Readings for Graduate Criminology Comprehensive Exam
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Multilateral Peace Operations and the Challenges of Organized Crime
SIPRI Background Paper February 2018 MULTILATERAL PEACE PROJECT SUMMARY w The New Geopolitics of Peace OPERATIONS AND THE Operations III: Non‑traditional Security Challenges initiative CHALLENGES OF was launched with support from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, co‑sponsored ORGANIZED CRIME by Ethiopia, and in continued partnership with the Friedrich‑ jaÏr van der lijn Ebert‑Stiftung (FES). This phase of the initiative seeks to enhance understanding I. Introduction about peace operations and non‑traditional security Multilateral peace operations are increasingly confronting a set of challenges such as terrorism interrelated and mutually reinforcing security challenges that are relatively and violent extremism, new to them, that do not respect borders, and that have causes and effects irregular migration, piracy, which cut right across the international security, peacebuilding and organized crime and environmental degradation. It development agendas.1 Organized crime provides one of the most prominent aims to identify the various examples of these ‘non-traditional’ security challenges.2 perceptions, positions and There are many different definitions of organized crime depending on the interests of the relevant context, sector and organization. The United Nations Convention against stakeholders, as well as to Transnational Organized Crime defines an ‘organized criminal group’ as stimulate open dialogue, ‘a structured group of three or more persons, existing for a period of time cooperation and mutual and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes understanding by engaging key or offences . in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other stakeholders and mapping the material benefit’.3 However, this definition is not unchallenged. -
UNIT 9 CRIMINOLOGY THEORIES Criminological Theories
UNIT 9 CRIMINOLOGY THEORIES Criminological Theories Structure 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Objectives 9.3 The Study of Criminology 9.4 What is Criminology? 9.5 Brief History of Criminology 9.6 Classical School of Criminology 9.6.1 Pre Classical School 9.6.2 Classical School of Criminology 9.6.3 Neo Classical School 9.7 Positive School of Criminology 9.8 Ecological School of Criminology 9.9 Theories Related to Physical Appearance 9.9.1 Phsiognomy and Phrenology 9.9.2 Criminal Anthropology: Lombroso to Goring 9.9.3 Body Type Theories: Sheldon to Cortes 9.10 Biological Factors and Criminal Behaviour 9.10.1 Chromosomes and Crime 9.10.2 Family Studies 9.10.3 Twin and Adoption Studies 9.10.4 Neurotransmitters 9.10.5 Hormones 9.10.6 The Autonomic Nervous System 9.11 Psychoanalytical Theories of Crime 9.11.1 Psychanalytic Explanations of Criminal Behaviour 9.12 Sociological Theories of Criminal Behaviour 9.12.1 Durkhiem, Anomie and Modernisation 9.12.2 Merton’s Strain Theory 9.12.3 Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory 9.13 Critical Criminology 9.13.1 Marxim and Marxist Criminology 9.14 Control Theories 9.14.1 Drift and Neutralisation 9.14.2 Hirschi’s Social Control 9.14.3 Containment Theory 9.14.4 Labeling Theory 9.15 Conflict Theories 9.15.1 Sellin’s Culture Conflict Theory 9.15.2 Vold’s Group Conflict Theory 9.15.3 Quinney’s Theory of the Social Reality of Crime 9.15.4 Turk’s Theory of Criminalisation 9.15.5 Chambliss and Seidman’s Analysis of the Criminal Justice System 5 Theories and Perspectives 9.16 Summary in Criminal Justice 9.17 Terminal Questions 9.18 Answers and Hints 9.19 References and Suggested Readings 9.1 INTRODUCTION Criminology is the scientific approach towards studying criminal behaviour. -
The Growth of Criminological Theories
THE GROWTH OF CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES Jonathon M. Heidt B.A., University of Montana, 2000 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the School of Criminology OJonathon M. Heidt 2003 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY November 2003 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Jonathon Heidt Degree: M.A. Title of Thesis: The Growth of Criminological Theories Examining Committee: Chair: ~ridnkurtch,P~JJ$ . D;. Robert ~ordoi,kh.~. Senior Supervisor Dr. Elizabeth Elliott, Ph.D. Member Sociology Department University at Albany - SUNY Date Approved: PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay The Growth of Criminological Theories Author: Name ABSTRACT In the last 50 years, an extensive array of theories has appeared within the field of criminology, many generated by the discipline of sociology. -
Interview Anarchist Criminology 2
