List of Entries

1%ers 1 Associations 100 ABM 1 Auto Theft 100 Accomplice 1 Automated 100 Actualizing Risk-Need-Responsivity 1 Automated and Manual Forensic Adaptation 12 Examinations 100 Administrative 12 Babies Behind Bars 109 Admissibility 12 Bayesian Learning 116 Adolescence-Limited Offending 12 Bayesian Updating and Crime 116 Adolescent Contexts 12 BCS 125 Affordable Care Act 12 Behavioral Health Courts 125 Age-Crime Curve 12 Behavioral Investigative Advice 125 Agent-Based Assessments of Criminological Behavioral Learning 134 Theory 19 Behavioral Linkage Analysis 134 Agent-Based Modeling for Understanding Behavioral Management in Probation 134 Patterns of Crime 32 Behavioral Science Evidence in Criminal Agent-Based Modelling 41 145 Agent-Based Models to Predict Crime at Bias Crime 154 Places 41 Bias in Forensic Science 154 Aging Correctional Populations 48 Bias/Hate Motivated Crime 154 Aging Population: Factors to Biased Policing 154 Consider 60 Bicycle Theft 162 AIDS 67 Biker Clubs/Gangs 170 Alcohol Dependence 67 Biological Geographical Profiling 171 Alternative Courts 67 Biometrics 179 Alternatives to Pre- Detention 68 Biometrics and Border Control Policing 179 American Dream 75 Boot Camps 188 AML 75 Border Control 188 Analytical Criminology 75 Brain 188 75 Breakdown 188 Anomie and Crime 76 Break-In 188 Anomie Theory (Strain Theory) 86 Breaking and Entering 188 Antisocial Personality Disorder 86 Bribery 188 Antisocial Potential 86 British Crime Firms 188 Anxieties About Crime 86 British Crime Survey 194 Applied Geographical Profiling 86 British 203 Arms Races 100 Broken Windows Thesis 213

G. Bruinsma, D. Weisburd (eds.), Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal , 5599 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2, # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 5600 List of Entries

“Broken Windows” Policing 223 Cognitive Transformation 363 Brutality 223 Cognitive/Information Processing Theories of Bullying 223 Aggression and Crime 363 Bullying Prevention: Assessing Existing Collective Action 376 Meta-Evaluations 231 Communal Context 376 Buprenorphine 242 Communities 376 Burglary at Construction Sites 242 Communities and Crime 376 Calibration of Simulation Models 243 Communities and the Police 376 Cambridge-Somerville Youth Experiment 252 Communities That Care 393 Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study 255 Community Control: Criminality, Community Camera Surveillance 255 Social Organization, Cultural Organization, Campus Crime 255 Deviant Opportunities, Directs Controls 408 Capture Recapture to Estimate Criminal Community Courts 408 Populations 267 Community Organization 416 Car Theft 276 Community Policing 416 Career Criminals and Criminological Community Service in Europe 426 Theory 276 Community Supervision 442 Careers in 285 Community-Oriented Policing 442 Case Management 295 Comparative 442 Causal Processes 295 Comparative Case Analysis 442 Cause of Police Legitimacy 295 Comparative Courts and Sentencing 442 Causes 295 Comparative 451 Causes of Police Legitimacy 295 Comparative Incarceration 451 Causes of Wrongful Convictions 303 Comparative Legal 458 CCTV 310 Comparative Police Systems 467 CCTV and Crime Prevention 310 Comparative of Centre for Children Committing 467 Offences (CCCO) 319 Comparative Punishment 478 Certainty, Severity, and Their Deterrent Comparing Police Systems Across the Effects 319 World 478 Child Pornography 328 Compliance and Control 488 Choice Theory 338 Compstat 496 Chronic Offenders 338 Computational Criminology 505 Chronic Victimization 338 Computer Forensics 505 Chronic Victims 338 Concept of the Police 514 City Rates 338 Conceptualizing of Police 515 Civil Actions 338 Concurrent Validity 524 Civil Remedies 338 Conditional Conviction 524 CJS 353 Conditional Release 524 Clinical Trials 353 Confessions 524 Closed-Circuit Television 353 Confirmation Bias 524 Coalition 353 Constabularization 524 Cocaine 353 Construction Site Theft and Burglary 524 Coercion 353 Content Analysis 524 Coevolution 353 Contextual Influences 525 Cognitive Change 353 Contingency Management 525 Cognitive Forensics: Cognition, Continuity and Change 525 Contextual Information, and Bias 353 Control of Police Misconduct 525 List of Entries 5601

