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PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Se��e� C - No. 55 LENAKEL DICTIONARY by John Lynch Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Lynch, J. Lenakel dictionary. C-55, viii + 177 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1977. DOI:10.15144/PL-C55.cover ©1977 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUIS TICS is published through the Lingui� �ie Ci�ele 06 Canbe��a and consists of four series : SERIES A - OCCASIONAL PAPERS SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS SERIES C - BOOKS SERIES V - SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton. EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B. Bender, University of Hawaii A. Healey, Summer Institute of . Linguistics, New Guinea A. Capell, University of Sydney N.D. Liem, University of Hawaii S. Elbert, University of Hawaii H. McKaughan, University of Hawaii K. Franklin, Summer Institute of Linguistics G.N. O'Grady, University of Victoria, B.C. W.W. Glover, Summer Institute of K. Pike, University of Michigan; Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics G. Grace, University of Hawaii E. Uhlenbeck, University of Leiden ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions , should be addressed to : The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, Department of Linguistics , School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University , Box 4, P.O., Canberra , A.C.T. 2600 . Australia . Copyright � J. Lynch . First published 19 77. The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series . Th is publication wa s made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund . National Library of Aus tralia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 165 1 ,----------------------------------------------- GENERAL INTRODUCTION The Lenakel language is the first language of about 3,000 people living in the central west of the island of Tanna, Southern District, New Hebrides Condominium . Due to the influence of Mission and Govern­ ment, as well as to the fact that all five Tanna languages are quite closely related, Lenakel is quite widely spoken and understood in other parts of the island . This dictionary is a by-product of about one year's study of Lenakel and other languages of the Southern District between 1968 and 1976. While the primary purpose of my fieldwork was not lexicographic, the Tannese people impressed upon me their desire for a proper dictionary of the language. Accordingly, this work was born, and it is hoped that it will be of use to the people of Tanna as well as to linguists working on related languages in the Pacific . No dictionary can ever be consid­ ered complete; but it is my hope that the many shortcomings of this work will be remedied in time. Organisation This dictionary contains two sections. The first, and longer, of the se is the Lenakel-to-English section, which lists in alphabetical order Lenakel words together with their meanings, the grammatical cat­ egories to which they belong, illustrative phrases or sentences which clarify their meaning and use, and idiomatic expressions containing that word. Etymological and more detailed phonological and grammatical information are also included where appropriate . The second section is an English index, in which English words are listed in alphabetical order with one or more approximate Lenakel equivalents . The user of this dictionary is referred to the instructions for use which precede the lists of words in each section. iii iv Orthog raphy The Lenakel alphabet contains 21 letters, which are ordered as a, s, u, v, follows: e, f, g, h, I, f, k, I, m, mw , n, 0, p, pw , r, t, w. [Note that no words have been found beginning with 9 or w.] De­ tailed notes on pronunciation will be found in Lynch 1975 . The following brief pronunciation guide, however, might be useful for non-linguists: a sounds like a in English fa ther. e sounds like e in English bed. sounds like f in English father. sounds like ng in English sing or singer. sounds like h in English hat. However, when h mw sounds like mw in English I'm with you. n sounds like n in English nest. o sounds like 0 in English pot. p at the beginning and end of words sounds like p in English pup; in the middle of words sounds like b in English rubber. pw at the beginning and end of words sounds like pw in English up with; in the middle of words sounds like bw in English subway. r is flapped at the beginning and middle of words and trilled at the end. s s sounds like s in English see. [Words ending in may change this to h.] t at the beginning and end of words