Asian foods Priority products information
August 2017 Overview
This presentation covers: – Land-based plant products – Land-based animal products – Water-based products
Within each of these, they are organised broadly in descending order based on: – Asian market (multiple country consumption, significant use) and overlap with African market – Suitability of production conditions (noting that some will need tunnel/irrigation, especially to have year-round production)
Coverage for each product includes names, production requirements, usage, and available information on costs/economics. Explanations
Production information: Key sources have included: http://www.prota4u.org/; www.daff.gov.za; http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/CropOp/en/spec_veg/index.html
Fresh produce market prices and tonnage: Monthly and annual information is based on DAFF statistics. http://www.daff.gov.za/daffweb3/Home/Crop-Estimates/Statistical-Information/Fresh-Produce Not all products are recorded; in some cases if a more specific relevant product is available as a spot price on Cape Town Fresh Produce market site this has also been included. https://www.ctmarket.co.za/daily-prices/
Cape Town retail prices Prices were gathered in August 2017 based on physical visits and telephonic enquiries to. Rylands Suprete; Shayona (Rylands);New Asia (Sea Point); N1 Chinese Supermarket; Winfield Asian Supermarket (Parklands); Atlas (Bo Kaap); Shoprite (Athlone); Pick ‘n Pay Gardens; Woolworths Gardens Centre; Fruit & Veg (Kenilworth); Indigo; Fish for Africa Allies Butchery Wembley Meat Market ; Busy Corner Meat Hyper.
FAO prices and Figures : FAO figures were sourced from FAOSTAT: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data . There are a mix of official statistics submitted by countries and FAO-calculated figures.
Prices in US Dollars are equal to producer prices in local currency times the exchange rate of the selected year. The main exchange rates source used is the IMF.
Figures relate to the total domestic production whether inside or outside the agricultural sector, i.e. it includes non-commercial production and production from kitchen gardens.
Yields: Kaiser has calculated weighted averages for the regions based on hectares for each available country/sub-region.
LAND-BASED PLANT PRODUCTS
Abelmoschus esculentus – Okra
Annual, erect herb
Other names: Common ladies’ fingers, bhindi
Consumed in: India and China (Also in various locations in Africa including South Africa, small-scale production in Philippi, W. Cape)
AGRONOMICS
• Days to harvest: 49+ days after sowing and at intervals of 2-3 days • Temperatures above 20oC daytime and 30-35oC for germination, temperatures should not go below 13oC; sensitive to frost • Rainfall and water: Requires 400mm of rainfall during the growing season • Soil type: Performs well in all types of soil, but prefers well-drained sandy and loamy soils • pH: Average between 6 to 7 • Can also be found from sea level up to 1,000m • Pests and diseases: Fungal diseases (Damping-off, vascular wilt, cercospora blight, powdery mildew), Viral diseases (OkMV, OLCV), nematodes, stem borers, whitefly, flea beetles
USAGE IN ASIA
• Plant parts used: Fruit, leaves, seeds • Food uses: Vegetable, used in soup and sauces • Format of consumption: Fresh • Other uses: Medicinal use, bark fibre for game traps and fishlines, rope, paper and cardboard
HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST TREATMENT • Should be harvested while still tender, and two to three times a week as regular picking increases yield • Needs to be handled carefully to avoid bruising. Cotton gloves are recommended – also as small spines can cause an allergic reaction. • Optimum storage temperature: 7 to 10°C • Relative humidity: 95 to100% is needed to retard dehydration, pod toughening, and loss of fresh appearance. • Freeze damage: Occurs at temperatures of -1.8° and below
Abelmoschus esculentus – Okra ECONOMICS
SA PRICE AND VOLUMES Cape Town retail prices: • Ranges between R70 and R90 per kg (22 August 2017 spot prices)
Fresh produce market statistics: • Tonnes sold (Jan to June 2017) : CPT: 5; CPT: 28; JNB: 678 • Average price/kg (Jan to June 2017): CT: R19.81; DBN: R10.70; JNB: R11.70
CTFPM Okra sales price and volumes trends:
Annual trends Monthly 60.0 1800 7820 30.00 7700 1600 24.32 50.0 1530 1400 25.00 6600 20.75 40.0 1200 1170 20.00 5500 1000 30.0 4710 4400 820 570 800 15.00 15.55 20.0 620 610 600 3720 3300 100 400 10.00 10.0 450 2200 240 200 10 5.00
0.0 0 1100
0.00 0
R/kg 2014 2015 2016
kg sold sold kg
R/kg kg sold sold kg R/kg kg sold
R/kg kg sold
INTERNATIONAL YIELD AND PRICE DATA
• Yield in Asia (FAO 2014 data, tonnes/ha): 11.78 (Weighted average: South Eastern Asia and Southern Asia) • Ranges from 11.91 (India, tonnage n/a) to 14.46 (Malaysia,45,130 tonnes) • Producer price (FAO 2015 $/kg): $0.71 (Weighted average: Southern Asia, Eastern Asia and South-Eastern Asia) • Ranges between $0.45 per kg (Phillippines, 30 274 tonnes produced) to $0.96 per kg (Malaysia).
