraju and Santa Rosa/e - unspecified members of EP.

Greenland (G)

Measuremer:ts of variations in the position of glaciers fronts in the PSFG-sense of measurements are not performed in Greenland. However, photogrammetrie determinations of the snout positions of Qamanârssup (lCH21002) sermia lead to the conclusion that this outlet was approximately stationary between 1968 and 1980, whereas its northern neighbour, the outlet of lCH21002, started to increase its volume in the same period. Nordbogletscher (lAG05001) and its neighbour Nordgletscher (lAG07008) have been considerably increasing in volume since the 1940's; on the other hand, Valhaltindegletsehet (lAG05008-09) has apparently thinned slightly over the last few decades (Clement 1981, Andreasen et al. 1982). The main photogrammetrie investigations are made by N.T. Knudsen, Aarhus University, for the GGU.

17 Iceland (IS)

Frontal variation data for 49 Icelandic glacier tongues are given in Table B. Method c was employed for all glaciers. The individual investigators, all members of OS, 'are: Jökulkrokur, Gigjökull and Haga- fellsjökull - A. Piihl; Sidujökull E. - O. Jenssan; Hyrningsjökull and Jökulhals - H. Haraldsson; Kaldalonsjökull - A. Johannsson; Gljufurar- jökull - I. Eiriksson; Solheimajökull - V. Johannesson; Oldufells- jökull - K. Johannesson; Skeidararjökull W. - E. Hannesson; Skeidarar- jökull E. and Morsarjökull - B. Thorsteinsson; Leirujökull- S. Jonsson; Nauthagajökull and Mulajökull - M. Hallgrimsson; Reykja- fjardarjökull - G. Jakobsson; Baegisarjökull - H. Björnsson; Skaf- tafellsjökull, Svinafellsjökull, Virkisjökull and Falljökull - G. Gunnarsson; Kviarjökull, Hrutarjökull, Fjallsjökull and Breidam.- jökull W. - F. Björnsson; Breidam.jökull E. - S. Thorhallson; Hoffellsjökull - H. Gudmundsson; Tungnaarjökull - H. Haflidason; Eyjabakkajökull, Bruarjökull and Kverkjökull - G. Stefansson.

Norway (N)

Individual investigators for the frontal variation measurements of Norwegian glaciers are: Buarbreen, Bondhusbreen, Styggedalsbreen, Austerdalsbreen, Briksdalsbreen, Faabergstoelbreen, Nigardsbreen and Stegholtbreen - unspecified members of NPI (method c); Aalfotbreen and Engabreen - unspecified members of NVE (method c); Werenskioldbreen/b and Hansbreen/c - J. Jania (SUP).

Sweden (S)

Frontal variation data for 15 Swedish glaciers are given in Table B. The individual investigators were not specified and all investigations were carried out under the sponsorship of NGSU.

The methods used for these investigations are as follows: Salajekna, Partejekna, Mikkajekna, Ruotesjekna, Suottasjekna, Passusjietna W. and E. - a and c; Ruopsokjekna - a; Vartasjekna, Stuor Raeitaglaciaeren, Rabots glaciaer, Isfallsglaciaeren, Storglaciaeren and Karsojietna - c; Kuototjakkagl - e.

18 France (F)

Data for 6 French glaciers are given in Table B. For these glaciers - Argentière/e, Mer de GIace/c, Bossons/c, Saint Sorlin/c, Gebroulaz/c and Blanc/c - no individual investigåtors were specified, but all work was carried out by members of CNRS.

Switzerland (CH)

Frontal variation data for 114 Swiss glaciers are given in Table B and addenda data for Fee glacier in Table BB. The programme of observations, largely supported by the Swiss Glacier Commission, is supervised by the VAW; many of the measurements are carried out in cooperation with various Cantonal Forestry Services, hydro-electric power companies or private persons. Individual observers involved in this programme are as follows: VAW- M. Aellen, P. Kasser, H. Röthlisberger, H. Siegen- thaler, W. Schmid and H. Widmer; Forces Matrices de Mauvoisin - A. Mathier; Forestry Service of Canton Valais - M. Barter, A. Boden- mann, R. Epinay, T. Kuonen, M. May, M. Peter, M. Torrent, A. Tscherrig and P.A. Wenger; Forestry Service of Canton Vaud - J.P. Besançon and J.P. Marlétaz; Forestry Service of Canton Berne - R. Straub, H. Vogt, U. Vogt, K. Steiner, R. Zumstein and F. Zurbrügg; Forestry Service of Canton Glarus - E. Blumer; Forestry Service of Canton Obwald - W. Rohrer; Forestry Service of Canton St. Gallen - W. Suter; Forestry Service of Canton Graubünden - o. Bisaz, A. Colombo, R. Danuser, O. Hugentobier, H. Klöti, F. Juvalta, J. Könz, C. Mengelt, B. Parolini, L, Rauch, A. Sialm and J. Stahel; Forestry Service of Canton Ticino - G. Corti, G. Ciseri, C. Valeggia, G. Viglezio and F. Viviani; Forestry Service of Canton Uri - K. Oechslin; Oberhasli hydro-electric power plant - A. Flotron; private investigators - J.l. Blanc, V. and H. Boss, A. Godenzi, E. Hodel, P. Mercier, W. Wild and R. Zimmermann.

Method c was used to investigate the variation in the position of the glacier front for most of the Swiss glacers; the following glaciers were investigated by other methods, as indicated: Giétro(a), Allalin(a), Martinets(e), Pierredar(e), Oberaar(a), Unteraar(a), Tri ft(e), Rosen- Laui Ie ) and Blümlisalp(e); Fee, Garner, Unte Grindelwald, Basodina and Bis - all method d.

19 Austria (A)

Frontal variation data for 119 Austrian glaciers are given in Table B. The sponsoring agency for these observations is the Austrian Alpine Club. The indi vidual investigators and the methods of investigation for the glaciers in each group are as follows: Silvretta Gruppeie - G. Grass; Oetztaler Alpen: Weissee Ferner to Ka rLes Fernerle - G. Patzelt, Hochjoch Ferne~ to Vernagt Fernerle - H. Schneider, Retten- bach Ferner to Mutmal Fernerle and e-A. Schöpf; Stubaier Alpenie and e-G. Gross; Zillertaler Alpen: Wildgerlos Keeslc - W. Slupetzky, all other glaciersie - A. Laesser; Venediger Gruppeie and e-L. Ober- walder; Granatspitz Gruppeie and e-H. Slupetzky; Glockner Gruppe: Karlinger Keeslb and e, Klockerin Keeslc, Pasterzen Kees to Pfandl- schartenie, Eiser Keeslb and e, Griesskogl Keeslb and e, Schwarzkoepfl Keesz'c - H. Slupetzky, H. Tollner (1976, 1978), H. Riedl (1979), G. Patzelt (1980), Baerenkopf Keesz'c- G.Patzelt, Oedenwinkel Kees to Teischnitz Kees/b and e-H. Slupetzky; Sonnblick Gruppeie - H. Tollner (1976, 1978) and N. Hammer (1979,1980); Hochkönig/c - J. Goldberger (1976,1977) and R. Mayer (1978-80); Ankogel Gruppeie - H. Lang; Dachstein Gruppe: Gr. Gosau G./c and Schneeloch G./c - R. Moser, Hallstaetter G./c and Schladminger G./c - R. Wannenmacher.

Italy (I)

Frontal variation data for 59 Italian glaciers are given in Table B. The sponsoring agency for these observations is the Italian Glacio- logical Committee (CGI) in Turin, with financial support from the "Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)", Rome. Method c was used in all cases. The individual investigators for the glaciers in the order in which they appear in Table B are as follows: Agnello to Lys - E. Armando, C. Lesca, A.V. Cerutti, F. Bach, A. Cotta Ramusino and W. Monterin; Piode - W. Monterin; Belvedere to Camosci - L. Tettamanti

I , and A. Mazza; Ventina to Dosegu - L. Buzzetti, C. Saibene, G. Catasta, C. Smiraglia, I. Bellotti and A. Pollini; Pisgana Dec. - C. Saibene and C. Smiraglia; Mandrorie to Amola - V. Marchetti; Presanella to Gigante Dcc. - V. Marchetti, F. Secchieri, G. Zanon, U. Mattana, E. Zanella, R. Serandrei Barbera and V. Giannoni; Dcc. di Montasio ta Canin Dcc. - R. Serandrei Barbero.

20 Kenya (KN)

Frontal variation data for 6 glaciers on Mount Kenya are given in Table B. All were investigated by S. Hastenrath (unsponsored), using methods a and c.

U .S.S.R. (SU)

Data for frontal variations of 77 Soviet glaciers are presented in Table B and for 51 of these glaciers in Table BB. Individual investigators and their sponsoring agencies are as follows: Marukhskiy/c - A.l. Krenke and V.M. Menshutin (IGAN); Alibekskiy to Kozitsiti/c - V.O. Panav, and Y.U.G. Ilichev (UGKS-NC); No. 503 to Oiakhandara/e and GGP/e - A.G. Sannikov and V.N. Vladimirov (UGKS-T); Raygaradskogo to Batyrbay/e and Turpakbel Nizhn to Akbulakulkun/c by V.F. Suslov, G.E. Glazyr in and Sh.K. Fayzrakhmanov (SANII); Golubina/e - N.V. Maksimov (UGKS-K); Kyzylkul/c - (UGKS-T); Kalesnika/c, Tokmaksoldy-l/c and Karabulak to Pakhtakor/all c - Sh.K. Fayzrakhmanov (SANII); Tuyuksu Tsentra./c, Shokalskogo/c, Talgar Yuzhnyy/c and Molodezhniy/c - K.G. Makarevitch and A.K. Makarevitch (ASKASSR); Karabatkak/c - A.N. Oikikh and E.K. Bakov (ASKISSR); Koltar Vostoch. and Kolpakovskogo to Bordu/all e - V.A. Kuzmichenok and A.N. Oikikh (ASKISSR); Aksu/e - R.O. Zadirov, V.A. Kuzmichenok and A.N. Oikikh (ASKISSR); Shumskogo/c - P.A. Ehe rkasov (ASKASSR); Mal yy Berelski yle - N.V. Erasav, N. Ospanov and G.A. Tok ma- gambetov (ASKASSR); Grechishkina/e - V.N. Vinogradov (OVNTS); Kozelskiy to Mutnovskiy SW/e - V.N. Vinogradovand Ya.D. Muravev (DVNTS).

China (eN)

Frontal variation data for 12 Chinese glaciers are given in Table B and for 10 glaciers in Table BB. The sponsoring agency was 'the lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and eryopedology (lIGe). The individual investigators are as follows: Shuiguanhne No. 4/a and Qiyi/b and e - Xie Zichu et al.; laohuguo/b - Sun Zuozhe; Tuergango/c- Su Zhen et aIv ; Sigonhe No. 4/c - Wu Guanghe; Sigonhe No. S/c - Zhang ehangqion; Urumqihe Source No. l/b and e - Wang Wenjing et al. and Sun Zuozhe et al.; Quntailan/e, Tugebieligi/c, Muzhaert/c and Sayigapeir/c - Su Zhen;

21 Kalageyule Wuk./c - Zheng Benxing and Su Zhen; Qierganbulak/c - Mi Deshing ; Rongbu and Qiangyong/a - Xie Zichu, Zhang Wenjing and Zheng Benxing.

Antarctica (AN)

Frontal variation data for 27 Antarctic and Sub Antarctic glaciers are given in Table B. The individual investigators and their sponsoring agencies in the order in which they appear in the table are as follows: Schlatter to Victoria Lower/b - T.J.H. Chinn (MWD); Baudissin to Allison/a - P. Keage and I. Allison (ANARE).

22 CHAPTER 4 - MASS BALANCE STUDY RESULTS AND ADDENDA FROM EARLIER YEARS (TABLES C, CC AND CCC)

4.1 The Data

Mass balance study results are presented in the following tables: in Table C summary data are given for the years 1975-80, Table CC contains data from years prior to 1975 which have not, as yet, been published in a PSFG volume or corrected/updated values of previously published data, whilst more detailed data for mass balance versus altitude are given in Table CCC. Data in Tables C and CC were extracted from the completed "Mass Balance Study Results - Summary Data" standardized PSFG data sheets whilst the data in Table CCC were sent to the PSFG in various formats as no specific PSFG data form was prepared for this purpose.

A list of the type of data given in each of the Tables C, CC and CCC, together with an explanation of the abbreviations and symbols used can be found on the cover sheet of each table. Where the system of measurement (SYS) is given as STR, it can be assumed that balance quantities relate to BW, BS and BN respectively (stratigraphic system), whilst they relate to AC, AA and BA respectively for SYS = FXD (fixed- date system). Where the system is given as OTH (other) or ** (unspecified) the situation is admittedly ambiguous.

4.2 Sources of Data and Comments for the Various Countries.

Canada (CD)

Data for 15 Canadian glaciers are given in Table C and for 2 glaciers in Table CC. The investigators for these glaciers, together wi th their sponsoring agencies, are as follows: Alexander, Andrei, Sykora/Bridge, Helm, Place, Sentinel, Sykora, Yuri and Zavisha - O. Mokievsky-Zubok (NHR); Devon Ice Cap and South Ice Cap - R.M. Koerner (PCSP); Meighen Ice Cap - W.Paterson, K.C. Arnold and R.M. Koerner (PCSP), Peyto - J.M. Power (NHR); Barnes Ice Cap - R. LeB. Hooke and K.A. Brugger (UM); Baby Glacier - J. Alean (McGill, PCSP and GIETH); White Glacier - K. Wyss et al. (McGill, PCSP and GIETH).

23 Mass balance versus altitude data for 2 of the above glaciers are given in Table CCC. The investigators are the same as those given above.

There have been some changes in the Canadian mass balance programme since the last report (Fluctuations of Glaciers 1970-75). Some of the IHD projects have been terminated (e.q., Ram River glacier and Woolsey glacier) while others have been started. Included here for the first time are the results of a series of mass balance studies, undertaken in connection with hydroelectric developments in the Coast Mountains, in the Bridge River and Iskut River areas. A study of two glaciers in the Homathko River area commenced in the early 1980's.

The present report also includes some information covering the period prior to 1975-76 which was not reported earlier. Data on the mass balance of Meighen Ice Cap, measured since 1959, and the South Ice Cap of Melville Island, both missing from the last Canadian report, are included, together with somewhat more detailed information on the Devon Ice Cap and Peyto glacier.

Mass balance results for the Axel Heiberg glaciers (White and Baby) and for Coburg Island were collected (and are held by) the Geographical Institute, ETH Zürich (GIETH); White glacier data have been carefully reinterpreted by K. Wyss (1984). Measurements of mass balance have been made on Barnes Ice Cap along the trilateratian net flow line during each of the years covered by this report; the reduced data were made available by R. LeB. Hooke (UM). More detailed comments on Barnes Ice Cap investigations are given in Chapter 7.

On Ellesmere Island, studies of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf have been taken over by M. Jeffries and those on the small ice cap north of St. Patrick Bay by J. England. No data from these studies were made available for this report.

In 1980, four glaciers in the Torngat Mountains, Labrador - Superguk- soak, Minaret, Abraham and Hidden - were visited by R.J. Rogerson of Memorial University and mass balance investigations begun. It is hoped that data from these studies can be included in the next Canadian PSfG report.

24 U.S.A. (US)

Mass Balance data for 4 U.S. glaciers are given in Table C, for l of these glaciers in Table CC, and mass balance versus altitude data for 2 glaciers in Table CCC. (cf., also Chapter 7.) The investigators and the sponsoring agencies for these glaciers are: Gulkana and Wolverine - L.R. Mayo and D.C. Trabant (USGSF); Columbia - L.R. Mayo (USGSF) and M.F. Meier (USGST); South Cascade - R.M. Krimmel (USGST).

Greenland (G)

Data for Valhaltindegl, investigated by P. Clement (GGU), are given in Table C, and data for Nordbogletscher, also investigated by P. Clement, in Table CCC. (cf., also Chapter 7 for data on Qamanârssup serm'ia.)

The present line of glaciological observations started in 1977 and only three glaciers are covered by mass balance measurements for the period in question. Two of the three glaciers are outlets of the Inland Ice. This means that the magnitude of the glacier area and, hence, of the total mass balance cannot be given. Mass balance versus altitude data for Nordbogletscher (Table CCC) refer to parts of the ablation area only (hydrological basin of the glacier).

Norway (N)

Data for 13 Norwegian glaciers are given in Table C and mass balance versus altitude data for 9 glaciers in Table CCC. The individual inves- tigafors and sponsor ing agenc ies are .a s follows: Bondhusbreen, Hellstugubreen, Graasubreen, Nigardsbreen, Aalfotbreen, Hoegtuvbreen, Engabreen, Trollbergdalsbreen and Graabreen - unspecified members of NVE; Hardangerjökulen, Storbreen, Au. Broeggerbreen and M. Lovenbreen - unspecified members of NPI; Werenskioldbreen - M. Pulina, J. Pereyma and J. Kida (SUP).

25 Balance data for 1979-80 only are given for Werenskiold glacier and the investigators report that these are approximate. Ablation was calculated from hydrometric measurements, together with stake measurements in the ablation area and observation of summer precipitation and evapo- ratio~.

Sweden' (S)

Data were received for l Swedish glacier, Storglaciaeren, and are given in Table C. They were submitted by NGSU; the individual investigators were not specified.

France (F)

Data for 3 French glaciers are given in Table C. (cf., also Chapter 7.) Argentière and Saint Sorlin were investigated by unspecified members of CNRS, and Sarennes was investigated by F. Valla (CEMAGREF).

Switzerland (CH)

Mass balance data for 6 Swiss glaciers are presented in Table C and mass balance versus altitude data for 4 of these in Table CCC. The investigators and their sponsoring agencies are as follows: Rhone - M. Funk (GIETH); Grosser Aletsch - M. Aellen (VAW); Gries, Limmern, Plattalva and Silvretta - H. Siegenthaler, M. Aellen and H. Röthlisberger (VAW).

The mass balance data sets presented for the Gries, Limmern, Silvretta and Plattalva glaciers are the results of direct observations on stake networks. The sum of the annual mass changes, determined using direct glaciological observations (a change of method having been introduced in 1970), was checked against the total change in mass determined geodetically from a comparison of maps. In order to do this, it was necessary to homogenise the observations made on the stakes, as well as the way of establishing the annual balances over the whole observation period. The revised values, differing slightly from those published in former PSFG volumes, are presented in Chapter 7 for the three glaciers Gries, Limmern and PlattaIva; the corresponding values were given in Volume III for Silvretta glacier.

26 For Aletsch glaciers (PSFG Nos 5,6 and 106), whose measurements relate to a whole complex of about 3 dozen glaciers (see Volume III), mass changes are derived from hydrological balances for calendar months and hydrological years (from October 1st to September 30th), using the equations and model described in earlier PSFG volumes. The balance model, calibrated geodetically for the period 1927-57, will soon have to be checked again for the next 30 year period.

Austria (A)

Mass balance data for 5 Austrian glaciers are given in Table C and mass balance versus altitude data for 2 of these in Table CCC. Differences in altitudes with respect to the information given in Table A are due to different reference years. The investigators and sponsoring agencies are as follows: Hintereisferner and Kesselwandferner - unspecified members of IMGUI (sponsored by Austrian Academy of Sciences); Vernagtferner - o. Reinwarth (CGBAS); Sonnblick Kees and Filleck Kees - H. Slupetzky (GlUS).

Italy (I)

Mass balance data for Caresèr are given in Table C and mass balance versus altitude data for this glacier in Table ccc. The investigator was G. Zanon who was sponsored by CGI, additional financial support being given by the "Ente Nazionale Energia Elettrica (ENEL)".

Kenya (KN)

Mass balance data for Lewis glacier, investigated by s. Hastenrath of UWDM (unsponsored), is given in Table C.

U.S.S.R. (SU)

Mass balance data for 22 Soviet glaciers are given in Table C, and addenda for 19 glaciers in Table cc. Mass balance versus altitude data are given for 2 glaciers in Table ccc. The individual investigators are

as follows: Kupol Vav ì Lova - L.C. Govorukha (AANII); Igan and Obrucheva - A.C. Guskov, VDV. Gokhman and Yu.A. Charushnikov (IGAN); Khakel - V.O. Panov (UGKS-NC); Dzhankuat - M.B. Dyurgerov and

27 V.V. Popovnin (FGMGU); Abramova - T.M. Kamnyanskiy and V.K. Nozdryukhin (SANII); Golubina - N.V. Maksimov (UGKS-K); Tuyuksu Tsentra. and Igli Tuyuksu and Mametovoy to Visyachii-l - K.G. Makarevitch and P.F. Shabanov (ASKASSR); Karabatkak and Molodezhnyy - A.N. Dikikh (ASKISSR); Malyy Aktru - Yu.K. Narozhnev (TGU); Grechishkina, Kozelskiy and Mutnovskiy SW - V.N. Vinograpov and Ya.D. Muravev (DVNTS); Mutnovskiy NE - Ya.D. Muravev

China (CN)

Mass balance data for 5 Chinese glaciers are given in Table C, and addenda for one of these in Table CC. The sponsoring agency for all studies was LIGC and the investigators are as follows: Shuiguanhe No.4, Yanglonghe No 5, Qiyi and Laohuguo - the investigation team on the utilization of ice and snow in the Qilian Shan; Urumqihe Source No.1 - Zhang Jinhua.

Antarctica (AN)

Estimates of the overall mass budget of various ice sheet drainage basins are given in Chapter 7.

28 CHAPTER5 CHANGESIN AREA, VOLUMEAND THICKNESS OF GLACIERS

5.1 The Data

, Data relating to changes in area, volume and thickness of 36 glaciers are given in Table D for periods up to 1980. A list of the type of data tabulated and the uni ts used can be found on the cover sheet of this table.

5.2 Sources of Data and Comments for the Various Countries

Canada (CD)

Data for 7 Canadian glaciers .a r e given in Table D. (cf., also Chapter 7.) They were received from S. Ommanney (unpublished) and were mainly derived from the biennial terrestrial photogrammetrie surveys by the Water Survey of Canada. The data have also been taken from maps which are included in the published results of the surveys (Reid and Charbonneau 1975a, 1975b, 1978, 1979a, 1979b, 1980; Reid et al., 1978).

This data on the volumetric changes of Canadian glaciers may well be the last to' appear in such det ai Ij . the Water Survey of Canada has suspended the project pending review, and in any case it is doubtful that the same programme will be continued.

U.S.A. (US)

The data for the 2 U.S. glaciers given in Table D were sent to the PSFG by C S. Brown (USGST). (cf., also Chapter 7.) The investigators were as follows: Variegated - C.F. Raymond (UW) and W.O. Harrison (UA); South Cascade - R.M. Krimmel (USGST).

Germany, Federal Republic (D)

Data for 3 Bavarian glaciers which are given in Table D were received from o. Reinwarth (CGBAS).

29 Switzerland (CH)

Data for the 3 Swiss glaciers presented in Table D were received from M. Aellen (VAW). The investigators were H. Siegenthaler, M. Aellen and H. Röthlisberger (all VAW).

The data presented are based oiltopographic maps drawn at a scale of 1:10,000, and showing the situations at the beginning and at the end of the observation periods.

Austria (A)

Data for Gepatschferner (1886-1953) were received from K. Brunner (PK), and for Gepatschferner (1971-1979) and the other 9 Austrian glaciers in Table D from O. Reinwarth (CGBAS). Data for Gepatschferner 1953-71 can be found in PSFG Volume III. (cf. also the map text Gepatschferner, and Finsterwalder 1953, Finsterwalder and Rentsch 1976, Kutta 1901).

U.S.S.R. (SU)

Data for Il Soviet glaciers, presented in Table D, were received from K. Makarevitch (unpublished - ASKASSR). The individual investigators were as follows: Dzhankuat - M.B. Dyurgerov and V.V. Popovnin (FGMGU); Koltar V. to Bordu - V.A. Kuzmichenok (AS5155R).

Antarctica (AN)

Data on area changes of Heard Island glaciers are given in Chapter 7.

30 CHAPTER 6 SPONSORING AGENCIES AND NATIONAL CORRESPONDENTS FOR THE GLACIER STUDIES

6.1 Introduction

The data in the present volume were supplied by national correspondents of the PSFG and individual glaciological workers. The tabulations in Tables A to F are intended to be useful to the glaciological community. However, these data should not be used uncritically; it would be advisable for users to consult the PSFG about the existence of extra, unpublished, archival material and to consult with the individual investigators and sponsoring agencies. In order to facilitate contacts with the various bodies involved, a key to abbreviations used in the text for spo nsor i nq agencies, together with their addresses and those of the national correspondents is given in the following section. In almost all cases it can be assumed that the data are held by the sponsoring agencies.

6.2 Sponsoring Agencies and Sources of Data for the Various Countries

Canada (CD)

- ACC Alpine Club of Canada P.O. Box 1026, Banff, Alberta. TOl OCO.

-AHD Applied Hydrology Division, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, KIA OE7.

- BCH B.C. Hydro, Hydrology Department, Burnaby Mountain, 970, Burrard Street, Vancouver, B.C. V6Z lY3.

31 - .BCIT British Columbia Institute of Technology, Survey Department, 3700 Willingdon, Burnaby, B.C.

- FCC Forintek Canada Corp., Western Laboratory, 6620 Marine Drive, Vancouver, B.C. V6T IX2.

- GIETH See GIETH - Switzerland.

- McGill Axel Heiberg Expedition, Rm CI02A Old Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal. H3A 2K6.

- MIN Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.

- MUN Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland Alb 3X5.

- NHR National Hydrology Research Institute, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. KIA OE7.

- PCSP Polar Continental Shelf Project, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, 880 Wellington Street, Ottawa, Ontario. KIA OE4.

32 - RICKER Karl E. Ricker Ltd., 3369 Craigend, W. Vancouver, B.C. V7V 3Gl.

- SJC St. Joe Canada Inc., 553 Granville Street, Vancouver, B.C.

- SW Surface Water Division, National Hydrology Research Institute, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. KIA OE7.

- UBC Department of Geological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 6339, Stores Road, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 2B4.

- UM University of Minnesota, Department of Geology and Geophysics, 108 Pillsbury Hall, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.

- WSCC Water Survey of Canada, Calgary District Office, Fisheries and Environment Canada, Calgary, Alberta.

- WSCO Water Survey of Canada, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. KIA OE7.

33 U.S.A. (US)

- CAL Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasedena, CA 91109.

- ONP Olympic National Park, Port Angeles, WA.

- OSU Institute of Polar Studies, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.

- UA Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701.

- USGSF u.S. Geological Survey, Cold Regions Hydrology Project Office, Federal Building - Box 11, 101 12th Avenue, Fairbanks, AK 99701.

- USGSH U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Building, Room 428, 301 South Park Avenue, Drawer 10076, Helena, MT 59626.

- USGST U.S. Geological Survey, Project Office - Glaciology, 1201 Pacific Avenue, Suite 450, Tacoma, WA 98401.

- UW Geophysics Department, University'of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.

34 - WDF William D. Field, P.O. Box 583, Great Barrington, MA 01230.

Peru (PE)

- EP Department of Glaciology, Section of Glaciology and Lake Safety, Electroperu, Jr. Huaylas No. 143, Huaraz (Ancash).

- DSU See U.S.A.

Greenland (G)

- GGU Geological Survey of Greenland, Oster Voldgade 10, DK-135D Copenhagen K.

Iceland (IS)

- OS National Energy Authority, Hydrological Survey, Grensasvegur 9, 108 Reykjavik.

35 Norway (N)

- NPI Norwegian Polar Research Institute, P.O. Box 158, 1330 Oslo Lufthavn.

- NVE Norwegian Water Resources and Electricity Bo~rd, Glacier Division, P.O. Box 5091, Mj., 0301 Oslo 3.

- SUP Institute of Geography, Silesian University, ul. Mielczarskiego 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.

Sweden (S)

- NGSU Department of Physical Geography, Glaciology Section, University of Stockholm, S-106 91 Stockholm.

Germany, Federal Republic (D)

- CGBAS Commission for Glaciology, Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Marstallplatz 8, 0-8000 Munich 22.

- PK Polytechnic Karlsruhe, Moltkestrase 4, 0-7500 Karlsruhe.

36 France (F)

- CEMAGREF Snow Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Domaine Universitaire, B.P. 114, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex.

- CNRS Laboratory of Glaciology and Environmental Geophysics, Domaine Universitaire, B.P. 96, 38402 Saint Martin d'Héres Cedex.

Switzerland (CH)

- GIETH Geographical Institute ETH, University of Zürich - Irehel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-80S7 Zürich.

- VAW Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092. Zürich.

Austria (A)

- CGBAS See CGBAS - Germany

- GlUS Geographical Institute, University of Salzburg, Akademiestrasse 20, A-S020 Salzburg.

37 - IHG Institute for High Mountain Research, University of Innsbruck, Universitätsstrasse 4, A-6020 Innsbruck.

- IMGUI Institute for Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, A-6020 Innsbruck.

Italy (I)

- DGUP Department of Geography, University of Padua, Via del Santo 26, 1-35100 Padova.

- CGI Italian Glaciological Committee, Via Accademia delle Scienze 5, 1-10123 Torino.

Kenya (KN)

- UWDM Department of Meteorology, University of Wisconsin, 1225 West ·Drayton Street, Madison, 53706 Wisconsin, U.S.A.

38 U.S.S.R. (SU)

- AANII Arctic and Antarctic Scientific Research Institute, Leningrad.

- ASKASSR Institute of Geography, Academy of Sciences Kazakhian SSR, 100 Kalinina 67, SU-480100 Alma Ata.

