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Brief Contents

Brief Contents

List of Boxes xvii Preface xviii

PART 1 Understanding 1 1 The Changing Boundaries of Criminology 3 2 Counting and Measuring Criminal Behavior 24 3 Schools of Thought throughout History 57

PART 2 Explanations of Crime and Criminal Behavior 77 4 Biological and Psychological Perspectives 79 5 Strain and Cultural Theories 109 6 The Formation of Subcultures 137 7 164 8 Labeling, Conflict, and Radical Theories 184 9 Theories of Crime, Place, and Victimization 205

PART 3 Types of 227 10 Violent Crimes 229 11 Crimes against Property 281 12 White-Collar and 309 13 Public Order Crimes 339 14 International and Comparative Criminology 366

PART 4* A Criminological Approach to the Criminal System 15 Processes and Decisions 16 Enforcing the Law: Practice and Research 17 The Nature and Functioning of Courts 18 A Research Focus on

*Part 4, Chapters 15-18, are available only at the Instructor Edition of the Online Learning Center: www.mhhe.com/adlercrim8e. Contents

List of Boxes xvii Preface xviii

PART 1 Understanding Criminology 1 1 The Changing Boundaries of Criminology 3 The Changing Boundaries of Criminology 4 Terrorism 5 Illicit Drug Trafficking 5 Money Laundering 6 Infiltration of Legal Business 7 Computer Crime 7 Illicit Arms Trafficking 7 Trafficking in Persons 7 Destruction of Cultural Property 9 What Is Criminology? 11 The Making of Laws 12 Deviance 12 The Concept of Crime 13 The Consensus and Conflict Views of Law and Crime 14 Fairy Tales and Crime 16 The Breaking of Laws 17 Society's Reaction to the Breaking of Laws 18 Criminology and the System 20 The Global Approach to the Breaking of Laws 20 Research Informs Policy 21 BOXES World News: In the Words ofAl Qaeda: What Else Is There to Say about September 11? 8 Window to the World: Terrorism and the Fear of Terrorism 14 Debatable Issues: Fame and Crime 18 Review 22 Criminology & Public Policy 22 You Be the Criminologist 23 Key Terms 23 2 Counting Crime and Measuring Criminal Behavior 24 The Ingredients of Crime 26 The Act Requirement 26 The Legality Requirement 26 The Harm Requirement 27 The Causation Requirement 27 Mens Rea: The "Guilty Mind" Requirement 27 The Concurrence Requirement 28 The Requirement 28 The Defenses 29

VI Typologies of Crime 29 Measuring Crime 30 Methods of Collecting Data 30 Ethics and the Researcher 34 The Nature and Extent of Crime 35 Police Statistics 35 Victimization Surveys 37 Self-Report Surveys 39 Measuring Characteristics of Crime 41 Crime Trends 41 Locations and Times of Criminal Acts 43 Severity of Crime 43 Measuring Characteristics of Criminals 44 Age and Crime 44 Gender and Crime 49 Social Class and Crime 52 Strong Words from the Children's Defense Fund on the Cradle to Pipeline Campaign February 19, 2009 52 Race and Crime 54 BOXES World News: Statistics Watchdog Chief Accuses Home Office of Abusing Crime Statistics 38 Debatable Issues: Steady Decline in Major Crime Baffles Experts 44 Window to the World: Victims around the World 48 Review 55 Criminology & Public Policy 55 You Be the Criminologist 56 Key Terms 56

Schools of Thought throughout History 57 Classical Criminology 58 The Historical Context 58 Cesare Beccaria 59 Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarianism 62 The Classical School: An Evaluation 64 Positivist Criminology 64 Biological Determinism: The Search for Criminal Traits 64 Lombroso, Ferri, Garofalo: The Italian School 65 A Return to Biological Determinism 68 Somatotyping: A Physique for Crime? 70 Psychological Determinism 71 Pioneers in Criminal Psychology 71 Psychological Studies of Criminals 71 Sociological Determinism 71 Adolphe Quetelet and Andre-Michel Guerry 71 Gabriel Tarde 72 Emile Durkheim 72 Historical and Contemporary Criminology: A Time Line 73 The Future of Our History 73 BOXES Window to the World: Stone Age Crime and Social Control 60 Debatable Issues: Utilitarianism Gone Astray 62 Review 75 Criminology & Public Policy 75 You Be the Criminologist 76 Key Terms 76