Brassica rapa var. chinensis, parachinensis – Bok choi
Annual plants
Other names: Chinese chard,Tatsoi/ rosette bok choy / pak choy (Brassica rapa var. rosularis), Pak Choi Chinese celery cabbage, Chinese white cabbage, buk choy, and petsa.
Consumed in: China AGRONOMICS
• Days to harvest: 35 to 55 days • Temperatures: 15 to 20°C. • Sun: Requires 3 to 12 hours of direct sunlight per day. • Soil type: Rich, loamy soils with high fertility, organic matter and water retention • pH: Average between 6.0 to 7.5 • Pests and diseases: common pests are green looper caterpillars, cabbage caterpillars, cutworm, aphids, snails and slugs. Common deseases are Erwinia carotovora, Albugo candida (white rust) and Rhizoctonia
USAGE IN ASIA
• Plant parts used: Stalk and leaves
• Format of consumption: Used fresh and raw in salads and meals
ECONOMICS
• Cape Town retail spot prices: R20-30/kg Solanum melongena L. – Eggplant
Annual plant
Other names: Aubergine Thailand: ma khuea yaao, ma kuea; China: si kwa, chieh tse; India: badanjan, baingan, baingun, Indonesia: terong; Japan: nasubi; Malaysia: terung; Philippines: talong; Sri Lanka: wam batu; Vietnam: ca phao, ca tim.
Consumed in: China, across South-East Asia, India (also in various locations in Africa) AGRONOMICS
• Days to harvest: 112 to 168 days • Temperatures: average of 24°C but can also tolerate a decrease of up to 21°C • Sun: Requires full sun and they are very sensitive to cool weather • Rainfall/water: 1 850m3 per/ha • Soil type: well-draining, fertile soil other source says (well-drained sandy loam, loam, or clay loam soils). • pH: Average between 5.5 to 6.5 • Pests & diseases: Phomopsis blight, Phytophtora blight, southern blight, early blight.
USAGE IN ASIA
• Plant parts used: Entire fruit • Format of consumption: important ingredient in curries, sambhars and chutneys (India).
HARVESTING
Harvest of eggplant usually starts 75 to 90 days after transplanting or 15 to 35 days after flowering expansion. Fruit is harvested when it reaches market size, and the skin is glossy, but before seeds begin to enlarge significantly and mature.
ECONOMICS Cape Town retail spot prices : R30-R66/kg • Yield in Asia (FAO 2014 data, tonnes/ha): 27.31 (Weighted average: South Eastern Asia and Southern Asia) , ranges from 36.76 (China,~30m tonnes) to 10.94 (Indonesia, 557,053 tonnes) • Producer price (FAO 2015 $/kg): $1.55 (Weighted average: Southern Asia, Eastern Asia and South-Eastern Asia), ranges between $0.41 per kg (Philippines, 225,579 tonnes produced) to $2.80 per kg (Japan, 322,700 tonnes produced). Cajanus cajan – Pigeon peas
Annual plant
Other names: Congo pea, red gram, yellow dahl (English); ambrévade, pois d’Angole (French); straucherbse, tuver (India); feijoa-guandu, kachang (Asia).
