PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Se��e� C - No. 55

LENAKEL DICTIONARY

by

John Lynch

Department of Linguistics

Research School of Pacific Studies

THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Lynch, J. Lenakel dictionary. C-55, viii + 177 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1977. DOI:10.15144/PL-C55.cover ©1977 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUIS TICS is published through the Lingui� �ie Ci�ele 06

Canbe��a and consists of four series :

SERIES A - OCCASIONAL PAPERS SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS SERIES C - BOOKS

SERIES V - SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS

EDITOR: S.A. Wurm.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton.

EDITORIAL ADVISERS:

B. Bender, University of Hawaii A. Healey, Summer Institute of . Linguistics, New Guinea A. Capell, University of Sydney N.D. Liem, University of Hawaii S. Elbert, University of Hawaii H. McKaughan, University of Hawaii K. Franklin, Summer Institute of Linguistics G.N. O'Grady, University of Victoria, B.C.

W.W. Glover, Summer Institute of K. Pike, University of Michigan; Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics

G. Grace, University of Hawaii E. Uhlenbeck, University of Leiden

ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and

subscriptions , should be addressed to :

The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, Department of Linguistics ,

School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University ,

Box 4, P.O.,

Canberra , A.C.T. 2600 .

Australia .

Copyright � J. Lynch .

First published 19 77.

The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series .

Th is publication wa s made possible by an initial grant from the

Hunter Douglas Fund .

National Library of Aus tralia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 165 1 ,------

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

The Lenakel language is the first language of about 3,000 people living in the central west of the island of Tanna, Southern District, New Hebrides Condominium . Due to the influence of Mission and Govern­ ment, as well as to the fact that all five Tanna languages are quite closely related, Lenakel is quite widely spoken and understood in other parts of the island . This dictionary is a by-product of about one year's study of Lenakel and other languages of the Southern District between 1968 and 1976. While the primary purpose of my fieldwork was not lexicographic, the Tannese people impressed upon me their desire for a proper dictionary of the language. Accordingly, this work was born, and it is hoped that it will be of use to the people of Tanna as well as to linguists working on related languages in the Pacific . No dictionary can ever be consid­ ered complete; but it is my hope that the many shortcomings of this work will be remedied in time.

Organisation

This dictionary contains two sections. The first, and longer, of the se is the Lenakel-to-English section, which lists in alphabetical order Lenakel words together with their meanings, the grammatical cat­ egories to which they belong, illustrative phrases or sentences which clarify their meaning and use, and idiomatic expressions containing that word. Etymological and more detailed phonological and grammatical information are also included where appropriate . The second section is an English index, in which English words are listed in alphabetical order with one or more approximate Lenakel equivalents . The user of this dictionary is referred to the instructions for use which precede the lists of words in each section.

iii iv

Orthog raphy

The Lenakel alphabet contains 21 letters, which are ordered as

a, s, u, v, follows: e, f, g, h, I, f, k, I, m, mw , n, 0, p, pw , r, t, w. [Note that no words have been found beginning with 9 or w.] De­ tailed notes on pronunciation will be found in Lynch 1975 . The following brief pronunciation guide, however, might be useful for non-linguists:

a sounds like a in English fa ther. e sounds like e in English bed. sounds like f in English father. sounds like ng in English sing or singer. sounds like h in English hat. However, when h

mw sounds like mw in English I'm with you. n sounds like n in English nest. o sounds like 0 in English pot. p at the beginning and end of words sounds like p in English pup; in the middle of words sounds like b in English rubber. pw at the beginning and end of words sounds like pw in English up with; in the middle of words sounds like bw in English subway. r is flapped at the beginning and middle of words and trilled at the end.

s s sounds like s in English see. [Words ending in may change this to h.] t at the beginning and end of words sounds like t in English tart; in the middle of words sounds like d in English adder.

u between consonants sounds like u in English put; next to a vowel sounds like w in English we t.

v has no corresponding sound in English; it is best likened to an English w but with the lips spread rather than rounded. w sounds like w in English wet.

Stress generally occurs on the second last syllable of a word . How­ ever, words with double vowels (aa, ee, etc .) in the last syllable take v

stress on that syllable . The acute accent (' ) also marks irregular

u u stress, and as well marks cases where I and are pronounced as i and rather than the expected y and w.

Acknowledgements

It gives me great pleasure to Qe able to thank the many people who have helped in various ways with the production of this dictionary . My first debt, of course, is to the Tannese people themselves, especi­ ally to Tom Hiua for his untiring assistance over the years, but also to John Kalete, Lomhanteni, Iasu, David Nasu, Abel, and many others. Pere Sacco, Bob and Kath Paul and. family, and British and French officials on Tanna assisted in many ways, while Ron Brunton helped me with much of the anthropological terminology. The East-West Center and the University of Papua New Guinea supported various trips to Tanna. Finally, I would like to give special thanks to Andonia for her patience and encouragement while the dictionary was being prepared.

