David Weisburd Ernesto U. Savona Badi Hasisi Francesco Calderoni Editors Understanding Recruitment to Organized Crime and Terrorism Understanding Recruitment to Organized Crime and Terrorism David Weisburd • Ernesto U. Savona Badi Hasisi • Francesco Calderoni Editors Understanding Recruitment to Organized Crime and Terrorism Editors David Weisburd Ernesto U. Savona Institute of Criminology Transcrime Faculty of Law Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Hebrew University of Jerusalem Milan, Italy Jerusalem, Israel Department of Criminology Francesco Calderoni Law and Society Transcrime George Mason University Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Fairfax, Virginia, USA Milan, Italy Badi Hasisi Institute of Criminology Faculty of Law Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel ISBN 978-3-030-36638-4 ISBN 978-3-030-36639-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36639-1 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 Chapter “Delinquent development, employment and income in a sample of Dutch organized crime offenders: Shape, content, and correlates of delinquent trajectories from age 12 to 65” is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). For further details see license information in the chapter. This work is subject to copyright. 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Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents Introduction ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 David Weisburd, Ernesto U. Savona, Badi Hasisi, and Francesco Calderoni Part I Factors Affecting Radicalization and Recruitment to Terrorism What Is the State of the Quantitative Literature on Risk Factors for Radicalization and Recruitment to Terrorism? �������������������������������������� 25 Michael Wolfowicz, Yael Litmanovitz, David Weisburd, and Badi Hasisi Resilience against Political and Religious Extremism, Radicalization, and Related Violence: A Systematic Review of Studies on Protective Factors ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 55 Friedrich Lösel, Doris Bender, Irina Jugl, and Sonja King Terrorist Recidivism in Israel: Rates, Patterns and Risk Factors �������������� 85 Tomer Carmel, Michael Wolfowicz, Badi Hasisi, and David Weisburd Unintended Negative Outcomes of Counter-Terrorism Policing: Procedural (in)Justice and Perceived Risk of Recruitment into Terrorism �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 105 Justice Tankebe The Link Between Prior Criminal Record and Violent Political Extremism in the United States ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 121 Michael A. Jensen, Aaron Safer-Lichtenstein, Patrick A. James, and Gary LaFree v vi Contents Testing a Threat Model of Terrorism: A Multi-method Study About Socio-­Economic and Psychological Influences on Terrorism Involvement in the Netherlands ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 147 Vanja Ljujic, Inge Versteegt, Frank Weerman, Fabienne Thijs, Jan-­Willem van Prooijen, Fatima el Bouk, and Steve van de Weijer Part II Factors Affecting Recruitment to Organized Crime Systematic Review of the Social, Psychological and Economic Factors Relating to Involvement and Recruitment into Organized Crime �������������� 175 Tommaso Comunale, Francesco Calderoni, Martina Marchesi, Elisa Superchi, and Gian Maria Campedelli Socio-Economic Inequalities and Organized Crime: An Empirical Analysis ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 205 Michele Battisti, Giovanni Bernardo, Antri Konstantinidi, Andros Kourtellos, and Andrea Mario Lavezzi The Criminal Careers of Italian Mafia Members ���������������������������������������� 241 Ernesto U. Savona, Francesco Calderoni, Gian Maria Campedelli, Tommaso Comunale, Marco Ferrarini, and Cecilia Meneghini Investigating the Psychological Profile of Organized Crime Members ������� 269 Gerardo Salvato, Maria Laura Fiorina, Daniela Ovadia, Gabriele De Maio, Elisa Francescon, and Gabriella Bottini Traffickers in Transit: Analysing the Logistics and Involvement Mechanisms of Organised Crime at Logistical Nodes in the Netherlands: Empirical Results of the Dutch Organised Crime Monitor ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 277 Renushka Madarie and Edwin W. Kruisbergen Delinquent Development, Employment and Income in a Sample of Dutch Organized Crime Offenders: Shape, Content, and Correlates of Delinquent Trajectories from Age 12 to 65 �������������������� 309 Victor van der Geest, M. Vere van Koppen, and Edward R. Kleemans Index ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 337 About the Editors David Weisburd is a Distinguished Professor at George Mason University and Director of the Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy. He is also the Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law and Criminal Justice at the Hebrew University Faculty of Law in Jerusalem. He serves as Chief Science Advisor at the Police Foundation in Washington DC and is Chair of its Research Advisory Committee. He has received many awards for his contributions to criminology and crime prevention. These include the Stockholm Prize in Criminology (2010); the Klachky Family Prize for the Advancement of the Frontiers of Science (2011); the Jerry Lee Award for Lifetime Achievement in Experimental Criminology (Division of Experimental Criminology, ASC, 2014); the Robert Boruch Award for distinctive contributions to research that influences public policy of the Campbell Collaboration (2014); the Sutherland Award for “outstanding contributions to the discipline of criminology” (ASC, 2014); the Israel Prize (generally regarded as the State of Israel’s highest civilian honor) (2015); the Mentoring Award for “excellence in mentorship in the discipline of Criminology and Criminal Justice” (ASC, 2016); and the August Vollmer Award for contributions to the prevention of crime (ASC, 2017). Ernesto U. Savona is Director of TRANSCRIME, Joint Research Centre of the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore and the Università degli Studi di Trento, and since 2003, he is Professor of Criminology at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Milan. From 1986 to 2002, he was Professor of Criminology at the Faculty of Law at the Università degli Studi di Trento. In 2003, he was appointed Editor in Chief of the European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, an international refereed Journal published by Springer. He is also Editor in Chief of the series Research in Brief in International and Comparative Criminology published by Springer. He has been consultant to the United Nations, Council of Europe, the European Union, and various national governments. He was also nominated President of the European Society of Criminology for the years 2003/2004. In June 2011, he was appointed Chair for the term 2011–2012 of the Global Agenda Council on Organized Crime del World Economic Forum. vii viii About the Editors Badi Hasisi serves as an Associate Professor and Chair of the Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University. His work focuses on the interaction between community and the criminal justice agencies, with specific emphasis on the particular problems faced by minority groups with the criminal justice system. He also specializes in homeland security ad terrorism. In the last 3 years, he received about 900,000 € from the European Commission to study ter- rorism. He also specializes in evaluating innovations in the criminal justice system. Prof. Hasisi also specializes in the legal history of Mandate Palestine. His recent study focuses on analyzing the reaction of the British court system during the Mandate in Palestine to family honor crimes, especially among the Arab commu- nity. He received the 2018 best article prize of the Israeli Organization of Law and History and the Fattal Prize for Excellence in Legal Research and Criminology. Prof. Hasisi also serves as the Executive Editor of the Journal of Quantitative Criminology. Francesco Calderoni is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Social and