BSCBO- 302 B.Sc. III YEAR Economic Botany, Genetics And Plant Breeding DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Economic Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding BSCBO-302 Expert Committee Prof. J. C. Ghildiyal Prof. G.S. Rajwar Retired Principal Principal Government PG College Government PG College Karnprayag Augustmuni Prof. Lalit Tewari Dr. Hemant Kandpal Department of Botany School of Health Science DSB Campus, Uttarakhand Open University Kumaun University, Nainital Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Board of Studies Prof. Y. S. Rawat Prof. C.M. Sharma Department of Botany Department of Botany DSB Campus, Kumoun University HNB Garhwal Central University, Nainital Srinagar Prof. R.C. Dubey Prof. P.D.Pant Head, Department of Botany Director I/C, School of Sciences Gurukul Kangri University Uttarakhand Open University Haridwar Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Programme Coordinator Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani, Nainital Unit Written By: Unit No. 1. Prof. I.S.Bisht 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR) & 8 Regional Station, Bhowali (Nainital) Uttarakhand UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 1 Economic Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding BSCBO-302 2-Dr. Pooja Juyal 04 Department of Botany Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani 3. Dr. Atal Bihari Bajpai 9 & 11 Department of Botany, DBS PG College Dehradun-248001 4-Dr. Urmila Rana 10 & 12 Department of Botany, Government College, Chinayalisaur, Uttarakashi Course Editor Prof. Y.S. Rawat Department of Botany DSB Campus, Kumaun University Nainital Title : Economic Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding ISBN No. : Copyright : Uttarakhand Open University Edition : Published By: Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani, Nainital-263139 UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 2 Economic Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding BSCBO-302 BSCBO-302 ECONOMIC BOTANY, GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING SCHOOL OF SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Phone No. 05946-261122, 261123 Toll free No. 18001804025 Fax No. 05946-264232, E. mail [email protected] htpp://uou.ac.in UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 3 Economic Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding BSCBO-302 CONTENTS BLOCK-1 ECONOMIC BOTANY PAGE NO. Unit-1- Cereals, Millets and Legumes 6-40 Unit-2- Fruits, Vegetables, Fibre-yielding and Timber-yielding forest species 41-82 Unit-3- Medicinal plants, Oils and Beverages 83-120 Unit-4- Ethnobotany 121-144 BLOCK-2 GENETICS PAGE NO. Unit-5- Genetic Inheritance 146-159 Unit-6- Linkage and Crossing over 160-172 Unit-7- Polyploidy and Mutations 173-187 Unit-8- Sex determination and Sex-linked inheritance 188-202 BLOCK-3 PLANT BREEDING PAGE NO. Unit-9- Aims, Objectives and Basic techniques of plant breeding 204-228 Unit-10-Crop improvement 229-244 Unit-11-Mutational Breeding 245-266 Unit-12-Centres of Origin of crop plants 267-279 UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 4 Economic Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding BSCBO-302 BLOCK-1 ECONOMIC BOTANY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 5 Economic Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding BSCBO-302 UNIT-1 CEREALS, MILLETS AND LEGUMES 1.1-Objectives 1.2-Introduction 1.3-Cultivation, production and uses of cereals and millets 1.3.1-Wheat 1.3.2-Paddy 1.3.3-Maize 1.3.4-Bajra 1.3.5-Jowar 1.4-Cultivation, production and uses of legumes 1.4.1-Pigeon pea 1.4.2-Pea 1.4.3-Green gram 1.4.4-Black gram 1.4.5-Rajmash 1.4.6-Gram 1.4.7-Lentil 1.5- Summary 1.6- Glossary 1.7-Self Assessment Questions 1.8- References 1.9-Suggested Readings 1.10-Terminal Questions UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 6 Economic Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding BSCBO-302 1.1 OBJECTIVES After reading this unit students will be able- To study origin, domestication, genetics, cultivation and production of cereals, millets and legumes. To establish link between biology and anthropology and exploiting ways humans use cereals, millets and legumes for food and other purposes. 1.2 INTRODUCTION Economic botany is the commercial exploitation of plants by people. It contributes significantly to anthropology, biology, conservation, botany, and other related field of science. Economic plants are defined as being useful either directly, as in food, or indirectly, as products we use or that enhance the environment. Plants that humans use for food are of high economic importance. The present chapter describes commercial use of cereals, millets and legumes including anthropology, biology, cultivation, production, conservation, botany and related aspects of these food crops. 