Introduction to Criminology
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Social Justice in an Open World – the Role Of
E c o n o m i c & Social Affairs The International Forum for Social Development Social Justice in an Open World The Role of the United Nations Sales No. E.06.IV.2 ISBN 92-1-130249-5 05-62917—January 2006—2,000 United Nations ST/ESA/305 DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS Division for Social Policy and Development The International Forum for Social Development Social Justice in an Open World The Role of the United Nations asdf United Nations New York, 2006 DESA The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environ- mental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint course of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises inter- ested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks devel- oped in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. Note The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the mate- rial do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitations of its frontiers. -
UNIT 9 CRIMINOLOGY THEORIES Criminological Theories
UNIT 9 CRIMINOLOGY THEORIES Criminological Theories Structure 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Objectives 9.3 The Study of Criminology 9.4 What is Criminology? 9.5 Brief History of Criminology 9.6 Classical School of Criminology 9.6.1 Pre Classical School 9.6.2 Classical School of Criminology 9.6.3 Neo Classical School 9.7 Positive School of Criminology 9.8 Ecological School of Criminology 9.9 Theories Related to Physical Appearance 9.9.1 Phsiognomy and Phrenology 9.9.2 Criminal Anthropology: Lombroso to Goring 9.9.3 Body Type Theories: Sheldon to Cortes 9.10 Biological Factors and Criminal Behaviour 9.10.1 Chromosomes and Crime 9.10.2 Family Studies 9.10.3 Twin and Adoption Studies 9.10.4 Neurotransmitters 9.10.5 Hormones 9.10.6 The Autonomic Nervous System 9.11 Psychoanalytical Theories of Crime 9.11.1 Psychanalytic Explanations of Criminal Behaviour 9.12 Sociological Theories of Criminal Behaviour 9.12.1 Durkhiem, Anomie and Modernisation 9.12.2 Merton’s Strain Theory 9.12.3 Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory 9.13 Critical Criminology 9.13.1 Marxim and Marxist Criminology 9.14 Control Theories 9.14.1 Drift and Neutralisation 9.14.2 Hirschi’s Social Control 9.14.3 Containment Theory 9.14.4 Labeling Theory 9.15 Conflict Theories 9.15.1 Sellin’s Culture Conflict Theory 9.15.2 Vold’s Group Conflict Theory 9.15.3 Quinney’s Theory of the Social Reality of Crime 9.15.4 Turk’s Theory of Criminalisation 9.15.5 Chambliss and Seidman’s Analysis of the Criminal Justice System 5 Theories and Perspectives 9.16 Summary in Criminal Justice 9.17 Terminal Questions 9.18 Answers and Hints 9.19 References and Suggested Readings 9.1 INTRODUCTION Criminology is the scientific approach towards studying criminal behaviour. -
Wish 1 Week 7 (3/2): SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY and LIFE
Week 7 (3/2): SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY AND LIFE-COURSE VARIANTS Hirschi, Travis. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press. Chapter 1 Hirschi sets out to explain the differences between control theory, strain theory, and cultural deviance or differential association theories. He offers several criticisms of strain theory, including the fact that strain theory is often unable to account for the desistence from crime after adolescence/during adulthood, the inability of strain theory to account for crime in the middle and upper economic classes, and strain theory’s suggestion that people who accept legitimate goals or whose values conform to those of the larger society are more likely to commit crime (p. 6-10). Hirschi differentiates between control and strain theories by suggesting that control theory “assumes variation in morality” while strain theory assumes that morality/moral values lead to the pressures that result in crime as an attempt to quickly and easily achieve goals (p. 10-11). (Chapter 2 deals exclusively with the definition of control theory). Hirschi also explains “theories of cultural deviance” as similar to differential association. Such theories postulate that while crime or deviance may violate the norms or standards of the majority of society, they also represent a conformity to other norms and standards shared only by a subset of the society. Cultural deviance theory thus explains crime as learned through interactions with specific subsets of the population who have different norms and standards (that accept certain criminal or deviant behaviors shunned by the majority of society). Hirschi points out that while he cannot outright reject cultural deviance theories, they are markedly different in both method and type of findings from social control theories. -
An Examination of the Impact of Criminological Theory on Community Corrections Practice