ISSN: 2535-3241 Vol. 5, No. 1 (2021): 143-159 https://doi.org/10.5617/jea.8949 Interview Anarchist Criminology On the State Bias in Criminology Mark Seis and Stanislav Vysotsky Interviewed by Václav Walach Anarchist criminology is not a new approach to the critical study of harm, crime, and criminalization, but it has been largely overlooked and gained serious impetus only in recent years. This interview features two scholars who have been at the forefront of this development. Mark Seis co-edited the volumes Contemporary Anarchist Criminology (Nocella, Seis and Shantz 2018) and Classic Writings in Anarchist Criminology (Nocella, Seis, and Shantz 2020), which bring together some of the key texts that utilize anarchist theorizing to challenge the status quo, both in society and in criminology. Stanislav Vysotsky has recently published his book American Antifa (Vysotsky 2021), where he explores, inter alia, militant antifascism as informal policing. The interview emerged somewhat unconventionally. Stanislav was interviewed first on March 22, 2021. The resulting transcript was edited and sent to Mark who was unable to join the online meeting due to technical difficulties. I received his answers on May 24. The following is a slightly shortened and edited version of the interview. Václav Walach: Anarchist criminology – to some this sounds as a surprising combination. Why are some people so amazed when hearing about anarchist criminology? Stanislav Vysotsky: Probably because people associate anarchism with not the actual philosophy and the tenets of anarchism but with nihilism. They see anarchism as fundamental lawlessness and as the Hobbesian war of all against all, where without law we are simply free to engage in any acts of anti-social harm that we feel like engaging in. -
Introduction to Criminology
PART 1 © Nevarpp/iStockphoto/Getty Images Introduction to Criminology CHAPTER 1 Crime and Criminology. 3 CHAPTER 2 The Incidence of Crime . 35 1 © Tithi Luadthong/Shutterstock CHAPTER 1 Crime and Criminology Crime and the fear of crime have permeated the fabric of American life. —Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice, U.S. Supreme Court1 Collective fear stimulates herd instinct, and tends to produce ferocity toward those who are not regarded as members of the herd. —Bertrand Russell2 OBJECTIVES • Define criminology, and understand how this field of study relates to other social science disciplines. Pg. 4 • Understand the meaning of scientific theory and its relationship to research and policy. Pg. 8 • Recognize how the media shape public perceptions of crime. Pg. 19 • Know the criteria for establishing causation, and identify the attributes of good research. Pg. 13 • Understand the politics of criminology and the importance of social context. Pg. 18 • Define criminal law, and understand the conflict and consensus perspectives on the law. Pg. 5 • Describe the various schools of criminological theory and the explanations that they provide. Pg. 9 of the public’s concern about the safety of their com- Introduction munities, crime is a perennial political issue that can- Crime is a social phenomenon that commands the didates for political office are compelled to address. attention and energy of the American public. When Dealing with crime commands a substantial por- crime statistics are announced or a particular crime tion of the country’s tax dollars. Criminal justice sys- goes viral, the public demands that “something be tem operations (police, courts, prisons) cost American done.” American citizens are concerned about their taxpayers over $270 billion annually. -
Sociological Theories of Deviance: Definitions & Considerations
Sociological Theories of Deviance: Definitions & Considerations NCSS Strands: Individuals, Groups, and Institutions Time, Continuity, and Change Grade level: 9-12 Class periods needed: 1.5- 50 minute periods Purpose, Background, and Context Sociologists seek to understand how and why deviance occurs within a society. They do this by developing theories that explain factors impacting deviance on a wide scale such as social frustrations, socialization, social learning, and the impact of labeling. Four main theories have developed in the last 50 years. Anomie: Deviance is caused by anomie, or the feeling that society’s goals or the means to achieve them are closed to the person Control: Deviance exists because of improper socialization, which results in a lack of self-control for the person Differential association: People learn deviance from associating with others who act in deviant ways Labeling: Deviant behavior depends on who is defining it, and the people in our society who define deviance are usually those in positions of power Students will participate in a “jigsaw” where they will become knowledgeable in one theory and then share their knowledge with the rest of the class. After all theories have been presented, the class will use the theories to explain an historic example of socially deviant behavior: Zoot Suit Riots. Objectives & Student Outcomes Students will: Be able to define the concepts of social norms and deviance 1 Brainstorm behaviors that fit along a continuum from informal to formal deviance Learn four sociological theories of deviance by reading, listening, constructing hypotheticals, and questioning classmates Apply theories of deviance to Zoot Suit Riots that occurred in the 1943 Examine the role of social norms for individuals, groups, and institutions and how they are reinforced to maintain a order within a society; examine disorder/deviance within a society (NCSS Standards, p. -
Children of Organized Crime Offenders: Like Father, Like Child?