1.3 CULTIVATION, PRODUCTION AND USES OF CEREALS AND MILLETS 1.3.1 Wheat Wheat (Triticum spp.) is a cereal grain that belongs to the family Poaceae (family of grasses). It originates from the Levant region of the Near East but now cultivated worldwide. Wheat represents staple food in most countries in the world and inevitable part of human life. Proteins and starch isolated from wheat have application in numerous industries. The world production of wheat was 713 million tons in 2014, making it the third most-produced cereal after maize (1,016 million tons) and rice (745 million tons). World trade in wheat is greater than for all other crops combined. Globally, wheat is the leading source of vegetable protein in human food, having a higher protein content than other major cereals, maize (corn) or rice. There are six wheat classifications: 1) hard red winter, 2) hard red spring, 3) soft red winter, 4) durum (hard), 5) hard white, and 6) soft white wheat. The hard wheat have the most amount of gluten and are used for making bread, rolls and all- purpose flour. The soft wheat are used for making flat bread, cakes, pastries, crackers, muffins, and biscuits. Origin and domestication Wheat is one of the first cereals known to have been domesticated. The archaeological record suggests that this first occurred in the regions known as the Fertile Crescent. Cultivation of UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 7 Economic Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding BSCBO-302 wheat began to spread beyond the Fertile Crescent after about 8000 BC. The spread of cultivated emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum) has been traced starting in the Fertile Crescent sometime before 8800 BC. Archaeological analysis of wild emmer (T. dicoccoides) indicates that it was first cultivated in the southern Levant with finds dating back as far as 9600 BC. Genetic analysis of wild einkorn (T. monococcum) wheat suggests that it was first grown in the Karacadag mountains in south-eastern Turkey. The cultivation of emmer reached Greece, Cyprus and India by 6500 BC; Egypt shortly after 6000 BC, and Germany and Spain by 5000 BC. By 3000 BC, wheat had reached England and Scandinavia. A millennium later it reached China. The first identifiable bread wheat (T. aestivum) with sufficient gluten for yeasted breads has been identified using DNA analysis in samples from a granary dating to approximately 1350 BC in Greek Macedonia. Genetics Wheat genetics is more complicated than that of most other domesticated species. Some wheat species are diploid, with two sets of chromosomes, but many are stable polyploids, with four sets of chromosomes (tetraploid) or six (hexaploid). Einkorn wheat (T. monococcum) is diploid (AA, two complements of seven chromosomes, 2n=14). Most tetraploid wheats (e.g. emmer and durum wheat) are derived from wild emmer, T. dicoccoides. Wild emmer is itself the result of a hybridization between two diploid wild grasses, T. urartu and a wild goatgrass such as Aegilops searsii or A. speltoides. The hybridization that formed wild emmer (AABB) occurred in the wild, long before domestication, and was driven by natural selection. Hexaploid wheats evolved in farmers' fields. Either domesticated emmer or durum wheat hybridized with yet another wild diploid grass (A. tauschii) to make the hexaploid wheats, spelt wheat and bread wheat. These have three sets of paired chromosomes, three times as many as in diploid wheat. Genes for the 'dwarfing' trait, first used by Japanese wheat breeders to produce short-stalked wheat, have had a huge effect on wheat yields world-wide, and were major factors in the success of the Green Revolution in Mexico and Asia, an initiative led by Norman Borlaug. Dwarfing genes helped prevent the problem of lodging, planting of semi-dwarf wheat worldwide increased yields and responded better to nitrogenous fertilizer. In 2012, an essentially complete gene set of bread wheat has been published. Random shotgun libraries of total DNA and cDNA from the T. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring (CS42) were sequenced. This sequence data provides direct access to about 96,000 genes, relying on orthologous gene sets from other cereals and represents an essential step towards a systematic understanding of biology and engineering the cereal crop for valuable traits. Plant breeding In traditional agricultural systems wheat populations often consist of landraces, informal farmer-maintained populations that often maintain high levels of morphological diversity. Although landraces of wheat are no longer grown in Europe and North America, they continue to be important elsewhere. The origins of formal wheat breeding lie in the UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 8 Economic Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding BSCBO-302 nineteenth century, when single line varieties were created through selection of seed from a single plant noted to have desired properties. Modern wheat breeding developed in the first years of the twentieth century and was closely linked to the development of Mendelian genetics. The standard method of breeding inbred wheat cultivars is by crossing two lines using hand emasculation, then selfing or inbreeding the progeny. It takes ten or more generations before release as a variety or cultivar in conventional plant breeding. The major breeding objectives include high grain yield, good quality, disease and insect resistance and tolerance to abiotic stresses, including mineral, moisture and heat tolerance.