December 2016 15 An Examination of the Impact of Criminological Theory on Community Corrections Practice James Byrne University of Massachusetts Lowell Don Hummer Penn State Harrisburg CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES ABOUT parole officers in terms of practical advice; to other community corrections programs are to why people commit crime are used—and mis- the contrary, we think a discussion of “cause” is be successful as “people changing” agencies. used—every day by legislative policy makers critical to the ongoing debate over the appro- But can we reasonably expect such diversity and community corrections managers when priate use of community-based sanctions, and flexibility from community corrections they develop new initiatives, sanctions, and and the development of effective community agencies, or is it more likely that one theory— programs; and these theories are also being corrections policies, practices, and programs. or group of theories—will be the dominant applied—and misapplied—by line commu However, the degree of uncertainty on the influence on community corrections practice? nity corrections officers in the workplace as cause—or causes—of our crime problem in Based on recent reviews of United States cor they classify, supervise, counsel, and con the academic community suggests that a rections history, we suspect that one group of trol offenders placed on their caseloads. The certain degree of skepticism is certainly in theories—supported by a dominant political purpose of this article is to provide a brief order when “new” crime control strategies are ideology—will continue to dominate until overview of the major theories of crime causa introduced. We need to look carefully at the the challenges to its efficacy move the field— tion and then to consider the implications of theory of crime causation on which these new both ideologically and theoretically—in a new these criminological theories for current and initiatives are based. -
Key Idea: Hirschi's Social Bond/Social Control Theory
FIVE KEY IDEA: HIRSCHI’S SOCIAL BOND/SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY KEYWORK Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press. ravis Hirschi’s social bond/social control theory has remained a major paradigm in criminology since its introduction in 1969. To be sure, Tfew theories have generated as much empirical attention, or have sparked as much debate within the field, as Hirschi’s theory. It has been tested by scholars extensively (Akers & Sellers, 2008) and has been the source of heated disagreements among scholars on both theoretical and empirical grounds (Lilly, Cullen, & Ball, 2007). Hirschi himself has remained a lead- ing figure in the discipline for over four decades now and continues to be among the most cited criminologists year after year (Wright, 2002). Indeed, few scholars can claim to have been this relevant to the field for this long. This was no accident—there’s a reason why his ideas have “caught on” where other ideas (even those that seem to be eerily similar) have been ignored, and such is the focus of this chapter. 55 56 KEY IDEAS IN CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF THE 1960S The 1960s were an interesting time in American history for a variety of reasons. This was the decade of clashing values that brought us acid rock; police dogs and fire hoses set upon civil rights demonstrators in the South; Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird and Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest; phrases like “free love” pitted against laws prohibiting the use of contraception; the burning of draft cards and the fleeing of draft dodgers to Canada; skateboards; miniskirts; the Black Panthers; the assas- sinations of John and Bobby Kennedy and of Martin Luther King, the pres- ence of non-white athletes Roberto Clemente, Willie Mays, and Hank Aaron in major league baseball; the burning of bras by feminists, and the riots at the Democratic National Convention. -
Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice
Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 2015 Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice Allegra M. McLeod Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1490 http://ssrn.com/abstract=2625217 62 UCLA L. Rev. 1156-1239 (2015) This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice Allegra M. McLeod EVIEW R ABSTRACT This Article introduces to legal scholarship the first sustained discussion of prison LA LAW LA LAW C abolition and what I will call a “prison abolitionist ethic.” Prisons and punitive policing U produce tremendous brutality, violence, racial stratification, ideological rigidity, despair, and waste. Meanwhile, incarceration and prison-backed policing neither redress nor repair the very sorts of harms they are supposed to address—interpersonal violence, addiction, mental illness, and sexual abuse, among others. Yet despite persistent and increasing recognition of the deep problems that attend U.S. incarceration and prison- backed policing, criminal law scholarship has largely failed to consider how the goals of criminal law—principally deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and retributive justice—might be pursued by means entirely apart from criminal law enforcement. Abandoning prison-backed punishment and punitive policing remains generally unfathomable. This Article argues that the general reluctance to engage seriously an abolitionist framework represents a failure of moral, legal, and political imagination. -