Contents VII PART 2 Explanations of Crime and Criminal Behavior 77 4 Biological and Psychological Perspectives 79 Biology and Criminality 82 Modern Biocriminology 82 Genetics and Criminality 82 The Controversy over Violence and Genes 84 The IQ Debate 85 Biochemical Factors 86 88 Crime and Human Nature 90 Criticisms of Biocriminology 90 Psychology and Criminality 91 Psychological Development 91 Moral Development 94 Maternal Deprivation and Attachment Theory 96 Learning Aggression and Violence 97 Personality 101 Mental Disorders and Crime 103 Psychological Causation 104 Myths of the Insanity Defense 105 An Integrated Theory 107 BOXES Debatable Issues: Brain Overclaim Syndrome 92 Criminological Concerns: Is It Wrong to Criminalize and Punish Psychopaths? 100 Review 107 Criminology & Public Policy 107 You Be the Criminologist 108 Key Terms 108 5 Strain and Cultural Deviance Theories 109 The Interconnectedness of Sociological Theories 111 : Emile Durkheim 112 The Structural-Functionalist Perspective 112 Anomie and Suicide 112 Strain Theory 112 Merton's Theory of Anomie 113 Modes of Adaptation 114 Tests of Merton's Theory 116 Evaluation: Merton's Theory 118 Obituary for Tupac Amaru Shakur (1971-1996) 118 Institutional Imbalance and Crime 120 General Strain Theory 121 Cultural Deviance Theories 124 The Nature of Cultural Deviance 124 Social Disorganization Theory 125 Tests of Social Disorganization Theory 127 Social Unrest in Los Angeles 128 Evaluation: Social Disorganization Theory 128 Differential Association Theory 130 Tests of Differential Association Theory 131 Evaluation: Differential Association Theory 131 Culture Conflict Theory 134 BOXES Window to the World: A Social System Breaks Down 115 Debatable Issues: Cults—Culture Conflict—Crime 132 Review 135

VIII Contents Criminology & Public Policy 135 You Be the Criminologist 136 Key Terms 136 6 The Formation of Subcultures 137 The Function of Subcultures 139 Subcultural Theories of Delinquency and Crime 139 The Middle-Class Measuring Rod 140 Corner Boy, College Boy, Delinquent Boy 140 Tests of Cohen's Theory 140 Evaluation: Cohen's Theory 142 Delinquency and Opportunity 142 Tests of Opportunity Theory 144 Evaluation: Differential Opportunity Theory 145 The Subculture of Violence 145 Tests of the Subculture of Violence 146 Evaluation: The Subculture of Violence Theory 147 Focal Concerns: Miller's Theory 147 Tests of Miller's Theory 150 Evaluation: Miller's Theory 150 Gangs at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century 151 Street Gangs 151 Guns and Gangs 154 Female Delinquent Subcultures 156 Early Research 156 Recent Studies 156 Middle-Class Delinquency 157 Explanations 160 Getting Out: Gang Banging or the Morgue 162 BOXES Debatable Issues: Cohen vs. Miller 148 Criminological Concerns: The Girls in the Gang 158 Window to the World: Gangs Terrorize Nigeria's Vital Oil Region 160 Review 163 Criminology & Public Policy 163 You Be the Criminologist 163 Key Terms 163 7 Social Control Theory 164 What Is Social Control? 165 Theories of Social Control 166 The Microsociological Perspective: Hirschi 166 Social Bonds 167 Empirical Tests of Hirschi's Theory 168 Evaluation: Hirschi's Social Control Theory 170 Social Control and Drift 170 Personal and Social Control 170 Failure of Control Mechanisms 172 Stake in Conformity 172 Containment Theory 173 Empirical Tests of Containment Theory 176 Evaluation: Containment Theory 176 Theoretical Explorations 177 Developmental/Life Course Theory 177 Integrated Theory 179 General Theories 179

Contents IX 11 Crimes against Property 281 Larceny 282 The Elements of Larceny 282 The Extent of Larceny 282 Who Are the Thieves? 283 Shoplifting 284 Art Theft 285 Motor Vehicle Theft 287 Boat Theft 289 Fraud 290 Obtaining Property by False Pretenses 290 Confidence Games and Frauds 291 Check Forgery 291 Credit Card Crimes 291 Insurance Fraud 294 High-Tech Crimes: Concerns for Today and Tomorrow 297 Characteristics of High-Tech Crimes 298 Computers and the Internet: Types of Crimes 298 Characteristics of the High-Tech Criminal 304 The Criminal Justice Problem 305 Burglary 305 Fencing: Receiving Stolen Property 306 Arson 307 Comparative Crime Rates 307 BOXES Debatable Issues: Piracy Emerges as a Major Worldwide Problem: How Can It Be Controlled? 289 Criminological Concerns: Mortgage Fraud 292 Criminological Concerns: Insurance Fraud 296 Review 308 Criminology & Public Policy 308 You Be the Criminologist 308 Key Terms 308 12 White-Collar and Corporate Crime 309 Defining White-Collar Crime 311 Crimes Committed by Individuals 312 Types of White-Collar Crimes 314 Corporate Crime 322 Frequency and Problems of Definition 322 Phases of Corporate Criminal Law 322 Theories of Corporate Liability 328 Models of Corporate Culpability 329 Governmental Control of Corporations 330 Investigating Corporate Crime 331 Environmental Crimes 332 Curbing Corporate Crime 336 The Future of White-Collar and Corporate Crime 336 BOXES Window to the World: Al Qaeda's Battle Is Economic, Not Military 317 Debatable Issues: How Much Corporate Power Is Too Much? 324 Criminological Concerns: Corporate Fraud 334 Review 338 Criminology & Public Policy 338 You Be the Criminologist 338 Key Terms 338