Consumed in: India (Toor / Chana/ Masoor), Bangladesh (Gram), Pakistan (Arhar) (also in various locations in Africa)
AGRONOMICS
• Days to harvest: 60 to 106 days • Temperatures: Average between 18ºC and 30ºC • Sun: Prefers full sunlight but can tolerate some shading during the vegetative growth phase • Rainfall/water: Flowers well where rainfall is between 1 500 to 2 000mm. However, on deep, well-structured soil will grow where rainfall is between 250 to 375mm • Soil type: Can be grown on a wide range of soil textures, from sands to heavy black clays but needs free-drainage • pH: Average between 5 to 8. Sensitive to salt spray, high salinity and to water logging. • Altitude: between 0m to 1250m • Pests and diseases: attacked by caterpillars, pod borers, gall fly, wilt (Fusarium udum) and leaf spot. USAGE IN ASIA
• Plant parts used: Seeds (fresh or dried) • Food uses: often used for sauces accompanying staple food preparations such as cassava, yam and rice. Ripe seeds are eaten fried or boiled, often after being soaked first, or boiled into porridge/dhal for consumption. • Format of consumption: Soaked and boiled.
ECONOMICS
• FAO Farmer price (where available): (fresh): $0.77/kg
• Cape Town retail spot prices: R65/kg fresh
Amaranthus cruentus-Chinese spinach Annual. or short-lived perennial plant
Other names: Edible amaranth, red herb, wild blite, careless weed
Consumed in: India (Pasalai Keerai / Palak), Bangladesh, Pakistan, Thailand, Korea, Malaysia, China (also in various locations in Africa). AGRONOMICS
• Days to harvest: 21 to 28 days • Temperatures: average between 18°C and 25°C to germinate and above 25°C for optimum growth. • Sun: Requires 15 hours or less of sunlight. • Rainfall/water: Irrigation required for dry season and can tolerate drought once established. • Soil type: Can cope in marginal soils, but will do best on fertile, well-drained soils and deeper soils. • pH: average between 3 to 8 • Altitude: Between 1,000m and 2,400m • Pests and diseases: One possible problem is a damping-off fungus, which can kill seedlings. Leaf amaranth suffers damage from the armyworm and the curly top virus disease. USAGE IN ASIA
• Plant parts used: Leaves and grain • Food uses: Leaf amaranth is used as a steamed vegetable in soups and stews. The ground grain is used in breads, noodles, pancakes, cereals, granola, cookies and other flour-based products • Format of consumption: fresh, dried or pickled
ECONOMICS
• Cape Town retail spot prices: R25 to R40 per kilogram. Ipomoea batatas – Sweet potato
Herbaceous vine with tuberous roots, normally an annual
Consumed in: China, India, Korea, Japan
(Some varieties already produced in South Africa)
AGRONOMICS
• Days to harvest: 90 to 120 days after sowing • Temperature: Average between 25ºC to 35oC; can withstand temperatures down to 12oC. • Sensitive to frost, requires at least 3 months frost-free. • Prefers sun, but can tolerates 30-50% reduction of sun • Rainfall: 600 to 1600mm of rainfall annually • Performs well in all types of soil, but prefers well-drained sandy and loamy soils; sensitive to saline • pH: Average between 5.6 to 6.6, but can grow in more acidic soil • Can be found from sea-level up to 3,000m • Pests and diseases: Scab, soil rot, black rot, root-knot nematodes and some viruses. Some cultivars are resistant. Sweet-potato weevil is the most destructive.