The Growth of Criminological Theories
THE GROWTH OF CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES Jonathon M. Heidt B.A., University of Montana, 2000 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the School of Criminology OJonathon M. Heidt 2003 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY November 2003 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Jonathon Heidt Degree: M.A. Title of Thesis: The Growth of Criminological Theories Examining Committee: Chair: ~ridnkurtch,P~JJ$ . D;. Robert ~ordoi,kh.~. Senior Supervisor Dr. Elizabeth Elliott, Ph.D. Member Sociology Department University at Albany - SUNY Date Approved: PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay The Growth of Criminological Theories Author: Name ABSTRACT In the last 50 years, an extensive array of theories has appeared within the field of criminology, many generated by the discipline of sociology. -
Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders
Introductory Handbook on The Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES Cover photo: © Rafael Olivares, Dirección General de Centros Penales de El Salvador. UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2018 © United Nations, December 2018. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Preface The first version of the Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders, published in 2012, was prepared for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) by Vivienne Chin, Associate of the International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, Canada, and Yvon Dandurand, crimi- nologist at the University of the Fraser Valley, Canada. The initial draft of the first version of the Handbook was reviewed and discussed during an expert group meeting held in Vienna on 16 and 17 November 2011.Valuable suggestions and contributions were made by the following experts at that meeting: Charles Robert Allen, Ibrahim Hasan Almarooqi, Sultan Mohamed Alniyadi, Tomris Atabay, Karin Bruckmüller, Elias Carranza, Elinor Wanyama Chemonges, Kimmett Edgar, Aida Escobar, Angela Evans, José Filho, Isabel Hight, Andrea King-Wessels, Rita Susana Maxera, Marina Menezes, Hugo Morales, Omar Nashabe, Michael Platzer, Roberto Santana, Guy Schmit, Victoria Sergeyeva, Zhang Xiaohua and Zhao Linna. -
Deterrence Daniel S
Deterrence Daniel S. Nagin* The criminal justice system in a democratic society serves many vital social purposes. Among the most important is deterring crime. Going back to the pioneering work of the Enlightenment philosopher Cesare Beccaria, deterrence theorists have distinguished between the certainty and severity of punishment. Conventional wisdom, backed by considerable research evidence, is that the certainty of punishment, not its severity, is the more effective deterrent. Recent reviews of that evidence has led me to a refinement of the certainty principle—it is the certainty of apprehension not the severity of the ensuing consequences that is the more effective deterrent. This conclusion has several important implications for policy. First, it calls into question the effectiveness of over four decades of U.S. crime-control policy predicated on the premise that lengthy prison sentences are an effective deterrent to crime. Second, according to the revised certainty principle, crime-prevention policy should instead focus on bolstering the certainty of apprehension. Such policies mostly involve increasing police numbers or better use of the police by their strategic deployment in ways that heighten their presence in high- crime areas and/or reduce criminal opportunities at such places. INTRODUCTION The criminal justice system in a democratic society serves many vital social purposes. Among the most important is preventing crime. The system’s activities may prevent crime by three mechanisms. One is incapacitation.1 Convicted offenders are often punished with imprisonment. Incapacitation refers to the crimes averted by their physical isolation during the period of their incarceration. Two other mechanisms involve possible behavioral responses. -
Holistic Retributivism