- ASKISSR Academy of Sciences Kirghizian SSR, Pokrovka.

- DVNTS Institute of Vulcanology DVNTS of Academy of Sciences of USSR

- FGMGU Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University, Michurinsky Prospekt, SU-117234 Moscow.

- IGAN Institute of Geography, Academy of Sciences of U.S.S.R., Staromonetny 29, SU-I09017 Moscow.

- SANII Midasi.an NIl, Tashkent.

- TGU Tomsk Geography University, Tomsk

- UGKS-K UGKS of Kirghizian SSR, Frunze.

- UGKS-NC UGKS of North Caucasus, Rostov/Don.

39 - UGKS-T UGKS of Tadjik SSR, Dushanbe.

China (CN)

- LIGC ,Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology, Academica Sinica, Lanzhou.

Antarctica (AN)

- MWD Ministry of Works and Development, P.O. Box 1479, Christchurch, New Zealand.

- ANARE Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions, c/o Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania.

6.3 National Correspondents and Collaborators of the PSFG

In the following list, full addresses are only given if they do not appear in section 6.2; abbreviations therefore refer to those presented above.

Argentina (RA): L. Espizua, IANIGLA/CDNICET, Casilla de Correo, 5500 Mendoza.

Australia (AUS): I. Allison, Antarctic Division - Glaciology Section, Earth Sciences Building, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3052. (for Antarctica)

4'0 Austria (A): G. Patzelt, Institute for High Mountain Research, University of Innsbruck (IHG); H. Slupetzky, Geographical Institute, University of Salzburg. (GlUS)

Canada (CD): C.S.l. Ommanney, Surface Water Dd vi si.on, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario (SW).

China (CN): Ren Binghui, lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology, lanzhou (lIGC).

France (F): l. Reynaud, laboratory of Glaciology and Environmental Geophysics, St. Martin d'Héres (CNRS).

Germany, Federal Republic (D): O. Reinwarth, Commission for Glaciology, Munich (CGBAS).

Greenland (G): A. Weidick, Geological Survey of Greenland, Copenhagen (CGU).

Iceland (IS): S. Rist, National Energy Authority, Reykjavik (OS). H. Björnsson, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavik.

Italy (I): G. Zanon, Department of Geography, University of Padua (DGUP)

Japan (J): K. Higuchi, Water Research Institute, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya 464.

Kenya (KN): S. Hastenrath, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin (UWDM).

New Zealand (NZ): T.J. Chinn, Ministry of Works and Development, Christ- church' (MWD). (For Antarctica)

Norway (N): o. Lì eat.zíl, Norwegian Polar Institute, Oslo (NPI); B. Wold, Norwegian Water Resources and Electricity Board, Oslo (NVE).

Peru (PE): M. Zamora C., Department of Glaciology, Electroperu, Huaraz (EP).

41 Poland (P): M. Klappa, Department of Hydrology and Meteorology of the Tatra Mountains, u l . Sienkiewicza 26c, 34 500 Zakopane; J. Jania, Institute of Geography, Sosnowiec, Poland (SUP) (for Spitsbergen).

Spain CE): E. Martinez de Pisan, Department of Physical Geògraphy, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid 34.

Sweden (S): P. Holmlund, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm (NGSU)•

Switzerland (CH): M. Aellen, Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich (VAW).

United Kingdom (GB): J.W. Glen, Physics Department, Chancellor's Court, The University of Birmingham, P.O. Box 363, Birmingham B15 2TT.

U.S.A. (USA): C s. Brown, U.S. Geological Survey, Tacoma (USGST).

U.S.S.R. (SU): K.G. Makarevitch, Academy of Sciences Kasakhian SSR, Al ma Ata (ASKASSR).

42 CHAPTER 7 AND TABLE F - MISCELLANEOUS

This chapter includes important information which does not fit into the standard PSFG format. The intention is not to publish uncalibrated or unprocessed data, but to document index measurements in cases where more complex observations are not possible. Of primary concern here are remote glaciers (polar ice sheets) and glaciers which are systematically studied using reduced stake networks, and where statistical considerations or ice dynamics are applied (e.q., Glacier de Gébroulaz, France). In the case of Wolverine glacier (U.S.), the application of the combined system of mass balance terminology is demonstrated.

Canada (CD)

The following report on mass balance measurements on Barnes Ice Cap, 1975 to 1980 was sent to the PSFG by R. LeB. Hooke and K.A. Brugger (UM) .

Mass balance measurements have been made on Barnes Ice Cap with some regulari ty since 1962 (Loken and Sagar, 1967, and references therein). The most recent measurements were made on the south dome of the ice cap, utilizing a series of 30 to 40 stakes set along a flow line extending from the divide to the north margin of the dome. Other studies of characteristics of this flow line have been published by Holdsworth (1975), Hooke and others (1980), and Hooke and Hudleston (1980). The density of stakes was highest in the ablation area and in the areas around deep boreholes. In these latter areas, square strain nets with 100 m diagonals were usually placed around the holes, thus providing five measurement points in a relatively small area.

Accumulation on Barnes Ice Cap is usually in the form of superimposed ice. Firn only appears, with any regularity, within about two kilometers of the divide. During cold years, however, it may extend several kilometers further down glacier. Summer melting occurs over the entire south dome. Wherever firn is present, meltwater percolates down into it and refre~zes, filling any voids present. Thus it is unusual to find firn more than one or two years old; older layers have been saturated by percolating water and transformed into solid ice.

43 Near the margin, snow accumulates in a w ind-dr i ft wedge in which the snow is often 2 to 3 times thicker than elsewhere on the glacier (Hooke, 1973). Mass balance measurements have not been made in this wedge in the past. few years, but allowance is made for its presence in the specific winter and net balance c~lculations.

The technique used for the mass balance measurements is crude; the distance from the top of the stake to the snow surface was measured, and the snow thickness determined at a minimum of four places around each stake. In the accumulation area, an attempt was made to drive the probe deeper and thus determine the thickness of the firn, i f any. The firn thickness measurements were often inconsistent, however. Snow pits were excavated in one to three locations, and density and stratigraphic profiles measured. These pi ts normally penetrated any low to medium- density firn layers present.

The specific winter balance was determined by plotting snow depths as a function of distance along the flow line, drawing a line connecting the points, and determining the area under the line. Where several points were present (e.g., around a borehole), the average was taken. Snow pit density measurements were used to convert this volume to a water equivalent. As measurements were commonly made between late May and mid June, a half to one month before the end of the winter (accumulation) season, these estimates are likely to be 5% to 10% low. The random error due to the scatter of data is approximately ~5%. The winter snow balance thus measured is reported for the hydrological year (l Oct.- 30 Sept) in which the measurement was made, although it should be noted that accumulation usually starts on the glacier in late August or early September.

The net accumulation and ablation were calculated by determining the elevation of the firn (when present) and ice surfaces above an arbitrary reference and plotting these elevations against distance along the flow line. The reference used was the 1975 summer surface, which was entirely ice. Comparable points were then connected with straight lines, and the areas between successive surfaces were determined and used to estimate the volume (per metre width, normal to the flow line) of first year firn present, the volume of second year firn converted to ice by refreezing of percolating meltwater, and the volume of ice or

44 firn lost below the equilibrium line. These volumes were converted to water equivalent using measured firn densities and a density of 900 Mg/m3 for ice. The resulting figures were divided by the total length of the flow line (not just the length in the accumulation or ablation area) to obtain the specific net accumulation, specific net ablation and specific net balance for the hydrological year preceeding the measurement year. The specific summer balance was estim.ated from the difference between the specific winter balance and the specific net balance.

The total balance of the nearly circular south dome of Barnes Ice Cap could be estimated by multiplying the specific balance in various altitude intervals by the area of the ice cap within that interval, and summ~ng over all altitude intervals. However, the specific balance within any single altitude interval is a function of exposure, particularly at low elevations. More melting occurs on the south side of the dome (Loken and Sagar, 1967). Thus the uncertainty in such estimates would be large.

The values obtained by the methods described above are given in Table F l

U.S.A. (US)

Mass balance versus altitude information is given for the central flowline of the surge-type Variegated glacier, investigated by C.F. Raymond (UW) and W.O. Harrison (UA), in Table F 2.

Tables F 3.1 and F 3.2 were provided by L. Mayo (USGSF) and compare the results obtained by using the combined fixed date/stratigraphic system of mass balance measurements with those obtained using the stratigraphic system only (Mayo et al. 1972). The data refer to the hydrological year ending on September 30th.

Thickness changes along regularly observed profiles are given for the following glaciers in Tables F 4 to F 8: Nisqually, Shoestring, Blue, Grinnell and Sperry.

45 Table F l: Mass Balance of Barnes Ice Cap (CD 0201), 1975-81

Budget Year (approx. l Oct. to JO Sept.) 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1978-79 1979-80 l. Specific winter balance (from sno~ depths measured in May-June of budget year) (a) 410 520 470 330 370

2. Specific volume of firn added 210 30 320 230 ***

3. Specific volume of super-imposed ice added above previous year's summer surface 190 O 50 O ***

4. Specific volume of void space in second year and older firn filled to form superimposed ice O 120 20 60 ***

5. Specific volume of ice lost in ablation area 30 230 10 60 ***

6. Specific net balance (2. + 3. + 4. - 5.) (b) 370 -80 380 230 ***

7. Minimum summer balance (6. - l.) -40 -600 -90 -100 ***

8. Equilibrium line altitude (m) 600 760 560 600 ***

All values are in mm of water (equivalent) (a) Winter balance may be underestimated since at least one significant storm often occurs in late June, after measurements are made. (b) Values may not sum exactly due to roundoff error

46 Table F 2. Mass balance versus Altitude : Variegated (US 1302) 1974-79 1974-75 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1978-79 m a.s.l. mm m a.s.l. mm m a.s.l. mm m a.s.l. mm m a.s.l. mm 1326 3000 1038 -1300 1827 4900 1816 2200 1814 -2600 1103 1800 1101 -400 1812 4600 1778 3300 1778 3200 1038 2600 80H -2000 1776 5700 1766 2500 1761 2200 791 -300 724 -2700 1771 4900 1755 2600 1754 2900 777 -800 620 -3100 1759 4300 1742 400 1710 1600 777 -1300 597 -3100 1751 4900 1705 1400 1616 2500 776 -800 553 -3300 1739 3800 1597 2700 1591 2400 775 -700 552 -4200 1705 3300 1594 2100 1552 2300 730 -1400 509 -4100 1609 5600 1553 1300 1506 1300 690 -1500 458 -3900 1539 410'0 1545 2000 1492 2400 647 -1700 392 -4100 1490 4000 1479 2600 1431 2100 604 -2000 361 -4400 1454 3600 1410 1500 1382 2000 559 -1700 329 -4500 1424 3700 1294 900 1351 -200 559 -2300 295 -4500 1395 3100 1238 1300 1340 1500 557 -2100 240 -5200 1367 3500 1187 -600 1281 900 555 -2300 1345 3400 1155 1300 1237 1000 555 -2700 1320 3200 1136 -600 1190 -200 515 -1300 1285 3000 1097 -600 1143 -400 465 -3000 1229 2500 1085 -800 1054 300 407 -2600 1206 2200 1047 -200 1015 -100 405 -2800 1182 1800 1012 -800 949 -700 397 -3600 1162 1900 953 -1000 927 -1800

395 -1600 1138 1900 921 -1600 818 -2500 392 -2700 1097 1700 716 -2300 757 -3800 363 -3500 1046 1400 632 -2600 711 -2800 333 -3300 1014 1600 542 -3400 649 -2300 300 -3600 721 -1800 496 -4000 626 -2300 246 -3800 593 -2600 444 -4800 579 -2800 548 -3100 535 -4000 503 -3800 489 -5000 452 -3600 436 -5200 357 -4100 373 -6000 324 -4600 345 -6300 290 -4200 311 -4700 277 -5500 222 -5800

47 Table F 3.1 Mass Balance Data by the Combined System: Wolverine glacier (US 0411) 1976-80

Symbol Explanation Units 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 ba(f) Annual new firn balance mm 210 2310 1470 100 3030 ba(k) Annual internal accumulation mm 120 40 110 140 70 ba(i) Annual old firn & ice balance mm -1010 -320 -580 -1240 -220 ba(fik) Annual firn & ice balance mm -&80 2030 1000 -1000 2880 ca Annual accumulation mm 2100 4750 3540 2220 4950 aua Annual surface ablation mm 2570 2850 2920 3400 2110 ba Annual balance mm -350 1940 730 -1040 2910 bO(s) Initial snow balance mm 70 400 310 40 O bO(i) Initial ice balance mm -80 O -10 -10 -30 b Lí l.s ) Final late snow balance mm 40 310 40 O 30 bl(i) Final ice balance mm O -10 -10 -30 -50 AAR Accumulation/area ratio -- 0.51 0.80 0.70 0.44 0.89 ELA Equilibrium line altitude m a.s.l. 1240 1020 1100 1267 906 bm(s) Measured snow balance mm 1000 4640 3500 1550 4670 tm(s) Date of bm(s) -- 25.02 7.07 3.06 8.03 4.06 tx Date of balance maximum -- 17.06 25.05 5.06 29.05 5.06 tnO Date of initial balance min. -- 28.10 8.09 6.09 24.09 30.09 tnl Date of final balance min. -- 8.09 6.09 24.09 30.09 16.09 S Glacier area km2 17.62 17.62 17.62 17.62 17.62

48 Table F 3.2 Mass balance data by the Stratigraphic System: Wolverine glacier (US 0411) 1976-80

Explanation Units 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Beginning of balance year 28.10 8.09 6.09 24.09 30.09 End of winter season 17.06 25.05 5.06 25.05 5.06 Winter balance Not defined Summer balance Not defined Net accumulation total 106m3 5.81 41.4 27.8 4.23 54.6 Mean specific net accumulo mm 650 2940 2260 550 3480 Net ablation total 106m3 16.4 5.81 10.2 22.2 4.23 Mean specific net ablation mm -2220 -1550 -1930 -2180 -1820 Net balance total 106m3 -Il 35.6 17.6 -18 50.4 Mean specific net balance mm -600 2020 1000 -1020 2860 Accumulation area km2 8.99 14.10 12.33 7.75 15.68 Ablation area km2 8.63 3.52 5.29 9.87 1.94 Total area km2 17.62 17.62 17.62 17.62 17.62 Equilibrium line altitude m a.s.l. 1250 1020 1100 1267 906 Firnline altitude Not defined ------Date of firnline 8.09 6.09 24.09 30.09 16.10

All quantities given in Tables F 3.1 and F 3.2 are averaged over the glacier surface. They are calculated from index station data. Informa- tion similar to that in Table F 3.2 can also be calculated in the FIXED DATE SYSTEM from the COMBINED SYSTEM DATA.

Table F 4: Changes in Thickness of NisguaIl~ glacier (US 2027), 1976-1980 Investigator: C. Driedger (USGST)

ALTITUDE 1976-77 1977-78 1978-79 1979-80 m a.s.l. 2080 -- -- 2300 mm -8900 mm 1835 -4500 mm 1400 mm -- -5900 mm 1620 -1500 mm 4600 mm -- -8000 mm

49 Table F 5: Changes in Thickness of Shoestring glacier (US 2075), 1979-80 Investigator: M. Brugman (USGST)

ALTITUDE THICKNESS CHANGE m a.s.l. mm 2370 5700 2300 6900 2220 -18800 1990 -1300 1895 1500 1780 200 1720 -9500 1670 -12500 1600 -9000

Table F 6: Changes in Thickness of Blue Glacier (US 2126), 1957-78 Investigators: R. Spicer (UW), B. Kamb and K. Echelmeyer (CAL) ALTITUDE THICKNESS CHANGE m a.s.l. mm 1650 10000 1600 12000 1575 14000 1540 16000 1505 16500 1480 16000 1450 16000 1425 19000 1400 20000

Table F 7: Changes in Thickness of Grinnell glacier (US 5000), 1969-76 Investigator: W.A. Blenkarn (USGSH)

ALTITUDE 1969-70 1970-72 1972-74 1974-76 m a.s.l. 2028 -1700 mm 3500 mm 1100 mm 700 mm 1980 -1000 mm 1200 mm 1800 mm 400 mm 1974 -2000 mm 1100 mm 1600 mm -100 mm

50 Table F 8: Changes in Thickness of Sperry glacier (US 5001), 1968-75 Investigator: W.A. Blenkarn (USGSH)

ALTITUDE 1968-69 1969-71 1971-73 1973-75 1971-75 m a.s.l. 2341 -2300 mm 1400 mm -- -- 3600 mm 2295 200 mm 200 mm -100 mm 4200 mm -- 2272 -700 mm -700 mm -500 mm 3600 mm --

Peru (PE)

Balance observations for Quelccaya Ice Cap were reported for the index stations shown in Table F 9.

Table F 9: Mass Balance versus altitude data for Quelccaya Ice Cap (PE 001) 1975-80 Investigator: L. Thompson (OSU)

ALTITUDE 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1978-79 1979-80 m a.s.l. 5670 1030 mm WE 880 mm WE 1350 mm WE 1230 mm WE 1110 mm WE 5600 east ------1230 mm WE -- 5600 west ------1370 mm WE -- 5450 ------1130 mm WE -- 5250 ------490 mm WE --

Greenland (G)

Mass balance versus altitude information for Qamanârssûp sermia is given for individual index stations in Table FIO.

The observations are being continued and analysis is performed by applying the linear balance model (Lliboutry 1974).

51 Table F 10: Mass balance versus altitude data for Qamanârssûp sermia CG 003) 1979-80 Investigator: R. Braithwaite (GGU)

ALTITUDE mm WE m a.s.l. 1000 -1980 940 -2500 930 -2340 910 -2330 880 -2750 790 -3050 790 -4090 760 -3490 320 -5400 190 -4390 110 -5150

France CF)

Balances of Glacier de Gébroulaz have been calculated using the continuity equation applied to a sector of the glacier surveyed since 1907 to 1950 by Eaux et Forêts office. Details of the calculation are given by Reynaud et al. (1983). The balance values are given in Table Il where b represents the specific mass balance of the sector and ßt the deviation from the mean (b = -1800 mm of ice).

52 Table F 11 Balance values of Glacier de Gébroulaz(F 0009) 1908-50

YEAR b St mm mm 1908 -3100 -1300 1909 -1300 500 1910 -300 1400 1911 -500 1300 1912 -200 1620 1913 -1000 800 1914 -900 900 1915 ~1000 800 1916 -1100 700 1917 -1000 800 1918 -1400 400 1919 -1600 200 1920 -1500 300 1921 -2300 -500 1922 -2830 -1000 1923 -2250 -400 1924 -2100 -300 1925 -3200 -1400 1926 -2100 -300 1927 -1900 -100 1928 -2100 -300 1929 -2400 -600 1930 -1800 O 1931 -1900 -100 1932 -2100 -350 1933 -1400 400 1934 -1400 400 1935 -1500 300 1936 -1400 400 1937 -1600 200 1938 -1750 O 1939 -1770 O

53 Table F Il continued

YEAR b ßt mm mm 1940 -2100 -300 1941 -2300 -500 1942 -2600 -800 1943 -2800 -1000 1944 -2700 -900 1945 -2800 -1000 1946 -2800 -1000 1947 -2560 -800 1948 -2300 -500 1949 -2200 -400 1950 -2000 -200

Switzerland (CH)

Time series of mass balance results from Gries, Plattalva and Limmern glaciers have recently been revised and updated. These data are presented in Tables F 12 to F 14. Further information can be found in Kasser and Aellen (1979, 1980, 1981) and Kasser et al. (1982, 1983).

54 Table F 12: Revised values of summary mass balances ,of Gries glacier (CH 0003), 1961/62 - 1978/79

MEASUREMENT YEAR AREA NET BALANCE EQUILIBRIUM LINE total specific mean altitude from to km2 l) 106m3 WE 2) mm WE m a.s.l. 3.10.61 2.10.62 6.690 -5.664 -847 3010 2.10.62 3.10.63 6.690 1.306 195 2740 3.10.63 2.10.64 6.690 -6.587 -985 3010 2.10.64 5.10.65 6.690 4.636 693 2685 5.10.65 3.10.66 6.595 -0.408 -62 2735 3.10.66 13.10.67 6.380 2.073 325 2695 13.10.67 11.10.68 6.375 3.614 567 2680 11.10.68 7.10.69 6.371 2.966 466 2705 7.10.69 12.10.70 6.366 -3.426 -538 2970 12.10.70 9.10.71 6.362 -6.766 -1064 3145 9.10.71 9.10.72 6.360 2.830 445 2710 9.10.72 7.10.73 6.354 -7.056 -1110 3135 7.10.73 18.10.74 6.350 -0.988 -156 2835 18.10.74 6.10.75 6.348 1.779 280 2740 6.10.75 30.09.76 6.342 -6.700 -1056 3100 30.09.76 29.09.77 6.341 8.078 1274 2530 29.09.77 26.09.78 6.340 6.082 959 2670 26.09.78 25.09.79 6.337 -5.609 -885 3070 l) Area at the end of the balance period as determined by aerial photogrammetry (flight dates: 20.09.61, 1.09.67 and 15.08.79), interpolated since 1966 for annual losses due to melting at the snout which became submerged for the first time in this year by the water in the storage basin.

2) Ice losses from the frontal ice cliff (caused by melting or calving into the artificial lake) were taken into account.

55 Table F 13: Revised values of summary mass balances of Limmern glacier (CH 0078), 1947/48 - 1976/77

MEASUREMENT YEAR AREA NET BALANCE EQUILIBRIUM LINE total specific mean altitude from to km2 l) 106m3 WE mm WE m a.s.l. 28.09.47 1.10.48 2.718 1.088 400 2640 1.10.48 4.10.49 2.718 -4.540 -1670 2945 4.10.49 6.10.50 2.718 -3.638 -1346 2960 6.10.50 10.10.51 2.718 1.011 372 2610 10.10.51 1.10.52 2.718 -1.389 -511 2860 1.10.52 30.09.53 2.718 -0.354 -145 2900 30.09.53 1.09.54 2.718 1.315 484 2650 1.09.54 24.09.55 2.718 1.973 726 2540 24.09.55 24.09.56 2.718 -0.720 -265 2790 24.09.56 25.09.57 2.718 0.152 56 2710 25.09.57 25.09.58 2.718 -2.273 -836 2870 25.09.58 25.09.59 2.546 -2.636 -1035 2940 25.09.59 28.09.60 2.546 -0.068 -27 2730 28.09.60 21.09.61 2.546 0.514 202 2680 21.09.61 12.09.62 2.546 -0.350 -137 2860 12.09.62 17.09.63 2.546 -1.167 -458 2875 17.09.63 15.09.64 2.546 -3.553 -1396 2985 15.09.64 16.09.65 2.546 2.805 1102 2325 16.09.65 9.09.66 2.546 2.224 874 2315 9.09.66 15.09.67 2.546 1.369 538 2490 15.09.67 10.09.68 2.546 1.986 780 2420 10.09.68 5.09.69 2.546 0.844 332 2670 5.09.69 6.09.70 2.546 -0.404 -159 2825 6.09.70 11.09.71 2.546 -3.390 -1332 2955 11.09.71 11.09.72 2.546 -0.574 -225 2735 11.09.72 12.09.73 2.546 -2.655 -1043 2960 12.09.73 3.09.74 2.546 0.100 39 2640 3.09.74 9.09.75 2.546 1.374 540 2455 9.09.75 8.09.76 2.546 -2.542 -998 2980 8.09.76 8.09.77 i.524 1.989 788 2555 l) Area determined by aerial photogrammetrie surveys of 28/29.08.47, 11.09.59 and 15.09.77.

56 Table F 14: Revised values of summary mass balance data of Plattalva glacier (CH 0114), 1947/48 - 1976/77

MEASUREMENT YEAR AREA NET BALANCE EQUILIBRIUM LINE total specific mean altitude from to km2 l) 106m3 WE mm WE m a.s.l. 28.09.47 1.10.48 0.756 0.357 472 2660 1.10.48 4.10.49 0.756 -1.072 -1418 2890 4.10.49 6.10.50 0.756 -1.026 -1357 2880 6.10.50 10.10.51 0.756 0.289 382 2620 10.10.51 1.10.52 0.756 -0.376 -497 2890 1.10.52 30.09.53 0.756 -0.049 -71 2840 30.09.53 1.09.54 0.756 0.266 352 2655 1.09.54 24.09.55 0.756 0.479 634 2620 24.09.55 24.09.56 0.756 -0.129 -171 2775 24.09.56 25.09.57 0.756 0.038 50 2730 25.09.57 25.09.58 0.756 -0.718 -950 2950 25.09.58 25.09.59 0.741 -0.759 -1024 2960 25.09.59 28.09.60 0.741 -0.288 -308 2800 28.09.60 21.09.61 0.741 -0.079 -107 2770 21.09.61 12.09.62 0.741 -0.266 -359 2825 12.09.62 17.09.63 0.741 -0.413 -557 2860 17.09.63 15.09.64 0.741 -1.065 -1437 2) 15.09.64 16.09.65 0.741 0.730 985 3) 16.09.65 9.09.66 0.741 0.629 849 3) 9.09.66 15.09.67 0.741 0.372 505 2560 15.09.67 10.09.68 0.741 0.640 864 3) 10.09.68 5.09.69 0.741 0.284 383 2655 5.09.69 6.09.70 0.741 -0.019 -26 2760 6.09.70 11.09.71 0.741 -1.042 -1406 2) 11.09.71 11.09.72 0.741 -0.269 -363 2800 11.09.72 12.09.73 0.741 -0.730 -985 2) 12.09.73 3.09.74 0.741 0.140 189 2710 3.09.74 9.09.75 0.741 0.488 659 3) 9.09.75 8.09.76 0.741 -0.712 -961 2875 8.09.76 8.09.77 0.860 0.468 544 2620 Explanations of l), 2) and 3): see next page

57 Explanations for Table F 14 l) Area determined by aerial photogrammetric surveys of 28/29.08.47, 11.09.59 and 15.09.77. 2) Equilibrium line at higher altitude than uppermost limit of the glacier (ca. 2980 m a.s.l. in 1947). 3) Equilibrium line at lower altitude than lowest limit of the glacier (ca. 2545 m a.s.l. in 1947).

Antarctica (AN)

East Antarctic Data

The following report and tables were sent to the PSFG by I. Allison, Antarctic Division, Australia.

Data presented for a number of sectors of the Antarctic ice sheet are of different format than that for other glaciers in this volume. This is a necessary consequence of the different spatial scales (drainage basins up to one million or more square kilometres), temporal scales (response time of tens of thousands of years) and type of budget (mass loss predominantly by iceberg calving with little ablation at the surface or bottom) of the Antarctic ice sheet.

The data presented in Tables F 15 to F 18 are estimates of the overall mass budget of the various drainage basins. Drainage basins have been delineated from compilations (such as the Scot t Polar Insti tute's Gla- ciological and Geophysical Folio of Antarctica) of topographic data from large-scale radio echo sounding programmes, and other sources .. Mass inputs are accumulation and, where relevant, mass flux across some arbitrary boundary into the defined area. The loss terms are mass flux out of the area and sometimes surface ablation and bottom melt. The mass flux estimates are possible because of recent measurement of ice thickness and ice sheet velocity, made mostly within the International Antarctic Glaciological Project (lAGP). The fluxes across large sec~ tians of the ice sheet (e.g., the 2000 m surface contour) have been estimated from surface velocity measurements only every 50 km or more and are subject to large errors. Similarly, the accumulation distribution over the basins is derived from a few isolated measurements over short periods and the delineation of the area of the basins (from sur-

58 face contours) may also be subject to large error. The estimates of the various input and output terms may have errors approaching 100%.

Only the overall budget estimates are presented. The measurements from which these are derived and further discussion on errors can be found in the references cited.

Most of the drainage basins studied show a mass budget which is significantly positive, even with regard to the large errors. However, any consideration of the implications of this must also take into account the time scales. The measured ice sheet thickness and velocity and hence the calculated ice fluxes, represent the integrated dynamic effect of thousands of years of ice sheet environmental history. The accumulation measurements, however, are the means over at the most a few tens of years, and the record from some ice cores shows that accumulation rate can vary significantly on a time scale of tens of years or larger.

Even though the imbalance in the mass budgets are a large percentage of the total annual mass exchange, they represent only a very small change in surface elevation over huge areas, and are not detectable by present technologies. Because of this and the large response time of the Antarctic ice sheet, future data for large Antarctic drainage basins in this series will probably represent a refinement in the presented measurements rather than a direct measure of the fluctuations of the Antarctic ice sheet.

59 Table F 15: Estimated Mass Balance - Lambert Basin (AN 5500)

Interior Basin Lambert Glacier Total Basin (Inland of 2000 m) System Area (103k'm2) 1090 62 1152

Accumulation (Gt'a-l) +60 +60

Ablation, bottom melt (Gt a-l) -7 -7

Inflow (Gt a-l) +30

Outflow (Gt a-l) -30 -Il -Il

Budget (Gt a-l) +30 +12 +42

Average net balance mm a-l (WE) +30 +190 +40

References: Allison (1979), Budd et al. (1982), Morgan and Budd (1975).

60 Table F 16: Estimated Mass Balance - Kemp Land (AN 5450)

Interior Basin Coastal Sector Total Basin (Inland of 2000 m) (coast to 2000 m elev.) Area. (103km2) 67 39 106

Accumulation (Gt a-l) +9.1 +8.1 +17.2

Inflow (Gt a-l) O +4.6 O

Outflow (Gt a-l) (includes allowance for bottom melt) ice stream: -8.8 -8.8 ice sheet: -4.6 -1.3 -1.3

Budget (Gt a-l) +4.5 +2.6 +7.1

Average net balance mm a-l (WE) +70 +70 +70

References : Allison et al. (1982), Morgan and Jacka (1981), Morgan et al. (1982).