USAGE IN ASIA
• Plant parts used: Tuber and leaves • Food uses: Main dish, vegetable, noodle • Format of consumption: fresh, processed noodles (higher starch and drier varieties) • Other uses: petroleum substitute, medicinal use
harvesting
The crop is ready for harvest after approximately 3-6 months, when the leaves turn yellow and begin to drop, or when a tuber can be cut without the sap turning black. Ipomoea batatas – Sweet potato
ECONOMICS SA PRICE AND VOLUMES Cape Town retail prices: • Ranges between R7 and R20 per kg (as at 22 August 2017 spot prices)
Fresh produce market statistics: • Tonnes sold (Jan to June 2017) : CPT: 1,882; DBNn: 187; JNBg: 10,239. • Average price/kg (Jan to June 2017): CT: R4.96; DBN: R5.40 ; JNB: R4.12
CTFPM Okra sales price and volumes trends:
400000 12.00 Annual trends Monthly trends 3900000 6.00 350000 10.00 3800000 5.29 9.94 3799067 5.00 300000 3700000 8.00 250000 4.00 3600000 3.77 6.89 6.49 200000 6.00 3.24 5.205.36 5.63 5.60 3500000 3.00 4.75
150000 sold Kg 4.29 4.00 3400000 3.933.59 3.71 3379747.5 2.00 100000 3348570 3300000 2.00 50000 1.00 3200000
0 0.00 3100000 0.00
R/kg July
May 2014 2015 2016 June
April R/kg
Kg sold Kg
March August
January Kg sold R/kg
October
February
December
November September
Kg sold R/kg
INTERNATIONAL YIELD AND PRICE DATA
• Yield in Asia (FAO 2014 data, tonnes/ha): 15.85 (Weighted average: Eastern Asia, South Eastern Asia and Southern Asia) • Ranges from 10.27 (India, tonnes n/a) to 17.08 (Malaysia, 51,476 tonnes) • Producer price (FAO 2015 $/kg): $1.30 (Weighted average: Southern Asia, Eastern Asia and South-Eastern Asia) • Ranges between $0.03 per kg (Bangladesh, 259,472 tonnes produced) to $1.84 per kg (Japan, 886,500 tonnes produced).
Brassica rapa subsp.Pekinensis – Chinese cabbage
Annual plant
Other names: Napa cabbage, Peking cabbage, Celery cabbage
Consumed in: China, South-East Asia and Japan (also in various locations in Africa)
AGRONOMICS
• Days to harvest: 28 to 48 days • Temperatures: average between 18ºC to 22ºC during early growth • Rainfall/water: Requires plenty of water throughout its growth period. • Soil type: Rich, moist soil, firm with plenty of well rotted compost dug in. • pH: Average between 6.5 to 7. • Pests and diseases: Bagrada bugs (Bagrada hilaris), cutworm (Agrotis segetum), Cabbage aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae), spidermites (Tetranchus spp.), clubroot, cabbage yellows, black rot and black leg.
USAGE IN ASIA
• Plant parts used: usually fresh leaves and tender shoots • Format of consumption: fresh, dried or pickled
Brassica rapa subsp.Pekinensis – Chinese cabbage
ECONOMICS
• CTFPM: ~100 tonnes sold in 2016 at an average price of R3.30/kg • Cape Town retail spot prices: R16 to R20 (small head), R30 to R45 (large)
INTERNATIONAL YIELD AND PRICE DATA FAO “Cabbages and other brassicas” category
• Yield in Asia (FAO 2014 data, tonnes/ha): 23.19 (Weighted average: Eastern Asia, South Eastern Asia and Southern Asia) • Ranges from 13.4 (Bangladesh, 217,000 tonnes) to 42.65 (Japan, ~1.5m tonnes) • Producer price (FAO 2015 $/kg): $1.39 (Weighted average: Southern Asia, Eastern Asia and South-Eastern Asia) • Ranges between $0.12 per kg (Bangladesh, 217,000 tonnes produced) to $0.38 per kg (Indonesia, ~1.5m tonnes produced). Capsicum annuum / frutescens / chinense – Hot chillies Annual or short-lived perennial plant
Other names: Chili, bird pepper, piment*, aromatic pepper, scotch bonnet, Pili pili, Piri piri, Kambuzi pepper Consumed in: India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, China, Thailand, Korea (Some existing small-scale production in Western Cape) AGRONOMICS
• Days to harvest: 120 to 210 days after sowing for peak harvest, fruit is mature 3-6 weeks after flowering • Temperatures: Average between 18oC to 30oC for growth (25oC to 30oC for germination); can withstand temperatures up to 32oC at night and down to 15oC. Sensitive to frost. • Sun: Requires some full sun • Rainfall: Requires 600mm of rainfall annually, sensitive to waterlogging • Performs well in all types of soil, but prefers well-drained sandy and loamy soils with lime, • pH: Average between 5.5 to 6.8 • Can be found from sea – levels between 2,000 to 3,000m • Pests and diseases: Very susceptible to pests and diseases. In Africa, the most bothersome are viral diseases (CMV, AMV, PVMV, PVY, PeMV, TMV, PLCV, TSWV), pests (aphids, white flies, thrips, caterpillars), fungal diseases (Cercospora leaf spot and velvet spot, white rot, powdery mildew) bacterial diseases, nematodes
USAGE IN ASIA
• Plant parts used: Fruit • Food uses: As a spice, seasoning, or vegetable • Format of consumption: fresh, dried, pickled, paste • Other uses: colouring for food and cosmetics, medicinal use (e.g., peristalsis, flu, haemorrhoids, varicose veins, anorexia, liver congestions, dysentery, vomiting, etc.), insecticide, “pepper spray”, ornamental ECONOMICS
• Average yield in Asia (FAO stats where available): 17 tonnes/ha, ranging from 8.5 tonnes/ha (India, 68, 564 tonnes) to 22.6 tonnes/ha (China, ~16bn tonnes) • Cape Town retail spot prices: R120 to R160/kg (fresh hot varieties)
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. – Fenugreek
Annual or short-lived perennial plant
Other names: alholva, methi (India, Pakistan).