Holistic Retributivism Douglas Husakt I INTRODUCTION Many contemporary liberals make relatively little use of the concept of desert in their conceptions of distributive justice. By contrast, the con- cept of desert is absolutely central to their views about the justification of criminal punishment. Are they consistent? Samuel Scheffler hopes to find a plausible rationale for the asymmetric role played by desert in theories of distributive and retributive justice.' According to Scheffler, good reasons can be found to "de-emphasize desert in relation to distributive justice while retaining it as an element of our thinking about ... retributive justice and the function of the criminal law. 2 Why do contemporary liberals "de-emphasize" desert in their theories of distributive justice?3 The key to Scheffler's answer is that "there is a fundamental difference between the justificatory bases for claims of desert and claims of distributive justice, respectively."4 The justificatory basis for a valid desert claim must be individualistic, whereas distributive justice is holistic. In describing the basis for a desert claim as individualistic, Scheffier means that the fact that provides the basis for the desert claim must be about the person who is the subject of that claim. In describing distributive justice as holistic, Scheffler means that the justice of any assignment of benefits to particular persons always depends on the justice of the larger distribution of benefits in society. Copyright © 2000 California Law Review, Inc. California Law Review, Incorporated (CLR) is a California nonprofit corporation. CLR and the authors are solely responsible for the content of their publications. t' Professor of Philosophy, Rutgers University. -
Research Ethics
4/18/2017 Project Team Colleen Owens [email protected] 202-261-5539 Jeanette Hussemann [email protected] Abbey Flynn [email protected] Bending Towards Justice: Hanna Love Perceptions of Justice among Human Trafficking Survivors [email protected] Freedom Network USA Conference Lilly Yu April 5, 2017 [email protected] Project Overview Background Literature • Funded by the National Institute of Justice State and local investigation and prosecution (Farrell et al., 2012) • 85% sex trafficking investigations • 2 year study (January 2016-December 2017) • Low victim self report, low priority, reactive investigations, 35% of victims arrested • Human trafficking laws are not being used • 8 sites, geographically diverse, 80-100 interviews with survivors • 7% sex trafficking charge, 9% sex trafficking of a minor charge and 2% labor of labor and sex trafficking, interviews with criminal and civil trafficking charge (*federal) justice stakeholders, service providers Federal prosecution and restitution (Levy et al., 2014) • Only 36% of victims were ordered restitution Goals of the study: • Half of prosecutors did not order restitution for sex trafficking • Explore human trafficking survivors’ experiences with the justice system and their perceptions of whether and how justice was achieved Labor trafficking (Owens et al., 2014) • Less than half of suspects arrested • Understand whether transitional/restorative justice and procedural justice • DOL fines in one case, restitution rare models might apply together with or separate from criminal prosecutions • -
Defining Purpose in Deterrence-Based Correctional Programs Cecelia Klingele
University of Minnesota Law School Scholarship Repository Minnesota Law Review 2015 What Are We Hoping For? Defining Purpose in Deterrence-Based Correctional Programs Cecelia Klingele Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Klingele, Cecelia, "What Are We Hoping For? Defining Purpose in Deterrence-Based Correctional Programs" (2015). Minnesota Law Review. 265. https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mlr/265 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Minnesota Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Minnesota Law Review collection by an authorized administrator of the Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Essay What Are We Hoping For? Defining Purpose in Deterrence-Based Correctional Programs Cecelia Klingele† INTRODUCTION Probation has long offered individuals convicted of crime a way to avoid the deleterious effects of incarceration and remain in the community, bound by conditions designed to help them develop the routines and skills essential to a law-abiding life. The ultimate goal of probation is to promote desistance, the process by which a person formerly engaged in criminal offend- ing moves to a place of “long-term abstinence from crime.”1 This process of “making good” is often difficult, requiring a proba- tioner to abandon the habits and influences that have enabled criminal behavior and to develop law-abiding norms and prosocial relationships.2 Although probation historically involved close mentoring and monitoring by probation officers,3 growing caseloads and resource constraints often result in lax supervision and uneven enforcement of the conditions of supervision.4 As a result, in † Assistant Professor of Law, University of Wisconsin Law School.