61 Table F 17: Estimated mass balance - Wilkes Land (Eastern) (AN 5750)

Area (xl03km2) inland of 2000 m 159.4

Accumulation (Gt a-l) inland of 2000 m +21.3

Outflow (Gt a-l) across 2000 m contour -21.7

Budget (Gt a-l) O

Average net balance mm a-l (WE) O

References: Jones and Hendy (1985), Young (1979), Young et al. (1982).

Table F 18: Estimated mass balance - Wilkes Land (Western) (AN 5735)

Data given for the interior region only (generally above 3000 m) bounded by Dame B, Dame C and Pionerskaya.

Area (xl03km2) 421

Accumulation (Gt a-l) +23

Outflow (Gt a-l) across Dome C - Pionerskaya line -19

Budget (Gt a-l) +4

Average net balance mm a-l (WE) +10

References : Budd and Young (1979), Morgan and Jacka. (1981), Young (1979), Young et al. (1982).

62 Table F 19: Changes in Area of Heard Island Glaciers

Glacier Name PSFG No. Area (km2) Change 1947 1980

Baudissin AN 105 17.43 17.04 -0.39 Vahsel AN 106 12.45 12.40 -0.05 Winston AN 109 14.45 11.93 -2.52 Stephenson AN 110 34.39 31.89 -2.50 Brown AN III 11.66 11.21 -0.45 Compton AN 112 16.86 13.14 -3.72 Jacka AN 113 1.20 0.95 -0.25 Mt. Dixon AN 1010 5.80 1.98 -3.82 Anzac Peak AN 1020 2.35 1.75 -0.60 Mt. Olsen AN 1040 2.50 1.45 -1.05 Nares AN 1120 3.70 3.50 -0.20 Challenger AN 1130 5.45 5.00 -0.45 Mary-Powell AN 1140 2.91 2.49 -0.42 Downes AN 1150 16.74 16.42 -0.32 Ealy AN 1170 17.54 17.34 -0.20 Allison AN 1350 6.57 6.50 -0.07

63 CHAPTER 8 - THE ANNEXED MAPS

The following 13 maps can be found in the back pocket of this volume. A brief description of each map, giving information regarding the purpose of the particular map, content, accuracy, and details of the surveying, cartography and reproduction follows in this chapter. l. Bondhusbreen, Southern Norway 2. Hellstugubreen, Southern Norway 3. Austre Memurubre, Southern Norway 4. Silvretta, Verstancla and Chamm Glaciers, Switzerland 5. Limmern and Plattalva Glaciers, Switzerland 6. Gries Glacier, Switzerland 7. Gepatschferner, Austria 8. Hintereisferner, Austria 9. Vernagtferner, Austria 10. Langtalerferner, Austria Il. Changes in Elevation of Glaciers in the Eastern Alps 12. Issik Glacier, Pamir-e Kalan, Afghanistan 13. Batura Glacier, Pakistan

64 BONDHUSBREEN, SOUTHERN NORWAY, ·1 : 10,000 (Aerial photogrammetric map) B. Wold, Norwegian Water Resources and Electricity Board, Oslo

In connection with the hydro-electric power scheme collecting water from the ice cap Folgefonni, various glaciological studies were initiated. One of the more recent of these studies was done in connection with the subglacial water intake under Bondhusbreen, and it proved necessary to start mass balance investigations. A special photo flight was therefore arranged on 11 August 1979; the pictures were taken from 6,100 m a.a.L and the picture scale was approximately 1:30,000. The map was then constructed by Bjoern S. Haga at Fjellanger Wider¢e A/S on a B-8 plotter. The ground control consisted of two triangulation points within the National network and five new tr iangulatian points established by the Norwegian Water Resources and Electricity Board.

The map is printed in 5 colours at a scale of 1:10,000, with contour intervals of 10 m on the glacier and 20 m elsewhere. Particular glaciological features, such as crevasses etc., have been specially marked. In addition, moraine ridges, large blocks, all triangulation points etc. are plotted. Both geographical and UTM coordinates are marked according to the recommendations from the International Symposium on Glacier Mapping held in ottawa in 1965. The reverse side of the map has some detailed information on the glacier, such as frontal variations since 1875, certain old photographs showing the glacier front taken from the same point in 1891, 1904 and 1971, and some information about the diversion system, etc.

65 HELLSTUGUBREEN, SOUTHERN NORWAY, l : 10,000 (Aerial photogrammetrie map) B. Wold, Norwegian Water Resources and Electricity Board, Oslo

The valley glacier Hellstugubreen in Jotunheimen was first mapped by Koller, Solheim & Werenskiold in 1941 using terrestrial photogrammetry, and Randi Pytte re-mapped it in 1962 us ì nq plan-table technique; this latter map was used for mass balance investigations during the period 1962-67. A photogram~etric map was constructed in 1968 by the Norwegian Polar Research Institute based upon aerial photographs taken that year. A new set of aerial photographs was taken on 26 September 1980 and a map constructed by Olav Liest¢l ~sing a Wild A-7 stereo plotter.

The map is printed at a scale of 1:10,000 with contour intervals of 10m on the glacier and 10m and SOm in the surrounding terrain. The map has UTM coordinates as well as geographical coordinates, and was made according to 'the recommendations from the International Symposium on Glacier Mapping in Ottawa in 1965. The map is printed in four colours.

References for the earlier maps, together with additional information are given on the reverse of the map.

66 AUSTRE MEMURUBRE, SOUTHERN NORWAY, l : 10,000 (Aerial photogrammetrie map) G. 0strem, Norwegian Water Resources and Electricity Board, Oslo.

In 1968, Austre Memurubre was mapped from vertical aerial photographs taken on 21 July 1966. The aerial photographs were originally taken for the Norwegian Geographical Survey to form a basis for a new, modern, topographical map series (1:50,000) of this part of southern Norway. Thus the plotting could be carried out independently for the purpose of making a glacier map and, consequently, particular glaciological features could be emphasized in the plotting procedure. Crevassed areas, moraine cover and predominant boulders are marked separately on the map. A large number of spot elevations are given for points which may be valuable for topographic orientation and triangulation on the glacier. Ice-free areas have been plotted with a minimum of detail.

The accuracy is estimated to be better than 2 m for relative altitudes, better than 5 m for absolute altitudes, and better than 5 m for horizontal positions.

UTM coordinates (zone 32) and some geographical coordinates are plotted in the map frame.

67 THICKNESS CHANGES OF SWISS GLACIERS (Aerial photogrammetrie maps)

Silvretta, Verstancla and Chamm glaciers, surveys 1959 and 1973; 1:10,000 (1976) Limmern and Plattalva glaciers, surveys 1947 and 1977; 1:10,000 (1981) Gries glacier, surveys 1961 and 1979; 1:10,000 (1984)

P. Kasser and H. Siegenthaler, Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), Zürich l. Introduction

The maps present some of the results from investigations carried out in connection with the technical consultancy work of the VAW for hydroelectric power companies. In the cases of Limmern and Plattalva glaciers, studied since 1944, measurements of precipitation and discharge from springs were combined with studies on the glacier mass balance in order to find out why the discharge volumes from the river, measured at the Pantenbrücke run-off gauging station, were much lower (by some 30%) than those computed on the basis of measurements in surrounding areas. The studies on Silvretta glacier, which started in 1959, were necessary in order to evaluate the available water mass in high altitude catchment basins. Gries glacier has terminated, since 1966, in an arti ficially dammed lake. For this glacier, hydro-glaciological studies were started in 1960 with two main aims: a) to predict the probability of a glacier advance as far as the dam site, as a function of time (cf. Bindschadler, 1981), and b) to estimate the frequency of particular annual ruo-o f f volumes. In addition to the studies outlined above, all these mapped glaciers belong to the network of long-term observations on glacier fluctuations in Switzerland (Kasser 1981).

The maps were analysed in order to get values of total changes in area, volume and mean thickness (computed from 100 m altitude intervals) as an overall check for the mass balance study results, which were obtained from glaciological measurements on stake networks installed on 4 of the 6 mapped glaciers. The main results of such comparative studie~ on Gries, Limmern, Plattlava and Silvretta glaciers have been published in the glaciological yearbooks of the Swiss Glacier Commission, in which

68 the maps were also originally published (Kasser et al. 1982, Siegenthaler 1983 and 1984).

2. The contents of the maps

The maps are printed in 6 colours at a scale of 1:10,000. All the glaciological measurement points are numbered and the.entire hydrological catchment basin is shown with contour intervals of 10 m, and extra contours at 5 m intervals in the very flat areas. The topography of the first survey is shown in black lines on all maps, and lakes are black hatched. The contours, glacier borders, crevasses and lake edges from the second survey are given in red, and the lake areas in blue. At intervals of 20 m, the areas between old and new contour lines of identical altitudes are shown in green (increase in glacier thickness) or in yellow (decrease in glacier thickness). The catchment basin is outlined in violet, as are all the measurement points on the glacier. The numbers with these points indicate the average annual specific mass variation for the time period between the two surveys and the horizontal flow velocity of the stakes for one particular year. The positions of the glacier margins are given for both surveys and all glaciers; the limits of firn and of fresh snow are given for both surveys in the case of Gries glacier, but only for the second survey for the other glaciers. Likewise, moraines and conspicuous boulders are shown for both surveys for Gries glacier only; these details are missing to some extent on the other maps. The survey stations on the glacier margins are shown in black.

3. Mass balance results

From the maps, volume and mean elevation changes were determined for each 100 m altitude interval. Averaged over the whole glacier, the mean annual elevation change, which is identical to the change in thickness, can be compared to the mean annual mass change or annual mass balance of the same period. The mass balance was determined independently from the measurements made on the stake networks. A comparison of the values obtained from both the geodetic and the glaciological methods is given in Table l, where the respective values are summarized as totals or annual means for the periods given for eac~ glacier (values for mass change are specific annual means). Detailed data for 100 m altitude

69 intervals are given in Tables CCC and D of this volume (cf. also Tables 17 to 20 in PSFG Volume I (Kasser 1967) or tables in publications cited earlier).

The general tendency and variability of mass change during the time period between the two surveys are indicated in Table 2 in terms of mean, maximum and minimum values of the annual mass balance, equilibrium line altitude and accumulation area ratio. These values result from the glaciological measurements on the stake networks. Detailed data for each year are published in the glaciological yearbooks (Kasser et al. 1982, Siegenthaler 1983 and 1984).

70 Table l: Changes in area, volume, thickness and mass of the mapped glaciers for the time period between the two surveys

Glacier Time Area at CHANGE IN period start of AREA VOLUME THICKNESS MASS period total annual total annual annual (km2) (km2) ~~ (106m3) (cm) (mm) Silvretta 1959/73 3.22 -0.07 -0.2 -4.60 -10 -81 Verstancla 1.04 -0.06 -0.4 -0.48 -3

Limmern 1947/77 2.72 -0.20 -0.2 -11.39 -14 -145 Plattalva 0.76 +0.10 +0.4 -4.82 -23 -171

Gries 961/79 6.69 -0.35 -0.3 -11.25 -10 -83

Table 2: Maximum, minimum and mean values of the annual mass balance of the mapped glaciers, with corresponding values of the equilibrium line altitude and accumulation area ratio (AAR)

Glacier Time Annual mass balance Equilibrium line AAR period Year Value altitude (kg/m2) m a.s.l. Silvretta 1959/73 Mean -81 2767 0.52 Maximum 1964/65 +1338 2490 0.97 Minimum 1963/64 -1409 3019 0.04

Limmern 1947/77 Mean -145 2729 0.48 Maximum 1964/65 +1102 2325 0.94 Minimum 1948/49 -1670 2945 0.11

Plattalva 1947/77 Mean -171 ca.2770 ca.0.48 Maximum 1964/65 +985 [equilibrium line 1.00 Minimum 1963/64 -1437 loutside glacier 0.00

Gries 1961/79 Mean -83 2842 0.53 Maximum 1976/77 +1274 2530 0.97 Miminum 1972/73 -1110 3135 0.10

71 4. Glossary

German English Gletschergrenzen glacier boundary Firnschneegrenze limit of firn Neuschneegrenze limit of fresh snow Einzugsgebietgrenze limit of catchment basin Grenze der (Oberflächen-)Moränan (surface) moraine boundary Seen lakes

Unterschied zwischen den Gletscher- Changes of the glacier's ständen der l. und der 2. Aufnahme, surface between 1st and 2nd dargestellt durch horizontale Schnitt- surveys, repre~ented by hor- flächen: izontal areas corresponding to the shift in contour lines: (grün) Bei Zunahme der Gletscherdicke (green) incr. in thickness (gelb) Bei Abnahme der Gletscherdicke (yellow) decr. in thickness

Vermessungsstationen: survey stations: Triangulationspunkt triangulation point Fixes Stativ fixed theodolite mount Permanente Signaltafel permanent signal plates

Messpunkte auf dem Gletscher: Measurement points on the glacier: Pegel zur Messung des spezifischen stake for measuring specific Massenhaushalts b (kg/m2.Jahr) net balance b (kg/m2.yr) and und der Horizontalkomponente der horizontal velocity Vh Geschwindigkeit Vh (rn/Jahr) (m/yr)

Pegel mit alljährlich gleicher annually repositioned stake Ausgangslage

Pegelbezeichnung stake identification

72 5. Technical Details

The following government institutions and private civil surveying offices were involved with the aerial surveys and photogrammetric mappings:

Glacier Aerial Survey Photogrammetric Date Flight by Mapping by the Office of

Silvretta 31.8.59 Swiss Federal Office Joas & Co., Davos + of Cadastral Surveying, Verstancla Bern (V+D) + 12.9.73 Swiss Federal Topograph- A. Flotron, Chamm ical Survey, Bern (L+T) Meirin!gen

Limmern 28+29.8.47 V+D M. Zurbuchen, Bern + Plattalva 15.9.77 L+T A. Flotron, Meiringen

Gries 20.9.61 Swissair Photo AG, H. Leupin, Bern Zürich 15.8.79 V+D H. Leupin, Bern

The editing and graphical design of the maps, as well as the preparation of the lettering and colour plates were the responsibility of the authors, assisted by other colleagues from the glaciology department of the VAW.

6. Acknowledgements

Special thanks go to the Swiss Federal Topographical Survey for printing the maps, and to the Glacier Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences for financial support.

73 REFERENCES

Bindschadler, R., 1981: The predicted behaviour of Griesgletscher, Wallis, Switzerland, and its possible threat to a nearby dam. Zeit- schrift fUr Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie 16 (l), p. 45-59.

Kasser, P. (1967): Fluctuations of Glaciers 1958-1965. Published by lASH (ISCl)/UNESCO, Tables 17-20, p. 32-38.

Kasser, P. (1981): Rezente Gletscherveränderungen in den Schweizer Alpen. Jahrbuch der Schweizerishcen Naturforschenden Ge~ellschaft (SNG), wissenschaftlicher Teil, S. 106-138.

Kßsser, P., Aellen, M. und Siegenthaler, H. (1982): Silvrettagletscher - Die Gletscher der Schweizer Alpen 1973/74 und 1974/75. Glaziolo- gisches Jahrbuch der Gletscherkommission der SNG, S. ¡46-l57.

Siegenthaler, H. (1983): Glaziologische Beobachtungen an den Gletschern Limmern und Plattalva - Die Gletscher der Schweizer Alpen 1975/76 und 1976/77. Glaziologisches Jahrbuch der Gletscherkommission der SNG, S. 184-201.

Siegenthaler, H. (1984): Glaziologische Beobachtungen am Griesgletscher (Wallis) - Die Gletscher der Schweizer Alpen 1977/78 und 1978/79. Glaziologisches Jahrbuch der Gletscherkommission der SNG (in press)

74 GEPATSCHFERNER 1971, l : 10,000 (Aerial/terrestrial photogrammetrie map) K. Brunner, Department of Cartography, Polytechnic Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany

The tongue of the Gepatschferner in the Oetztal Alps, Tyrol (Austria) was first surveyed in 1886 and 1896, and earlier surveys of the whole glacier took place in 1922, 1940 and 1953.

Survey 1971

The new map "Gepatschferner 1971", scale 1:10,000 is based mainly on a photogrammetrie aerial survey. The photo flight was carried out with a normal angle camera in August 1971. Coverage of the area of the Gepatschferner involved the production of five photo strips representing 27 photogrammetrie models (photo scale was about 1:15,000). In addition, the southern Italian part of the glacier was surveyed by means of terrestrial photogrammetry in 1973.

The scale of the photogrammetrie stereoplotting was 1:7,500.

Cartography

The aim of the map was to give a detailed representation of the glacier, the ice-free land, and the exact limit of the active glacier. The areas of ice, firn and old snow are separated by the (temporary) firn edge and the old snow line. The colour coding on the map is as follows: (l) Black lines: planimetric representation and contours on rocky areas (2) Blue lines: contours on glacierized areas, limit of the active glacier, hydrographic features (3) Blue-green lines: crevasses (4) Grey lines: firn line and firn edge, contours on debris- covered areas (5) Brown lines: contours on vegetation-covered areas (6) Green tint: vegetation (7) Grey tint: rocky areas. The vertical interval o f the contour lines is 10m.

75 Glaciological results

In 1971, the surface area of the Gepatschferner (northern part) was 17.782km2 and the ratio Sc/Sa was 1.29 (corresponding to an AAR of 0.56). The southern part of the glacier had a aur f ace area of 3.842km2 in 1973. In 1971, the mean altitude of the firn line - as an approximation of the equilibrium line - was found to be 3055m a.s.l. The mean changes in the thickness of the Gepatschfern~r for the periods 1886 - 1896 - 1922 - 1940 - 1953 are given in the table on area, volume and thickness changes; corresponding data for the period 1953-71 can be found in PSFG Val. III.

LITERATURE

Blachut, T.-J. and Müller F., 1966: Some Fundamental Considerations on Glacier Mapping. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 3, No.6, p. 747-759.

Brunner, K., 1978: lur neuen Karte "Gepatschferner 1971", Massstab 1:10,000. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie , Bd. 14, H. 2, p, 133-151.

Finsterwalder, Ri., 1951: Zur Geschichte der Gepatschferner-Vermessung. Jahrbuch des Deutschen Alpenvereins, Bd. 76, p. 9-16.

Kasser, P. and Röthlisberger, H., 1966: Some Problems of Glacier Mapping experienced with the 1:10,000 Map of t~e Aletsch Glacier. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 3, No.6, p. 799-809.

76 HINTEREISFERNER 1979, l : 10,000 (Aerial photogrammetric map) M. Kuhn, Institute of Meteorology, University of Innsbruck.

Hintereisferner was survèyed on August 14 and 30, 1979 using an aircraft of the "Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen", Vienna, which flew at an altitude of 6100 m a.a.L, Photographs of 23x23 cm were taken with a wide-angle lens of 15.2 cm focal length, and they overlapped by 60% longitudinally and by 8-40% laterally. The area evaluated extends from the lowest point in the Rofen valley at 2200 m a.s.l.to the peak of the Weisskugel at 3731 m, so that the average scale of the photographs varied from l:15,000 to 1:27,000.

The map was produced by H. Giersig at a scale of 1:10,000 with 10 m isohypses, using the colour blue for snow, ice and water and brown for all other surfaces. All points used in the trigonometric work done by H. Schneider have been entered on the map, as well as the meteorological stations and the precipitation gauges. Remnants of moraines from the glacier advances of about 1850 and 1920 have been mapped by G. Patzelt.

The map, being designed for glaciological work, does not speci fically indicate areas of rocks or of di fferent vegetation patterns. However, conspicuous rocks and boulders have been entered and are designated by the letter S. Footpaths and trails are represented by dotted lines, regardless of their dimension or state. Thin, broken lines separate grassland from bare ground wherever these features were clearly distinguishable - the lines are therefore not necessarily continuous. East of the "Reutherweg", broken lines are used to show conspicuous, parallel features at the surface.

The firn edge and transient snow line have been entered east (14 August survey) and west (30 August survey) of the line connecting the Langtau- f'erer Spitze w ith the survey point "Vietoris".

The transition from bare ice to debris-covered ice is generally more gradual in nature than can be reproduced on a map. There are, however, places on Hintereisferner where it was justifiable to indicate such limits by a broken blue line - for example on the middle moraine between Langtauferer-Joch-Ferner and Hintereisferner. The margins of Hintereis-

77 ferner are heavily debris-covered. Along the left margin the glacier, by,its shape, is clearly distinguishable from the lateral moraine; however, on the right margin, the transition between active ice, stagnant ice and/or ice-free lateral moraine is less easy to define. As a result, the right margin of the active glacier tongue was assumed to coincide with the furrow of the surface runoff channel.

The broken blue borderline between ice and ice-free terrain encompasses ice or snow areas that may not be part of the glacier proper; such are avalanches that have accumulated at the glacier margin, or temporarily snow-covered areas that are ice-free in other years.

On 14 August, 1979, the transient snow line was situated in the altitude .interval 2790-2850 m a.s.l. By the end of the accumulation season on 21 September, it had retreated further, reaching a mean altitude of 2970m. The low position of the firn edge is explained by the positive mass balances in the two years previous: 1976/77 = +760 kg m-2, 1977/78 = +410 kg m-2, 1978/79 = -220 kg m-2.

Earlier maps of Hintereisferner by Blümcke and Hess (1:10,000, 1899) and Hess (1:10,000, 1924) have been supplemented by maps of the terminus alone (19~5, 1914, 1917, 1918, 1919, and 1922). For historic references and further details of the present map see Kuhn (1981).

The map was produced with support by the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

REFERENCE

Kuhn, M., 1981: Begleitworte zur Karte des Hintereisferners 1979, 1:10,000. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Vol. 16 (l), p, 117-124.

78 VERNAGTFERNER 1979, l : 10,000 (Orthophoto map) H. Rentsch, Commission for Glaciology, Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich

For .the production of the orthophoto map of Vernagtferner 1979, scale 1:10,000, photographs from the flight "Hintereisferner 1979" were used. Two printing originals were prepared, the first for the contour lines (at intervals of 20m) and planimetric representation (map frame, grid sections, survey points, map lettering and technical installations), and the seco.nd for the orthoPhoto. The photographs wer e found to be ver y suitable for differential rectification. Four of them had to be recti- fied in order to cover the whole area of the Vernagt- and Guslarferner. The aerial photographs were taken on 14 August, 1979 at midday. Their mean image scale was 1:20,000 (focal length 153mrn).

The stereoscopic evaluation of nine stereopairs was carried out with the analytical plotter Planicamp C-IDO, and the differential recti fication with the orthoprojector Orthocomp Z2. The Planicamp C-IDO and the Orthocomp Z2 (both made by Zeiss/West Germany) are connected to compu- ters (in both cases a Hewlett Packard 1000).

The reference data for the computation of the profiles (40 m intervals) for the differential rectification were recorded simultaneously with the one-line plotting of the contour lines. A slit aperture of 0.2mm x 4.0mm with a scanning speed of 20mm/sec was used for the projection by the orthoprojector. The four orthophotas were of good quality, and each of the four contributed nearly the same area to the map face.

The sheet assembly of the four orthophotas was carried out by a photo- technical procedure. A complete picture was made by projecting all four orthophotas adjacent to each other, so that the four imagescoincided along irregular, curved boundaries. A screening was done at the same time as the above projection. The print was done in black for the two copies on offset paper and art paper. The processes of reproduction reduced the contrast of the images considerably - a unicolour printed orthophoto cannot replace a photographic contact print.

79 Different methods for obtaining contour lines were compared for efficiency and quality under the following conditions:

mean image scale 1:20,000 mean slope 230 plotting scale 1:10,000 contour interval 20 m plotter Planicamp C-IDO with hand wheel operation

Method time/area Effectiveness l. one-line plotted 2.0 h/km2 faithful reproduction of the topo- contours graphy, regardless of terrain type

2. derived contours: 0.7 h/km2 only faithful reproduction of the a) from a digital- topography in gradually changing ized grid with a terrain 40 m grid width

b) same as a) with 2.4 h/km2 limited reproduction of the topo- additional record- graphy in steep, rugged terrain, ing of break lines but otherwise faithful reproduction

The one-line plotted contours were used for the orthophotomap.

80 LANGTALER FERNER 1971 (OETZALER ALPEN), l : 7,500 (Orthophoto map) K. Brunner, Department of Cartography, Polytechnic Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany.

To prepare orthophoto maps is an economical alternative as regards the expensive and time-consuming construction of conventional topographical maps (so-called line maps). Orthophoto maps are widely used for glaciological studies because glaciologists are experienced in the interpretation of aerial photographs.

Aerial photographs and differential rectification

A photo flight in August 1971 took normal angle photographs of high quality and covered the area of the Langtaler Ferner (Oetzaler Alps, Tyrol/Austria) with three photo strips. Orthophotas could be prepared using three photogrammetric models. For the differential rectification, an Orthoprojector Gl l of Carl Zeiss Co. (West Germany) was used according to the principle of central-perspective correlation by optical projection. The orthophotas were obtained using a strip width of 4 mm and a special slit aperture with a slit width of 0.3 mm at a scale of 1:8,000; the orthophotas did not show any distortion.

Screening and sheet assembly

Reproduction of orthophotas necessarily involves some loss in image quality. For the offset lithography, the photos were enlarged and then screened by a hal ftone screen with 60 lines per cm. (A larger screen density would have flattened the image.)

The screened orthophotas were assembled along the 2km-grid lines of the Austrian national qrì d, which was shi fted 100 metres to the north and which is marked with heavy black lines. There is no other way of obtaining perfect agreement along the edges of adjacent photos if this method of differential rectification is used and if there are no elements of cultural landscape in the photo.

81 Cartography

The cartographic' representation is achieved by the use of three colours: l) Grey: orthophoto image 2) Black: framework including grid intersection and graticule ticks, survey points, ablation stakes, lettering and contour lines (vertical interval 20m) 3) Blue tint: glacierized area (active glacier and dead ice). Stereoplotting gave the glacierized area and the contour lines.

Glaciological results

Que to the high quality of the images from the photo flight in 1971, it. is poss~ble to identi fy the structural characteristics o f the glacier surface very well. In particular, it is possible to discriminate between the areas of old snow, firn and ice. This leads to the following results: the area of the Langtaler Ferner in 1971 was 3.478km2; the mean altitude of the firn line - a close approximation to the equilibrium line - was 2895m a.a.Lj the ratio of accumulation area to ablation area (Sc/Sa) was 1.29, wh~ch corresponds to an accumulation area ratio (AAR) Q. f O.56.

LITERATURE

Br un ne r , K ., l976 : O rth oPho toka rt en ver g let sc h erte r Ge b.iete . Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Bd. 12, H. l, p. 63-67.

Brunner, K. and Rentsch R., 1977: Orthophoto Gepatschferner, 1:7,500, in Müller F., 1977 : Fluctuations of Glaciers 1970-1975. ICSI/IAHS and UNESCO, Paris, Vol. III, 262 p,

Brunner, K., 1979: Begleitworte zur Orthophotokarte "Langtaler Ferner 1971" im Massstab 1:7,500. Zeitschri ft für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Bd. 15, H. 2, p, 195-199.

82 Pillewizer, W., 1977a: Orthophoto Glacier Map of the Grossvenediger, in Müller F., 1977, Fluctuations of Glaciers 1970-75. ICSI/IAHS and UNESCO, Paris, Vol.lll, 262 p.

Pillewizer, W., 1977b: Hochgebirgskartographie und Orthophototechnik. Festschrift für Erik Arnberger, Verlag Franz Deuticke, Wien, p. 107- 124.

83 CHANGES IN ELEVATION OF GLACIERS IN THE EASTERN ALPS 1969-1979; l : 20,000

R. Finsterwalder, Institute of Cartography, Technical University, Munich H. Rentsch, Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich

The map shows the changes in area of eight gla6iers in the Eastern Alps (Austria) during the period between 1969 (1971) and 1979. The contour lines (vertical intervallOO m) represent the latest stage. The mean annual change in thickness of the glacier as a function of altitude above sea level is displayed graphically for each glacier. The map of the eight glaciers in the Eastern Alps is based on aerial photogrammetric surveys.

On a separate sheet, the mean annual changes in surface elevation of ten glaciers in the Austrian Alps and three glaciers in the Bavarian Alps are shown for longer periods. The data are based on photogrammetrie surveys in the years 1889 (1892) - 1912 - 1921 (1920) - 1932 (1938) - 1950 (1949, 1953) - 1969 (1970, 1971) - 1979 (1977).

LITERATURE

Finsterwalder, R. and Rentsch, H., 1980: Zur Höhenänderungen von Ost-

alpengletschern im Zeitraum 1969-1979. Zeitschrift für Gletscher- kunde und Glazialgeologie, Bd. 16, H. l, p. 110-115.

Finsterwalder, R., 1981: Zur Höhenänderungen der Zugspitzgletscher. Mitteilung der Geographischen Gesellschaft in München, Bd. 66, p , 25-30.

84 ISSIK GLACIER, PAMIR-E KALAN, AFGHANISTAN; 1:25,000 (Terrestrial photogrammetric map)

G. Patzelt, Institute for High Mountain Research, University of Innsbruck, Austria

This map is a product of the research expedition "Exploration Pamir 75" which was a private scienti fic undertaking sponsored by the Austr ian Alpine Club and the Austrian Council for the Promotion of Scienti fic Research. The aim of the expedition was to scientifically document and map an area of the Pamir-e Kalan (Great Pamir) which included the summits and the inhabited valley region of Wakhan-Darya in NE Afghanistan.