Consumed in: India (Vendayakeerai /Methi), Pakistan, Bangladesh, China
AGRONOMICS
• Days to harvest: 42 to 56 days • Temperatures: Average between 7.8oC to 27.5°C • Sun: Plant it in a spot that receives at least 4 hours of sun with shade in afternoon and cannot tolerate cold temperatures. • Soil type: loamy or sandy loam soil with good-drainage are most suitable for cultivation • pH: Average between 5.3 to 8.2. • Pests and diseases: Fenugreek does not have many pests and diseases. Some pests that attacks it are aphids, powdery mildew, charcoal rot and root rot
USAGE IN ASIA
• Plant parts used: Young pods and leaves are used as vegetables consumed in daily cooking. Other source says seeds used as spice
• Format of consumption: leaves are cooked and the seeds are used whole and ground for spice. Murraya koenigii Linn. – Curry Leaves
Shrubs, short-lived perennial plant
Other names: Murraya koenigii Linn. Sprengal, karipatta, Bergera Koenigii, Curry Patta, kadhi patta, meethhi neem
Consumed in: India (Kaiveppilai / Karipatha), Bangladesh (Karipata), Pakistan, Malaysia as well as China
AGRONOMICS
• Days to harvest: 365 days • Temperatures: Average between 26°C to 37°C, temperature should not fall below 13°C • Sun: Requires direct sunlight is good for the plant • Soil type: red sandy loam soils with good drainage are ideal. • pH: Average between 5.6 to 6.0 (acidic) • Pests and diseases: Aphids, Citrus butterfly, Phyllosticta leaf spot USAGE IN ASIA
• Plant parts used: Fresh leaves, dried leaf powder and essential oil • Food uses: Widely used for flavouring soups, curries, fish and meat dishes, eggs dishes, traditional curry powder blends • Format of consumption: Fresh, as is.
ECONOMICS
• CTFPM: 2016 average R30/kg (only 75kg sold)
Trichosanthes cucumerina – Snake gourd Annual or short-lived perennial plant
Other names: Chichinda, Padwal, Serpent Gourd
Consumed in: India (Podalangai / Parval), Thailand (Buap nguu), Pakistan, Bangladesh, (Malaysia also in various locations in Africa)
AGRONOMICS
• Days to harvest: 60 to 90 days • Temperatures: The optimum average day temperature for growth is 30–35°C with a minimum of 20°C. Does not tolerate frost. • Sun: Full sun light • Rainfall/water: Under-watering as well as over-watering will destroy the plant. • Soil type: Cannot tolerate dry soil and requires a good moisture reserve in the soil • pH: Optimum pH range is between 5.5 to 7.5. • Altitude: Up to 1500m altitude • Pests and diseases: Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) and anthracnose (Colletotrichum lagenarium) attack both matured and immature
USAGE IN ASIA
• Plant parts used: entire gourd, pulp around the mature seeds is extracted and used in cooking (similar to tomatoes), leaves and young shoots are also cooked
• Format of consumption: cooked vegetables and this gourd is similar to the luffa and bottle gourd Phaseolus lunatus – Butter bean
Annual or short-lived perennial plant
Other names: Broad bean / Lima bean / Double bean (Phaseolus lunatus)
Consumed in: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh (as well as various other locations) AGRONOMICS
• Days to harvest: 80 to 100 days • Temperatures: Average temperature of 21.1°C • Sun: Full Sun but does not tolerate drought. • Rainfall/water : try to avoid getting the leaves wet as this can promote fungus. • Soil type: well-drained, moderately fertile, and slightly acidic, other source says medium to light, loamy soils that are well drained and well supplied with organic matter • pH: Average between 5.8 to 7. • Pests and diseases: bean beetles and aphids, the biggest disease problem is root rot
USAGE IN ASIA
• Plant parts used: Beans
• Format of consumption: The fresh bean is boiled and added to curries. The dried bean is soaked, boiled and the added
Raphanus sativus var. Longipinnatus – Daikon Annual or short-lived perennial plant
Other names: Chinese radish, Japanese radish, mooli, daikon, Radis, navet chinois (France). Rábano, rábão, rabanete chinês (Potugal). Mfijili (Sw).