sounds like t in English tart; in the middle of words sounds like d in English adder. u between consonants sounds like u in English put; next to a vowel sounds like w in English we t. v has no corresponding sound in English; it is best likened to an English w but with the lips spread rather than rounded. w sounds like w in English wet. Stress generally occurs on the second last syllable of a word . How­ ever, words with double vowels (aa, ee, etc .) in the last syllable take v stress on that syllable . The acute accent (' ) also marks irregular u u stress, and as well marks cases where I and are pronounced as i and rather than the expected y and w. Acknowledgements It gives me great pleasure to Qe able to thank the many people who have helped in various ways with the production of this dictionary . My first debt, of course, is to the Tannese people themselves, especi­ ally to Tom Hiua for his untiring assistance over the years, but also to John Kalete, Lomhanteni, Iasu, David Nasu, Abel, and many others. Pere Sacco, Bob and Kath Paul and. family, and British and French officials on Tanna assisted in many ways, while Ron Brunton helped me with much of the anthropological terminology. The East-West Center and the University of Papua New Guinea supported various trips to Tanna. Finally, I would like to give special thanks to Andonia for her patience and encouragement while the dictionary was being prepared. Bibli og raphy of Wor ks on Lenakel and Re lated Languages CODRINGTON , R.H. 1885 The Melane� ian Language� . Oxford . LYNCH, John 1970-71 Lenakel Wordlist . Mimeographed. University of Papua New Guinea. 1973a 'Possessive Structures in Lenakel'. Lingui��ie Communiea�ion� 11:65-82. 1973b 'Verbal Aspects of Possession in Melanesian Languages'. Oeeanie Lingui� �� 12:69-102. 1974 Some Wordlists from the Southern New Hebrides. Mimeographed . University of Papua New Guinea. 1975 Lena�el Phonology. Unive��i�y 06 Hawaii Wo��ing Pape�� in Ling ui� �i e� 7/1. 1977 A G�amma� 06 Lenakel . Paei6ie Lingui�tie� , B-55. MACDONALD , D. 1891 Sou�h Sea Language� . Vol.II. Melbourne . RAY , Sidney H. 1926 A Compa�a�ve S�udy 06 the Melane�ian Language� . Cambridge. NAKARAAN IRAUPWtN Nauoua uk tiksinari taha nakaraan taha Lenakel, ieram iemol le nian io apwa le T!n 1968 maroatis 1976. Le nian iakar!k apwa le T!n, iakolkeikei mamwa iakhinatfn ru nar miin pet!mw taha nar nakaraan miin le T!n m!ne nakaraan taha nar Ilmwaga m!ne Ien!t!m. Neram le T!n n!vin k!nairhap!k kam io mamwa tiepol tiksinari ker taha nakaraan, mamwa kova miin t!sailufn nakaraan t!nilar. Ita, iak!k!nk!n mamwa tiksinari uk r!v!t esuaas to neram le T!n m!ne neram karhinatfn nakaraan miin pet!mw le tuit!n. Nar miin r!taat, iak!k!nk!n mamwa nian ker t!kol v!t. Nauoua uk noutakr!n kiu. Iraupw!n, nakaraan miin taha Lenakel m!ne nupwelak!nilar le Igklis, m�ne namsu taha nakaraan ka r�s!mhie. Iroatis!g, nakaraan miin taha Igklis m�ne nupwelak!nilar le Lenakel. Le naruoanaan taha noutakr!n kiu inof!na nakaraan n�vin mamwa retuol t�nakavhfn nauoua ka. Leta taha nakaraan taha Lenakel 21, rolkamwa, a, e, f, g, h, i, t, k, 1, m, mw , n, 0, p, pw , r, 5, t, U, v, w. Pwah iak�nipna nouiaani.lar; tiakalhaau leta ker, m!ne nakaraan ker, m�ne nupwelak!n le Bislama. a le nakaraan kan i, le Bislama 'mot . e le nakaraan 1 e, le Bislama 'long' . f le nakaraan a 1 fa , le Bislama 'les' . g le nakaraan ntga 1 , le Bislama 'sol' . h le nakaraan ho, le Bislama 'kilim' . le nakaraan k i u, le Bislama 'tu' . t le nakaraan vt t, le Bislarna 'gut'. k le nakaraan ktn , le Bislama 'kakai' . le nakaraan 1 is, le Bislama 'kastem' . m le nakaraan mt5 , le Bislama 'det' . mw le nakaraan mw eamwea , le Bislama 'anis' . n n le nakaraan i en , le Bislama 'kokonat' . 0 le nakaraan os , le Bislama 'tekem'. vi vii p le nakaraan pettmw, le Bislama 'olketa' . pw le nakaraan pwtrh len, le Bislama 'tru' . r le nakaraan rfmf n, le Bislama 'papa blong hem' . 5 le nakaraan es uaas, le Bislama 'smol' . t le nakaraan taat, le Bislama 'nogut' . u le nakaraan uus, le Bislama 'man' . v le nakaraan va, le Bislama 'kam' . w le nakaraan ow ta , le Bislama 'staun' . Kafil ker, rolkamwa �, r�v�n apwa nakaraan n�vin, r�ni mamwa tinakakaikei m�ni �pwomh leta ka. Iakolkeikei mamwa tiak�ni tagiu kam neramfm ripw�r k�naisitu lak le nian iakol tiksinari uk: rolkamwa neramfm pet�mw le T�n, merou nampauan Tom Hiua, r�nasitu ak�n lak, m�ne John Kalete ne Lomhanteni ne Iasu ne David Nasu ne Abel m�ne; m�ne Per Sacco ne Bob Paul m�ne tahan perav�n m�ne kova tahan; m�ne Kapman P�ritis m�ne Franis; m�ne Ron Brunton, ieram ituga r�mar�k apwa David Nasu.

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