The terrestrial photogrammetry for this map of Northern and Southern Issik glaciers was carried out by R. Kosta and W. Kuschel between 1st and 18th August 1975. The trigonometrical starting point for the measurement of all positions and altitudes is P.6281 (Koh-.eHe laL) on the Afghan map 1:100,000. The photögrammetrically determined altitudes are accurate to within units of metres (Senarclens-Grancy and Kostka 1978). The cartography, carried out by G. Moser, Innsbruck, specifically emphasises glaciologically important details, and the rocky areas surrounding the glaciers are therefore only shown schematically in a homogeneous colour.

The Koh-e Kalan (Great Pamir) is the southern-most mountain chain of the Pamir range. The two Issik glaciers are situated on the southern side of the highest mountains in this chain (Koh-e Pamir 6320 m, Koh-e HelaI 6281 m). They drain into the Wakhan Darya, eventually forming the Amu Darya which runs into the Aral Sea.

The Issik glaciers display the form of composite valley glaciers typical for the mountains of central Asia. Their accumulation areas lie near steep, exposed flanks, accumulation thus arising mainly via snow and ice avalanches. The tributary glaciers then flow through canyon-like, deeply cut valleys and meet in the flat, debris-covered glacier tongues. Consequently, the hypsometric distribution is as follows: 66~~of the total area of Northern Issik glacier lies below the mean elevation of

85 the glacier; for Southern Issik glacier, the equivalent figure is 64~~' (ErnEin Table l).

By mapping the transient snow line and firn line from previous years, an estimation of the altitude of the firn edge could be made: from 4800 m on north-exposed slopes up to 5400 m on south-exposed slopes. This large difference (600 m) is characteristic for arid regions. The melting of ice is particularly slight due to the large amount of out- going radiation which occurs at night, and the altitude. Daily readings for the net ablation were made at 8 ablation st~kes on relatively cloud- free days; values between 4.2 cm and 3.5 cm were recorded. Significant melting only starts in the early hours of the afternoon. The penitentes forms in the snow and ice are indicators of the fact that evaporation is responsible for a large part of the ablation.

Lateral moraines and unweathered light-coloured debris show the positions of a glacial maximum of the Issik glaciers, which is thought to have occurred in the second half of the nineteenth century (coloured brown on the map). The area which has since then become ice-free constitutes on ly 5.6~ò o f the tota l area o f both glaciers today. This comparatively small reduction in area is a result of the debris cover at the glaciers' snouts; dead ice remains for a long time under such cover. The steep, active glacier snout of Southern Issik glacier is at an altitude of 4360 m, and that of Northern Issik glacier is at 4600 m.

The low values of ablation, ice velocity, mass loss and area loss indicate that the mass exchange is low for these glaciers which exist under cold-arid climatic conditions.

86 Table l: General Information on Northern and Southern Issik Glaciers

Name T Emax ErnA Emin ErnE Lmax A AD AD ArnE

2 2 QI QI (m) (m) (m) (m) (km) (km ) (km ) IQ IQ

Northern Issik GI. 6 6330 5230 4460 5400 11.3 28.62 4.72 16 66 Southern Issik GI. 3 6070 5030 4200 5140 9.3 15.05 2.26 15 64

T: number of tributary glaciers Emax: maximum elevation ErnA: mean elevation of glacier area Emin: minimum elevation ErnE: mean elevation between Emax and Emin Lmax: maximum length, longest flowline A: total area of glacier AD: glacier area, debris covered ArnE: glacier area below ErnE.

REFERENCE

R. Senarclens de Graney and R. Kosta (Ed.), 1978: Grosser Pamir, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1978, 400 p., 5 maps included.

87 BATURA GLACIER, PAKISTAN, 1:60,000 (Terrestrial photogrammetrie map) Xie Zichu, Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology, China

Field work for the production of this glacier map was part of the programme of a glacier expedition to Mt. Batura from the Lanzhou Inst.ìt.ute of Glaciology and Cryopedology, K.K. Academia Sinica, China in 1974-1975. The map is printed at a scale of 1:60,000, and took one and a half years to produce.

Base control and stereophotographs

A control network of about 45 km wide was established, incorporating a total of 25 survey stations. The most inaccurate triangle side had an error of 1/27,700. From the control points of the network, the main peaks of the drainage basin were measured by forward sectioning; thus the control network covered the whole Batura glacier.

Terrestrial stereophotographs were taken from 65 photo bases. The average height of the control points and photographic stations was 4000 m a.a.L,, and the average length of the photo bases was 320 m. The maximum photographic distance was about 14 km, the average 8 km. The photographic base line had an angular error of 1.1 seconds, and approximately 7% of the terrain was not covered by the photographs.

88 CHAPTER 9 PERSPECTIVES FOR THE FUTURE

The revitalisation of the service and the publication of PSFG Volume IV within as short a time as possible have been the two tasks for the time since 1983. This being the case, there remained only a limited degree of freedom in discussions as to how these tasks should best be fulfilled. A number of scientific consultants and specialists, as well as the national correspondents, helped to find what is hoped is a satis- factory compromise between the speed required and the careful planning desired. However, it soon became clear to all colleagues involved that in the future the service needs a steadier development, and one invol- ving continuity as well as evolution.

Continui ty of operation is fundamental to a "permanent" service. Much of the time, effort and money involved with the production of one volume can be saved i f the technical expertise acquired, computer programmes developed, and international contacts established can be re-invested in the preparation of the next PSFG volume. Avoiding interruptions not only helps to keep an international service alive, but the existence of such a service also helps to keep local programmes going. In recent years, a number of programmes have had to be reduced or even terminated because of economic problems. An important task of the Service, therefore, remains one of helping to ensure that an appropriate programme of world-wide glacier observations continues to exist and to serve as a basis for scientific and environmental considerations.

Evolution will have to take place in the technical aspects as well as in the general strategy of data collection on an international scale. Plans for the immediate future include : l) a reorganisation of the PSFG archive to contain bibliographic sources, 2) a reactivation of older glacier fluctuation data in computer-compatible form, and 3) the design of a simpler and more effective system of data collection. The latter point is the most urgent because preparation o f PSFG Volume V (Fluctuations of Glaciers 1980-85) will have to start soon; publication of this volume is scheduled for 1987/88 to bring the PSFG back to its original schedule. However, by this time the Service will be part of a new international glacier monitoring service.

89 The Permanent Service on the Fluctuations of Glaciers and the Temporary Technical Secretariat for the World Glacier Inventory are the two international services which collect, process and publish standardized glacier data. By the end of 1985, it is planned to merge these two services to form a new world glacier monitoring programme. The new combined service is presently being so designed as to : l) speed up the documentation of representative mass balance studies, 2) provide a better overview of the more numerous observations on changes in glacier length, and 3) reach a global coverage by using satellite imagery for remote areas (Haeberli 1985). Within this framework it is planned to

- establish an annual or biennial publication series containing selected mass balance results (running time series); - investigate the possibilities of summarizing glacier fluctuation data (classification of glaciers, intercamparisan of glacier length variations); - carry out a feasibility study on the installation of a glacier observation programme for remote areas using satellite imagery; - continue the publication of general fluctuation data at 5- yearly intervals; - complete and update regional glacier inventories.

The corresponding activities and developments cannot be successfully realized without communication and feedback from the scientific community. Criticism and proposals from all colleagues who already use this present data compilation, or who may do so in the future, are therefore most gratefully received.

90 REFERENCES

Andreasen, J.D., Knudsen, N.T. and M¢ller J. T., 1982: Glaciological investigations at Qamanârssdp 'Sermia. Gletscher-hydrologiske meddelelser nr. 82/4, Gr¢nlands Geologiske Unders¢gelser, 42 p. Allison, I., 1979: Mass budget of the Lambert Glacier drainage basin. Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 22, p. 223-235. Allison, I., Frew, R. and Knight, I., 1982: Bedrock and ice surface 0 topography of the coastal regions of 'Antarctica between 48 [ and 0 64 [. Polar Record 21 (132), p. 241-252. Budd, W.F. and Young, N.W,.,1979: Results form the IAGP flowline study inland o f Casey, Wilkes Land, Antarctica. Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 24, No.90, p, 89-101. Budd, W.F., Corry, M.J. and Jacka, T.H., 1982: Results from the Amery Ice Shelf expedition. Annals of Glaciology, Vol. 3, p. 36-41. Clement, P., 1981: Glaciologiske unders¢gelser i Johan Dahl Land, 1980., Int. Rapp. Gr¢nlands Geologiske Unders¢gelse, 53 p. Finsterwalder , Rìch., 1953: Die zahlenmässige Erfassung des Gletscher- rückgangs an Ostalpengletschern. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 2, 2, p. 189-239. Finsterwalder, Rüd. and Rentsch,'H., 1976: Die Erfassung der Höhen- änderung von Ostalpengletschern in der Zeiträumen 1950 - 1959 - 1969. Zeitschri ft füt Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 12, l, p. 29-35, mit einer Kartenbeilage. Gottfeng, G., 1971: Hydrological Data Norden: lHD Stations Introductory Volume. National Committees for the International Hydrological Decade in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden: Oslo. Haeberli, W., 1985 (in press): Global land ice monitoring: present status and future perspectives. In: Glaciers, ice sheets and sea level: effect of a CO2-induced climatic change. Report of a workshop (Seattle 1984). NRC, National Academy Press, Washington 1985. Holdsworth, G., 1975: Deformation and flow of Barnes Ice Cap, Baffin Island. Environment Canada, Scientific Series No. 52, 19 p. Hooke, R. LeB., 1973: Flow near the margin of the Barnes Ice Cap, and the development of ice-cored moraines. Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 84, p. 3929-3948.

91 Hooke, R. LeB. and Hudleston, P.J., 1980: Ice fabrics in a vertical flow plane, Barnes Ice Cap, Canada. Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 25, No. 92, p, 195-214. Hooke, R. LeB., Alexander, E.C.Jr. and Gufaston, R.G., 1980: Tempera- ture proflies in the Barnes Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Canada, and heat flux from the subglacial terrain. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 17, p, 1174-1188. Jones, D. and Hendy, M., (in press): Glaciological measurements in Eastern Wilkes Land. In: Jacka, T.H. (ed.), Australian Glacio- logical Research, 1982-1983, ANARE Research Note. Kassel', P., 1967: Fluctuations of Glaciers 1959-1965 (Vol. I). ICSI/IAHS and UNESCO, Paris. Kassel', P., 1973: Fluctuations of Glaciers 1965-1970 (Vol. II). ICSI/IAHS and UNESCO, Paris. Kassel', P. and A~llen, M., 1979: Die Gletscher der Schweizer Alpen im Jahr 1977-78, Auszug aus dem 99. Bericht. Die Alpen 4/1979, 55. Jg., p. 197-212. Kassel', P. and Aellen, M., 1980: Die Gletscher der Schweizer Alpen im Jahr 1978-79, 100. Bericht. Die Alpen 4/1980, 56. Jg., p. 192-209. Kassel', P. and Aellen, M., 1981: Die Gletscher der Schweizer Alpen im Jahr 1979-80, 101. Bericht. Die Alpen 4/1981, 57. Jg., p, 177-194. Kassel', P. and Aellen, M., 1982: Die Gletscher der Schweizer Alpen im Jahr 1980-81, 102. Bericht. Die Alpen 4/1982, 58. Jg., p, 163-180. Kassel', P. and Aellen, M., 1983: Die Gletscher der Schweizer Alpen im Jahr 1981-82, 103. Bericht. Die Alpen 4/1983, 59. Jg., p. 198-220. Kassel', P., Aellen, M. and Siegenthaler, H., 1982: Die Gletscher der Schweizer Alpen 1973-74 und 1974-75, 95. und 96. Bericht. Glaziolo- gisches Jahrbuch der GK/SNG, 160 p. Kassel', P., Aellen, M. and Siegenthaler, H., 1983: Die Gletscher der Schweizer Alpen 1975-76 und 1976-77, 97. und 98. Bericht. Glaziolo- gisches Jahrbuch der GK/SNG, 208 p. Lliboutry, L., 1974: Multivariate statistical analysis of glacier annual balances. Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 13, No. 69, p. 317- 392. Loken, O.H. and Sagar, R.B., 1967: Mass balance observations on the Barnes Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Canada. Commission of Snow and Ice, General Assembly of Bern, Sept.-Oct. 1967, p. 282-290.

92 Makarevitch, K.G., (unpublished): Fluctuations of Glaciers of the USSR 1974-1979. Academy of Sciences of the USSR-Soviet Geophysical Committee, the Section of Glaciology. Alma Ata - Moscow 1979, 23 p. Mayo, l.R., Meier, M.F. and Tangborn, W.V., 1972: A system to combine stratigraphic and annual mass balance systems: a contribution to the International Hydrological Decade. Journal of Glaciology, Vol. Il, No. 61, p, 3-14. Morgan, V.I. and Budd, W.F., 1975:" Radio-echo sounding of the lambert Glacier Basin. Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 15, No. 73, p, 103-111. Morgan, V.I. and Jacka, T.H., 1981: Mass balance studies in East Antarctica. IAHS Publication 131, p. 253-260. Morgan, V.I., Jacka, T.H., Akerman, G.J. and Clarke, A.l., 1982: Outlet glaciers and mass budget studies in Enderby, Kemp and Mac Robertson lands, Antarctica. Annals of Glaciology, Vol. 3, p. 204-210. Müller, F., 1977: Fluctuations of Glaciers 1970-1975 (Vol. III). ICSI/IAHS and UNESCO, Paris. Müller, F., Caflisch, T. and Müller, G., 1976: Firn und Eis der Schweizer Alpen. Publication No. 57, Department of Geography, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich. Müller, F., Caflisch, T. and Müller, G., 1977: Instructions for compilation and assemblage of data for a World Glacier Inventory, Department of Geography, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich. Ommanney, C.S.l., (unpublished): Quadrennial report to the Permanent Service on the Fluctuatiuons of Glaci~rs on Canadian glacier variations and mass balance changes. Surface Water Division, Environment Canada, Ottawa, January 1984 (manuscript report). Patzelt, G., 1979: Fluctuations of Glaciers 1970-1975 (Vol. III) - Review. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie 14, 2, p. 251-253. Reid, I.A. and Charbonneau, J.O.G.,1975a: Glacier surveys in Alberta - 1971. Inland Waters Directorate Report Series No. 43, Water Resources Br., Environment Canada, Ottawa, 18 p. and maps. Reid, I.A. and Charbonneau, J.O.G.,1975b: Glacier surveys in Alberta - 1970. Inland Waters Directorate Report Series No. 32, Water Resources Br., Environment Canada, Ottawa, 23 p. and 5 maps. Reid, I.A. and Charbonneau, J.O.G., 1978: Glacier surveys in Alberta - 1972. Inland Waters Directorate Report Series No. 54, Water Resources Br., Environment Canada, Ottawa, 20 p. and maps.

93 Reid, I.A. and Charbonneau, J.O.G., 1979a: Glacier surveys in Alberta - 1977. Inland Waters Directorate Report Series No. 65, Water Resources Br., Environment Canada, Ottawa, 17 p. and maps. Reid, I.A. and Charbonneau, J.O.G., 1979b: Glacier surveys in Alberta - 1976. Inland Waters Directorate Report Series No. 63, Water Resources Br., Environment Canada, Ottawa, 21 p. and maps. Reid, I.A. and Charbonneau, J.D.G., 1980: Glacier surveys in Alberta - 1978. Inland Waters Directorate Report Series No. 66, Water Resources Br., Environment Canada, Ottawa, 23 p. and maps. Reid, I.A., Charbonneau, J.O.G. and Warner, L.A., 1978: Glacier surveys in Alberta - 1975. Inland Waters Directorate Report Series No. 60, Water Resources Br., Fisheries and Environment Canada, Ottawa, 17 p. and maps. Reynaud, L., Vallon, M. ~nd Carle, C., 1983: Analyse et synthése des mesures glaciologiques effectuées sur le glacier de Gébroulaz, massi f de la Vanoise, France. Travaux scienti fiques du Pare National de la Vanoise, XIII, p. 9-29. Ri st, S., 1984: Jöku Ihlaupaannall (Report of j ökulhlaups in 1981, 1982 and 1983). Jökull, 34. Ar, No. 34, p , 165-172. TTS, 1983: Guidelines for preliminary glacier inventories by K.Scherler. Department of Geography, Swiss Federal lnstiture of Techno1ogy~ ETH, ZUrich. 16 p. UNESCO, 1969: Variations of existing glaciers. A guide to international practices for their measurement. Technical Papers in Hydrology No.3, UNESCO/IAHS, Paris. UNESCO, 1970: Perennial ice and snow masses: a guide for compilation and assemblage of data for a world glacier inventory. Technical Papers in Hydrology No. l, UNESCO/IAHS, Paris. UNESCO, 1970/1973: Combined heat, ice and water balances at selected glacier basins, Part I: A guide for compilation and assemblage of data for glacier mass balance measurements. Part I I: Speci fica- tians, standards and data exchange. Technical Papers in Hydrology No.5, UNESCO/IAHS, Paris. Young, N.W., 1979: Measured velocities of interior East Antarctica and the state of mass balance within the IAGP area. Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 24, No. 90, p. 77-87. Young, N.W., Pourchet, M., Kotlyakov, V.M., Korolev, P.A. and Dyugerav, M.B., 1982: Accumulation distribution in the lAGP area, Antarc- tica: 900E - 150oE. Annals of Glaciology, Vol. 3, p. 333-338.

94 APPENDIX l: Data sheets and notes on their completion

This appendix includes the data sheets which were used for the collection of data for this volume, together with the explanatory notes on their completion:

- Data Sheet "General Information on the Observed Glaciers 1975-80" - Notes on the completion of the General Information data sheet - Data Sheet "Variations in the Position of Glacier Fronts 1975-80" - Data Sheet "Variations in the Position of Glacier Fronts - Addenda from Earlier Years" - Notes on the completion of the Variations data sheets - Data sheet "Mass Balance Study Results - Summary Data 1975-80" - Data sheet "Mass Balance Study Results - Addenda from Earlier Years" - Data sheet "Hydrometeorological Data" - Notes on the completion of the Mass Balance data sheets

95 PERMANENT SERVICE ON THE FLUCTUATIONS or GLACIERS GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE l. Country or Territory OBSERVED GLACIERS 1975-80 I I I I I I I I I/I I I I I.av. blank

~--l 2. Glacier Number (PSFG) 4 3. Glacier Number (in alread~ Eublished inventories)

4. Glacier Name

5. Geographical Location (general) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 15 6. Geographical Location (more specific) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 15 o , 7. Geographical Co-ordinates Latitude l-..1.--Jol...--..I...-J, L..-..J Longitude L..-....I--L... L...-.L.-...J L---.J 8. Orientation Accumulation area Ablation area

9. Highest Elevation m a.sl. '----'---L.-... year ~ 10. Mean Elevation m a.sl. ~ year ~ Il. Lowest Elevation m a.sl, ~ year ~ 2 12. Area km ~.~ year ~

13. Length km L.-...l.-.....j ...... year ~

14. Rough Classification : __ [IT]

15. Investigator(s) :

16. Sponsoring Agency: 10

17. Type of submitted data: Variations in Front Position D (mark appropriate box) Mass Balance D Changes in Thickness, Area and Volume D Hydrometeorological Data D Other (specify under "Remarks") D 18. Remarks:

Data sheet compiled by :

96 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE OBSERVED GLACIERS 1975-80

NOTES ON THE COMPLETION OF THE DATA SHEET This data sheet should be completed for all the glaciers on which data are submi tted for inclusion in "Fluctuations of Glaciers 1975-1980".

l. Country or Territory Name of the country or territory where the glacier is located.

2. PSFG Glacier Number Numbering allows better identification of the glaciers and has proven to be very helpful when dealing with foreign glacier names, which can be very difficult to remember.

National correspondents are therefore asked to give numbers to glaciers on which data are submitted for Volume IV. It is intended that once a PSFG Glacier Number has been assigned to a glacier it will not be changed. Please, therefore, refer to earlier volumes of "Fluctuations of Glaciers" when assigning the PSFG Glacier Number.

For glaciers without a PSFG number, the following guidelines are given for assigning the number: PSFG Glacier Number = number with max. 4 numerical digits or exceptionally, 5 digits. In assigning the number to glaciers of present interest, it should be remembered that the need to number neighbouring glaciers may arise in the future. Accordingly, the numbering system which is adopted should leave "spare numbers". This could be done by using the left- hand digit(s) to denote geographical subdivisions, and the right-hand digit(s) to number single glaciers within each sub-division. The total number of digits used, 2-4, will depend on the size of the country and the deg~ee of sophistication in identifying the geographical sub-divisions. A glacier may advance or retreat enough to make it necessary in future to identify individual parts, e.g., a single front might become several distinct fronts, or else part of the glacier might become separated from the main glacier. In these exceptional cases, the fi fth digit (alphabetic or numeric) should be used

97 Format: right justified on column position 4

3. Glacier Number in already published inventories Only where a glacier number has been assigned in connection with an already published National Glacier Inventory should this number be given.

Format: max. 13 digits, left justified.

4. Glacier Name The name of the glacier should be' written in small letters (except the initial letter) in order to prevent loss of orthographic accuracy, e.g., accents.

Format: max. 15 (exceptionally 17) column positions, left justified. If necessary, the name can be abbreviated, but if this is absolutely impossible, a second line may be used.

5. Geographical Location (general) By "general geographical location", we understand the indication of a very large geographical entity (e.g., a large mountain range or a large political sub-division) which gives a rough idea of the location of the glacier without requiring the use of an atlas or map. Examples: Western Alps, Southern Norway, Polar Ural, Tien Shan, Himalayas.

Format: similar to 4 (Glacier Name)

6. Geographical Location (more specific) A more specific geographical location should be given here (mountain group, drainage basin, etc.) which can easily be found on a small- scale map of the country ¿oncerned.

Format: similar, to 4 (Glacier Name)

7. Geographical Coordinates The geographical coordinates should refer to a point in the upper ablation area; for small glaciers, this point may possibly lie

98 outside the glacier.

Basically, the latitude and longitude should be indicated in sexage- simal degrees and minutes (no fractions of minutes) and be followed by the corresponding cardinal point.

Onl~ where a s~all glacier is unnamed may it be necessary to give the coordinates more accurately for clear identification. In such cases decimals of minutes - and not seconds - should be used.

8. Orientation The orientation of the accumulation area and of the ablation area should be given using the 8-point compass.

9. Highest Elevation Altitude of the highest point of the glacier and ,the year of survey.

10. Mean Elevation Altitude of the contour line which halves the area of the ~lacier and the year of survëy.

Il. Lowest Elevation Altitude of the lowest point of the glacier and the year of survey.

12. Area Total area of the glacier (in horizontal projection) and the year of survey.

13. Length Maximum length of the glacier measured along a flowline (in horizontal projection) and year of survey.

14. Rough Classificati6n This classification should be given in coded form according to "Perennial ice and snow masses" (Technical Papers in Hydrology, Unesco/IAHS, 1970). The following information should be given: - "Primary classi fication" (Digi t l) - "Form" (Digit 2) - "Frontal characteristics"COigit 3)

99 Format: The coded information should be given in the corresponding boxes (Digit l in first box, digit 2 in second box, digit 3 in third box) .

Code: (from: "Perennial ice and snow masses")

- Digit l: Primary classification O Miscellaneous Any not listed (explain) l Continental ice sheet Inundates areas of continental size 2 Ice-field Ice masses of sheet or blanket type of a thickness not sufficient to obscure the sub- surface topography 3 Ice cap Dome-shaped ice mass with radial flow 4 Outlet glacier Drains an ice sheet or ice cap, usually of valley glacier form; the catchment area may not be clearly delineated 5 Valley glacier Flows down a valley; the catchment area is well defined 6 Mountain glacier Cirque, niche or crater type; includes ice aprons and groups of small units 7 Glacieret and A glacieret is a small ice mass of indefinite snowfield shape in hollows, river beds and on protected slopes, which has developed from snow drifting, avalanching and/or especially heavy accumulation in certain years; usually no marked flow pattern is visible and, therefore, no clear distinction from snow field is possible. Exists for at least two con- secutive summers 8 Ice shelf A floating ice sheet of considerable thickness attatched to a coast nourished by glacier(s); snow accumulation on its surface or bottom freezing 9 Rock glacier A glacier-shaped mass of angular rock in a cirque or valley with interstitial ice, firn and snow or dead ice, moving slowly down- slope

100 Digit 2: Form

O Miscellaneous Any not listed (explain) l Compound basins Two or more individual valley glaciers issuing from tributary valleys and coalescing (Fig. la) 2 Compound basin Two or more individual accumulation basins feeding one glacier system (Fig. lb) 3 Simple basin Single accumulation area (Fig. lc) 4 Cirque Occupies a separate, rounded, steep-walled recess which it has formed on a mountain side (Fig. Id) 5 Niche Small glacier formed in initially V-shaped gulley or depression on mountain slope; generally more common than the genetically further developed cirque glacier (Fig. le) 6 Crater Occuring in extinct or dormant volcanic craters which rise above the regional snow line 7 Ice apron An irregular, usually thin ice mass plastered along a mountain slope or ridge 8 Group A number of similar small ice masses occurring in close proximity .and too small to be assessed individually 9 Remnant An inactive, usually small ice mass left by a receding glacier

f!J ff~ 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e

101 - Digit 3: Frontal characteristics

o Miscellaneous* Any not listed (explain) I Piedmont Ice field formed on a lowland by the lateral expansion of one or the coalescence of several glaciers (Figs. 2a, 2b) 2 Expanded foot Lobe or fan formed where the lower portion of the glacier leaves the confining wall of a valley and extends on to a less restricted and more level surface (Fig. 2c) 3 Lobed Part of an ice sheet or ice cap, disqualified as an outlet or valley glacier (Fig. 2d) 4 Calving Terminus of glacier sufficiently extending into sea or, occasionally, lake water to produce icebergs; includes - for this inventory - dry land calving which would be recognisable from the 'lowest glacier elevation' 5 Coalescing,' non-contributing (see Fig. 2e) 6 Irregular, mainly clean ice (mountain or valley glaciers)* 7 Irregular, mainly debris covered (mountain or valley glaciers)* 8 Single lobe, mainly clean ice (mountain or valley glaciers)* 9 Single lobe, mainly debris covered (mountain or valley glaciers)* * Adopted from M.F. Meier; not used for World Glacier Inventory.

~ f,l~ v~

,." ----::.~ \' tP /j \ u J ~ '/ Y//f"~ - 2a 2b 2c 2d ~-rc

",'I'J --:--' 2e

102 15. Investigator(s) (Source of Information) (refers to l - 14) If data taken from Inventory: reference to the Inventory If data taken from map: reference to the map used

16. Sponsoring Agençy If data taken from Inventory: full name and address of the agency where the original data Idata bank are held If data taken from map: leave blank Format: max. 10 column positions for the abbreviation

17. Type of submitted data e.g.,- Variations in the Position of Glacier Fronts, Mass Balance Study Results - Summary Data etc.

18. Remarks Any important information or comments not included above may be given here. Comments about the accuracy of the various numerical data may be made here. No fields for quantitative accuracy ratings of the various data have been given on the data sheet; especially poor data should be marked with an asterisk on the right-hand side of the appropriate field. Only significant decimals should be given for area and length.