XII Contents 13 Public Order Crimes 339 Drug Abuse and Crime 341 The History of Drug Abuse 342 The Extent of Drug Abuse 343 Patterns of Drug Abuse 345 Crime-Related Activities 346 Drug Control 348 Alcohol and Crime 350 The History of Legalization 351 Crime-Related Activities 352 Sexual Morality Offenses 353 Deviate Sexual Intercourse by Force or Imposition 354 Prostitution 354 Pornography 360 BOXES Window to the World: Global Sexual Slavery: Women and Children 356 Debatable Issues: Cyberporn: Where Do We (Should We) Draw the Line? 358 World News: Preventing Child Pornography 361 Review 364 Criminology & Public Policy 364 You Be the Criminologist 365 Key Terms 365 14 International and Comparative Criminology 366 What Is Comparative Criminology? 368 The Definition of Comparative Criminology 368 The History of Comparative Criminology 368 The Goals of Comparative Research 370 Engaging in Comparative Criminological Research 370 Comparative Research 370 Comparative Research Tools and Resources 371 The Special Problems of Empirical Research 371 Theory Testing 372 Validation of Major Theories 372 The Socioeconomic Development Perspective 372 Practical Goals 373 Learning from Others' Experiences 373 Developing International Strategies 373 Globalization versus Ethnic Fragmentation 382 BOXES Criminological Concerns: The Motives and Intentions of Terrorist Organizations 374 Debatable Issues: What Should Be Done to Prevent International Corporate Fraud? 376 Review 383 Criminology & Public Policy 383 You Be the Criminologist 383 Key Terms 383

Contents XIII PART 4* A Criminological Approach to the Criminal Justice System 15 Processes and Decisions The Stages of the Criminal Justice Process Entry into the System Prosecution and Pretrial Services Adjudication Decisions Sentencing Decisions Corrections Decisions Diversion out of the System Juvenile Justice The Development of the Juvenile Justice System The Juvenile Justice Process Victims and Criminal Justice Victims' Rights The Victim's Role in the Criminal Justice Process BOXES Debatable Issues: From Carlos the Jackal to Osama bin Laden: How Far Should We Go? Criminological Concerns: In re Gault: The Demise ofParens Patriae Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms 16 Enforcing the Law: Practice and Research The History of Policing The English Heritage Policing in the United States Law Enforcement Agencies Federal Law Enforcement Department of Homeland Security State Police County Police Municipal Police Special-Purpose Police Private Police Command Structure Operations Bureau: Patrol Operations Bureau: Investigation Specialized Units Nonline Functions Police Functions Law Enforcement Order Maintenance Community Service The Police and the Community Community Policing Police-Community Relations Programs The Rule of Law in Law Enforcement Constitutional Due Process Civil Rights

*Part 4, Chapters 15-18, are available only at the Instructor Edition of the Online Learning Center: www.mhhe.com/adlercrim8e.

XIV Contents Use of Deadly Force and Police Brutality Abuse of Discretion Corruption Police Officers and Their Lifestyle Qualifications Changing Composition of the Police Force The Police Subculture BOXES Window to the World: Interpol: The International Criminal Police Organization Criminological Concerns: Fear of Crime Decreases—Fear of Police Increases World News: Delhi Cops Are Ten-ted! Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms

17 The Nature and Functioning of Courts The Origins of Courts The U.S. Court System State Courts Federal Courts Interaction between State Courts and Federal Courts Lawyers in the Court System The Role of the Trial Judge Arraignment Pretrial Motions Release Decisions Plea Bargaining The Trial Selecting the Jury: Voir Dire The Proceedings Jury Decision Making Sentencing: Today and Tomorrow Incapacitation Retribution Rehabilitation Model Penal Code Sentencing Goals Just Deserts Sentencing Limits and Guidelines Capital Punishment The Deterrence Argument The Discrimination Argument Other Arguments Trends in American Capital Punishment BOXES Window to the World: Judging at the World Level Criminological Concerns: A New Crime: Hate A New Punishment: Sentence Enhancement Debatable Issues: Life or Death? Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms

Contents XV 18 A Research Focus on Corrections Punishment and Corrections: A Historical Overview From Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century Punishment in the New World The Reformatory Movement The Medical Treatment Model Community Involvement The ' Rights Movement Corrections Today Types of Incarceration The Size and Cost of the Correctional Enterprise The Problem of Overcrowding Prison Culture and Society Correctional Officers Programs in Penal Institutions Evaluation of Rehabilitation Medical Problems: AIDS, TB, and Mental Illness The Elderly Inmate Women in Prison Privatization of Corrections Community Alternatives Probation Parole The Search for Cost-Beneficial Alternatives Evaluation of Community Alternatives BOXES Window to the World: Nigeria's Prison System Fails Its People Debatable Issues: Beyond the Conjugal Visit? Criminological Concerns: Boot Camp: A Military Option for Corrections Review Criminology & Public Policy You Be the Criminologist Key Terms

Notes N-l Glossary G-l Credits C-l Indexes 1-1

XVI Contents

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