Control Theory 535 Crime Scene Interpretation 738 Controlled Experiments 548 Crime Scene Profiling 738 Co-offending 548 Crime Science 738 Co-offending and Offender Attributes 559 Crime Simulation 748 Co-offending and Offender Crime Spates 748 Decision-Making 570 Crime Specialization, Progression, and Corporate Crime 581 Sequencing 748 Corporate Crime Control 581 Crime Sprees 759 Corporate Crime Decision-Making 581 Crime Trends 759 Corporate and the Business Cycle 588 Crimes Against Animal Life 759 Corporate Criminal Liability 600 769 Corporate Liability 600 Crimes of Empire 769 Correction 611 Crimes of Globalization 769 Correctional Administrators 612 Crimes of the Powerful 778 Correctional Education of Programs 612 Crimes Without Victims 786 Correctional Interventions 617 Criminal Activity of Sex Offenders 786 Correctional Treatment 617 Criminal Career 786 Correctional Workers in the Organizational Criminal Career of Sex Offenders 787 Change Process 617 Criminal Careers 800 630 Criminal Careers and 630 Responses 800 Cost-Benefit Analysis 641 Criminal Careers of Places 808 Counterterrorism 651 Criminal Cases Review Commission 816 Counterterrorism and the Media 658 Criminal Defense Profession 816 Counterterrorism Strategies 664 Criminal Interviewing 828 Courts 664 Criminal Investigation 828 Covert Policing 664 Criminal Investigative Analysis 828 Creativity 665 Criminal Investigative Profiling 838 Credibility Assessment 665 Criminal Justice System 838 Crime 665 Criminal 838 Crime and Justice 665 Criminal Personality Profiling 838 Crime and Justice on Television 665 Criminal Phenomenon: Crime, Criminal, Crime and the Racial Composition of Criminality 838 Communities 673 Criminal Profiling 838 Crime Concentration 681 Criminal Punishment 838 Crime Investigations by the International Criminal Thinking Model 838 Criminal Court 681 Criminalistics 838 Crime Linkage Analysis 691 and Occupational Health and Crime Location Choice 691 Safety 838 699 Criminological Theory 848 Crime on Public Transport 709 Criminology of Place 848 Crime Prevention 720 Criminology of Places 857 Crime Prevention Through Environmental 857 Design 720 Critical Incidents 858 Crime Preventive Effects of Incapacitation 731 Critical Report on Forensic Science 867 Crime Profiling 738 Cross-National 881 Crime Repetition by Youth 738 Cross-National Crime Rates 881 Crime Scene Analysis 738 Cross-National Performance in Policing 881 5602 List of Entries

Cryptology and Security 892 Discriminant Validity of Disorder and CTC 904 Crime 1093 CTC Prevention Coalition 904 Disorder: Observational and Perceptual CTC Prevention System 904 Measures 1103 904 Disproportionate Minority Contact 1114 Customary Justice 913 Dissocial Personality Disorder 1114 Decision Making Theory 915 Distributional Analysis 1114 Defiance and Motivational Postures 915 DNA 1114 Defiance Theory 925 DNA Databasing 1114 Defining Disorder 932 DNA Fingerprinting 1114 Delinquency 939 DNA Identification 1114 Democratic Policing 939 DNA Profiling 1114 Design 947 DNA Technology and Police Design Out Crime 947 Investigations 1128 Designing Out Crime 948 Domestic Burglary 1136 Designing Products Against Crime 948 Domestic 1136 Desistance 958 Domestic Violence 1137 Double-Blind Administration 1146 Desistance and Supervision 958 Dowry Deaths 1146 Desistance from Crime 967 Drug Abuse and Alcohol Dependence Among Desistance from Gangs 978 Inmates 1147 Desistors 988 Drug Corners 1159 Detecting Deception with fMRI 988 Drug Courts 1159 Detection of Deception 997 Drug Courts’ Effects on Criminal 998 Offending 1170 Deterrence of Tax Evasion 1005 Drug Dealing Places 1178 Deterrence: Actual Versus Perceived Risk of Drug Distribution 1178 Punishment 1014 Drug Enforcement 1179 Deterrent Effect of 1023 Drug Marketing 1186 Development of International and Drug Markets 1186 1030 Drug Substitution Programs and Development of Sex Offending 1045 Offending 1186 Development of the UCR and the NCVS 1045 Drug Trade 1194 Developmental Criminology 1053 Drug Trafficking 1194 Theory 1054 Drug-Related Crime 1201 Differences-in-Differences in Dutch Colonial Police 1201 Approaches 1054 Dutch Crime Networks 1211 Theory 1065 Dynamical Simulation in Criminology 1220 Differential Association-Reinforcement Dyssocial Personality Disorder 1231 Theory 1075 Earlscourt Child and Differential Enforcement 1075 Centre (ECFC) 1233 Differential Group Organization 1075 Earlscourt Girls Connection (EGC) 1233 Differential Offending 1075 Early Chicago School 1233 Differential Social Organization 1075 Early Chicago School Theory 1233 Disadvantage, Disorganization and Early Modern Police and Policing 1243 Crime 1084 Early Quantitative Methods 1256 Disclosure 1093 Early Release from Prison 1256 Discrete Spatial Choice 1093 EBP 1271 List of Entries 5603