Eur J Crim Policy Res https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-018-9381-6 Children of Organized Crime Offenders: Like Father, Like Child? An Explorative and Qualitative Study Into Mechanisms of Intergenerational (Dis)Continuity in Organized Crime Families Meintje van Dijk1 & Edward Kleemans1 & Veroni Eichelsheim 2 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract This qualitative descriptive study aims to explore (1) the extent of intergenerational continuity of crime in families of organized crime offenders, (2) the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and (3) the mechanisms underlying intergenerational discontinuity. The study comprised a descriptive analysis of the available numeric information on 25 organized crime offenders based in Amsterdam and their 48 children of at least 19 years of age and a more qualitative in-depth analysis of police files, justice department files and child protection service files of all the family members of 14 of the 25 families. Additionally, interviews with employees of the involved organizations were conducted. In terms of prevalence in official record crime statistics, the results show that a large majority of the organized crime offenders’ sons seem to follow in their fathers’ footsteps. This is not the case for daughters, as half of them have a criminal record, but primarily for only one minor crime. Intergenerational transmission seems to be facilitated by mediating risk factors, inadequate parenting skills of the mother, the Bfamous^ or violent reputation of the father, and deviant social learning. If we want to break the intergenerational chain of crime and violence, the results seem to suggest that an accumulation of protective factors seem to be effective, particularly for girls. -
Passivity: Looking at Bystanding Through the Lens of Criminological Theory
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2011 Passivity: Looking at Bystanding Through the Lens of Criminological Theory Rahim Manji [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Civic and Community Engagement Commons, and the Criminology Commons Recommended Citation Manji, Rahim, "Passivity: Looking at Bystanding Through the Lens of Criminological Theory. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2011. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/897 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Rahim Manji entitled "Passivity: Looking at Bystanding Through the Lens of Criminological Theory." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Sociology. Lois Presser, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Harry Dahms, Ben Feldmeyer Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Passivity: Looking at Bystanding Through the Lens of Criminological Theory A Thesis Presented for the Masters of Arts Degree University of Tennessee, Knoxville Rahim Manji May, 2011 To the idea of a world in which injustice causes people to roil. -
The Critical Criminologist: Spring 2015 Newsletter
The Critical Criminologist: Spring 2015 Newsletter Issue 23, Volume 3 CHAIR’S MESSAGE It’s November already and the fall semester is in full swing. It’s that time of year for the production and publication of a new Division on Critical Criminology (DCC) newsletter and to make the appropriate preparations for the annual conference. As always, the newsletter is a viable method of communication and is full of important, relevant, and engaging information for our membership. Hats off to Favian Martin and his communication team, who have done an excellent job assembling the current newsletter. We have much to celebrate in the DCC. It has been an exciting year for the Division on Critical Criminology and its members. In addition to this newsletter, the number of students, scholars, and activists who follow, like, and are engaged by the DCC Facebook, Twitter and Instagram pages is increasing as we try to reach out and be relevant to our membership. The conference in Washington, DC, (November 18-21) will be one of the biggest in the Division’s history with numerous panels, covering numerous topics and subjects that form the core of critical criminology, including but not limited to state crime, crimes of the powerful, environmental crime, green criminology, and cultural criminology. A significant amount of important research has been produced, and participation in important activist concerns that interest us all. As always we have much to celebrate, including the numerous award winners in several categories. Critical Criminology: An International Journal continues to be a major force is still a major voice From Black Lives Matter, to Global Climate change, numerous developments in the United States and world around us have affected the Division’s members in terms of scholarship and activism. -
List of Entries