103 PERMANENT SERVICE ON THE FLUCTUATIONS OF GLACIERS VARIATIONS IN THE POSITION OF GLACIER FRONTS 1975-80 l. Country or Terr'itory' I I I I I I r III I I I I I.av. blank

2. Glacier Number (PSFG) '----'----'--'- -J 4

3. Glacier Name '--L_...__,__....__..__.___.__~__,__.__...... __..__._1~5 ..J. _. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

4. Observed since ye ar &-...... I-.L...

5. Date of Initial Survey for Reported Period day, month, year L-&...-.I.'--L-.J.L-...L-.J

6. Variation (Previous Survey to 1976 Survey) m y L.-.I....-...l..L.....J 7. Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* m a.sl. ~ 8. Date of Survey d•.,mth. ,y. L-I...-J.I..-..L...... I.7 6

9. Variation (Previous Survey to 1977 Survey) m 'r' L-..l..-L-L.....L-...J la. Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* m a.sl. ~ 11. Date of Survey d. ,mth. ,y. L-.I.-..J.I..-..L...... I.77

12. Variation (Previous Survey to 1978 Survey) m ~ '---'-L-...&-J.L....J 13. Altitude of' Snout/Lowest Point* m a.sl. L-..L.-J.....J. 14. Date of Survey d. ,mth•,y. L-I...-J.L-I...... J.78

'15. Variation (Previous Survey to 1979 Survey) m L.-.I L-L.....t.....J.L....J ± 16. .Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* m a.sl • ~ 17. Date of Survey d. ,mth. ,y. L-1-.J.'--'--.J. 7 9

18. Variation (Previous Survey to 1980 Survey) m '-± L-J...... ;.....L.....J 19. Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* m a.sl. ~ 20. Date of Survey d. ,mth. ,y. '---'---J.1..-..L...... I.80

21. Error in variations (m) :!: L-..L.-.I-.J.L-.J + in altitudes (m) - 1...... 1.-..

22. Method:

I I I I ] I· I I I I I leave blank 23. Addenda from earlier years (mark appropriate box) D D No Yes 24. Investigator(s) :

25. Sponsoring Agency: 10 26. Remarks :

* delete inappropriate term Date sheet compiled by:

104 PERMANENT SERVICE ON ;THE FLUCTUATIÓNS OF GLACIERS VARIATIONS' IN THE POSITION A OF GLACIÈR ,FRÒNTS l. Country or Territory _ ADDENDA FROM EARLIER YEARS I I I I I I I I/I I I I I leave blank 2. Glacier Number (PSFG) ~-I " 3. Glacier Name '--'-_J_-'--..I...-..l--L---'-...I--JI..-...L-L--J.-'__"~15 -'-..J ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

4. Observed since year

5. Date of Initial Survey for Reported Period day, month, year

6. Variation (Previous Survey to L-L-J-L-J Survey) m 'r' L..-I....-I.-L-.L-J 7. Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* m a.sl. L...... I-...J.. 8. Date of Survey d.,mth. ,y~ '---l...... J. L--L--I.'---L-.J

9. Variation (Previous Survey to ~ Survey) m y I..--I..--J.-.J.L...-I 10. Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* m a.sl. '--'--'--L-.J ll. Date of Survey d. ,mth. ,y. L-..L.....J. L--L--I.I-.-J...... I

12. Variation (Previous Survey to ~ Survey) m y L...... I..-I...L...... I 13. Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* m a.sl. L-1--L...... J. 14. Date of Survey d. ,mth. ,y. '---l...... J.L-J--I.~

15. Variation (Previous Survey to ~ Survey) m ~ L-...L-..l.--L-.L...... I 16. Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* m a.sl. ~ 17. Date of Survey d. ,mth. ,y. ~.L-.J..-.J.I-.-J...... I

18. Variation (Previous Survey to ~ Survey) m ± L-...L-..l.--L-.L..J 19. Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point* m a.sl. &---I---1-..L-. 20. Date of Survey d. ,mth. ,y. L-J--I.'---'---I.I...-.I.-.I ,

21. Error in variations (m) :!: L-..I.-....I-...L-J + in altitudes (m) - L-.I....--L.-I

22. Method : I I I I I I I I I I I leave blank 23. Addenda from earlier years (mark appropriate box) D D No Yes 24. Investigator(s) :

25. Sponsoring Agency: 10 26. Remarks :

* delete inappropriate term Date sheet cómpiled by:

105 VARIATIONS IN THE POSITION· OF GLACIER FRONTS 1975-80

NOTES ON THE COMPLETION Of THE DATA SHEET

l. Country or Territory Name of the country in which the glacier is located

2. Glacier Number (PSFG) See "Notes on the completion of the data sheet: GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE OBSERV.ED GLACIERS"

3. Glacier Name

The nam e o f t,he glacier shou ì d be w ritten in sm aIl letters (except initial letter) in order to prevent loss of orthographical accuracy, e.g., accents.

4. Surveyed since Year of the first known quantitative survey

5. Date of Initial Survey for Reported Period As "initial survey" we define the last survey, performed before 1976 where the position or the variation in the position of the glacier frönt was determined quantitatively.

The "initial" survey will normally be the 1975 survey. If no survey was carried out in 1975, or if only qualitative data are available for 1975, the "initial survey" will, of course, be an earlier quantitative one.

6. Variation (Previous Survey to 19.; Survey) (refers also to 9, 12,15 and 18) Variation in horizontal projection between previous survey and present survey.

Units: metres Sign: + advance - retreat

106 Missing data: If no data are available for a particular year, the corresponding data field should be deleted.

Qualitative data: If no quantitative data are available for a particular year, but qual- titative data are available, then variations should be denoted by using the following symbols placed in the left-most positions of the corresponding data field: ST : no apparent variation (stationary) + X: apparent advance (numerical value unknown) - X: apparent retreat ,(numerical value unknown) SN: glacier tongue is covered wi th snow so as to make survey impossible.

In the case of qualitative data, the variations will be understood to be with respect to the previous survey, whether quantitative or qualitative.

7. Altitude of Snout/Lowest Point (refers also to 10, 13, 16 and 19) If the altitude of the lowest point of the glacier ~as also been measured, it should be indicated in the corresponding data field and the inappropri~te term (i.e., snout or lowest point) should be deleted. Missing data: dèlete the corresponding field"

8. Date of Survey (refers also to Il, 14, 17 and 20) For each per for med survey, please indicate the complete date (day, month, year). Missing data: No survey: Delete corresponding fields Day unknown or day and month unknown: Put question mark(s) in corresponding field(s).

21. Error Estimated maximum error

107 22. Method The following indications should be given here:

Geometrical definition of the variation, e.g.,: - Variation of the undermost point of the tongue of the glacier - Mean value of 6 linear measurements taken in the same azimuth from 6 reference points located in front of the glacier front - Change in the frontal area divided by the lengt~ of a fixed baseline across the glacier near the terminus - etc.

Measurement technigue, e.g., - Ground survey - Interpretation of photographs taken from the same point - Aerial/terrestrial photogrammetry - etc.

23. Addenda from Earlier Years If data from earlier years than 1975/76 are included, they should be reported on the "ADDENDA FROM EARLIER YEARS" data sheet.

24. Investigator(s) Name(s) of the person(s) or agency doing the field work and/or the name(s) of the person(s) or agency processing the data.

25. Sponsoring Agency Full name, abbreviation and address of the agency where the data are held. Format: max. 10 column positions for the abbreviation.

26. Remarks Any important information or comments, not included above, may bp

g i ven h e r e . I f a re g u la r s u rvey h a s b ee n d is c on t i n ue d f ()r ~;o m f' reason, this should be indicated here.

108 PERMANENT SERVICE ON THE FLUCTUATIONS OF GLACIERS

Mass Balance Study Results 1. Country or Territory 1975-80 SUMMARY DATA I I I I I I I I I/I I I I

2. Glacier Number (PSFG) ~_¡

3. Glacier Name

4. Observed since .i.s...

5. Time System (mark appropriate box) D D D O stratigraphic fixed - date other (specify under "Remarks")

6. Number of Measurement Points '---'----''----'---'----'---'---'I L-'---I_"'--'---'--'--l Accumulation area Ablation area

7. Beginning of Balance/ day, mth, Measurement· Year L-.L_j.l__L__j

8. End of Winter Season day, mth. L-.L_joL..,_1__j 9. End of Balance/ day, mth. Measurement· Year l...-l-Jol__L__j

10. Winter Balance total 106m3w.e. +~ + L._.l.._L_L.,L_ 11. spec. m w.e. +~.L--.L.-...I.-' +I.-..J.~

3 12. Summer Balance total 106m w.e. - ~ - ~ spec. m w.e. 13. - L-I.L-..L....I--I - I.-..J.~

3 14. Net Accumulation total 1015m w.e. +~ +~ 15. spec. m w.e. + L-I.L-.J....._J___¡ + ¡_'_¡.L...J_J_J 16. Net Ablation total 1015m3 w.e. - ~ - ~ spec. m w.e. 17. - L...JoL-...J._,J__J - ¡_'_¡.L-.l__.l._l

6 3 18. Net/Annua,e Balance total 10 m w.e. L.....I~ 'T~ ± 19. spec. m w.e. 'T L...J.I...--l-.l-, L.....iL--l.L.L....J__J :I:

Accumulation Area km2 20. L._I._L_..l.._l 2,. Ablation Area km2 l__j__j_J,__J__ 22. Total Area km2

23. Equilibrium Line / m a.s l. Annual Equilibrium lineo L-L__L_L_J

Firnline m a.s l, 24. L-1....__L_L_¡

25. Date of Firnline day,mth.,yr. l,.__..1_._J.L....-1...--J.L..L.J .;.y .., ... '...,.,.,., ... ".... ,.."".;, ...,....""",.,",l__L__j.l__L__j.~J

26. Addenda from earlier years : (mark appropriate box) D D No Yes

27. Investigator (5) :

28. Sponsoring Agency :

29. Remarks :

• deieie inappropriale lerm Dala sheet compiled by :

109 PERMANENT SERVICE ON THE FLUCTUATIONS OF GLACIERS ,------A

Mass Balance Study Results 1. Country or Territory SUMMARY DATA I I I I I I I I I/I I I I ADDENDA FROM EARLIER YEARS

2. Glacier Number (PSFG) ~_¡ - 4 3. Glacier Name

4. Observed since .t.a.,..

5. Time System (mark appropriate box) D D D D stratigraphic fixed - date other (specify under "Remarks")

6. Number of Measurement Points L-.J--l.___J___.L--L_¡___J I ¡__l___[___J__..L__¡__¡____; Accumulation area Ablation area

19 I 19 I 1Q / l_j_J

:)"' .. :',... '.·'.:··••:·.,·i •••c•••••,:. 7. Beginning of Balance/ ,.".,{ day, mth. Measu rement" Year L...L_¡.¡_j__.J L...L_¡.¡_j__.J ...... : ::,":' '... ) j '.,',.: 8. End of Winter Season day, mth. ¡i;:; L...L_¡ol_j_J i<: L...L_¡.¡_j__.J .. <:. :: 9. End of Balance/ t: '_":' .. ,.::. day,mth. Measurement- Year l...... L__J.L....L..J L-..J.__j.¡_j__.J ..,.".'~~r\h L...L_¡.L_¡__j

3 10. Winter Balance total 106m w.e. I.H< .Hf+~ + L....l...__l__. I:~<~~~~'#{I + ~ 11. spec. m w.e. ,..Li '.'.: + L...J.L-...l-L_j + l_j.~' 1(?+,,·.'t:.£i;¡:1i:~W~¡¡;;¿}ji·:1 + L...J.L...L..J__j '.':,': 12. Summer Balance total 106m3 w.e. - L...... L.._l_. IG'\+JÄ4~&J.1 - ~J 'T' ':i'_ £ - L.....L-L.....J w.e. i,~i 13. spec. m - l_j.L....J___¡__J t<\ - ii il}' - L..J.L,_j___L...J ))i :.\,.:. L..J.L._l__L_J--...,::.:....:: .':.'_:

.".: 6 14. Net Accumulation total 10 m3 w.e. + l___!_j__¡__J__<)' '.,."::': + L..L...... L...1 +~ '..\. I:" ·:··'''·~'f+ii~~tL~'"'-'·':¡'-'-'',:::·1 + L...J-L...L..J__j ".4 + L..J.L.J.__J__j 15. spec. m w.e. + L..J.l____L_,L__I

6 Net Ablation total 10 m3 w.e. I...... l....J. 16. - L...L...... l__L1 - l.._L__l__l_.._:;:i .,. - 17. spec. m w.e. - L..J.L_j___[__J I:~~[III~I-L...J.L...L..J__j ""::"'>,} - L..J.t....LJL_J

6 3 18. Net/Annual- Balance total 10 m w.e. L...J ~ L...J...... L '+" L...... L___.,I IILi*·i:~'~:·:ffti~·1*1 ± 19. spec. m w.e. ,±,L..Jo¡___j,___L_, ±±' ¡_J.L..L...J._J I>: tri T L...J.L...l...... L...

>\ 2 ....;.:' '.;,:' 20. Accumulation Area km 21. Ablation Area km2 ~I/':·(.·.~~.I ,'.'::' 22. Total Area km2 :.:::,.; ."'..: %::-,H.,.::,:::,-:.:-.

: ..... '. 23. Equilibrium Line / . "···,:·······,···,:··,:·:•••t • m a.sl. Annual Equilibrium Line- L...... J...._l_ L..l_._L_L...J \Lt .:.\:.:,.\ ,"'- Firnline m a.sl. 24. I__L___L_.j___¡ ':. L..l_._L_L...J '--L...... l.... .:.,,:. Date of Firnline day,mth.,yr. 25. L-1--J.l...... L__J.L...L..J " L-L-I.LL...J.L..L..J .,.:" .:.'.', A L..L....J.¡_j__.J.L...LJ ·,.H., :':'_:., ::,':" ., .cr, :,' :.·.'i.:'-

26. Addenda from earlier years : (mark appropriate box) D D No Yes

27. Investigator (5) :

28. Sponsoring Agency :

29. Remarks :

- delete inappropriate term Data sheet compiled by :

110 30. Hydrometeoro1ogieal Data

Streamflow gaging station(s)

Name ------

Geogr. location ___

Geogr. co-ordinates ~

Altitude (m a.s1.) ' _ 2 Drainage area (km ) ------~------Location where data ava~lable _

Meteorological station(s)

Name ------

Geogr. location

Geogr. co-ordinates ------~ Al.titude (m a. sl .) _ Location where data available ------

111 MASS BALANCE STUDY RESULTS - SUMMARY DATA 1975-80

NOTES ON COMPLETION OF THE DATA SHEET The present data sheet tries to accomodate inherent ambiguities in mass balance data by providing several data fields. It is not expected that all fields on the data sheet can be completed as fully as possible.

The terminology used here follows mainly that given in the UNESCO/lASH publicai ton "Combined heat, ice and water balances at selected basins" (Technical Papers in Hydrology No.5, 1970, Appendix 2). Ta avoid confusion and to assure continuity of the reported data, the same terms are used as in Volume III. These terms, however, are deliberately not defined as precisely as they could be, because it remains the task of national correspondents to define the exact meaning of the given information as carefully as possible. The following reference is recommended: Mayo, L.R., Meier, M.F. and Tangborn, W.V., (1972): A system to combine stratigraphic and annual mass balance systems: a contribution to the International Hy~rological Decade. Journal of Glaciology, Vol. Il, No. 62, P. 3- 14. Please try to use the symbols and definitions given in this reference. Examples: bm(s) area-averaged winter snow balance (corresponding to "specific winter balance" in the stratigraphic system).

SnCf) total net firnification (corresponding to "total net accumulation" in the stratigraphic system).

ba area-averged annual balance (corresponding to the "specific annual balance" in the fixed date system).

Extra terms not included in these publications will be defined in the text. l. Country or Territory Name of country or territory where the glacier is located

112 2. PSFG Glacier Number See notes on the completion of the data sheet "GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE OBSERVED GLACIERS".

3. Glacier Name The name of the glacier should be written in small letters (except initial letter) in order to pre~ent loss of orthographic accuracy, e.g., accents. Format: max. 15 (exceptionally 17) column positions, left justified. If necessary, the name can be abbreviated, but if this is absolutely impossible, .a second line may be used.

4. Surveyed since Year when measurement of mass balance started.

5. Time System Where it is not clear whether the method of measurement corresponds to the "stratigraphic" or to the "fixed date" system, the box for "other" should be marked and an appropriate comment made under "29. Remarks". Note that observations with the "combined system" contain more information than can be given in the data sheet.

6. Number of Measurement Points Number of measurement sites in the accumulation and ablation areas. Repeated measurements may be made at a single site for the purpose of obtaining an average value for the site but each site may be counted only once.

When the number of measurement points is not constant over the reported period, the range should be given. Format: left justified.

7. Beginning of Balance/Measurement Year Day and month of the beginning of the balance year (stratigraphic system), if known, or day and month of the beginning of the measurement year (fixed date system).

113 8. End of Winter Season Day and month of the end of the winter season (if known).

9. End of Balance/Measurement Year ,Day and month of the beginning of the balance year (stratigraphic system), if known, or day and mo~th of the beginning of the measurement year (fixed date system).

10. Winter Balance (total) ("total" means the integral of th~ point values over the total area of the glacier, expressed as the equivalent volume of water) Format: floating point Sign: if the printed sign "+" happens to be false in exceptional cases, it should be corrected clearly and a note added under "29. Remarks".

Il. Winter Balance (specific) (flspeçific" means "total" value divided by the total area of the glacier) Format: fixed point Sign: see "10. Winter Balance (total)"

12. 13. Summer Balance (total and specific) Similar to 10. and Il.

14. Net Accumulation (total) De f. : "net accumulation (total)." = total net/annual mass balance of the accumulation area (integral of the point values over the accumulation area) Format: floating point Sign: see 10.

15. Net Accumulation (specific)

De f'v t "net accumul at ì on (specific)" = "net accumulation '(total)" divided by the area of the accumulation area. Format: fixed point

114 16. 17. Net Ablation (total and specific) Similar to 14. lnd 15.

18. 19. Net/Annual Balance (total and specific) Similar to 10. and ll~ Sign: put the correct sign in th~ sign box + : mass increase - : mass decrease

ZO. Accumulation Area Format: floating point

Zl. Ablation Area Format: decimal point in the same column position as for ZO.

~t~¡;:t

ZZ. Total Area Format: decimal point in the same column position as for ZO¡ and Zl.

'Z3. Eguilibrium Line/Annual Eguilibrium Line Mean altitude (averaged over the glacier) of the equilibrium line/annual equilibrium line.

Z4. Firnline

Mean altitude (averag~d over the glacier) of the firnline~ Firnline: transient snowline at the time of minimum extent of the snow cover.

Z5. Date of Firnline Day and month of time of mìnimum extent of the snow cover.

Z6. Addenda from earlier years If data from earlier years than 1975/76 are included, they should be reported on the "ADDENDA FROM EARLIER YEARS" data sheet.

115 27. Investigator(s)' Name(s) of the persones) or agency doing the field work and/or name(s) of the persones) or agency processing the data.

28. Sponsoring Agency Full name, abbreviation and address of the agency where the data are held. Format: max. 10 column positions for the abbreviation.

29. Remarks Any important information or comments not included above may be given here. If a regular survey has been discontinued for. some reason, this should be reported here.

30. Hydrometeorological Data (on the back of the data sheet) Self-explanatory.

116 TABLE A

G E N E R A L I N F O R H A T ION O N T H E O B S ERVE-D ~C~L~A~CI~ R S

NR : Record number GLACIER NAME : 15 alphabetic or numeric digits PSFG NUMBER: 4 or 5 digits identifying glacier with alphabetic prefix denoting country LAT : Latitude in degrees and minutes north or south LONG : Longitude in degrees and minutes east or west CODE : 3 digits giving "primary classification", "form" and "frontal characteristics" respectively EXP AC : Exposition of accumulation area (cardinal points) EXP AB : Exposition of ablation area (cardinal points) ELEVATION MAX : Maximum. elevation of glacier (metres) ELEVATION MED : Median elevation of glacier (metres) ELEVATION MIN: Minimum elevation of glacier (metres) AREA : Total area of glacier (square kilometres) LEN : Length of glacier along a flowline from maximum to minimum elevation (kilometres) JYPE OF DATA : B = Variations in the position of glacier fronts 1975-80 or Variations in the position of glacier fronts: addenda· from earlier years C = Mass balance summary data 1975-80 or Mass balance summary data : addenda from earlier years or Mass balance versus altitude D = Changes in area, volume and thickness E = Hydrometeorological data F = Other - see Chapter 7

Key to Symbols:

* = No data available

117 NR GLACIER NAHE PSFG NR LAT LONG CODE EXP ELEVATra~s AREA lEN TYPE AC'AB MAX MEO ~IN SO KM KM OF DATA

C A NAD A

l MEIGHEN ICE CAP CD 1335 79 57N 99 08W 303 •••• l2b7 600 70 85.00 56.0

2 WHITE GLACIER CD 2340 79 27N 90 40W 515 SE SE 1780 l1hO 80 38.90 15.4

3 BABY GLACIER CD 0205 79 2bN 90 58W b50 SW SW 1170 1020 710 .63 1.4

4 DEVON ICE CAP CD 0431 75 25N 83 lSW 303 NW NW 1890 1200 o 1695.10 50.0

~ SOUTH ICE CAP CD 1961 75 25N 115 01W 303 •••• 715 600 4QO 66.00 15.0 b BARNES ICE CAP CD 0210 69 4~N 72 OOW 300 **.. Q20 **.. 420 500.00 •••• C EF 7 NAOAHINI CO 1402 59 44N 136 4lW 538 N NE 1981 1600 1285 6.13 5.0 B O

8 ALEXANDER CD 0133 51 ObN 130 49W 538 NE NE 1820 1670 1190 5.83 5.3 C E

9 YURI CD 2530 56 58N 130 41W 638 NW NW 2010 1~45 1390 3.60 3.0 C E

10 ANDREI CD 0148 56 5bN llO 59W 428 SE E 2190 1280 610 92.14 22.5 C E

11 BERENDON CD 0240 56 15N 130 05W 518 E E 2310 13~0 650 33.40 10.0

12 NEW MnON CD 1430 53 55N 127 46W b26 Ni ~E 2100 1840 1~80 .99 l.~ ~

13 UTEH CD 21QO 53 54N 127 47W 5Z8 NE se 2130 1830 1550 1.11 2.3

14 ATHABASCA CD 0190 52 12N 117 15W 438 NE NE 3~10 2850 1920 14.Q5 9.3 ß D

15 SASKATCHEWAN CD 1905 52 12N 117 OBW ~25 SE E 29Q5 2b20 1790 30.0t 14.0 B O lb FYLES CD 0698 52 ObN 12ó l~W 224 N NE 2680 1860 1370 15.Ql 7.8

17 APE CD 0170 52 05N 126 l3W 118 N NE 2680 2190 1465 8.14 6.8 lB DEER LAKE CO O~20 52 04N 126 IOW 223 NE NE 2710 2130 1;25 4.64 2.3

19 PEYTO CO 1640 51 40N 116 32W 528 NE NE 3185 2b35 ~125 13.40 5.3 C E

20 EMERALD GLACIER CD 0560 51 30N 116 32W 67b NE NE 2680 2400 ~240 1.90 1.0 ß

21 TSOLOSS CD 2075 51 23N 123 ~2W 504 N NE 3050 2560 ~330 1.0b 1.6 R

22 ELKIN CD 0575 51 ZZN 123 51W 529 NE NE 2750 22bO 2040 1.49 1.9 B

23 FRIENDLY CD 0692 51 03N 123 51W 526 N ~E 2b52 2200 1880 4.43 4.5 B

24 TCHAIKAZAN CD 2015 51 DIN 123 47W 518 NW N 301A 2410 1790 21.35 8.5 B 25 SYKORA/BRIDGE CD lQ95 50 52N 123 35W 418 E E 2750 2050 1520 .*..... 9.2 C E 26 BRIDGE CD 0275 50 49N 123 34W 414 SE E 2QOO 2100 1400 11Z.80 18.2

27 IAVISHA CD 2b05 50 48N 123 25W 63b N N 2500 2200 2010 6.50 3.1 C E

28 BUGABOO CO 02QO 50 43N 116 47W 628 NE NE 33~0 2740 1800 4.Qa 4.0 !:\ D

29 BERM CD 0245 50 33N 123 59W b46 S S 2380 2~60 lR95 1.07 1.0 B

30 HAVOC CD 0840 50 3lN 123 53W 428 S SW 2500 2130 1139 Q.4b 7.0 B

31 SURF CD 19B6 50 30N 123 5BW b35 NW NW 2~10 1815 1640 1.01 1.4 B

32 WAVE CD 2330 50 29N 123 59W 528 N NE 2380 1800 1463 4.45 5.1 13

33 PLACE CD Ib60 50 2bN 122 36W 538 NE NW 2610 2100 1850 3.80 4.3 C E

34 TERRIFIC CD 2025 50 26N 123 26W 538 NW NW 2b20 2210 800 4.57 4.0 B

35 CLENDENNING CD 0335 50 25N 123 54W 51~ N N 2650 1925 Qb4 26.50 11.1 B

36 CALTHA LAKE CD 0310 50 09N 122 17W 797 NW NW 2290 2210 2130 .D~ .1 B

37 WEDGEHOUNT CD 2333 50 09N 122 47W 518 N NW 2680 2220 l8bO 2.bl 2.7 B

38 HELM CD 0855 4Q 58N 123 DOW 626 NW NW 2150 1900 1170 2.93 2.6 C E

39 STAIRCASE CD 1973 4Q 5bN 122 36W 438 NW NW 21BO 2040 1645 l.b4 l.l ß

40 SPHINX CD 1965 ~Q 55N 122 57W 638 NW NW 2500 2050 1585 4.74 Z.5 B D

41 SENTINEL CD 1915 4Q 54N 122 5QW 530 N NW 2100 l8~O 1b50 1.60 1.Q BeDE

42 FLEUR D.NEIGES CD 0675 49 5lN 123 3bW 438 N N 2165 2030 1~45 .44 1.1 R

GENERAL INFOIPUTION TAillE A, PAGE 1

118 NR GLACIER NAME PSFG NR LAT LONG CODe EXP ELEVATI'J~S AREA LEN TYPE AC AB lUX ~EO "'IN SO KM KM OF DATA

43 GRIFFIN CD 0784 49 5lN 112 38W 1t3Z NE NE 2375 2165 152~ Z.lO 2.6 B

41t THUNDERCLAP CD l035 Itq 5lN 122 3qW 434 N NE l375 2150 1450 2.74 2.8 B 1t5 KOKANEE CD 1190 49 45N 117 oaw b38 NE N l7BO 2530 27.10 3.10 2.3 B D

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

46 GULKANA Us OlOO 63 15N 145 25W 529 S SW 2460 1840 1200 19.30 8.5 C E

1t7 FALLING US 0405 60 Z9N 148 32W 528 NE NW 97~ •••• 8 .*••••• 11.0 ß

48 APPLEGATE US 0406 60 28N 148 36W ·638 NW NW q14 •••• 2qO •••• *.* 2.0 8 4q CL A~E HON T WE ST US 0408 60 31N 148 42~ 538 NE E 1280 •••• 145 ••••••• ~.O ~

50 CLAREMONT NORTH US 0409 60 3ZN 148 41W 53a SE SE 179a •••• 1bB *••••••• *•• B 51 TAYLOR US US 0410 60 34N 148 38W 526 NE SE 1737 •••• O ••••••• B.O B

5 l WOL V E R I N E US 0411 60 24N 146 55W 538 S S 1700 1310 400 17.70 A.O C EF

53 l AWRE NCE US 0416 60 40N 148 37W 536 SW NW 1319 •••• 15 .****** 4.8 ß 54 MAROUETTE us 0417 60 39N 148 39W 538 NW NW 1128 •••• 1~ ••••••• 3.8 8 55 BELOIT US 0418 60 38~ 148 41W 434 N NE 1737 •••• O ••••••• Q.O B 5b BLACKSTONE Us 0419 60 39N 148 43W 434 NE ~E 1585 •• *. O ••••••• 11.0 ß 57 HARRIMAN US Ob02 60 57N 148 30W 524 NW NE 1585 •••• O ••••••• 13.0 ~ 58 ROARING us 0603 61 DON 148 27W 678 SE SE 1494 •••• 425 •• *.... 1.7 8 5q CATARACT Us 0604 60 02N 148 25W 538 N NE 1570 •••• 50 •• *.... 3.9 ~ 60 SURPRISE us Oba56I OZN 148 29W 524 NE NE 1q5l •••• o ••••••• 13.C a

61 DETACHED us ObOb bl 04N 148 24W b7b S S 1372 •••• b25 *••**** l.~ 8 bl BAKER us 0607 bl 05N 148 21W 676 SE SE 1707 •••• ~QO ••••••• 3.0 8 b3 PENNIMAN EAST us Ob08 61 OóN 148 20W 646 E E 1524 •••• 792 ••••••• 1.3· B

64 PENNIMAN WEST US 060Q 61 aSN 148 21W 646 E E 1524 •••• b40 ••••••• 1.5 ~ b5 SEPPENTINE US 0610 61 Q7N 148 l7W 529 SW S ¡q81 •••• o ••• *.*. 10.0 p. 66 CASCADe: us 0611 61 09N 148 11W 534 S S 2103 •••• o ••••••• 9.0 B 67 BARRY US 06ll 61 ION 148 OóW 524 SW SW 2652 •••• O ••••••• 24.0 B

68 COXE us Ob13 61 08N 148 o~w 534 SW SW 1b80 •••• O ••••••• 11.0 Ro 69 HOLYOKE US Ob14 61 lON 147 5SW 648 SE SE 1890 *... 411 .*****. 2.5 B 70 BARNARO US 0615 61 ION 141 5~W 648 S SE l8QO •••• 548 ••••••• 4.0 ~

71 WELLESLEY US 0616 bI 12N 147 55W 534 E E 20I? •••• O ••••••• 6.0 R

7Z VASSAR US Ob17 61 l3N 147 52W 539 SE SE 2463 •••• 15 ••••••• 7.0 ß

73 BRYN MAWR US 0618 61 14N 141 49W 524 SE SE 2Z8b •••• O ••••••• 8.0 ~ 74 S"IITH US 0619 61 IbN 147 47W 524 SE S 3142 •••• O ••••••• 8.0 A 75 BALTIt1ORE US Ob20 61 18N 147 46W 538 SE SE 24b9 •••• 762 .*.*.*. 5.0 A 76 HARVARD US 0621 61 21N 145 35W 524 SW SW 4016 1341 O 437.40 39.0 B

77 YALE US 062l 61 16N 147 31W 524 SW SW 3661 •••• o ••••••• 35.0 ß 78 UNNAMED US6l4 Us 0624 61 1lN 141 3QW 578 NW NW 1676 •••• 152 ••••••• 4.~ ~

79 "EA~ES us 0625 61 lIN 147 28W 524 SW S 25Ql •••• o ••••••• 25.0 B

80 COLUHBIA US Ob27 61 DON 147 06W 514 SE S 3353 ••*. o 10qO.OO 66.6 BC

81 SHOUP US 0618 61 12N 146 32w 524 SW SW 2526 •••• o ••••••• 30.0 ß 62 VALDEZ US 0619 61 15N 146 lOW 527 E S 22qa •••• 10~ •••• * •• 3,..0 B 83 WORTHINGTON us 0630 bl lON 145 4bW 538 E E 1137 ••** 660 •••• * •• 6.0 B