Eco-crime 1271 Evidence-Based Crime Policy 1426 Ecology of Crime 1271 Evidence-Based Policing 1426 Econometrics of Crime 1271 Evidence-Based Policy and Practice 1437 Economic Dominance 1280 Evidence-Based Policy in Crime and Economic Theory of Criminal Behavior 1280 Justice 1437 Ecoterrorism 1286 Evidence-Based Supervision 1446 Effective Community Supervision Evidence-Led Policing 1446 Programming 1294 Evolution of Substance Abuse Treatment 1446 Effective Supervision Principles for Probation Evolutionary Perspectives on Crime and Parole 1308 Prevention 1447 Effectiveness of Situational Crime Evolutionary Theories of Criminal Prevention 1318 Behaviors 1454 Electronic Ball and Chain 1329 Evolving Judicial Roles 1463 Electronic Bracelet 1329 Examining the Effectiveness of Correctional Electronic Incarceration 1329 Interventions 1471 Electronic Monitoring 1329 Exchange 1479 Electronic Tagging 1338 Executions 1479 Electronic Tracking of Offenders 1338 Exonerations 1479 Elite Deviance 1338 Experiential Effects 1479 Emergency Response 1338 Experimental 1479 Empathy and Offending 1338 Experiments 1479 Environmental and 1344 Expert Evidence 1479 Environmental Crime 1355 Expert Evidence and Criminal Trial Environmental Criminology 1355 Procedure 1480 Environmental Extremism 1355 Expert Witnesses 1494 Environmental Regulation and Law Expert Witnesses: Role, Ethics, and Enforcement 1355 Accountability 1494 Environmental Rights 1367 Extended-Release Naltrexone 1502 Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease 1368 Extent of Imprisonment: Global View 1502 Equivocal Death Analysis 1368 Extortion Racketeering 1509 Establishing Causes of Offending in Eyewitness Evidence: Historical Longitudinal and Experimental Background 1509 Studies 1368 Eyewitness Identification Evidence 1518 Estimating the Effects of Incapacitation 1378 Eyewitness Research 1530 Estimator Variables and Eyewitness Eysenck’s Personality Theory 1538 Identification 1384 Fact-Finding Interviews 1547 Ethnic Violence 1394 False Confessions and Police Ethnoviolence 1403 Interrogation 1547 European Perspectives on Long-Term False Memories 1555 Imprisonment 1403 Family Engagement Strategies to Reduce Evaluating Truthfulness 1413 Crime 1563 Evaluating Truthfulness: Interviewing and Fatigue 1573 Credibility Assessment 1413 FBI Influence on and Local Police 1573 Evaluation 1426 Fear and Punishment 1581 Event Characteristics 1426 Fear of Crime and the Psychology of Risk 1594 Event Control: Criminal Event, Routines Feminist Criminological Theory 1603 Activities, Presentness, Occasions 1426 Feminist Theory and Domestic Violence 1612 Evidence-Based Corrections 1426 Feminist Theory in the Context of 1617 5604 List of Entries

Feminist Theory in the Context of Sexual -Based Violence 1876 Violence 1617 Gendered Theory and Gendered Practice 1876 Fencing/Receiving Stolen Goods 1627 Gendering Traditional Theories of Crime 1883 Field Trials 1637 General Patrol 1892 Fines in Europe 1637 General Strain Theory 1892 Fingerprint Identification 1648 General Theory of Crime 1900 Fingerprints 1664 Genes, Crime, and Antisocial Behaviors 1907 Flogging 1664 Genetic Basis to Self-Control 1915 Focused Deterrence and “Pulling Levers” 1664 Genetic Expression 1924 Force 1675 Genetic Profiling 1924 Forced Migration and Human Rights 1675 1924 Forecasting Crime or Crime Forecasting 1682 Geo-forensic Analysis 1933 Forecasting of Shootings Using Risk Terrain Geographic Profiling 1934 Modeling 1682 Geographical Analysis 1942 Forensic Anthropology 1692 Geographical Offender Profiling 1942 Forensic DNA Matching 1705 Geography of Crime 1943 Forensic Environmental Evidence 1705 Geography of Crime and Disorder 1943 Forensic Evidence 1713 German Police Until 1918 1956 Forensic Facial Analysis 1713 GLM 1966 Forensic Genetics 1729 Good Lives Model 1966 Forensic Linguistics 1729 Governance 1976 Forensic Palynology 1741 Graft 1976 Forensic Palynology (The Study of Pollen Green Criminology 1976 Grains) 1754 Group Characteristics and General Strain Forensic Science 1754 Theory 1984 Forensic Science and Bias 1754 Group Crime 1991 Forensic Science and Criminal Inquiry 1754 Group-Based Trajectory Modeling 1991 Forensic Science and Criminal Group-Based Trajectory Models 1991 Investigation 1754 Group-Based Trajectory Models and Forensic Science and Miscarriages of Developmental Change 2003 Justice 1763 Growth Curve Models with Categorical Forensic Science and the of Outcomes 2013 Quality 1773 GST 2025 Forensic Science 1782 Guilds 2025 Forensic Science Effectiveness 1795 Handwriting as Evidence 2027 Forensic Science Evidence 1805 Handwriting Examination: The Art and Forensic Science in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Science 2036 Centuries 1805 Harassment, Threat Assessment 2036 Forensic Science Professions 1820 2036 Fraternal Organizations 1829 Health and Safety Law 2047 Fraud Victimization 1829 Health and Wellness 2047 French Colonial Police 1836 Reform and Criminal Frequent Victimization 1846 Offenders (US) 2047 Front Door and Backdoor Sentencing 1846 Health Issues in Prison Reentry Models 2053 Gangs and Social Networks 1857 Hepatitis C 2062 Gendarmerie Policing 1866 Heroin-Assisted Treatment 2062 Gender and Race Differences 1876 Hidden Crime Survey 2062 List of Entries 5605

