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Milk Production MILK PRODUCTION ADVANCED GENETIC TRAITS, CELLULAR MECHANISM, ANIMAL MANAGEMENT AND HEALTH Edited by Narongsak Chaiyabutr MILK PRODUCTION – ADVANCED GENETIC TRAITS, CELLULAR MECHANISM, ANIMAL MANAGEMENT AND HEALTH Milk Production – Advanced Genetic Traits, Cellular Mechanism, Animal Management and Health http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2475 Edited by Narongsak Chaiyabutr Contributors Marcel Amills, Jordi Jordana, Alí Zidi, Juan Manuel Serradilla, Peter Hristov, Denitsa Teofanova, Ivan Mehandzhiyski, Lyuben Zagorchev, Georgi Radoslavov, Yousef Mehmannavaz, Abolfazl Ghorbani, Sammy K. Kiplagat, Moses K. Limo, Isaac S. Kosgey, Juan José Arranz, Beatriz Gutiérrez-Gil, Narongsak Chaiyabutr, Elli Pärna, Tanel Kaart, Heli Kiiman, Tanel Bulitko, Haldja Viinalass, M.E. Caffaro, C. Suárez, D.L. Roldán,, M.A. Poli, Antonia Kécya França Moita, Paulo Sávio Lopes, Robledo de Almeida Torres, Ricardo Frederico Euclydes, Humberto Tonhati, Ary Ferreira de Freitas, M. Subhan Qureshi, Rocky R.J. Akarro, Sezen Ocak, Sinan Ogun, Hysen Bytyqi, Miroslav Maršálek, Jarmila Voříšková, Jana Zedníková, A.M. Descalzo, L.Rossetti, R. Páez, G. Grigioni, P.T. García, L. Costabel, L. Negri, L. Antonacci, E. Salado, G. Bretschneider, G. Gagliostro, E. Comerón, M.A. Taverna Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Sandra Bakic Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published September, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Milk Production – Advanced Genetic Traits, Cellular Mechanism, Animal Management and Health, Edited by Narongsak Chaiyabutr p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0766-8 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Genetics Factors and Cellular Mechanism 1 Chapter 1 Genetic Factors that Regulate Milk Protein and Lipid Composition in Goats 3 Marcel Amills, Jordi Jordana, Alí Zidi and Juan Manuel Serradilla Chapter 2 Application of Milk Proteins Genetic Polymorphism for Selection and Breeding of Dairy Cows in Bulgaria 31 Peter Hristov, Denitsa Teofanova, Ivan Mehandzhiyski, Lyuben Zagorchev and Georgi Radoslavov Chapter 3 Genetic Polymorphisms of Some Bovine Lactogenic Hormones 53 Yousef Mehmannavaz and Abolfazl Ghorbani Chapter 4 Genetic Improvement of Livestock for Milk Production 77 Sammy K. Kiplagat, Moses K. Limo and Isaac S. Kosgey Chapter 5 Detection of QTL Underlying Milk Traits in Sheep: An Update 97 Juan José Arranz and Beatriz Gutiérrez-Gil Chapter 6 Control of Mammary Function During Lactation in Crossbred Dairy Cattle in the Tropics 127 Narongsak Chaiyabutr Chapter 7 Milk Protein Genotype Associations with Milk Coagulation and Quality Traits 155 Elli Pärna, Tanel Kaart, Heli Kiiman, Tanel Bulitko and Haldja Viinalass Chapter 8 Milk Casein Alleles, Haplotypes and QTL Effect on Protein and Fat Content and Milk Yield in Argentinean Criollo and Cross Goats 173 M.E. Caffaro, C. Suárez, D.L. Roldán, and M.A. Poli VI Contents Chapter 9 Sire X Herd and Sire X Herd-Year Interactions on Genetic Evaluation of Buffaloes 199 Antonia Kécya França Moita, Paulo Sávio Lopes, Robledo de Almeida Torres, Ricardo Frederico Euclydes, Humberto Tonhati and Ary Ferreira de Freitas Section 2 Animal Management, Nutrition and Husbandry 225 Chapter 10 Breeding, Management and Environmental Issues at Peri-Urban Dairy Farms 227 M. Subhan Qureshi Chapter 11 Determination of the Herd Size 243 Rocky R.J. Akarro Chapter 12 Dissemination of Scientific Data for Sustainable, Organic Milk Production Systems 273 Sezen Ocak and Sinan Ogun Chapter 13 Effect of Environmental Conditions in Milk Production Under Small-Scale and Semi-Extensive Conditions in Kosovo 289 Hysen Bytyqi Chapter 14 Results of Automatic Milking System and Milk Performance on Selected Farms 315 Miroslav Maršálek, Jarmila Voříšková and Jana Zedníková Chapter 15 Differential Characteristics of Milk Produced in Grazing Systems and Their Impact on Dairy Products 339 A.M. Descalzo, L.Rossetti, R. Páez, G. Grigioni, P.T. García, L. Costabel, L. Negri, L. Antonacci, E. Salado, G. Bretschneider, G. Gagliostro, E. Comerón and M.A. Taverna Preface Chapters in “Milk Production - Advanced Genetic Traits, Cellular Mechanism, Animal