GENERAL INFOR"1ATION TABLE A, PAGE 2

119 NR GLACIER NAME PSFG NR LAT LONG CODE EXP ELEVATIQ~S AREA LEN TYPE AC AB M~)( I1EI) I1IN SO KM ~M OF DATA

e~ CHILDS US 0634 bO 4lN 144 55W 524 E E 1951 •••• 35 ••••••• 19.0 B

85 SHERIDAN US 0635 60 36N 145 15W 522 SW SW 1737 •••• 45 ••••••• 24.0 a 86 S~ERHAN US 0636 60 33N 145 09W 528 N W 1585 •••• 109 ••••••• 13.0 8

B7 SADDLEBAG US 0637 60 3IN 145 06W 534 W S 127b •••• B3 ••••••• 8.0 B

88 BETSELI US 1110 62 ION 144 OlW 529 SE E 4950 2285 1075 bO.OO 15.2 B

89 N MAC KE ITH US 1121 62 oeN 1~4 OOW 408 E E 2590 2255 1675 31.70 8.5 a

90 S MAC KE I TH US 1122 62 06N 143 58W 408 •••• 4270 2250 1700 39.00 8.5 B

91 AHTNA US llZ3 62 07N 143 5ZW 38 NE N 4230 2135 1057 60.00 20.8 B

92 CHETASLINA US 1124 bl 57N l't't 17W 515 W SW 425Z 1830 1065 43.50 16.0 B

93 VARIEGATED US 130Z 60 DON 139 l8W 529 W W i492 •••• 53 28.00 ••• i¡I D F 9" GEIKIE US 1314 58 36N 13b 37W 528 E E 1372 •••• 34 ••••••• 10.0 8 95 HUGH MILL ER US 1315 58 ~~N 136 41W 538 NS NE 1448 •••• 50 ••••••• 11.0 8 96 REIO US 1316 58 48N 136 46W 434 N N 914 •••• O .*.*..• 21.0 B 97 LAMPLUGH US 1317 58 50N 136 54W 424 ~ N l165 •••• o ••••••• 21.0 B

98 UNNAMED US1318 US 1318 58 53N 137 OOW 639 N NW lbhl •••• 3B5 ••••••• 7.0 B 99 KASHQTO US 1319 58 57N 137 01W 538 NE NW 1448 ••• * o ••••••• 4.2 R 100 HOONAH US 1320 58 50N 137 03W 436 N NW 1903 *•• * 15 ••••••• 11.0 B 101 GILMAN US 1321 58 49N 137 04W 524 NW NW 1865 .**. O ••••••• 13.0 ß 102 CLARK US US 1322 58 48N 137 07W 64B NW NW 1524 •••• b85 ••••••• 1.4 a

103 JOHNS HOPKINS US 1323 58 48N 137 lOW 524 NE E 3322 •••• O ••••••• 2b.0 B

10~ TYEEN US 132~ 58 52N 137 09W 528 E E 1875 ••** o ••••••• •••• B

105 KADACHAN US 1325 58 '3N 137 ObW 648 SE SE IbOO •••• 1~2l ••••••• 1.0 8

106 TOYATTE US 1326 58 54N 137 ObW 538 SE SE 1859 •••• 75 ••••••• 5.4 B 107 TOPEKA US 1327 58 5bN 137 05W 538 E E Ib76 •••• 290 ••••• *. 5.5 8 108 MARGERIE US 1328 59 OON 137 IOW 514 EN NE 4133 •••• o ••••••• 39. O R

109 UNNAMED US1329 US 1329 59 03N 137 07W 658 NE NE Z012 •••• 320 ••••••• 3.0 B

110 GRAND PACIfIC US 1330 59 ION 137 IOW 514 NW SE 383~ •••• O ••••••• 4b.0 ß 111 UNNAMED US1331 US 1331 59 03N 136 53W 53B SE SW 11bB •••• 511 ••••••• b.5 B

112 RI1I1ER US 1332 58 59N 136 44W 539 NE NE 1448 •••• 255 ••••••• 3.5 ß

113 RENDU US 1333 59 04N 136 49W 529 SE SE *t* ••••• 15 ••••••• 17.0 ~

114 UNNA HED US1334 US 1334 59 04N 136 44W 538 WE S 1433 ••t* 475 ••••••• 3.2 B 115 PLATEAU us 1336 58 59N 136 Z3W 96 NE SE 1250 •••• O ••••••• •••• ~ i i e HUIR US 1340 59 06N 13b 23W 524 SE SE 1890 •••• o ••••••• 20.0 B 117 RIGGS US 1341 59 ObN 136 IOW 524 SE SE 1585 .*t. O ••••••• 27.0 B lIB MC BRIDE US 1342 59 05N 136 04W 528 S SW 201? •••• O ••••••• 2b.0 B 119 MENDENHALL US IB02 58 29N 13~ 32W 424 E S 1890 .*•• 15 ••••••• 22.0 ß 120 NORRIS US IB04 58 27N 134 llW 42b SE SE 167b 762 15 1b5.50 24.0 B 121 TAKU US 1805 58 33N 134 oaw 422 SE S 2164 930 15 B52.10 48.0 B

122 HOLE IN TH.WALL US 180b 58 zeN 134 02W 432 E E 427 •••• 15 ••••••• 3.0 B

123 WEST TWIN US 1807 58 35N 133 58W 434 NE SE 1524 •••• 9 ••••••• 8.0 8 124 WRIGHT US 1809 58 Z8N 133 30W '20 NW NW 2281 .*•• 20 ••••••• 33.0 B

125 SOUTH CA~CADE US 2013 48 ZZN 121 03W 538 N N 20~5 1900 1625 2.59 2.B 'leDE l2b CARBON US 20Z0 4b 56N l?l 41W 538 N N 31Q7 ** •• lOBO 7.92 Z.l B

GENERAL I~F"RMlTtJN T.SlE A, PAGE 3

120 NR GLACIER NAME PSFG NR LAT LONG CODE EXP ElEVATlr)~~ AREA LfN TYPE AC AB MAX ~En MIN SQ KM K~ OF DATA

127 EMMONS US 2022 46 52N 121 41W 539 NE NE 4330 **** 1522 11.17 2.8 B 128 COWLITZ US 2025 46 49N 121 42W 529 SE SE 3390 *••• 15A5 3.42 1.8 R 129 NISQUALLY US 2027 46 48N 121 44W 529 S S 4330 *.*. 1400 4.bO 2.q R EF 130 KAUTZ US 2028 46 49N 121 47W 529 S SW 3856 •••• 1840 1.20 2.0 B 131 SOUTH TAHOMA US 2029 46 49N 121 49W 539 SW SW 3290 **** 1520 2.82 1.8 B

132 TAHOMA SOUTH US 2030 46 50N 121 49W 639 S~ SW 4360 •••• 1548 8.63 2.8

133 TAHOMA NORTH US 2030 46 50N 121 49W 639 sw SW 4360 •••• 1548 fl.63 2.8 R 131t PUYALLUP US 2031 46 51N 121 50W 63b SW W 3840 **** 164b 5.09 2.2 B 135 SOUTH MOWICH US 2032 46 52N 121 SOW 637 W NW 381t0 **•• 1500 3.52 2.3 B

136 NORTH MOW ICH US 2033 46 53N 121 49W 639 NW NW 3176 •••• 1~12 6.17 1.7 B

137 SHOESTRING A US 2075 46 12N 122 1lW 659 E E 29~~ 2370 11t70 • bit 3.3 B E

138 SHOESTRING B US 2075 1t6 12N 122 11W 659 E E 2370 2010 1470 .21 2.1 ß EF

139 CARRIE US 210b 47 53N 123 38W 539 NE NE 2073 •••• 1~15 .98 1.0 B litO EEL US 2113 47 ItItN123 20W 538 N N 2194 •••• 1593 1.11 2.0 B lltl BEAR PASS US 2122 1t7 1t8N 123 36W 65b NW NW 176B •••• 1509 .59 1.0 B

1't2 UNNAMED US2123 US 2123 47 48N 123 37W 65b NE NE 1737 •••• 1512 .37 .6 B

Ilt3 HOH US 2124 47 48N 123 40W 539 NE NE 2347 •• ** 1160 4.69 4.9 ß l't'tICE PIVER US 2125 47 49N 123 40W b56 NW N 2073 ••*. 1554 .41 1.1 B

145 BLUE US 2126 47 49N 123 4lW 526 NE NW 2377 1815 l23~ 5.50 ~.3 R EF 11t6 BLACK US 2127 47 49N 123 43W 659 N N 2255 •••• 1131 1.3b 2.0 B

Ilt7 WHITE US 2128 47 48N 123 44W 539 N NE 2133 •••• l2~2 4.69 3.3 B

Ilt8 HUBERT US 2130 47 47N 123 42W b49 SW SW 2103 •••• 1404 1.10 1.2 B Ilt9 HUMES US 2132 47 47N 123 39W 658 E E 1920 ••• * 1406 1.85 2.3 B

150 QUEETS US 2133 1t7 46N 123 36W 659 NW NW 1951 •••• 1426 .56 1.6 8

151 ANDERSON US 2137 41 1t3N 123 20W 648 S S 1981 .*.* 1~85 .61 1.3 r:l 152 GRINNELL US 5000 1t8 45N 113 44W 538 N NW 2243 ***. 1945 ••••••• 1.B B EF 153 SPERRY US 5001 48 38N 113 45W 538 NW NW 2800 •••• 2250 *.*.*$. 1.4 B

PERU

151t QUELCCAYA PE 0001 13 5bS 70 49W 300 •• ** 5670 5450 4925 55.00 17.0 B EF

155 BROGGI PE 0003 8 59S 77 35W 630 NW NW 5100 4860 4~65 .5B 1.1 B

156 YANAMAREY PE 0004 9 39S 77 lbW 520 SW SW 5100 48~0 45QO 1.35 1.7 ß

157 UR UA SHRA J U PE 0005 9 35$ 77 19W 530 SW SW 5700 5180 4566 2.15 2.5 ~

158 SANTA ROSA PE 0006 10 29S 7b 43W 530 SW SW 5625 5100 4515 2.36 2.1 B

GREENLAND

159 NORDBOGLETSCHER G 0002 61 25N 45 23W 124 .* S 2140 •••• 6bO ••••••••••• 1bO VALHAL TINDFGL G 0001 61 26N 45 21W b08 N N 1630 11t20 lOBO 1.6B •••• re i QAMANARSSUP.SR. G 0003 64 29N 49 32W 123 •• W"" ••• , 80 •• * ••••••••

GENERAL tNF~R~ATr~N TABLE A, PAGE 4

121 NR GLACIER NAME PSFG NR LAT LONG CODE EXP ELEVATIONS AREA LEN TYPE AC AB MAX MEn MIN SQ KM KM OF DATA ICELAND

162 JOKUlKROKUR IS 0007 64 4eN 19 44W 433 NE NE 1300 1100 700 13.00 10.0 B 163 SIOUJOK.E M175 IS 0015 64 llN 17 53W 432 SW S 1700 1050 650 350.00 40.0 B

164 SIoUJOK.E M177 IS 0015 64 IlN 17 53W 1t32 SW S 1700 1050 650 350.00 'to.0 B

165 HIRNINGSJOKUll IS 0100 64 48N 23 4bW 433 E E 1445 1050 750 1.00 2.0 a

166 KALDALONSJOKUL IS 0102 h6 oeN 22 lbW 433 SW SW 925 650 100 35.00 b.O 8

167 GLJUFUR4RJOKUl IS 0103 65 ~3N 18 40W 530 N N 1350 1000 5BO 3.50 2.5 fl

168 GIGJOKUll IS 0112 b3 39N 19 37W 430 N N 1&66 1300 300 b.OO 6.0 B lb9 SOlHEIMAJOK. J IS 0113 63 35N 19 l7W 432 SW SW 1500 1100 80 bO.OO 15.0 8

170 SOlHfIMAJOK. W IS 0113 b3 35N 19 17W 432 SW SW 1500 1100 90 60.00 15.0 fl

171 SOlHEI~AJOK. E IS 0113 b3 35N 19 17W 432 SW SW 1500 1100 80 bO.OO 1'5.0 R

172 OElDUFELLSJ. IS 0114 63 44N 18 55W 432 NE E 1400 1000 350 220.00 16.0 8 173 SKEIoAR~RJOKUl IS 011b b4 13N 17 l3W 432 S S 1700 1100 110 1300.00 50.0 a

174 SKEIOARARJ. E2 IS 0117 b4 13N 17 l3W *•• S S **** *.*. ***•• *.**** •••• 8 175 SKE!OARARJ. El IS 0117 b4 l3N 17 l3W ••• S S **** .*** *••• *.*.**••• *. B 176 SKf IDARARJ. El IS 0117 b4 l3N 17 13W .*. S S **.* *.* ••••• *•.*...... B 177 LEIRUFJ.JOKULL IS 0200 b6 llN 22 23W 433 NW NW 925 700 100 30.00 6.0 B 178 JOKUlHALS IS 0201 64 49N 23 4~W 433 E E 1~45 850 650 2.00 3. O B

179 HAGAFELlSJOKUl IS 0204 b4 3~N 20 24W 1t33 S S 1340 950 500 100.00 17.0 ~

IBO NAUTHAGAJOKUlL IS 0210 b4 ~ON 18 46W ••• S S •••••••••••••••••••••• * 8

181 REYKJAFJARDARJ. IS 0300 66 lIN 22 l2W 433 NE NE 925 650 150 25.00 6.0 B 182 BAEGISARJOKUlL IS 0304 65 30N lB 2'tW 530 N N 1300 1120 920 1.70 1.1t 1\

183 HAGAFELLSJOK E IS 0306 64 34N 20 13W 433 S 'S 1340 1100 500 110.00 17.0 B

164 MULAJOKULL S. IS 0311 64 ~ON lB 43W 431 S SE 1800 1300 600 100.00 19.0 e

185 MULAJOKULL W IS 0,311 b It ,. O N l 8 43W 431 S S E 18 OO l 3OO b OO lOO•OO 19•O 8 186 MORSARJOKULL IS 0318 64 07N 16 53W 430 SW SW 1400 1250 160 30.00 10.0 B 187 SKAFTAFELLSJ. W IS 0419 64 05N 16 4aw 430 SW S 1900 1300 100 BO.OO 20.0 ~ 18e SKAFTAFELLSj. E IS 0419 64 05N 16 4aw 430 SW S 1900 1300 100 80.00 20.0 8

189 SKAFTAFELLSJ. ,11 IS 0419 b4 OSN 16 4aw 430 sw S 1900 1300 100 80.00 20.0 R 190 SVINAFELLSJ. W IS 0520 b4 02N 16 45W 420 W SW Z119 1450 120 30.00 12.0 8 191 SVINAFELLSJ. E IS 0520 b4 02N 16 45W 420 W SW 2119 14'0 120 30.00 12.0 B 192 SVINAFElLSJ. H IS 0520 b4 OlN lb 45W 420 W SW 2119 1450 120 30.00 12.0 8 193 VIRKISJOKULL IS 0721 64 DON 16 't5W 430 W W 2119 1300 200 18.00 B.O 8 191t KVIARJOKULL IS 0822 63 58N lb 34W 430 SE SE IBOO 1100 50 20.00 10.0 8

195 HRUTARJOKULl IS 0923 64 01N 16 32W 430 E E 2000 1100 200 10.00 7.0 B

196 FALLJOKULL IS 1021 63 59N 16 45W 430 W W ?ll9 1300 200 8.00 8.0 B 197 FJALlSJ. BRMFJ IS 1024 64 02N 16 31W 432 SE E 2040 1200 20 45.00 15.0 B

198 FJALL SJ. G- SEl IS 1024 64 02N 16 31W 432 SE E Z040 1200 20 45•.()015.0 B- 199 FJAlLS. FITJAR IS 1024 64 02N 16 31W 432 SE E 2040 1200 20 't5.00 15.0 B 200 BREIDAMJOK.W.A IS 1125 64 lON 16 28W 420 S S 1600 1200 10 1300.00 50.0 ß 201 BREIDAHJOI<.W.C IS 1125 b4 lON 16 2BW 420 S S 1600 1200 10 1300.00 50.0 B 202 BREIDAI1JOI<.W.ß IS 1125 64 ION 16 28W 420 S S 1600 1200 10 1300.00 50.0 8 203 BREIDAI1JOK.E.A IS 1126 b4 l3N 16 20W *** S SE •••••••••••••••••••• *.. ß

GENER"L INFO~MÅTION TABLE Al PAGE 5

122 NR GLACIER NAHE PSFG NR LAT lONG CODe EXP ELEVATIO~S AREA LEN TYPE AC AB MAX HED HI N SO KM KM OF DATA 20~ BREIDAHJOK.E.B IS Il2b b~ l3N 16 lOW .** S SE ••••••••••• * ******* **** B Z05 HOFFELLSJ. W IS 2031 64 lqN 15 3~W ~3l SE SE 1500 1100 80 280.00 30. O B

20b HOFFELLSJ. E IS 2132 b4 2qN 15 34W .** SE SE **••••••••• * **•••• * •••• 8

Z07 TIJNGNAARJOKULl IS 2214 64 19N 18 O~W 433 SW W 1450 1100 690 120.00 l5.0 B

Z08 EYJABAKKAJ. IS 2300 6~ 40N 15 36W ~33 N NE 1570 1100 600 120.00 1~.0 8

20q ~RUAR JOKUll IS 2400 b4 41N 16 06W 433 N N 1600 1200 700 1500.00 50.0 B

210 KVERKJOKUll IS 2500 b4 41N lb 38W 430 N N 18~0 1'00 900 35.00 10.0 8

NORWAY

211 BUARBREEN N 21307 60 OlN 6 2"E 438 E NE 1630 •••• 670 1~ ..30 7.0 8

212 BONDHUSBREEN N 20408 60 02N b ZOE 438 NW NW 1635 1450 "50 10.82 6.0 BC E 213 HAPDANGERJOEKUl N 22303 60 32N 7 22E 438 W W 1860 1740 1080 17.80 8.0 C

21~ STYGGEDAlSBREEN N 30720 61 29N 7 53E 52b N ~ 2220 •••• 1300 1.15 3.0 B

215 STORBREEN N 0541 61 34N 8 08E 526 NE NE 2070 1770 1~~0 5.30 2.9

21b HELlSTUGUBREEN N 0511 61 34N 8 Z6E 518 N N ~200 1900 1~70 2.7q 3.4 217 AUSTERDAlSAREEN N 312Z0 bl 37N 6 56E ~38 SE SE 1910 •••• 390 28.00 8.5 B

218 GRAASUBREEN N 0547 61 39N B 36E 61b NE E t300 2060 1850 2.52 2.6 219 BRIGSDALSBREEN N 37110 61 39N 6 55E ~36 NW W 1910 •••• 350 18.50 7.0 a

220 FAABERGSTOElI3R. N 31015 61 43N 7 14E ~38 E E 1810 •••• 650 17.'t0 7.0 ß

221 NIGARDSBREEN N 31014 61 43N 7 08E ~36 SE SE 1960 1618 300 48.20 8.7 BC E

Z22 AAlFOTBREEN N 3b201t bl "5N 5 39E ~3b NE ~E 1380 1230 870 't.82 2.9 BC E

223 STEGHOLTßREEN N 310Zl 61 ~8N 7 19E 436 SE S 1870 •••• 750 16.70 7.0 ß

Zl~ HOEGTUVßREEN N 65507 bb 21N 13 39E 5Z8 E E 1160 940 58e 2.60 "'.7 225 ENGABREEN N b70ll 66 39N 13 5lE 43B N NW 1594 1~20 40 38.02 11.5 BC E

ZZb TROLlBERGDAlSBR N 68507 bb 43N l~ 27E 538 SE SE 1300 10'0 900 1.82 2.1

22.7 WEP-ENSKIOLDBR N 12501 77 05N 15 24E 528 SW W 810 400 27 28.00 7.0 BC E

228 HANSBREEN N 12419 77 05N 15 ~OE 424 S S 600 350 o 66.00 1b.5 8 E

229 AU.BROEGGERBR. N 15504 7B 53N 11 50E 529 NW N 600 1.60 60 6.10 6.0

230 H.LOVENBREEN N 15506 78 53N 12 04E 5Zq NE N b 50 330 50 5.80 4.8

SWEDEN

231 SAlAJEKNA S 0759 67 07N 16 23E 526 SE S 1580 •••• 880 24.50 10.0 ß l32 PAPTEJEKNA S 0763 b7 ION 17 ~OE 5Z8 E E 1860 •••• lOBO 11.10 5.4 B

l33 RUOPSOKJEKNA S 0764 b720N 17 59E 538 NE N 1760 •••• 1070 3.b3 3.9 B

23~ VARTASJEKNA S 0165 bl 27N 17 40E 538 NE NE 1800 •••• 1260 3.64 3.0 8 235 HIKKAJEKNA S 0766 67 24N 17 42E 518 S S 1825 •••• 980 7.10 4.3 B

236 RUOTE SJEKNA S 0167 67 25N 17 28E 528 NE N 1600 •••• 1000 5.'tl ".6 ß

237 SUOTTASJEKNA S 0768 67 zeN 11 35E 538 NE N 18"0 •••• 1100 8.11 ".4 B l38 STUOP. RAEITAGl. S 078~ 67 58N 18 23E 538 N E 1760 •••• 1270 2.00 2.6 B

l3q RABOTS GlACIAER s 0785 67 5"N 18 33E 5Z8 E W 1960 •••• 1080 4.22 ~.l 8

l~O ISFAllS GlAC. S 0787 67 55N 18 3"E 538 E E 17~0 •••• 1175 1.~0 2.1 8 l~l STORGlAC IAER EN S 0788 67 54N 18 34E 528 W E 1828 •••• 1125 3.0b 3.7 BC E

GENERAL INFO~MATION TABLE A, PAGE 6

123 NR GLACIER NAHE PSFG NR LAT LONG CODE EXP ElEVATIO~S AREA LEN TYPE AC AB MAX "1EO HIN SC KM KM OF DATA

2ltl KUOTOT JAKt

2lt3 PASSUSJIETNA W S 0796 68 OlN 18 23E 538 E NE 1750 **•• 1200 1.B5 2.6 B

21t~ PASSUSJIETNA E S 0797 68 03N 18 26E 538 NE NW 1b30 *••• 1260 1.76 1.9 ß

245 KARSOJIETNA S 0798 68 ZlN 18 19E 526 NE E 1515 **.. 925 1.48 2.3 B

FEDERAL REP. OF GERMANY

2~b SCHNEEFERNER N D 0001 47 25N 10 59E 648 E E 2820 2690 2~60 .3Q .9

2lt7 SCHNEEFERNER S D 0002 47 24H 10 58E 648 NE NE 2700 2b04· 2500 .18 .7 2ltS HOElLENTAL D 0003 ~7 43N 11 OOE 548 NE NE 2580 231t0 2202 .21 .9

FR ANC E

21t9 BLANC F 0031 44 57N b 13E 538 E S 4100 3000 2300 1.10 6.0 B

250 SARENNES F 0029 45 07N b IDE *** S S 3lQO 3000 ?ß30 .~O 1.5 C 251 SAINT SORLIN F 0015 45 lIN 6 lOE 529 N N 3463 *••• 2650 3.00 2.9 BC

252 GEBROULAZ F 0009 45 l7N 6 38E 539 N N 3580 •••• ~600 2.76 4.0 ß 253 BOSSONS F 0004 45 52N 6 47E 528 N N 4800 3200 1190 10.53 7.2 ß 25~ HER DE GLACE F 0003 45 53N 6 56E 519 N N 3600 3000 1480 33.00 ll.O 8

255 ARGENTIERE F 0002 It!i 58N 6 56E 519 NW NW 3100 2600 1550 15.bO Q.1t BC

SWITZERLAND

256 RHONE CH 0001 46 37N 8 24E 514 S S ~b20 2940 7.125 17.38 10.2 BC

257 HUTT CH 0002 46 33N 8 25E 656 NW NW 3000 2780 2580 .57 1.1 B

258 GRIES CH 0003 46 2bN 8 20E 534 NE NE 3373 2Q20 2370 6.28 6.2 ~CD F

259 FIESCHER CH 0004 46 30N 8 09E 519 SE S ,.180 31~0 1654 33.06 16.0 B

260 GROSSER ALETSCH CH 0005 46 30N 8 02E 519 SE S It158 311t0 1506 86.16 2~.7 BC E

2b1 HITTELAlETSCH CH 0106 46 27N 8 02E 527 SE SE ,.195 3100 22ltQ 8.50 5.Q B

262 OBERALETSCH CH 0006 46 25N 7 58E 519 SE SE 3890 2920 2134 21.71 Q.l B

263 KALHIASSER CH 0007 1t6 15N 8 05E 606 NW W 3370 2940 2660 1.85 1.6 B

261t TAElLIBOOEN CH 0008 Itb OON 7 59E 656 NW NW 2935 2160 ab28 .26 .B a

265 OFENTAL CH 0009 46 DlN B ODE 659 N N 3025 2820 2628 .40 .9 B 266 SCHWARZBERG CH 0010 46 OlN 7 56E 626 NE NE 3650 3080 2~60 6.20 4.3 R

267 ALLALIN CH 0011 46 03N 7 5bE 626 N E 1t190 3320 231b 9.94 b. 5 B

l68 KESSJEN CH 0012 46 04N 7 5bE 656 NE NE 3240 2980 ~840 .b1 .9 B

l69 FEE NORD CH 0013 46 05N 7 53E bOb NE NE 1t3bO 3260 2023 Ib.b6 5.1 B

270 GaRNER CH 0011t ~5 58N 7 'tRE 5lQ N NW 4bOQ 3220 20bO bB.86 14.1 B

271 Zf'1UTT CH 0015 46 DON 7 38E 517 NE E 4100 2980 ~232 17.22 8.5 B

272 FINDELEN CH 001f:! 't6 DON 7 5lE 516 NW W ~lQO 3300 2321 19.09 9.3 S

273 BIS CH 0101 4b 01N 7 4ltE b24 E E· 4505 3440 2060 4.79 3.6 ß

271t RIFO CH 0011 ~6 08N 7 SlE 539 NW NW 4280 3460 2047 8.26 6.3 B

275 LANG CH 0018 46 2BN 1 56E 519 SW SW 3897 2960 2005 10.03 7.1 B

276 TURTMANN CH 0019 46 DBN 7 41E 528 NW N 41QO 3380 ~2b5 b.98 5.8 B

277 BRUNEGG CH 0020 46 09N 7 42E 530 NW NW 4134 31bO 2430 b.12 4.Q B

GENERAL I~FD~~AfION TABLE A, PAGE 7

124 NR GLACIER NAME PSFG NR lAT lONG CODE EXP ElEVATI'JNS AREA LEN TYPE AC AB MAX ~ED MIN sc KM KM OF DATA

278 BELLA TOLA CH 0021 46 15N 7 39E 646 N N 3000 2840 2655 .31 .6 B

279 ZINAl CH 00Z2 46 04N 7 38E 519 N N 4260 30bO 2000 Ib.24 B.O 8

280 f10MING CH DOZ3 46 D5N 7 40E b09 N NW 4065 31bO 2300 5.77 '3.8 B 281 MOIRY CH 0024 46 05N 7 36E 518 N N 3845 3120 243B 6.11 5.6 B

282 fE RPECLE CH 0025 46 OlN 7 35E 538 NW N 3b80 3300 2115 9.79 6.0 8

283 110NT MINE CH 0026 1t6 OlN 7 33E 519 NW N 3724 3220 1960 10.89 8.1 8

281t BAS O'AROLlA CH 0027 oft,59N 7 30E 519 N N 3716 30BO 2140 6.02 5.0 13

285 TSIOJIORE NOUVE CH 0028 46 OON 7 27E 528 N NE 3796 3260 2265 3.12 5.0 8

286 CHEILLON CH 0029 1t6 OON 7 25E 517 N N 3827 2960 2620 oft.73 1t.0 B 287 EN OARREY CH 0030 1t6 OlN 7 23E 639 NE NE 3703 3120 2475 1.86 2.4 B

288 GRANO DESERT CH 0031 46 05N 7 21E 636 NW N 3336 2960 2760 1.65 2.3 1.\

269 MONT FOR T CH 0032 oft605N 7 19E 636 NW N 332e 2900 2700 1.10 2.0 B

290 TSANFlEURON CH 0033 46 19N 7 14E 606 NE E 3016 2760 2417 3.7e 3.6 B

291 OTEMfU CH 0034 1t5 57N 7 27E 517 SW SW 3796 3020 24Z0 lb.55 8.5 ~ , 292 M ONT DUR ANO CH 0035 45 55N 7 ZOE 519 E NE ~280 3060 2290 7.59 6.0 B 293 BRENEY CH 0036 45 5SN 7 25E 517 S SW 3827 3240 2555 9.60 b.3 B

291t GIETRO CH 0037 46 OON 7 23E 630ftNW W 3827 32oftO21t60 5.9oft 5.4 13

295 CORBASSIERE CH 0038 45 59N 7 lBE 519 N N ~3l4 3200 2190 17.44 9.8 13 296 VALSOREY CH 0039 45 54N 7 lbE ~18 NE NW 3731 3100 2395 2.34 4.1 8