High Policing 2062 Homegrown Terrorism in the High-Frequency Victimization 2074 2336 Historical and Comparative Perspectives on Homicide Perpetration 2345 Incarceration 2074 Homicide Rates/Trends 2345 Historical Criminology 2081 Honor Killings 2345 History of Bail 2087 Hormones, the Brain, and Criminality 2345 History of Boot Camps 2099 Hot Dots 2351 History of 2106 Hot Products 2351 History of 2106 Hot Smudges 2351 History of Corrections 2115 Hot Spots 2352 History of Crime 2127 Hot Spots and Place-Based Policing 2352 History of Criminal Investigation 2127 Hot Targets 2363 History of Criminological Theories: Causes of Housing Choice Vouchers and Escaping Crime 2137 Neighborhood Crime 2363 History of Fines 2149 How to Make Crime Mapping More History of Forensic Science in Policing 2153 Inferential 2371 History of Geographic Criminology Part I: Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome 2371 Nineteenth Century 2159 Human Rights 2371 History of Geographic Criminology Part II: Human Rights Violations in Criminal Twentieth Century 2164 Court 2371 History of Geographical Criminology 2172 Human Smuggling 2382 History of Green Criminology 2172 Human Trafficking 2389 History of Juvenile Courts 2181 Hybrid Gangs 2389 History of Juvenile Justice 2191 ICAP Theory 2391 History of Organized Crime in Mexico 2200 ICC 2391 History of Organized Crime in the United Identification and the Development of Forensic States 2204 Science 2391 History of Police Unions 2207 Identification Issues in Life Course History of Probation and Parole in the Criminology 2398 United States 2217 Identification Technologies in Policing and History of Randomized Controlled Experiments Proof 2407 in Criminal Justice 2227 Identity Theft 2419 History of 2239 Illicit Retail Marketplaces 2429 History of Staff Skills in Probation 2249 ILP 2429 History of Substance Abuse Treatment 2257 Images 2429 History of Technology in Policing 2269 Impacts of Community-Oriented Policing 2430 History of the Death Penalty 2277 Impartiality and Fairness in Judging 2435 History of the Dutch Crime Victimization Imprisonment 2435 Survey(s) 2286 Imprisonment and Cardiac Risk 2435 History of the Police Profession 2296 Incapacitation 2443 History of the Self-Report Delinquency Incarcerating Terrorists 2450 Surveys 2309 Incarceration 2459 History of the Statistics of Crime and Criminal Incarceration Rates 2459 Justice 2319 Incivilities 2459 HIV 2326 Incivilities Thesis 2459 HIV in the Correctional System 2326 Inclusionary Control 2459 Home Burglary 2336 Indigenous 2459 5606 List of Entries

Indigent Defense 2459 Interrupted Time Series Models 2653 Individual Characteristics and General Strain Intervention and Prevention in China 2665 Theory 2459 Intervention Research 2673 Individual-Based Modelling 2470 Interview and Interrogation Methods Effects on Individual-Based Simulation Modeling 2470 Confession Accuracy 2673 Individualization 2470 Interviewing Eyewitnesses 2679 Inferential Crime Mapping 2470 Investigative Interviewing 2689 Infiltration 2479 Investigative Psychology 2689 Informal Guardianship 2480 IRCIP 2699 Informal Social Control 2490 Italian Mafia 2699 Information Technology and Police Work 2501 Italian Organized Crime 2706 Information-Led Policing 2513 Jail 2707 Innocence Commissions 2514 Job of a 2707 Innovation and Crime Prevention 2523 Joint/Group Offending 2707 Institutional Anomie Theory 2531 Journey to Crime 2707 Institutional Environment 2542 Judicial Leadership and Performance 2707 Institutional Imbalance 2542 Judicial Temperament 2716 Institutional Legitimacy 2542 Junk Science 2716 Institutional Theories of Punishment 2542 Juries, Lay , and Trials 2716 Institutional Theory 2552 Jury Decision Making and Eyewitness Institutions (Political, Legal, Knowledge) 2552 Testimony 2727 Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential Jury Impartiality in the Modern Era 2735 Theory 2552 Justice Reinvestment 2745 Integrating Rational Choice and Other Juvenile Awareness Programs 2756 Theories 2564 Juvenile Crime 2756 Intelligence 2573 Juvenile Diversion 2756 Intelligence-Led Policing 2573 Juvenile Justice 2765 Intensive Probation and Parole 2581 Juvenile Justice in the Get Tough Era 2766 Interactional Theory of Delinquency 2592 Intermediate Sanctions 2601 Juvenile Justice System Responses to Minority Youth 2773 Internal Security Strategies 2601 International 2601 Juvenile Sex Offenders 2785 International Crime Victimization Survey 2602 Juvenile Victimization 2785 International Crimes 2614 Juvenile Violence 2793 International Criminal Court 2614 Juveniles, Young Adults 2804 International Evidence Exchange 2614 Key Skills Involved in Judging 2805 International Human Rights Standards and Labeling and Deviance 2807 Community Sanctions 2614 2807 International Policy Transfer 2623 Labeling: History and Concept 2814 International Responses to Victims in Criminal Labelling Perspective 2814 Justice 2632 Labelling Theory 2814 International Sentencing 2643 Labelling, Deviance, and Media 2814 International Tribunals 2653 Latent Class Growth Modeling 2823 Internet Pornography 2653 Latent Growth Curves 2823 Interrogation 2653 Latent Trajectory Modeling 2823 Interrupted Time Series Analysis 2653 Law Enforcement 2823 List of Entries 5607