Used in: Korea and China
AGRONOMICS
• Days to harvest: 56 to 70 days • Temperature: grows best in temperatures above 10°C • Rainfall/water: May need to be watered regularly during dry water but avoid overwatering • Soil type: requires deep, friable soil for best quality roots • pH: Average between 6.5 to 7 • Pests and diseases: Common leaf diseases are Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora brassicicola) and downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica).
USAGE IN ASIA • Plant parts used: thickened fleshy root.
• Food uses: The roots are thinly peeled, sliced or diced and put into soups and sauces or cooked with meat/on its own.
• Format of consumption: Fresh ECONOMICS
• Average yield in Asia (FAO stats where available): Ranges between 30 to 50 t/ha of fresh produce
• Cape Town retail spot pricing: R20 to R40/kg Tree
Other names: Moringa leaf. Ben oil tree or horseradish tree (Moringa olifera), Drumstick / Drumstick herb
Consumed in: India, Ethiopia, the Philippines and the Sudan, and is being grown in West, East and South Africa, tropical Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, Florida and the Pacific Islands (also in various locations in Africa).
AGRONOMICS
• Days to harvest: 240 to 360 days • Temperatures: Average between 25°C to 35°C • Sun: It should be in an open area to receive full sunlight. • Rainfall/water: From 250 to 2000mm. Irrigation needed for leaf production if rainfall < 800mm • Soil type: Loamy, sandy or sandy-loam • pH: Average between 5 to 9. Slightly acidic • Altitude: Between 0m to 2000m • Pests and diseases: Fungal diseases USAGE IN ASIA
• Plant parts used: its leaves, roots and immature pods are consumed as a vegetable. People also use its flowers, fruits, seed, wood and bark. • Format of consumption: cooked leaves and pods,
ECONOMICS
• Cape Town retail spot price:R45/kg fresh, R100/kg frozen (imported) ANIMAL PRODUCTS PORK FLOSS/ Rousong
Processed animal product
Consumed in: China, Vietnam (also in various locations in Africa including KZN, South Africa)
Production process
• Production: Rousong is made by stewing cuts of pork in a sweetened soy sauce mixture until individual muscle fibres can be easily torn apart with a fork. This happens when the water insoluble collagen that holds the muscle fibres of the meat together has been converted into water-soluble gelatine. • The process can either be home industry style or mechanised • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ui wZ8RibtGQ • https://trade.china.cn/Snack- Machines/137561543.html
ECONOMICS
• Cape Town retail spot price: R617/kg (canned)
Manihot esculenta – Goat/ Lamb and Sheep tripe & trotters
Semi-processed animal product
Consumed in: Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, DRC, Ethiopia, as well as various locations in Africa including KZN, South Africa)
ECONOMICS
• Cape Town retail spot prices: • Trotters: R40 – R90/kg (limited goat availability) • Tripe: R90 – R95/kg WATER-BASED PRODUCTS TILAPIA Cichlidae Family Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus niloticus, Mozanbique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus
Widely consumed in Bangladesh, China, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam
PRODUCTION CONDITIONS
• Conductivity: Prefers 450-750, but can withstand less • Altitude: Prefers up to 800m • Mean annual rainfall: Indifferent • Mean annual air temperature: Requires warm temperatures of at least 22oC • Coldest temperature: Can withstand temperatures as low as 20oC, not cold-hardy
ECONOMICS
• Total freshwater fish market size is estimated to be >300 – 1500t/year at a value between R21 to 118 million • Average yield: Overall fish productivity is expected to be 50kg/ha/p.a., an optimistic yield is 75kg/ha/p.a. • Overall fisher price: R10-15/kg (subsistence farmer), R5-6/kg (mobile fisher). • Chinese value of tilapia exports went to over $1 billion in 2015. Landed import price of frozen whole gutted fish around R13/kg • Average SA retail price: R20-30/kg for frozen, gutted fish. Other source reports cheap import prices ranging from ca $1kg whole gutted • Aquaculture production cost in recirculating, temperature controlled systems SA R40-50/kg
POTENTIAL DAMS IN W.C. • Nile tilapia is an alien invasive species only permitted in closed recirculation systems • In the Western Cape Province, the estimated freshwater production potential of the major public dams (surface area 25,000Ha) for all fish species is estimated to be 1 261/t per year. • Mozambique Tilapia recorded in 5 dams in W.C.