297 TSEUOET CH OOoftO 1t5 5ltN 7 l'E 617 N N 3731 2900 l421t 1.73 3.0 8

Z96 BOVEYRE CH 0041 45 58N 7 l6E 529 NW NW 36b3 3220 2b03 1.99 2.5 B

299 SALEINA CH 0042 45 59N 7 04E 518 E NE 3900 291t0 1713 5.03 6.oft B

300 TRIENT CH 0043 4b OON 7 02E 538 N N 3490 3lltO 1761t 6.58 5.0 B

301 PANEYROS S E CH 0044 1t6 16N 7 lOE 6oft6N N 2760 2560 2380 .45 .7 B

302 GRAND PLAN NEVE CH 001t5 oft6l5N 7 09E 647 N N 2560 2oft602350 .20 .4 8 303 MARTINETS CH 0046 oftb13N 7 06E 647 NE NE 27oftO2lt20 2105 .59 .8 B

304 SEX POUGE CH 0047 oft620N 7 13E 656 N NW 2890 2820 2650 .72 1.2 B

305 PRAPIO CH 0048 4b 19N 7 1ZE 657 NW NW 30lb 2780 2400 .3b .9 ß

30b PIERREDAR CH 0049 4b 19N 7 llE b44 N N 3020 2760 2~00 .b7 .7 B

307 OBERAAR CH 0050 4b 3ZN 6 I3E 524 NE NE 34h2 2~bO 2303 5.23 5.2 R 308 UNTEPAAR CH 0051 46 34N 6 13E 517 E E ItOe8 2660 1909 Z8.41 13.5 B 309 GAULI CH 0052 46 37N 8 llE 516 E E 3628 28BO 2135 13.70 b.8 B

310 STEIN CH 0053 1t6 1t2N 8 2bE 5Z8 N N 3oft922880 1935 b.52 1t.7 B 311 STEINLIMMI CH 0054 "b 1t2N 8 2ltE 517 N N 3295 2640 2092 2.21 2.7 R 31Z TR 1fT (GAOMEN) CH 0055 46 itON 8 22E 518 N N 3505·2900 1710 17.19 7.1 B

313 ROSENLAUI CH 0056 oft639N 8 09E 526 NE N 3704 3000 1675 6.20 5.2 B

310ftOB.GRINDELWAlD CH 0057 46 37N 6 06E 518 NW NW 3741 3000 1230 10.07 5.5 ß

315 U. GR INDE LWALD CH 0056 46 35N 8 04E 519 N N 4099 2780 1235 21.71 9.0 B

316 EIGER CH 0059 4b 34N 7 59E 616 W NW 4099 3100 2162 2.27 2.6 B

317 TSCHINGEL CH 0060 46 30N 7 5lE 627 N E 3505 2680 2170 6.18 3.8 8

318 GAf1CHI CH 0061 4b 31N 7 48E b19 N N 2837 2260 1960 1.73 2.7 8

319 AL PErl I KANDER CH 0109 46 29N 7 48E 536 NW SW 3270 2800 2290 14.02 6.6 A

320 SCHWARZ CH 0062 46 l5N 7 40E 519 SW NW 3669 2800 Z206 1.60 3.9 B

GENERAL INFfJR"1ATION TAßLE A, PAGE 8

125 NR GLACIER NAME PSFG NR LAT LONG CODE EXP ELEVATla~s AREA LEN TYPE AC A8 MAX HEO MIN SQ KM KM OF DATA

321 LAEMMERN CH 00b3 46 2'tN 7 33E b16 E E 32ft3 2900 2502 3.35 2.5 8

322 BLUEHLISALP CH 00b4 4b 30N 7 4bE blb NW NW 3663 2960 2205 2.98 2.9 8

323 A~HE RTEN CH 0111 4& ¿SN 7 32E 607 NW NW 3243 2720 2345 1.89 2.8 8

324 RAETZLI CH 00b5 46 23N 7 31E 626 N NW 2968 2760 2320 9.80 It.O ~ 325 TIEFEN CH OObb 46 37N 8 26E 519 SE SE 3530 2960 2490 3.17 .3.4 B 32b SANKT ANNA CH 00b7 46 3bN 8 36E 63b N N 2905 2720 2570 .1t4 .9 B

327 t

329 DAMMA CH 0070 46 3BN 8 27E b1b E NE 3520 2820 2040 b.32 3.3 B

330 WALL ENBUP. CH 0071 Itf:,43N 8 Z8E b19 E SE 3280 2580 2250 1.70 2.2 B

331 BRUNN! CH 0072 46 44N S 47E b24 E N 3295 2760 2335 2.99 2.9 ß

332 HUEF I CH 0073 46 49N B SlE 518 S SW 3240 2780 1640 13.73 7.0 8 333 GRIESS (U.SCH.) CH 0014 46 50N 8 50E b17 N NW 3080 2420 21BO 2.48 1.3 B

33~ FIRNALPELI EAST CH 0075 't6 't7N S 2BE 606 NW N 2920 2680 2165 1.18 1.1 B 335 GRIESSEN (OW) CH 001b ftb 5lH B 30E 62b W NW 2881 2bOO 2460 1.27 1.3 B

33b BIFERTEN CH 0017 't6 49N 8 51E 538 E NE 3614 2B~O 1917 2.86 4.2 B

337 LIMMERN CH 0078 'tb 't9N 8 59E bZ7 NE NE 3421 77bO 2190 2.39 2.9 BCD F 338 PLATTALVA CH 0111t 4b 50N 8 59E b5b E E 2980 2740 2546 .73 1.1 BCD F

339 SULZ CH 0019 'tb 53N 9 03E 658 N N ?4AO 2000 17QO .20 .5 B 340 GLAERNISCH CH 0080 't7 DON 8 59E b2b W W 2914 2600 2295 2.09 2.3 ~ 3ltl PI lOL CH 0081 46 58N 9 l4E b5b N N 2785 2bOO ~47e .32 .6 A 342 LAVAI CH 0082 4b 3eN S 5bE bIB NE N 3020 2580 2210 1.7b ~.b B

343 PUNTEGLIAS CH 0083 46 't7N 8 51E 617 SE S 3005 2520 ?330 .93 :>.0 R

344 LENTA CH 0084 46 31H 9 03E 527 N N 3402 2820 2300 1.40 2.6 R

31t5 VaRAS CH 0085 46 53N 9 lOE bOb E SE 2975 2720 25bO 2.51 2.0 ß

34b PARADIES CH 008b 46 30N 9 04E bOb N NE 3402 2e80 2345 4.bO 3.6 B 347 SURETTA CH 0087 4b 31N 9 23E 617 NE NE 3005 2720 21bO 1.11 1.6 ß 348 PORCHABELLA CH 0088 46 3aN 9 53E bIb N N 3390 2860 2592 2.59 2.5 B

349 VERSTANKLA CH 0089 46 5lN 10 OItE b17 NW NW 3100 2680 2360 1.06 2.0 ~ 350 SILVRETTA CH 0090 46 5lN 10 05E 62b NW W 31bO 2780 2~28 3.25 ~.5 BC 351 SARoma CH 0091 46 55N 9 l6E b46 E E 2790 25BO 2390 .38 .7 B

352 ROSEG CH 0092 46 23N 9 50E 517 N N 3650 30bO 21b1 8.72 5.2 B

353 TSCHI ERVA CH 0093 4b 24H 9 53E 518 NW NW 3995 30bO 2150 6.83 5.0 8 35~ HORTE RAT SCH CH 0094 4b 24H 9 5bE 519 N N 4020 3000 2000 17.15 1.5 B

355 CALDERAS CH 0095 4b 32N 9 43E 617 N NE 33bO 3070 2695 1.29 z.O 8 35b TIATSCHA CH 009b 46 50N 10 06E b34 S S 3125 2900 2495 2.11 2.2 B 357 SESVENNA CH 0097 4b 43N 10 25E b5b NE N 3150 2940 272' .b1 1.2 R

358 LISCHANA CH 0098 Itb 46N 10 21E b59 NW NW 3025 28BO 2160 .21 .6 B

359 CAMBRENA CH 0099 4b 24N 10 ODE b14 NE NE 3500 2960 2492 1.72 2.5 B

3bO PALUE CH 0100 46 22N 9 59E 629 E E 38b5 3180 2320 6.b2 't.0 8 3bl PARADISINO CH 0101 4b 25N 10 07E 639 NW W 3245 2980 2B05 .55 1.0 (\ 3b2 FORNO CH 0102 ftb ISN 9 42E 519 N N 33bO 2140 2160 8.77 6.8 B 3b3 CORNO CH OlZO 4b 27N 8 23E 65b N N 2875 Z720 2500 .27 .7 8

GENERAL INFORMATION TABLE A, PAGE 9

126 HR GLAC 1ER tU"E PSFG NR LAT LONG CODe EXP ElEVATIO~S AREA LEN TYPE AC AB "AX "ED MIN sa K" K" OF DATA

36't VALLEGGI A CH 0117 1t6 28N 8 31E 61t8 NE NE 2820 2560 24t00 .59 1.2 8

365 VAL TORTA CH 0118 1t6 28N 8 32E 6't9 N H 27~O 2580 24t50 .17 .6 ~

366 BRESCIANA CH 0103 't6 30N 9 02E 636 W W 3't02 3080 2570 .94 1.6 8

367 CAVAGNOLI CH 0119 46 l7N 8 29E 628 NE E 28BO 2720 l5l0 1.32 2.3 B

368 ~ASODINO CH 010~ 't6 25N 8 29E 636 NE NE 3225 2880 2435 2.30 1.6 B

369 ROSSBODEN CH 0105 't6 llN 8 OlE 539 N NE 3993 3080 1920 1.8Q 3.9 B

AUSTRIA

370 LITINERGl. A 0101 46 53N 10 02E 647 N N 3000 2630 2441 .70 1.2 B 371 KLOSTERTALER N. A 102A ~6 52N 10 O'tE 608 NW NW 3220 2880 2'10 .61 1.7 B

372 KLOSTERTALER M. A 102B 4b 5ZN 10 04N b08 W W 3160 2930 2660 .50 1.5 B

373 KLOSTERTALER S. A lOZC 46 5lN 10 04N 608 N N 2800 2650 2485 .33 .7 8

37't OCHSENTALERGl. A 0103 It~ 51N 10 06E 538 N N 3160 2910 2331 2.56 2.6 B

375 VERI1UNT GL. A 010't Itb 51N 10 08E 628 NW NW 3140 2810 2460 2.25 2.5 B

376 BIElTAl F. A 0105 It~ 53N 10 OBE 606 NW NW 3000 2740 2544 .73 1.1 B 377 JAMTAL F. A 0106 46 5ZN 10 IDE 526 N N 3160 2810 ~408 4.13 2.8 B

378 LARAIN F. A 0107 4b 54N 10 l3E 637 N N 3200 27~0 2429 1.b8 2.2 R

379 SCHATTENSPITI A 0108 4b 53N 10 05E b49 N NE 30bO 2820 2571 .58 1.0 B

380 SCHNEEGLOCKEN A 0109 46 52N 10 06N 64b NE NE 3060 2780 2596 .68 1.1 B

381 TOTENFELD A 0110 46 53N 10 09E 648 NE NE 30't0 2790 2550 .72 1.5 8 382 WEISSEE F. A 0201 ~6 51N 10 ~3E b08 N N 3518 2950 25bO 2.86 2.7 B 383 GEPATSCH F. A 0202 46 5lN 10 ~6E 528 NE N 3520 2794 2067 18.16 8.7 B D

38't HT .OflGRUBEN F. A 0203 't6 5~N 10 46E b48 N NW 3270 2980 2790 .24 .8 8

385 SEXEGERTEN F. A 020~ 46 54N 10 48E b28 N NE 3490 ?980 2540 2.52 2.5 B

386 TASCHACH F. A Ol05 46 54N 10 52E 528 N NW 3167 3180 2250 6.67 6.1 8

387 MITTELBERG F. A 020b 46 55N 10 54E 518 NE ~ 3530 3050 2250 10.97 6.3 B

388 KARLES F. A 0207 46 56N 10 55E 646 N NW 3350 2940 2620 1.61 2.0 B

389 HOC HJOCH F. A 0208 46 47N 10 4ge 526 N NW 3500 3030 2580 7.15 '3.8 1\

390 HINTEREIS F. A 0209 46 ~8N 10 46E 518 E NE 3710 3050 2391 9.70 7.7 eCDE

391 GUSLAR F. A 0210 46 5IN 10 48E 648 E SE 3501 31~3 2185 3.01 2.5 B D

392 VERNAGT F. A 0211 46 53N 10 49E 62b S se 3633 322B 2747 9.55 3.3 BeDE

393 RETTENBACH F. A 0212 ~b 56N 10 56E 6~6 N N 3350 29~0 2610 1.79 2.3 B 39't MI TTE RKAR F. A 0214 46 53N 10 52E 646 SE SE 3580 3230 2960 1.10 1.7 R 395 ROFENKAR F. A 0215 4b 53N 10 53E 644 SE SE 37~0 3290 2820 1.29 2.2 B

396 TAUFKAP F. A 0216 ~b 53N 10 ~~E 64b SE SE 3340 31?0 2980 .44 .8 a 397 NIEDERJOCH F. A 0217 4b 47N 10 52E 528 N N 3599 3100 2b90 2.90 '3.0 B

398 "APZELL F. A 0218 46 47N 10 53E 528 NW ~ 3b20 3160 2450 5.1't 4.5 B

399 SCHALF F. A 0219 46 47N 10 5bE 528 NW NW 3500 3120 2480 8.62 5.7 8

'tOO DIE" F. A 0220 4b 49N 10 57E 608 NW NW 3520 3120 2710 2.8Q 3.4 B

1t0l SPIEGEL F. A 0221 46 )ON 10 57E 648 NW NW 3424 30BO ,180 1.11 1.7 q 1t0l GURGlER F. A 0222 46 4eN 10 59E 528 NW N 3420 2990 2270 11.14 8.1 B

1t03 LANGTALER F. A 0223 4b 48N 11 OIE 538 N NW 3420 2910 2450 3.52 5.1 R

'tOitROTMOOS F. A 0224 ~6 49N 11 03E b28 N N 3410 2960 a370 3.17 3.0 8

GENERAL INFOR~ATION TABLE A, PAGE 10

127 NR GLACIER NAME PSFG NR LAT LONG CODE EXP ELEV4TIO~~ AREA LEN TYPE AC AB MAX MED MIN SO KM KM OF DATA

~05 GAISSBERG F. A 0225 4b 50N 11 04E 528 NW NW 3390 l850 2440 1.35 2.9 B

40b KESSfLWAND F. A 022b 46 50N 10 4BE b38 SE E 3490 3180 2120 4.24 4.2 BC E

407 MUTHAL F. A OZ27 46 41N 10 55E b48 N NW 3522 30BO 2120 .79 1.4 B 406 SULZTAL F. A 0301 47 OON 11 05E 528 N N 3280 2960 2400 4.14 3.2 B

~09 BOCKKOGEL F. A 030Z 47 OZN 11 07E 644 NW NW 3210 3050 2b90 .b9 1.4 B

~10 SCHWARZENBERG A 0303 47 03N 11 07E 638 SE SW 3497 3090 2120 1.59 2.3 8

~11 BACHFALLEN F. A 0304 41 05N 11 05E 608 N N 3150 2610 2650 2.35 2.5 B

~12 LAENGENTALER F. A 0305 41 05N 11 06E 641 NE N 3210 28bO 2600 .15 1.7 B

H3 LIESENSER F. A 030b 47 05N 11 08E b26 NE NE 32BO 2990 2580 3.51 4.1 R

414 ALPEINER F. A 0301 41 03N 11 08E 528 N NE 3330 3040 2540 3.77 3.8 e

415 BERGLAS F. A 0308 47 04N 11 07E 608 E NE 3280 1110 lb20 .90 1.9 B

4lb HOCHMOOS F. A 0309 41 03N 11 09E b09 E NE 3410 3030 2570 1.45 2.3 B

417 DAUNI

418 BIlDSTOECt

~19 SCHAUFEL F. A 0311 ~6 59N 11 07E 608 NE NE 3200 29'0 2700 .92 1.6 B

oft20FERNAU F. A 0312 46 59N 11 08E 64B NW N 3290 2910 2590 1.89 2.2 B

~Zl SULlE NAU F. A 0314 4b 59N 11 09E 518 N ~ 3510 295b 2402 4.71 3.1 B D

oftZZGRUENAU F. A 0315 ~b 59N 11 12E b48 N N 3420 2891 2362 1.93 2.3 B D

423 W.GRUEBL F. A 0316 4b 59N 11 l3E b08 NW N 29bO 2650 ?490 .31 1.0 R

~Z~ E.GRUE8L F. A 0317 46 59N 11 l4E b09 NW NW 3230 2700 ~1t20 1.13 2.3 f:\

ItZ' SIMHING F. A 0318 46 59N 11 15E 608 N N 31bO 2160 2430 .8B 1.6 B ..lb fREIGER F. A 0320 46 58N 11 12E 60b NE NE 3370 3090 2120 .59 1.5 B

421 AL P.KIUEUL F. A 0321 47 03N 11 09E b48 NW NW 3410 2960 2b50 .52 1.5 ß

428 VEP80RGENBERG A 0322 47 04N 11 07E 646 E E 3260 3000 ~780 .89 1.3 B 429 TRIEBENKARLAS A 0323 4b 57N 11 09E b48 W W 34bO 3040 21bO 1.79 2.0 B 430 WAXEGG K. A 0401 47 DON 11 4BE 636 NE N 3380 2809 2238 4.12 2.4 ~ D 431 HORN K. A 0402 47 OON 11 ~9E 538 N N 3210 2655 llOO 4.19 3.1 B D ~32 SCHWARZENSTEIN A 0~03 47 OlN 11 51E 50B NW NW 3320 2116 2231 4.93 2.1 8 D •

433 WILDGERLOS A 0404 ~7 09N 12 07E b08 N N 3210 2760 231b 2.24 2.1 ß

434 SCHLEGElS 1(. A 0405 46 59N 11 46E 604 NW NW 3510 2909 2308 5.63 2.1 13D ~35 FURTSCHAGL K. A 0406 ~7 OON 11 46E 606 NW NW 3480 2890 2542 i , 00 1.b B 43b I

439 VILTRAGEN 1<. A 0505 47 aBN 12 22E 528 NE E 3480 2140 2229 3.05 3.8 8

440 seHLATEN K. A 0506 ~7 07N 12 23E 518 NE NE 3bbO 3060 2114 9.3b 5.8 8

441 FROSNITZ K. A 0501 47 05N 12 l4E b36 E E 3210 2~00 25bO 2.94 2.1 B

44Z ZETTALUNITZ K. A 050B ~7 05N 12 23E 63B SW SW 3440 3090 255B 3.46 3.7 8

1t~3 D ORF ER K. A 0509 47 06N lZ 20E b28 SE SE 35bO 2920 245B 4.5q 2.6 B

4~4 MAURER KEES A 0510 47 05N 12 18E 608 S S 3300 2980 2455 2.03 1.9 8 1t45 SIP10NY K. A 0511 47 04N 12 IbE 609 SE SE 3480 2910 2370 2.78 205 a 44b UI1BAL K. A 0512 41 03N lZ l5E 538 SW SW 34~0 2980 2380 5.14 1t.3 8 441 SONNBLICI< K. A ObOl 47 OBN 12 3bE bOb NE E 3030 2790 2500 1.77 1.5 BC E

GENERAL INFOR"1lTT'JN TAßlE A, PAGE 11

128 NR GLACIER NAME PSFG NR LAT LONG CODE EXP ElEV.TIONS AREA LEN TYPE AC AB MAX ~EO MIN sa KM KM OF OATA

~lt8 FILLECK K. A AbOl "t7 08N 12 3bE bOb SE SE 2920 28bO 2780 .16 .4 4"t9 TAUERN K. A Ab02 47 07N 12 3bE b4b E SE 2970 2830 2620 .27 .7 8

"t50 KA. TAUERN K. S A 8b02 47 07N 12 36E 64b E NE 2960 2810 2640 .22 .6 8

~51 PRAEGRAT K. A 0603 47 07N 12 35E 606 W W 3010 2850 2640 .95 .9 B

~5Z LANDECK K. A 0604 1t7 OSN 12 35E 646 N N 2940 2600 2430 .41 .9 8

It53 KARL INGER K. A 0701 47 08N 12 42E 624 NE N 3340 2800 2220 't.00 3.5 R

45"t BAERENKOPF K. A 0702 47 oaN 12 43E 624 N N 3400 3040 2~70 2.57 3.1 B

455 KlOCKERIN K. A 0703 47 09N 12 44E 647 N NW 3180 2530 ~080 .57 1.7 B

456 PASTER ZEN K. A 0704 47 06N 12 102E 528 SE SE 3700 29BO 2070 19.78 9.2 8

"t57 WASSERFALlWINKL A 0705 1t7 07N 12 43E b38 SE S 3150 2870 2blO 1.93 2.4 B

"t58 FREIWAND K. A 0706 1t7 ObN 12 45E 648 SE SE 3130 2890 2690 .35 1.1 B

~59 PFANDLSCHARTEN A 0707 47 05N 12 101E 646 NW W 2940 2660 2530 .55 1.1 B

veo ElSER K. A 010B 41 09N 12 41E 646 SE E 2860 2720 2570 .61 .8 8

"tb1 GRIESSI

ItbZ SCHWARZKOEPFL A 0710 47 09~ 12 43E b48 N NW Z860 2~80 2340 .54 1.1 ~

4b3 OEDENWINKEL K. A 0712 47 01N 12 39E 539 NW NW 31RO 2~QO 2130 2.22 3.4 B

'tbltUNT.RIFFL K. A 0113 41 oeN 12 40E 649 N NW 2910 ?530 7.290 1.01 1.9 A

'tb5 RIFFLKAR K. A 0113 41 OBN 12 40E b49 N NW 2910 2530 2290 1.01 1.9 B Itbb MAURER K. A 0714 ~1 lIN 12 41E b4b W W 2890 2730 2610 .49 1.0 B

Iob7 WURFER K. A 0715 41 lON 12 41E b~b NW NW 2820 2690 2580 .35 .6 8

"tb8 SCHWAR ZKARL K. A 071b 47 lON 12 40E 64b NW NW 2910 2750 l560 .107 1.0 8 "tb9 KlEINEISER K. A 0717 41 09N 12 40E b4b NW NW 28BO 273G 2620 .25 .6 B 1070 RIFFL K. N A 0718 41 08N 12 40E 6~6 W SW 3070 28BO 2710 .26 .6 B

1t71 VD.KASTEN K. A 0119 41 ObN 12 39E b74 SW SW 3000 2790 2470 .54 1.5 8

472 llPERWITZ K. A 0121 47 Ob~ 12 3qE b3b SW SW 3410 30~0 2620 2.05 1.7 B 473 FRUSCHNITZ K. A 0122 47 05N 12 40E 634 SW W 3510 3170 2550 2.87 3.2 B

47"t TEISCHNITZ K. A 0723 41 04N 12 'tlE b34 SW SW 3660 3190 ~760 2.07 2.5 B

"t75 HOFMANNS K. A 072~ 47 O'tN 12 103E b08 E NE 3700 3140 2510 1.13 2.1 B

1t7b Kl. FlEISS K. A 0801 47 03N 12 57E bOb W W 3080 28'0 2547 1.23 1.8 B It77 VOG.OCHSENKAR A 0802 107 03N 12 58E 608 NE NE 2820 2640 2349 1.21 1.7 B

't78 WURTEN K. A 0804 47 OZN 13 OOE b28 SW S 3120 2690 2385 2.03 2.7 B

't79 UEBERGOSS.Al~ A 0901 47 26N 13 04E 70b N NE 2845 2170 2630 .42 1.1 A

"t80 GROSSELEND K. A 1001 47 02N 13 19E 63b NW NW 3lbO 2810 2380 2.16 1.10 B

481 KLEINELEND K. A 1002 41 OIoN 13 l5E 634 NE NE 3200 2850 2180 3.04 2.4 8

't8Z KAELBERSPITZ K. A 1003 't1 02N 13 l7E 608 N N 2840 2670 2480 .82 1.5 ß

't83 W TRIPP K. A 100't 't7 OlN 13 19E b46 SE S 3220 3000 2790 .60 1.0 B

't81tHOCHALM K. A 1005 47 OIN 13 20E 636 E E 33't0 ~900 2510 3.16 2.6 8

't85 WINKl K. A 100b 't7 OIN 13 19E 648 W W 3220 2810 ?520 .66 1.3 B

't8b GR. GOSAU G. A 1101 41 29N 13 3bE 646 NW NW 2850 2520 2250 1.48 2.2 8

1087 HAllSTAETTER G. A 1102 47 29N 13 37E 608 NE NE 2910 2560 ?060 3.30 2.3 B 488 se HlAD MI NGER G. A 1103 41 2BN 13 3ee blo6 NE NE 2700 2590 21oZ0 .81 .9 R 1t89 SCHNEELOCH G. A 1104 47 30N 13 36E b48 NW NW 2530 2310 7190 .23 .8 8

GENERAL INFORMATION TABLE A, PAGE 12

129 NR GLACIER NAME PSF G NR LAT LDNG CODe EXP ElEVATI~~S AREA LEN TYPE AC AB MAX MED MIN SO KM K" OF OAT. ITALY

It90 AGNELLO I 0029 It5 09N 6 5'tE 642 NE E 3100 •••• 2170 .10 .9 ß It91 RUTOR I 0189 45 30N 1 OOE 630 NW NW 3't80 •••• 2lt80 9.53 B.4 8

It92 lEX BLANCHE I 0209 45 It1N b 49E 528 SE SE 3900 •••• 2090 3.54 3.5 8

It93 MIAGE I 0213 45 4eN "6 51E 521 SE SE 4306 •••• t710 11.29 10.0 B

't91tBROUILLARD I 021b 45 't5N b 52E 55b S S 3900 •••• 2200 1.Z5 2.S A

495 BRENV. I 0219 45 SON 6 54E 531 SE E 4610 •••• 1~10 1.30 6.7 8

It96 TOULA I 0221 45 50N 6 56E 628 SE SE 3500 •••• 2590 .B1 1.5 8

491 PRE DE BAR I Ol35 45 S4N 7 03E 536 SE SE ~100 *.*. ?a10 3.42 3.5 B It98 TZA DE TZAN I 0259 45 59N 7 3ltE 536 S S 3800 •••• 2530 't.5't 5.9 B

499 GR. MURAILLES I 02bO 45 57N 7 35E b26 W W 3950 •••• 2300 1.32 't.l B

500 LYS I 0304 45 54N 7 50E 516 SW SW 't527 •••• 2355 10.12 5.3 B

501 PIDO E I 0312 45 54N 1 53E 636 SE SE 3850 •••• 2600 1.70 2.2 B

502 BELVEDERE I 0325 45 51N 7 53E 527 N NE 't560 •••• 1180 5.11 6.0 13

503 AURONA I 0338 'tb IbN 8 ObE 538 NE NE 3200 *••• ?300 1.13 2.1 B

504 CAMOSCI I 03b1 4b lbN 8 ZOE b58 NE NE 3000 •• *. 2590 .25 1.1 R 505 VENTINA I O'tlb 46 1bN 9 46E 536 NE N 3500 2790 2190 2.37 3.1 R

50b CASPOGGIO I Olt35 It6 lON 9 53E 648 NW NW 2985 2600 2630 .84 1.1 B

501 FELLARIA OCC.DI I 0439 46 2IN 9 5SE 528 SE SE 3100 3090 2510 5.09 3.0 R

508 CARDONNE OCC.DI I 0~69 46 25N 10 ISE 6't8 N NW 3't't02900 2't~0 .15 2.1 6 509 DOSDE OR.DI I 0't73 46 l3N 10 IlE 646 N N 3200 ••• * 2'29 .85 1.1 R

510 PLATIGLIOlE I 0481 46 3lN 10 ZbE 646 NW NW 3150 3045 28S5 .31 .6 1:\

511 VITELLI I Olt83 't6 30N 10 Z6E 537 W NW 3467 3135 l535 1.82 2.9 ß 512 FORNI I 0507 'tb 2ltN 10 34E 529 N NW 3618 3150 2350 13.20 5.5 B 513 OOSEGU I 0512 'tb 22N 10 32E 526 SW SW 3670 3260 2760 3.30 2.8 R

5l't PISGANA Dec. I 0577 ~b lON 10 30E 531 N NE 3320 3000 25t5 3.3b 2.8 8

515 MANDRONE I 0639 46 ION la 32E 516 NE NE 34~1 •••• 2't65 11.93 5.0 B

516 NARDIS OCC.DI I 0640 46 13N 10 3BE 638 SE SE 3500 *.*. 2690 2.03 2.1 ß 511 AMOLA r 064~ Itb 13N 10 40E 638 E E ~080 •• ** 7.460 1.20 2.2 A 518 PRESANElLA I 0678 'tb 14N 10 39E 526 N NE 3530 2860 2440 3.92 2.6 B 519 LA MARE I 0699 'tb 2bN 10 36E 525 E E 3769 3260 2555 4.75 3.5 B 520 CARESER I 0701 46 27N 10 ItZE b3e S s 33~O 3092 ?8S1 't.63 2.2 C 521 SERANA VEDRETTA I 0728 It6 2aN 10 4lE 646 N N 3335 30B5 21B4 1.16 1.6 B

522 ULTIMA VEDRETTA I 0129 't6 27N 10 It2E b't8 N N 3310 3115 2175 .46 1.2 1\

523 AL TA VEDRETTA I 0730 Itb Z1N 10 'tlE 53e NE N 3350 3059 2610 1.15 2.0 B

524 FORCOLA I 0731 46 27N 10 39E 538 E NE 3150 3105 2625 2.52 3.5 8

525 CEVEOALE I 0132 4b l7N 10 38E 538 E E 3100 3078 2635 3.20 3.7 B 526 LUNGA VEORETTA I 0733 't6 28N 10 31E 529 NE E 3~50 3100 2640 2.b2 3.6 8

521 ZAY DI FUORI I 0751 46 32N 10 38E b57 NW NW 3475 2985 2605 .61 1.2 13

528 ROSII'1 I 0754 't6 31N 10 38E 646 NW W 3405 3215 ~900 .76 1.5 B 529 SOLDA I 0762 't6 29N 10 35E 521 NE NE 3900 290B ~410 6.48 4.2 B 530 VALL ELUN GA I 0771 It6 It6N 10 33E 518 NW NW 3130 31~B ~4l0 e.55 3.9 ß

531 BAR8ADOR SO I 0778 46 48N 10 42E 538 N N 3550 2798 2580 1.81t 2.1 ß

GENERAL INFa~~ATr~N TABLE A, PAGE 13

130 NR GLACIER NAMe PSFG NR LAT LONG CODE EXP ELEVATIONS AREA LEN TYPE AC AB MAX HEO ~IN SO KM K~ OF OATA

532 FONTANA OCC.D I 07BO 46 4BN 10 lOE 636 N N 3360 3022 2585 1.10 1.1 B

533 GIOGO ALTO I 0813 46 47N 10 48E 628 NE SW 3205 2980 27~0 1.63 2.1 B

531t FOSSA OR. DELLA I 0823 46 1t5N 11 OlE 636 NW NW 3010 2~15 271t0 .30 .6 B

535 CRODA ROSSA I 0828 46 44N 10 59E 638 N N 3205 3002 2150 .21 1.0 8 536 TESSA I 0829 46 44N 10 59E 632 N NW 3300 •••• ~120 .19 1.8 B

531 FIAMf'lANTEDCC. I 0842 46 44N 11 02E 638 NW ~W 3225 2930 2710 .25 1.0 8 538 QUAIRA BIANCA I 08B9 46 5BN 11 1t1E 626 SW SW 3509 3132 2535 1.41 2.8 B

539 GRAN PILASTRO I 0893 't6 58N 11 't'tE538 SW W 3370 2935 2't60 2.62 3.1 R

51t0 NEVES OR. I 0902 1t6 59N 11 'teE 638 S S 3300 2990 251t5 2.21 2.2 B 541 LANA I 0913 1t7 O'tN 12 13E 529 NW NW 3480 2120 2250 1.69 2.9 ß

51t2 VALLE DEL VENTO I 0919 47 02N 12 l3E 538 NW NW 3050 2710 2460 .36 1.2 8

51t3 ROSSO DESTRO I 0920 41 02N 12 l2E 536 W W 3285 2818 2450 .88 1.1 8 541t COLLALTO I 0921 46 55N 12 OBE 638 NW NW 3380 2955 ~513 2.51 2.1 8

545 GIGANTE CENTR. I 0929 46 54N 12 07E 649 NW N 3265 2816 2530 2.57 2.1 B 546 G I GA NTE DCC • I 0930 46 54N 12 06E 636 N N 3300 2955 2554 2.57 2.1 B

541 OCC.DI MONTASID I 0981 46 26N 13 26E 657 N N 1150 •••• IBbO .06 .3 B

548 CANIN OR. I 0981t 1t6 22N 13 21E 656 N N 2330 •••• 2120 .95 .3 8 549 CANIN DCC. I 0985 1t6 22N 13 26E 656 N N 2400 •••• 2160 .09 .3 8

------... ------_ ...... 4IfIIo...... _ .. .. _

KENYA

'550 KRAPF KN 0001 09S 37 l8E ••• N N 4880 ~7~0 4690 .04 .4 8

551 JOSEPH KN 0003 08S 37 18E ••• W w ~eoo ~100 ~600 .03 .:3 B

552 CESAR KN 0004 08S 37 lBE ••• W W 4800 ~100 4600 .03 .4 ß

553 TYNDALL KN 0005 09S 37 l8E ••• SW S 4BOO ~660 4515 .09 .5 a 551t DARWIN KN 0006 09S 31 18E ••• SW sw 501t0 4750 4650 .04 .2 e

555 LEWIS KN 0008 09S 37 l8E ••• SW SW 4971 •••• 4598 .26 1.1 BC --_-...-...._---_ ..._-_ ..._------.._------....._-----_ .._-._------.._--_ ..._ UNION OF SOVIET SOC. REP.