Law of Community Policing and Public Order MAT 2998 Policing 2823 Measurement of Self-Control 2998 Law of Confessions 2827 Measuring Crime Specializations and Law of Crime Concentrations at Places 2827 Concentrations 3010 Law of Police Interrogation 2835 Measuring Police Performance 3023 Law of Police Searches 2841 Measuring Police Unit Performance 3037 Law of Police Seizures and the Exercise of Measuring Wrongful Convictions 3047 Discretion 2852 Medication Assisted Therapy 3058 Law of Police Use of Force 2858 Men 3058 Law of Undercover Policing 2865 Mental Disorder 3058 Law, Diversion and Community Sanctions in Mental Health Courts 3058 Juvenile Justice 2871 Mental Illness 3065 Lawful Killings 2881 Mentally Disordered Offenders Under Leadership 2892 Community Supervision 3065 Learning 2892 Meta-analysis 3073 Learning Theory 2892 Methadone 3073 2892 Methamphetamine 3073 Legal Control of the Police 2898 Methodological Issues in Evaluating Police Legal Frameworks for Third-Party Performance 3074 Policing 2906 Microsimulation Models of the Criminal Justice Legal Interventions 2915 System 3084 Legal Rules, Forensic Science and Wrongful Migration Policing 3094 Convictions 2915 Militarization 3094 Legal Status of 2926 Minorities Within the Police Workforce 3094 Lie Detection 2937 Miscarriages of Justice 3103 Lie/Truth Detection 2937 Mitigation and Aggravation at Life Course 2937 Sentencing 3103 Life Events 2937 ML 3112 Life-Course Criminology 2937 Mob Killings 3112 Life-Course-Persistent Offending 2937 Modern Marxist and Radical Theory 3112 Lifestyle Theory 2937 Modus Operandi of Sex Offenders 3112 Lifestyle Theory of Crime 2947 Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy of Linkage Analysis for Crime 2947 Antisocial Behavior 3121 Longitudinal 2953 Monetary Strain and Individual Longitudinal Crime Trends at Places 2953 Offending 3127 Longitudinal Studies in Criminology 2960 Money Laundering 3137 Low Self-Control 2968 Monitoring and Evaluation of Restorative Low-Level Data Forensics 2968 Justice 3144 MABS 2969 Moral Crimes 3153 Macro-social Criminology 2969 Moral Norms 3157 MACS 2969 Morality 3157 Malls 2969 Mortality After Release from Prison 3157 Managerial Court Culture 2969 Motivation 3167 Managing Innovation of Policing 2980 Motor Vehicle Theft 3167 Manual 2989 Motorcycle Clubs 3176 Marxist Criminology 2989 Motorcycle Clubs or Gangs? 3176 Mass Transit 2998 Motorcycle Gangs 3184 5608 List of Entries

Multicenter Trials 3184 Officer Safety, Health, and Wellness 3322 Multiple Victimization 3184 One Percent Clubs/Gangs 3332 Multiple Victims and Super Targets 3184 Onset of Offending 3332 Multisite Trials in Criminal Justice Open Drug Market 3342 Settings 3190 Opioid Dependence 3342 Multi-victims 3208 Opioid Replacement Treatment 3342 Naltrexone 3209 Opioid Substitution Treatment 3342 Naming and Shaming of Corporate Optimizing Longitudinal Studies in Offenders 3209 Offending 3342 National and Local Policing 3217 Order Maintenance 3349 National Crime Survey 3228 Order Maintenance Policing 3349 National Victimization Surveys 3228 Organizational Change and Police Natural Crime Prevention 3242 Legitimacy 3358 NCVS 3242 Organizational Crimes 3368 Near Repeats 3242 Organizational Culture 3368 Near Repeats and Crime Forecasting 3242 Organizational Liability 3368 Near-Repeat Victimization 3255 Organizational Performance Negotiated Guilty Pleas 3255 Measurement 3368 Neighborhood Crime Trends 3255 Organized Crime 3368 Neighborhood Effects 3255 Organized Crime and the Environment 3368 Neighborhood Effects and Social Organized Crime, Types of 3376 Networks 3255 Organized Eco Crime 3387 Neighborhood Policing 3265 Organized Environmental Crime 3387 Neighborhood Policing (UK) 3265 Organized Fraud 3387 Neighborhood Social Networks 3265 Organizing and Supplying Forensic Science Neighborhoods 3265 Services 3397 Neighboring 3265 Origins of Modern Policing 3408 Network Analysis in Criminology 3265 Outdoor Serious Violence: The Role of Networked Policing 3275 Place 3408 Neurology and Neurochemistry of Crime 3275 Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs/Gangs 3417 Neurotransmitters 3283 Overturning Wrongful Convictions and New Media and Crime Images 3283 Compensating Exonerees 3417 New 3283 Parametric Sample Selection Models 3429 Nodal Policing 3291 Parole 3440 Normlessness 3291 Parole and Reentry in the United Nuclear Weapons and 3291 States 3440 Obscenity 3301 Pathways to Delinquency 3450 Occupation Crime 3301 Patrol 3463 Occupational Culture 3301 Patterns in Youthful Offending 3463 Offender Change in Treatment 3301 Peer Effects 3463 Offender Decision Making and Behavioral Penal 3463 Economics 3311 Penal Justice and Social Injustice 3474 Offender Outcomes 3315 Penal : Past and Present 3481 Offender Profiling 3315 Penal Philosophy and Sentencing Theory 3490 Offender-Based Crime Survey 3315 Penalties 3497 Offending 3315 Perceptions of Risk 3497 Offense Specialization: Key Theories and Perceptual Updating 3497 Methods 3315 Performance Management 3497 List of Entries 5609