Nutrition and Management” were being made for the publication of continuation of advances in the knowledge involving milk production. One of the more obvious area in which knowledge has been rapidly concerned the molecular and cellular mechanisms, involves animal breeding and genetics in the milk synthesis and increased milk yield. Although many chapters in the second book “Milk Production - An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health” explored aspects involving animal nutrition, animal management, and animal health in details, these areas continue to progress rapidly. Consequently, the chapters in “Milk Production - Advanced Genetic Traits, Cellular Mechanism, Animal Nutrition and Management” are devoted to subjects on advances for regulation milk production and background information. They constitute a continuing supplement to the first book, “Milk Production - Advanced Genetic Traits, Cellular Mechanism, Animal Nutrition and Management”, which is divided into two main sections and is concerned with aspects of genetics factors and cellular mechanism, animal management, nutrition and husbandry. The efficient milk production both quantity and quality needs to improve in many aspects in different disciplines, which are not an all inclusive summary of knowledge for increase milk production. Some chapters of two sections in this book are devoted to more specific consideration of areas involving genetic progress in improving the dairy animal and control mechanism in lactation not presented in the first book. Each author has presented an advance of the research conducted in a given aspect related to fields of lactation. Narongsak Chaiyabutr Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand Section 1 Genetics Factors and Cellular Mechanism Chapter 1 Genetic Factors that Regulate Milk Protein and Lipid Composition in Goats Marcel Amills, Jordi Jordana, Alí Zidi and Juan Manuel Serradilla Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51716 1. Introduction The mammary gland fulfills the essential role of providing all the nutrients needed to sustain the life and growth of the newborn under the form of milk, a white fluid composed primarily by water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and minerals. Domestication of cow, sheep and goats in the Near East 9,000 YBP and the subsequent creation of breeds specialized in milk production allowed humans to take profit of this rich source of proteins and minerals, becoming an important component of their diet either in the form of fresh milk or derived products such as cheese, yogurt, kefir, butter and many others (Figure 1). Because of their adaptability to a harsh climate and scarce vegetation, dairy goats occupy an important niche in the economy of tropical countries such as India, Bangladesh and Sudan, which happen to be the three main goat milk producers at a worldwide scale (FAOSTAT 2009). In Europe, France, Spain and Greece are the largest goat milk producers and, in comparison with Asian and African countries, have a much more intensified production system (FAOSTAT 2009). Proteins and lipids are essential components of milk and they can have a very strong impact on milk nutritional and technological properties (Bauman et al. 2006). Milk casein content, for instance, is one of the main determinants of cheese yield and both traits are positively correlated (Remeuf and Hurtaud 1991). Similarly, fat content and composition are key factors determining milk and cheese attributes. In this way, milk with a low fat percentage is associated with a reduced cheese yield and firmness as well as with negative effects on flavor and color (Lamberet et al. 2001). Moreover, short-chain fatty acids (FA), such as C4:0- C12:0, have been implicated in the appearance of a rancid soapy flavor in milk, whilst the hardness and melting point of fat is largely determined by its unsaturated FA content (Fox and Sweeney 2003). Importantly, a relevant fraction (around 70%) of goat milk fat is composed by saturated FA that have detrimental effects on human health because they are associated with an increased risk of suffering cardiovascular diseases (Pfeuffer and 4 Milk Production
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