556 KUPOL VAVIlOVA SU 1001 ••••••••• *. 3•••••••••••••••••• 1805.00 ••••

557 IGAN SU 2001 ••••••••••• 6•• E •• 1180 •••• B~O .61 1.4

558 nSRUCHEVA ~U 2002 ••••••••••• 64. E •• 650 •••• 400 .30 .6

559 MARUKHSKIY SU 3001 ••••••••••• 534 NW NW 3100 lBRO 2490 3.30 1t.0 BC

560 ALIBEKSKIY SU 3002 ••••••••••• 5'••••• 3700 •••• 2000 5.40 4.6 B

561 KHAKEl SU 3003 ••••••••••• 5'••••• 3240 •••• Z210 2.70 3.9 BC

562 B. AZAU SU 3004 56 60' •••••• 5.' •••• 5660 •••• a480 19.60 10.2 R

563 KULAK N. SU 3005 ••••••••••• 5•••••• 3840 •••• 2150 4.00 4.4 8

564 BEZENGI SU 3006 ••••••••••• 5•••••• 5050 •••• 2080 36.20 17.6 B

565 TSEYA SU 3007 ••••••••••• 5•• NE •• 4~60 •••• 2200 9.70 6.6 ß

566 SKAlKA SU 3008 ••••••••••• ,•••••• 3~80 •••• 3340 2.00 3.2 13 567 KOZITSITI SU 3009 •• ••• ••• ••• ••• •• •• •••• •••• •••• ••••••• •••• 8

568 DZHANKUAT SU 3010 ••••••••••• 529 NW NW 4018 32~0 2100 3.00 3.2 CO

569 NO. S03 SU 4003 ••••••••••• 64' NW" 4000 •••• 3150 .20 .8 B

GENERAL JNFQR~.TlaN TABLE A, PAGE 14

131 NR GLACIER NAME PSFG NR LAT LONG CODE EXP ELEVATIONS AREA LEN TYPE AC AB MAX MED MIN SQ KM KM OF DATA

570 NO. 507 SU 4007 ••••••••••• 6•• N •• 4200 •••• 3620 1.00 2.0 B

571 DIDAl (NO. 513) SU 4013 ••••••••••• 512 NE NE 4600 3550 3000 1.bO 4.8 B

572 NO 517 SU 4011 ••••••••••• 53Q NE N 3400 2950 ~320 .BO 2.Q B

513 SHAGA II SU 4020 •• ••• ••• ••• ••• •• •• •••• •••• •••• ••••••• •••• ~

574 KHADYR SHA SU 1t021 ••••••••••• 538 NE Nlt550 3950 2750 5.60 6.3 B

575 GARHO SU 4022 ••••••••••• 512 NW' W 6260 4300 2910 114.60 30.1t 8

516 SKOGACH SU 4023 ••••••••••• 53B NE NW 5250 4200 3050 12.60 12.0 B

571 AK 8 AYTAL SU 1t036 ••••••••••• 5•• N •• 5Q20 •••• 4750 5.50 4.6 ß

578 M. OKTYABRSKIY SU 1t037 ••••••••••• 5•• S •• 6180 •••• 4440 32.00 lq.O B

57Q BAKCHIGIR SU 403B •••••••••••••••••• 5200 •••• 4480 11.60 b.O B

580 RGO SU 1t03Q ••••••••••• 512 SW SE 6200 4050 2580 36.20 24.0 1\

581 MEDVEZHIY SU 401t0 ••••••••••• 512 NW SW 4bQO 3800 2900 25.30 15.8 B

,B2 MUSHK ETO VA SU 4041 ••••••••••• 512 NE N 1100 4b20 2870 17.10 14.0 8

583 "1AZARSKIY SU 4042 ••••••••••• 512 NW NE 5400 4400 3200 23.00 16.8 8

584 ZERAVSHANSKIY SU 4043 *•••• *••••• 512 SE SW 5200 3950 2810 132.60· 27.8 B

585 RAHA SU '044 ••••••••••• 512 SE S 5010' 1t050 29bO 22.30 8.9 B 586 DIKHADANG SU 4045 ••••••••••• 538 NW NW 4340 3910 3600 1.50 2.0 ~ 587 TRO SU 40~6 *••••• *•••• '12 NW NW 4800 3750 3160 4.10 6.0 B 5B8 DIAKHANOARA SU 4041 ••••• *•••••• ** .* .* 4000 •••• 3bOO 1.44 2. '3 B 58Q RAYGORODSKOGO SU 4055 ••••• *••••• 548 E NE 4840 379~ 2750 6.00 6.4 B

5QO KYRCHIN SU 4056 ••••••••••• 549 E NE 4800 3820 3040 2.20 4.2 13 591 KOKBELES SU 4057 ••••••••••• 648 NE N 5080 4100 3120 3.20 5.6 B 592 TUTEK SU 4058 ••••••••••• 64Q W NW 4600 3930 3260 4.60 4.1 B

593 KlYUEVA SU 405Q ••••••••••• 62Q E NE 4400 3640 2880 5.90 ,..2 B

5Q4 TURAMUZ-l SU 4060 ••••••••• ** 649 SE SE 4bOO 3800 ~OOO 1.40 2.8 B

5Q 5 KY ZYLGORUM SU 4061 ••••••••••• b4B N NW 4800 4000 3200 2.10 3.7 ß

5Q6 SEVERTSOVA SU 4062 ••••••••.••• 64Q NW N 4000 3635 3270 2.60 3.1 B 597 BATYRBAY SU 4063 •••••• *••• * 6'9 NE N 3800 3390 3280 1.60 2.4 ß 598 GGP SU 4064 •••• * ••• **•••••••••••• * *... ß 5QQ I

601 KALESNIKA SU 5001 ••••••••••• 548 NE N 4000 3115 3430 3.60 3.6 8

602 TOKHAKSOLDY-l SU 5002 ••••••••••• b48 NW NW 3960 371t0 3520 1.1t0 1.Q B 603 GOLUBINA SU 5060 ••••••••••• 5** NW NW 4420 ••** 1400 5.bO 4.9 BC

604 TURPAKBEL NIZH. SU 5065 ••••••••••• 648 SE SE 3b40 3425 3200 .60 1.4 B

605 AYUTOR-2 SU 5066 ••••••••••• 646 NE NE 3810 3515 3120 3.20 3.2 ß

606 AKBUlAKULKUN SU 5061 ••••••••••• b49 NE NW 4140 1320 3050 2.00 3.5 B

601 KARABULAK SU 5066 ••••••••••• b49 N N 3990 3550 3010 .10 2.1 ß

608 TEKESHSAY-l SU 5010 ••••••••••• 649 E SE 4020 3600 1010 1.10 3.2 B

609 BARKRAK SREDNIY SU 5012 ••••••••••• 641 N N 4180 3175 3450 3.20 3.0 a

610 PAKHTAKOR SU 5071 ••••••••••• 548 NE N 4180 3110 3455 3.50 3.1 B blI TUYUKSU SU 5075 ••••••••••• 536 N N 4219 37bO ~401 3.02 :\.0 BC 612 IGLI TUYUKSU SU 5016 ••••••••••• 536 NW NW 4220 •••• 1'50 1.72 2.2

GENERAL INFIJR"1lTYONTABLE A, PAGE 15

132 NR GlACIER NAME PSFG NR LAT LONG CODE EXP ELEVATIa~s AREA LEN TYPE AC AB MAX "EO HIN SQ KM KM OF 04TA b13 SHOKAlSKOGO SU 5076 ••••••••••• 536 N N 4~40 •••• 3~60 10.60 4.7 B 6llt TALGAR Yl.IZHNYY SU 5079 •• *,' .,. ,•• 636 W W 5000 .,•• 3320 1.80 3.0 B 615 KARABATKAK SU 5080 ••••••••••• 536 N N 4280 •••• 3290 4.56 3.2 BC 61b MOlOOEZHNYY SU 5090 ,•• ,. ,••••• 736 NE NE 4150 •••• ~450 1.43 1.7 ec

b17 MAMETOVOY SU 5091 •• " ••••••• 736 W W 4190 •••• 3610 .35 .6

b18 KOSHOOEMYANSKOY SU 5092 ••• " •••••• 737 NE NE 1t070 •••• 3570 .36 1.2

619 OROZHONIKIOZE SU 5093 ••••••••••• 736 W W 4120 •••• 3460 .31 1.2 b20 MAYAKOVSKOGO SU 5094 .* 736 W W 4000 •••• 3570 .18 .8 621 PARTIZAN SU 5095 ••••••••••• 736 W W 4370 •••• 3710 .14 .8 b22 VISYACHII l + 2 SU 5096 .* ...... •• * 737 NE NE 3850 •••• 34BO .29 .6 623 KOL TOR VOSTOCH. SU 5101 ••••••••••• 53B N W 4612 3720 3156 1t.10 3.1 B O

624 AKSU SU 5102 ••••••••••• 538 NE N 4320 3720 3510 3.90 1t.0 8 o

625 KOLPAKOVSKOGO SU 5103 •••••• *•••• 528 S S 4754 4160 3618 30.40 10.0 B O

626 AYLAMA SU 5104 ••••••••••• 528 N N 4510 3680 3150 6.60 4.2 8 D

627 BEZYMYANNYY SU 5105 ••••••••••• 538 NW N 4Q01 4120 3760 5.90 4.Q 8 O

628 SAP I-TOR SU 5106 ••••••••••• 538 NW NW 4500 1t160 3802 3.30 3.6 B O

bZ9 KELOYKE SU 5107 ••••••••••• 528 E NE 1t5l0 401t0 3144 5.80 4.6 8 o

630 KARAKOLTaR SU 5108 ••••••••••• 528 S E 5020 3Q60 3791 14.00 8.0 B O

b31 OAVIOOVA SU 5109 *, ,•••• , .,. 528 NW NW 1t947 4120 3680 11.40 4.9 B O

632 BOROU SU 5110 ••••••••••• 52B NW NW 4714 4100 3594 7.60 4.5 B O 633 SHUMSKOGO SU 6001 ••••••••••• 5" N N 4460 •••• 3020 2.QO 3.7 B 634 MAlYY BERELSKIY SU 1083 ••••••••••• 536 E S 3830 2eoo 2110 8.90 8.3 B

635 tUL YY AKTRU SU 7100 ••••••••••• 536 E N 3711t 3200 2223 3.80 4.4 BC

636 PRAVYY AKTRU SU 7101 ••••••••••• 536 NE NE 3750 3000 2500 4.80 5.3 B

637 lEVYY AKTRU SU 7102 ••••••••••• 536 SE SE ~045 3250 2'50 6.50 5.9 B

638 KURUMOU SU 7103 ••••••••••• 536 NE NE 401t5 3150 2210 5.20 4.7 8 639 GRECHISHKINA SU 8001 ••••••••••• 538 W W 1770 1550 790 14.20 8.1 BC

61t0 KOZElSKIY SU B005 ••••••••••• 539 S S 2030 1600 870 1.80 4.3 BC

641 MUTNOVSK I y NE SU 8011 ••••••••••• 660 NW NW 19'0 1700 11t60 1.37 1.7 BC

b42 HUTNOVSK I y SW SU 8012 ••••••••••• 660 NE NE 1800 1710 1~00 1.OQ 1.5 ~C

CHINA

61t3 SHUIGUANHE NO.4 CN 0001 37 33N 101 1t5E 640 NE NE 5024 4620 1t200 1.86 2.2 BC 61t1tYANGLONGHE NO.5 CN 0002 39 l4N 98 34E 53B NE NE 5262 4840 4420 1.46 2.5 C

645 OIYI CN 0003 39 IItN Q7 54E 528 NW NW 5145 4120 "310 2.78 3.8 BC 6"6 LAOHUGUO CN 0004 39 26N 96 33E 516 N ~w 5481 4880 4260 21.91 10.1 BC 647 TUERGANGO CN 0006 43 06N 94 2lE 528 N N 4806 4166 3~81 4.81 5.8 B

bite SIGONHE NO.4 eN 0008 43 50N 88 20E b3B N W 1t348 397' 3600 2.96 3.2 8

61t9 SIGONHE NO.5 CN 0009 43 ~9N 88 19E 520 NW NW 5445 4~33 3620 3.47 4.3 B

650 URUI1QIHE S.NO.1 CN 0010 1t3 07N 66 49E 528 NE E 4476 4111 37~6 1.84 2.3 BC

651 aUNT AILAN CN 0011 41 58N 80 07E 519 SE SE 7434 4500 3080 165.38 32.8 8

652 TUGEBIElIOI CN 0012 1t2 ION 80 ZOE 5lQ E E 6Q34 4700 2680 313.69 33.7 B

653 MU ZHA ERT CN 0013 42 18N 80 OlE 519 W S 6627 4800 2900 137.70 33.0 B

GENERAL INFORMATION TABLE A, PAGE 16

133 NR GLACIER NAME PSFG NR LAT LONG CODE EXP ElEVATro~s AREA LEN TYPE AC AB ~AX MEn MIN SQ KM KM OF DATA b54 KAlAGEYULE WUK. CN 0014 42 l1N 80 22E 519 E E 6245 4520 2790 153.24 32.4 B b55 KEGIKER CN 0015 41 50N 80 09E 519' S SE bOItO 1t4bO 30bO 83.56 26.0 B b5b SAYIGAPEIR CN 001b 41 5lN 80 12E 528 SE E 6049 4140 3300 14.01 10.1 B b51 QIERGANBULAK CN 0011 38 14N 75 06E 438 W W 7546 5998 4450 13.00 9.6 B

658 RONGBU eN OOlB 28 OItN Bb 51E 51B N N 7260 6201 5151t 86.89 22.2 A

659 QIANGYONG CN 0019 28 5lN 90 litE 525 N NE bb79 5830 1t980 8.10 1t.3 8

ANTARCTICA

660 SCHLATTER AN 0004 17 4ZS 1b1 26E 62B S S 2000 1500 400 ••••••• 6.1 B

bb1 FINGER AN 0005 17 425 Ib1 29E 628 5 S 1150 1450 ~50 ••••••• 6.4 B

662 TAYLOR AN AN 0006 11 45S 162 OOE 41B E E 2200 •••• 57 ••••••• 80.0 8 663 LA CROIX AN 0001 71 39S 162 2BE 626 SE SE 2000 1~00 150 ••••••• 9.1 ~ 664 SUESS AN 0008 11 38S 162 40E 622 SE SE 1150 ll00 125 ••••••• 5.2 B

6b5 CANADA AN 0009 11 35S 162 45E 612 E SE lBOO 7'0 50 ••••••• 12.1 B

666 COMMONWE ALTH AN 0010 11 33S 163 05E 6lZ E SE 11~0 750 2!l ••••••• 14.5 B

661 WRIGHT UPPER AN 0011 71 31S 160 251 428 E E 2400 •••• 850 ••••••• •••• ß bb8 CLARK AN AN 0012 11 25$ 162 25E 626 NE E 1198 850 475 ••••••• 10.0 B 6b9 VICTOIHA UPPER AN 0013 11 15S 161 15E 518 SE SE 2200 1200 400 .**.... 1B.0 B b10 PACKARD AN 0014 11 20$ lb2 OBE 526 SE E 1450 1000 525 •• *.... 6.8 8 b11 VICTORIA LOWER AN 0015 77 21S 162 30E 223 SW SW 1400 650 ~oo **..... 5.8 B b12 LAMBE RT B AS IN AN..... 11 OOS 68 ODE 124 .* •• 40~0 •••• 8B •••••••••••

b13 KEMP LAND AN..... 13 OOS 58 OOE ,124 •••• 2BOO •••• O ••••••••••• 614 E WIL KES LAND AN..... 69 OOS 120 OOE 124 .* •• 3210 •••• O ••••••••••• 615 W WILKES LAND AN..... 69 OOS 110 OOE 124 •••• 3800 •••• O •••••••••••

b 1 b B A UD I S S I N AN 0105 53 02S 73 26E 621t NW N 2400 •••• 17.04 8.8 8

b11 VAHSEL AN 0106 53 04S 73 24E 634 W W 2400 •••• 12.40 8.8 ß b18 WINSTON AN 0109 53 085 73 39E 632 SE E 2300 •••• 11.93 6.9 B

619 STEPHENSON AN 0110 53 01S 13 41E 621 E E 2300 •••• 31.89 10.3 B

680 BROWN AN 0111 53 05S 13 39E 632 NE NE 2300 •••• 11.21 6.3 B

681 COMPTON AN 0112 53 035 13 37E 632 NE NE 2300 •••• 13.14 1.6 8

682 JACKA AN 0113 53 ODS 13 20E 633 NE NE 710 •••• 350 .95 1.7 8

esa HT DI XON AN 1010 53 ODS 73 18E 333 NW NW 100 •••• 250 1.98 1.0 8

b81t ANZAC PEAt< AN 1020 53 OOS 13 19E 333 NE NE 710 •••• 340 1.15 1.6 8

685 HT OLSEN AN 1040 53 OlS 73 ZlE 333 NE NE 61t0 •••• 300' 1.45 .8 ß

sss N'ARES AN 1120 53 02S 13 2eE b31t NW N 21t00 •••• O 3.50 1.2 8

b81 CHALLENGER AN 1130 53 02S 73 29E 634 N N 2400 •••• 5.00 7.3 8

b88 HARY-POWELL AN 1140 53 02S 73 30E 634 N N •••••••••••• 2.49 3.6 B 689 DOWNES AN 1150 53 02S 13 32E 624 N N 21t00 •••• 16.42 7.9 ~

690 EALY AN 1170 53 02S 73 34E 634 N N 2200 •••• 11.31t 8.2 B

b91 ALLISON AN 1350 53 05S 73 24E 634 W W 2400 •••• 6.50 7.9 a

GENERAL INFORMATION T.t.SLEA,- PAGE 17

134 135 '\36 TABLE fl

VARIATIONS 'IN THE POSITION or GLACIER FRONTS: 1975-80

NR : Record number GLACIER NAME : 15 alphabetic or numeric digits PSFG NUMBER : 4 or 5 digits identifying glacie~ with alphabetic prefix denoting country 1ST SURVEY : Year when ~lacier was first surveyed LAST SURVEY : Last survey before reported period

VARIATIONS IN METRES !Variation in the position of the glacier front in hori~ontal projection expressed as the change in length between surveys

Key to Symbols:

M : No data available +X : Glacier in advance -X : Glacier in retreat ST : Glacier stationary ~ SN : Glacier front covered by snow

137 NR GLACtER NAME PSFG NR 1ST LAST VARIATIONS IN HETPES SURVEY 1976 1917 1978 1979 1980 CANADA

l NA.DAHHH CD 1402 1964 1974 -52.9 -61.0

2 NEW MOON CD 1430 1946 1975 -17.:0

3 ATHABASCA CD 0190 1731 1975 +6.0 +7.8 +14.8 -1.0 -11.2

~ SASKATCHEWAN CD 1905 **** 197~ -34.0 -53.6 -6~. O -91.2 -10.0 5 EMERALD GLAÇIER CD 0560 **** 1978 +3.5 +1.7 6 TSOLOSS CD 2075 1951 1951 M ,., 0.0

7 ELKIN CD 0575 1951 1951 M M ., M

8 FRIENDLY CD 0692 1900 1975 M "1

9 TCHAIKUAN CD 2015 1900 1915 -70.0 ..,

10 BUGABOO CD 0290 1964 1974 -42.9 M -22."

Il BERM CD 0245 1947 1970 +70.0 ,.. -x

12 HAVOC CD 0840 1947. 1970 +195.0 "1 +55.0

13 SURF CO 19~6 lq~7 1970 +60.0 ~ 0.0

l' WAVE CD 2330 1941 lif70 -28.5 .., -10.0

15 TERRIFIC CD 2025 19~7 1970 +165.0 ST ST

lb CLENDENNING CD 0335 19~7 1910 -b25.0 ~ 0.0

11 C4LTHA LAKE CO 0310 1951 1969 M '" -22~.0 18 WEDGEMOUNT. CD 2333 1941 1913 -25.0 -21.0' -2.0 -2.0 -.3

19 STAIRCASE CD 1973 ~931 1972 +25.0 0.0

20 SPHINX CO 1965 1865 1972 ,.. +57.'5

21, SENTI NEL CD l 91 5 18 65 1972 M -1'59.4

22 FLEUR D.NEIGES CO 0675 1931 1972 0.0 0.0

23 GRIFFIN CD 0184 1931 1972 +15.0 0.0

24 THUNDERCLAP CD 2035 1931 1972 +67.0 -'"

25 KOKANEE CD 1190 1923 1972 M -20.1

UHITED STATES OF AHERICA

26 FALLING US 0405 1935 197~ -)( 27 APPLEGATE US 0406 1935 1974 -x

28 CLAREMONT WEST US 0408 1909 191~ ST 29 CLAREMONT NORTH US 0409 1909 1974 ST 3 O T A Y,l O R U S US'0410 1935 1974 -x 31 LAWRENCE US 0416 1935 1974 +x

32 MARQUETTE US 0417 1935 1974 ST

33 BELOIT,I US 0418 1935 1974 ST

34 BLACKSTONE US 0419 1935 1974 ST

35 HARR IMAN US Ob02 1909 1974 +20.0

--'3b R DAR I NG US Ob03 •••• ~974 ST

37 C,ATAPACT US 0604 *•• * 1974 +X 38 SURPR I SE US Ob05 **** 1974 ST 39 DET4CHED US 0606 •••• 1966 ST

"AR IATI ON IN POSI TION OF GlACIER FRONT S TABL E B, PAGE 1

138 NR GLACIER NAHE PSFG NR 1ST LAST VARIATIONS IN METRES SURVEY 1976 1977 1976 1919 1980

~o BAKER US 0607 ••• * 1971t +X

~l PENNIMAN EAST US 060e •••• 1966 ST .

~2 PENNU4AN WEST US 0609 •••• 1966 ST

1t3 SERPENTINE US 0610 .*•• 197'" -x M, 'tit CASCADE US 0611 •••• 1974 -x ~5 BARRY US 0612 •••• 1974 ST

~6 COXE US 0613 •••• 1966 ST

47 HOLYOKE US 061't •••• 1971t ST

~e BARNARD US 0615 •••• 1971 ST 49 WELLESLEY US 0616 •••• 197'" -x

50 VASSAR US 0617 •••• 1968 ST

51 BRYN MAWR US 0616 •••• 1971t +58.0

52 SMITH US 0619 •••• 1971t ST ~,

53 B A L T I H ORE US 0620 •••• l(nl +X

54 HARVARD US 0621 1699 1964 +275.0

55 YALE US 0622 •••• 1974 -195.0 -400.0

56 UNNAMED US624 US 0624 •••• 1974 ST

57 MEARES US 0625 1931 1974 -30.0 -l(

58 COLUMBIA US 0627 1899 1975 -120.0 -60 • .0 -bD. O -10.0 +100.0 59 SHOUP US 0626 •••• 196'" -x

60 VALDEZ US 0629 1931 1961t -100.0 M_

61 WORTHINGTON US 0630 •••• 1966 -140.0 "1 -x

62 CHILDS US ~634 •••• 1971t +x M M

63 SHERIDAN US 0635 1959 1974 M -105.0

64 SHERMAN us 0636 1964 1968 +125.0 M +)(

65 SADDL EBAG US 06 37 • • •• l 968 . +25.0 M lo!

66 BETSELI US 1120 1977 1957 -460.0 ST ST ST

67 N HAC KEITH US 1121 1957 1957 +200. O +b.;O +6.0 +6.0

66 S HAC KEITH US 1122 1957 1957 +365.0 +)( +x +15.0

69 AHTNA US 1123 1957 1957 +200. O +1~.0 ST

70 C~ETASlINA US 1121t 1977 1977 'H ST ST M

71 GE.IKIE US 1311t •••• 1974 -75.0 M -120. O

72 HUGH MILLER US 1315 ••• * 1974 M -385.0

13 REID US 1316 •••• 1914 M +75.0

14 LAHPlUGH US 1317 •••• 1974 -x "I +15.0 15 UNNAMED US1318 US 1318 •• *. 1971t +)C M +)( 76 KASHOTO US ,1319 •••• 1974 '" ST 77 HOONA H US 13.2 O •••• l CH It -x M -101').0

78 GILMAN US 1321 *••• 1974 M ,.. +7~.O - M- 79 CLARK US Û-S'-13-22 - .- ••• 1·(i7~ - -- -", -M ST

80 JOHNS HOPKI NS US 1323 •• ** 1971t +46.0 +321.0 81 TYEEN US 1321t •••• 1971 -x ST az KAOACHAN • US 1325 ***. 1971t ST

V AR I AT I Q N I N P O S I TI ON DF GL ACI ER FR '] ~ T S TAq L E B, P A GE 2

139 NR GLACIER NAME PSFG NR 1ST LAST VARIATIONS I~ HETRES SURVE"l' 197b 1977 1978 1979 1980

83 TOVATTE US 1326 **** 191~ ST M H -250.0,

8't TOPEt

65 ~ARGERIE US 1328 .**. 1974 M ,.. H ST

8b UNNA MEO'USI329 US 1329 •••• 1974 PII M '" ST 87 GRAND PACIFIC US 1330 **** 1974 M H 11 +1(>0.0

88 UNNAMED US1331 US 1331 **** 1914' H M M ST

89 ROHER US 1332 .*** 1974 H H 11 ST

90 RENDU US 1331 .*** 197~ H M M ST

91 UNNAMED US1334 US 1334 •••• 1974 ST H M ST