Perpetrator Characteristics 3497 Police-Led Interventions to Enhance Police Persistent Offenders 3497 Legitimacy 3753 Personal Control: Criminal Behavior, Policing 3765 Social Control, Self-Control, Models, Policing in Britain c.1750–1829 3765 Constraints 3497 Policing in Developing Democracies 3777 Personalized Policing 3497 Policing of Peacekeeping 3787 Philosophical Basis of the Forensic Policing Special Populations 3795 Process 3497 Policing Terrorism and Legitimacy 3804 Philosophy of Forensic Identification 3513 Policing the Police 3814 Physical Punishment 3526 Policy Exchange 3814 Place-Based Randomized Trials 3526 Policy Transfer 3814 Plea Bargaining 3535 Political Action 3814 Plural Policing 3544 3814 Poaching 3544 Political Crimes 3821 Police 3544 Political Violence 3821 Police Accountability 3544 Polyvictimization 3821 Police and the Excessive Use of Force 3544 Population Size Estimation 3821 Police and the Military Nexus 3559 Porn 3821 Police Corruption 3567 Pornography 3822 Police Culture 3577 Post-Conflict Justice 3830 Police Discretion and Its Control 3587 Post-Conflict Traditional Justice 3831 Police Discretion in Law Enforcement 3596 Postmodern Criminology 3843 Police Discretion in Providing Services and Poverty, Inequality, and Area Differences in Assistance 3607 Crime 3854 Police Family Violence Services 3616 Prediction and Crime Clusters 3862 Police Federations 3623 3871 Police in 3623 Predictive Sentencing 3880 Police in the Police State 3638 Predictive Validity 3884 Police Integrity 3647 Predictors of Gang Membership 3884 Police Interrogation 3656 Predictors of Successful Investigations 3884 Police Leadership Styles 3656 Pre-lineup Instructions 3894 Police Legitimacy 3665 Prenatal and Postnatal Preventive Interventions Police Legitimacy and Police Encounters 3665 Based on Risk Factors 3895 Police Line-Level and Agency Accountability Prenatal Intervention 3905 3675 Pretrail Detention 3905 Police Lying and Deception 3684 Pretrial Release 3905 Police Officers in Schools 3694 Preventing of Terror at Shopping Malls 3906 Police or Officer Discretionary Prevention 3911 Decision-Making 3702 Preventive Order: Civil Law 3911 Police Organizations 3702 Preventive Patrol 3921 Police Performance Measurement 3702 Principles of Effective Correctional Police Promotional Practices 3712 Intervention 3931 Police School Services 3720 Principles of Effective Intervention 3931 Police Selection 3727 Prior Victimization 3931 Police Self-Legitimacy 3735 Prison 3931 Police Styles 3742 Prison Aversion Programs 3931 Police Subculture 3742 Prison Warden Stress and Job Police Use of Firearms 3742 Performance 3932 5610 List of Entries

Prison Without Bars 3936 Public Transit 4174 Private Policing 3936 Public Transportation 4174 Private Security 3937 Publicity Sanctions 4174 Privatization 3937 Pulling Levers Policing 4174 Privatization of Policing in an International Punishment 4185 Context 3937 Punishment and the State 4185 Probability and Inference in Forensic Punishment as Rehabilitation 4195 Science 3947 Quality of Life 4207 Probation 3957 Quality-of-Life Policing 4207 Probation and Community Sanctions 3957 Quantile Regression Models to Analyze Probation and Human Rights 3963 Experimental Data 4207 Probation and Parole Practices 3973 Quantitative Methods Used by Criminologists in Probation Officer Decision-Making 3979 the Nineteenth Century 4221 Problem Solving Policing 3988 Quantitative Studies on Media and Crime 4228 Problem-Oriented Courts 3988 Quasi-Experimental 4235 Problem-Oriented Policing 3989 Race 4237 Problem-Solving Courts 4000 Race and Ethnicity in Social Disorganization Procedural Fairness 4011 Theory 4237 Procedural Justice 4011 Race and the Likelihood of Arrest 4245 Procedural Justice and Cooperation 4011 Race Issues in Probation and Parole 4251 Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and Race, Ethnicity, and Youth Gangs 4257 Policing 4024 Racial Disparities 4264 Professional Crime 4034 Racial Profiling 4264 Profiling 4034 Racket 4264 Profiling Arson 4035 Racketeering 4264 Propensity Score Matching 4047 4273 Proportionality 4063 Radical Environmentalism 4273 Prosecution and Wrongful Convictions 4070 Randomization 4273 Prosecutorial Discretion 4081 Randomized Block Design 4273 Prostitution 4089 Randomized Block Designs 4273 Proximity Policing 4098 Randomized Control Trials 4283 Psychiatric Autopsy 4098 Randomized Controlled Trials 4283 Psychological Autopsy of Equivocal Randomized Experiments in Criminology and Deaths 4098 Criminal Justice 4283 Psychological Profiling 4107 Randomized Field Trials 4291 Psychology of False Confessions 4107 Randomized Response Methods 4291 Psychology of Risk 4116 Rapid Transit 4297 Psychopathic Personality Disorder 4116 Rates of Punishment (Spatial and Temporal 4116 Variation) 4298 Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Rational Choice 4298 Disorder 4116 Rational Choice and Prospect Theory 4298 Psychopathy and Offending 4126 Rational Choice Theory 4307 4134 Rational Choice, Deterrence, and Crime: Public Defenders 4134 Sociological Contributions 4316 Public Housing and Crime Patterns 4143 RCTS 4327 Public Opinion About Sentencing 4152 Reading Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior 4327 Public Order Crimes 4162 Realism 4327 Public Representations of the Police 4162 Reality Based Television Shows 4327 List of Entries 5611