List of Entries 1%ers 1 Associations 100 ABM 1 Auto Theft 100 Accomplice Crime 1 Automated 100 Actualizing Risk-Need-Responsivity 1 Automated and Manual Forensic Adaptation 12 Examinations 100 Administrative Criminology 12 Babies Behind Bars 109 Admissibility 12 Bayesian Learning 116 Adolescence-Limited Offending 12 Bayesian Updating and Crime 116 Adolescent Contexts 12 BCS 125 Affordable Care Act 12 Behavioral Health Courts 125 Age-Crime Curve 12 Behavioral Investigative Advice 125 Agent-Based Assessments of Criminological Behavioral Learning 134 Theory 19 Behavioral Linkage Analysis 134 Agent-Based Modeling for Understanding Behavioral Management in Probation 134 Patterns of Crime 32 Behavioral Science Evidence in Criminal Agent-Based Modelling 41 Trials 145 Agent-Based Models to Predict Crime at Bias Crime 154 Places 41 Bias in Forensic Science 154 Aging Correctional Populations 48 Bias/Hate Motivated Crime 154 Aging Prison Population: Factors to Biased Policing 154 Consider 60 Bicycle Theft 162 AIDS 67 Biker Clubs/Gangs 170 Alcohol Dependence 67 Biological Geographical Profiling 171 Alternative Courts 67 Biometrics 179 Alternatives to Pre-trial Detention 68 Biometrics and Border Control Policing 179 American Dream 75 Boot Camps 188 AML 75 Border Control 188 Analytical Criminology 75 Brain 188 Anomie 75 Breakdown 188 Anomie and Crime 76 Break-In 188 Anomie Theory (Strain Theory) 86 Breaking and Entering 188 Antisocial Personality Disorder 86 Bribery 188 Antisocial Potential 86 British Crime Firms 188 Anxieties About Crime 86 British Crime Survey 194 Applied Geographical Profiling 86 British Police 203 Arms Races 100 Broken Windows Thesis 213 G. Bruinsma, D. Weisburd (eds.), Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 5599 DOI 10. -
A Retrospective View of Critical Legal Studies and Radical Criminology Albert P
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 84 Article 3 Issue 3 Fall Fall 1993 Radicalism in Law and Criminology: A Retrospective View of Critical Legal Studies and Radical Criminology Albert P. Cardarelli Stephen C. Hicks Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Albert P. Cardarelli, Stephen C. Hicks, Radicalism in Law and Criminology: A Retrospective View of Critical Legal Studies and Radical Criminology, 84 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 502 (Fall 1993) This Criminology is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 009 1-4169/93/8403-0502 THE JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW & CRIMINOLOGY Vol. 84, No. 3 Copyright © 1993 by Northwestern University, School of Law Printedin U.S.A. CRIMINOLOGY RADICALISM IN LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY: A RETROSPECTIVE VIEW OF CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES AND RADICAL CRIMINOLOGY ALBERT P. CARDARELLI* & STEPHEN C. HICKS** I. INTRODUCTION: HISTORY AS A PRELUDE As the end of the century approaches, there is a growing senti- ment that we may be witnessing the end of the "Left" as a major ideological force in American society.' The reasons for the pur- ported demise, especially in American politics, are not always in agreement, even among leftist scholars themselves. 2 One explana- tion posits that the fall from power began with the ascendancy of the "Right" in national politics with the election of Ronald Reagan, and was accelerated by the collapse of communist governments through- * Senior Fellow, John W. -
Article Title Labeling Theory Anomie Theory Gun Spree at Columbine High
Article Title Labeling Theory Anomie Theory "Urgent need for concerted action by Congress, Gun Spree at Columbine High "trench coat mafia" state legislators, and gun manufacturers..." "Jocks, brains, burnouts, and goths, the black-clad Though Far from Colorado, One High "Now you have to worry even more, who you demimonde to which Mr. school is Feeling a Sense of the Terror can and can't be friends with" Harris and Mr. Dylan apparently belonged." "trench coat mafia" Letter to the Editor 3-No title "potential troublemakers" "I saw fire alarms had gone off, kids exiting the building, teachers helping kids A Principal's Grief out of the building" "Why were the 15 killed? Why? Life is so unfair." "the incident set off a national bout of soul "members of a self-styled searching and debates over...guns or by the group of loners and outcasts" violent images on television and in video games" "I can't even imagine walking into that school "trench coat mafia" right now...I don't think I ever want to set foot 2 Are Suspects; Delay Caused in there again" By Explosives "many parents say they moved to enroll their "popular students whom they students in good and safe public schools, grief referred to as jocks" and shock were pervasive" "largest school massacre by students in the country's "repercussions were felt far beyond Colorado" history" "two troubled, suicidal killers" "School Security"; "Early Intervention"; The Scourge of School Violence "Gun Control" "troubled students" "trench coat mafia" "trench-coat-clad student" Authorities Find a Large