Cyprinus carpio – CARP
Cyprinidae Family Common carp, Katla Katol/Indian Carp,
Consumed in: India and China (also in various locations in Africa)
PRODUCTION CONDITIONS • Conductivity: Prefers 0-300, but can withstand more • Altitude: Up to 1600m • Mean annual rainfall: 0-800mm/year • Mean annual air temperature: Prefers warmer temperatures, average between 18oC to 22oC but can tolerate 23oC-30°C • Coldest temperature: Can withstand temperatures as low as 16oC
ECONOMICS
• Total freshwater fish market size is estimated to be >300 – 1500 t/year at a value of ca. R21 million • Average yield: Overall fish productivity is expected to be 50 kg/ha/p.a., an optimistic yield is 75kg/ha/p.a. • Overall fisher price: R10-15/kg (subsistence farmer), R5-6/kg (mobile fisher) • Average SA retail price: R10-20 for whole, live fish
POTENTIAL DAMS IN W.C. • In the Western Cape Province, the estimated production potential of the major public dams (surface area 25,000Ha) for all species is estimated to be 1261 tonnes per year • Numerous dams (40+) in W.C. are suitable for carp production and have feral carp which are deemed an ecological problem and so can be harvested
Catfish Cyprinidae Family
Characins, Clarias gariepinus, and minnows (order Cypriniformes)
Consumed in India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar Afghanistan, Pakistan (also in various locations in Africa).
PRODUCTION CONDITIONS
• Conductivity: preferres 0 to 300 but can withstand more • Altitude: prefers up to 1 200m. • Feeds on insects, mollusks, shrimps and fishes • Mean annual rainfall: indifferent • Inhabits rivers and estuaries, preferably muddy to clear water • pH range: Range between 6.5 to 8.0 • Mean annual air temperature: Prefers warmer temperatures, 18°C to 22°C • Coldest temperature: can withstand temperatures as low as 16°C
ECONOMICS
• Wild local fresh fish inexpensive when available R10-20/kg. • Price potential up to R30/kg for cultured fish whole in Gauteng. • Imported catfish is very expensive
POTENTIAL DAMS IN W.C.
• In the Western Cape Province, the estimated production potential of the major public dams (surface area 25,000Ha) for all species is estimated to be 1,261 tonnes per year • Numerous dams (5+) in W.C. are suitable for catfish production
Hake roe, dried mullet ova and snoek roe
Fresh hake ova, Dried mullet ova from the bullhead mullet (Mugil cephalus) and Snoek (Thyrsites atun) roe (kuite)
Consumed in: India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, China
PRODUCTION CONDITIONS There is a currently unlimited, all year round, supply of hake roe from the hake trawl industry which is bought fresh in small quantities by specialist seafood suppliers
Mullet (Mugil cepahalus) from which Chinese process roe occurs in South Africa, but is not caught commercially or farmed.
Snoek roe are caught in great quantity.
USAGE by Asians
• Hake roe preferred by Indians, dried mullet ova very popular in China and snoek is a traditional Malay delicacy in Cape Town. fish roe of ‘hilsa’/ ‘ilish’ fish (Tenualosa ilisha) is popular among Bangladesh consumers)
ECONOMICS
Cape Town retail spot prices: Fresh hake roe: R25-60/kg; Snoek kuite: R90 – R95/kg