Rearrest 4327 Risk Factors for Adolescent Sexual Reassurance Policing and Signal Crimes 4327 Offending 4466 Recall 4335 Risk Factors for Gang Membership 4476 Recent Perspectives on the Regression Risk Factors for Prison 4485 Discontinuity Design 4335 Risk Management in Policing 4494 Recidivism Versus Reoffending 4350 Risk Perception 4501 Recidivist Victimization 4350 Risk Terrain Modeling (RTM) 4501 Reconstructive Mental State Evaluation 4350 Risky Facilities 4501 Reconstructive Psychological Evaluation 4350 Risky Professions 4501 Recurrent Victimization 4350 Risky Routes 4501 Reentry 4351 RNR 4501 Reentry Courts 4351 RNR Model 4501 Reform 4360 RNR Supervision 4501 Reformation 4360 4502 Regulate Violence 4360 Role and Function of the Police 4510 Regulatory Compliance 4360 Role and Function of the Police Manager 4529 Regulatory Crime Control 4360 Routine Activities Approach 4544 Rehabilitation 4360 Routine Patrol 4552 Rehabilitation, Treatment 4370 Russian Mafia 4552 Re-integration 4370 Safety 4561 Release 4370 Sample Selection Models 4561 Reliability 4371 Sample Selection Problems 4580 Reoccurrence of Victimization 4371 Sanctioning 4588 Repeat Offending 4371 Scared Straight Programs 4588 Repeat Victimization 4371 Scenario Designs 4597 Repeats 4381 School Aggression 4608 Repetitive Victimization 4381 School Bullying as a Risk Factor for Later Reputation Sanctions 4381 Criminal Offending 4608 Residential Burglary 4381 School Crime 4617 Resistance 4392 School Crime Statistics 4617 Resistance to State Crime 4392 School Discipline 4628 Responses to Domestic Violence in India 4402 School Police 4628 Restitution as a Penal Aim 4410 School Programs 4628 Restorative Justice 4421 School Resource Officers 4628 Restorative Justice and Practice 4422 School Resource Officers (SROs) 4628 Restorative Justice and State Crime 4430 School Security 4628 Restorative Justice, Victims 4446 School Security Practices and Crime 4628 Retribution 4446 School Social Organization, Discipline Retributive Punishment 4446 Management, and Crime 4636 Retributivist Theories 4446 School Structural Characteristics and Return to Prison 4456 Crime 4645 Revictimization 4456 School Violence Prevention 4655 Rhe 4456 School-Based Interventions for Aggressive and Risk and Protective Factors 4456 Disruptive Behavior: A Meta-Analysis 4655 Risk Assessment 4456 Scientific Basis of the Forensic Process 4672 Risk Assessment, Classification, and Scientific Evidence Before International Prediction 4457 Criminal Tribunals 4682 5612 List of Entries

Scientific Evidence in Criminal SNAP® Girls 4883 Adjudication 4690 SNAP® ORP 4883 Scientific Evidence in Criminal So What Criminology? 4883 Prosecutions 4701 Social Bond 4891 Selection Bias 4715 Social Capital and Collective Efficacy 4891 Selective Enforcement 4715 Social Constructivism 4899 Self-Control 4715 Social Control 4899 Self-Control Theory 4715 Social Control and Self-control Through the Self-Report Delinquency Survey 4715 Life Course 4908 Self-Reported Arrests 4716 of Sexual Homicide Self-Reported Offending 4716 Offending 4916 Self-Reported Offending: Reliability and Social Disorder and Physical Disorder at Validity 4716 Places 4922 Semi-parametric Group-Based Method 4724 Social Disorganization and Terrorism 4932 Sensitive Questions 4724 Social Factors and Third Party Policing 4941 Sentencing 4724 Social Harms 4951 Sentencing as a Cultural Practice 4724 Social Learning Theory 4951 Sentencing Commissions 4733 Social Network Analysis and the Measurement of Sentencing Guidelines in the United Neighborhoods 4964 States 4746 Social Network Analysis of Organized Criminal Sentencing Research 4759 Groups 4972 Sequential Lineups 4769 Social Network Analysis of Urban Street Serial Victims 4769 Gangs 4981 Sex Offender Treatment 4769 Social Networks 4991 Sex Offenders and Criminal Policy 4782 Societies 4991 Sex Offending and Criminal Mobility 4791 Socio-spatial Criminology 4991 Sexual Assault and Violence Against Spatial Approaches to Crime 4991 Females 4798 Spatial Influence 4991 Sexual Offender Treatment (SOT) 4798 Spatial Models and Network Analysis 4991 Sexual Recidivism 4798 Spatial Perspectives on Illegal Drug Sexual Reconviction 4809 Markets 4997 Sexual Reoffending 4809 Shame in Criminological Theory 4809 Specialization and Sexual Offending 5007 Shaming in Asian Societies 4817 Specialization in Juvenile Offending 5017 Shift Work 4827 Specialty Courts 5026 Shock Incarceration 4827 Specific Deterrence 5026 Shoplifting 4827 Stalking 5026 Signal Crimes Perspective 4838 State Crime 5038 Simulation 4838 State-Corporate Crime 5043 Simulation as a Tool for Police Planning 4838 STDs 5053 Situational Action Theory 4845 Stigma 5053 Situational Approaches to Terrorism 4853 Sting Operations 5053 Situational Crime Prevention 4864 Stolen Auto 5053 Situational Crime Prevention and the Wild Stolen Vehicle 5053 ® West 4874 Stop Now and Plan (SNAP ) Model 5053 SNAP® 4883 Strategies of Policing Terrorism 5063 SNAP® Boys 4883 Street Drug Market 5076 SNAP® GC 4883 Stress 5076 List of Entries 5613

Structured Sentencing Outside the United Trajectories 5272 States 5076 Transactional Theory 5272 Subsidized Housing 5083 Transitional 5272 Suicide 5083 5272 Suicide and 5083 Transitional Work Programs for Supervision 5094 Ex- 5282 Surveillance Technology and Policing 5094 Transnational Corporate Bribery 5289 Surveys on 5104 Transnational Corporate Corruption 5302 Suspended Sentence 5117 Transnational Exchange of Forensic Synthesizing Biological and Social Evidence 5302 Theorizing 5117 Transnational Policing 5313 Systematic Social Observation 5124 Treating Mentally Ill Offenders 5313 TB 5135 Treatment 5323 Technology 5135 Treatment Matching 5323 Telemetric Policing 5135 Treatment of Sex Offenders 5323 Termination 5145 Trends 5332 Terrorism 5145 Triads and Tongs 5332 Terrorism Inside the USA 5145 True Experiments 5343 Terrorist Groups 5145 Tuberculosis 5343 Terrorist Organizations 5146 Under 12 Outreach Project (ORP) 5345 Terrorist Perpetrator Groups 5157 Understanding Cross-National Variation 5345 Terrorist Perpetrator Organizations 5157 Understanding Homicide and Aggravated THB 5157 Assault 5355 Theft at Construction Sites 5157 Understanding Victimization Frequency 5370 Theoretical Integration 5164 Unintended Effects of Imprisonment 5382 Theories for Situational and Environmental US National Crime Victimization Crime Prevention 5164 Survey 5392 Theories of Co-offending 5173 US Responses to Terrorists 5401 Theories of Punishment 5184 Use of Social Media in Policing 5410 Theories on Policing and Communities 5192 Victim Input at Sentencing 5425 Therapeutic Courts 5201 Victim, Witness, Suspect Interviewing 5434 Therapeutic Jurisprudence 5202 Victim-Focused Prevention of Child Sexual Third Party Policing 5211 Abuse 5434 Third Party Policing and School Truancy 5211 Victimhood 5442 Third-Party Policing 5221 Victimization Incidence 5442 Third-Party Policing (TPP) 5232 Victimization Rate 5442 Time Series 5233 Victimization, Gender, and the Criminal Justice Time Series Intervention Analysis 5233 System 5442 Time Series Quasi-Experiment 5233 5451 TIP 5233 Victims and Restorative Justice 5451 TJ 5233 Victims and the ICC 5461 Tobacco Abuse in Correctional Settings 5233 Victims and the International Criminal TPP 5239 Court 5461 Traditional Retributivism 5239 Victims and the Police 5469 Traffic Enforcement and Control 5249 Victims of Corporate Crime 5480 Traffic Police 5256 Victims of State Crime 5490 Trafficking in Human Beings 5263 Victims’ Rights in the Criminal Justice Trafficking in Persons 5272 System 5497 5614 List of Entries

Video Surveillance 5508 Witchcraft 5538 Video Technology and Police Witness Characteristics 5538 Interrogation 5508 Women 5538 Violent 5517 Women and White-Collar Crime 5538 Violent Pornography 5517 Women in Policing 5548 Virtual Prison 5517 Women of Color and Crime 5560 Virtual Repeats 5517 Women Police 5568 Visualizing Data: A Brief History 5517 Workplace Safety Crimes 5575 Vivitrol 5530 Worry About Crime 5576 Crimes 5531 Wrongful Convictions 5576 What Works in Corrections 5531 Wrongful Convictions in the Inquisitorial White Collar Crime 5531 System 5576 White-Collar Crime 5538 Youth Homicide in the United States 5585 Wildlife Trade 5538 Youth Violence 5595 Wildlife Trafficking 5538 Zero Tolerance 5597