Bibli og raphy of Wor ks on Lenakel and Re lated Languages

CODRINGTON , R.H. 1885 The Melane� ian Language� . Oxford .

LYNCH, John 1970-71 Lenakel Wordlist . Mimeographed. University of Papua New Guinea.

1973a 'Possessive Structures in Lenakel'. Lingui��ie Communiea�ion� 11:65-82.

1973b 'Verbal Aspects of Possession in Melanesian Languages'. Oeeanie Lingui� �� 12:69-102.

1974 Some Wordlists from the Southern New Hebrides. Mimeographed . University of Papua New Guinea.

1975 Lena�el Phonology. Unive��i�y 06 Hawaii Wo��ing Pape�� in Ling ui� �i e� 7/1.

1977 A G�amma� 06 Lenakel . Paei6ie Lingui�tie� , B-55.

MACDONALD , D.

1891 Sou�h Sea Language� . Vol.II. Melbourne .

RAY , Sidney H.

1926 A Compa�a�ve S�udy 06 the Melane�ian Language� . Cambridge. NAKARAAN IRAUPWtN

Nauoua uk tiksinari taha nakaraan taha Lenakel, ieram iemol le nian io apwa le T!n 1968 maroatis 1976. Le nian iakar!k apwa le T!n, iakolkeikei mamwa iakhinatfn ru nar miin pet!mw taha nar nakaraan miin le T!n m!ne nakaraan taha nar Ilmwaga m!ne Ien!t!m. Neram le T!n n!vin k!nairhap!k kam io mamwa tiepol tiksinari ker taha nakaraan, mamwa kova miin t!sailufn nakaraan t!nilar. Ita, iak!k!nk!n mamwa tiksinari uk r!v!t esuaas to neram le T!n m!ne neram karhinatfn nakaraan miin pet!mw le tuit!n. Nar miin r!taat, iak!k!nk!n mamwa nian ker t!kol v!t. Nauoua uk noutakr!n kiu. Iraupw!n, nakaraan miin taha Lenakel m!ne nupwelak!nilar le Igklis, m�ne namsu taha nakaraan ka r�s!mhie. Iroatis!g, nakaraan miin taha Igklis m�ne nupwelak!nilar le Lenakel. Le naruoanaan taha noutakr!n kiu inof!na nakaraan n�vin mamwa retuol t�nakavhfn nauoua ka.

Leta taha nakaraan taha Lenakel 21, rolkamwa, a, e, f, g, h, i, t, k, 1, m, mw , n, 0, p, pw , r, 5, t, U, v, w. Pwah iak�nipna nouiaani.lar; tiakalhaau leta ker, m!ne nakaraan ker, m�ne nupwelak!n le Bislama.

a le nakaraan kan i, le Bislama 'mot . e le nakaraan 1 e, le Bislama 'long' .

f le nakaraan a 1 fa , le Bislama 'les' . g le nakaraan ntga 1 , le Bislama 'sol' . h le nakaraan ho, le Bislama 'kilim' . le nakaraan k i u, le Bislama 'tu' . t le nakaraan vt t, le Bislarna 'gut'. k le nakaraan ktn , le Bislama 'kakai' . le nakaraan 1 is, le Bislama 'kastem' . m le nakaraan mt5 , le Bislama 'det' . mw le nakaraan mw eamwea , le Bislama 'anis' .

n n le nakaraan i en , le Bislama 'kokonat' . 0 le nakaraan os , le Bislama 'tekem'.

vi vii

p le nakaraan pettmw, le Bislama 'olketa' . pw le nakaraan pwtrh len, le Bislama 'tru' . r le nakaraan rfmf n, le Bislama 'papa blong hem' . 5 le nakaraan es uaas, le Bislama 'smol' . t le nakaraan taat, le Bislama 'nogut' . u le nakaraan uus, le Bislama 'man' . v le nakaraan va, le Bislama 'kam' . w le nakaraan ow ta , le Bislama 'staun' .

Kafil ker, rolkamwa �, r�v�n apwa nakaraan n�vin, r�ni mamwa tinakakaikei m�ni �pwomh leta ka. Iakolkeikei mamwa tiak�ni tagiu kam neramfm ripw�r k�naisitu lak le nian iakol tiksinari uk: rolkamwa neramfm pet�mw le T�n, merou nampauan Tom Hiua, r�nasitu ak�n lak, m�ne John Kalete ne Lomhanteni ne Iasu ne David Nasu ne Abel m�ne; m�ne Per Sacco ne Bob Paul m�ne tahan perav�n m�ne kova tahan; m�ne Kapman P�ritis m�ne Franis; m�ne Ron Brunton, ieram ituga r�mar�k apwa David Nasu. East-West Center apwa Honolulu, m�ne Univesiti apwa Papua New Guinea k�nuasitu lak le mani taha plen. Tahak perav�n Andonia r�nasitu ak�n lak nian inrai nauoua uk. Lynch, J. Lenakel dictionary. C-55, viii + 177 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1977. DOI:10.15144/PL-C55.cover ©1977 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. .------

LENAKEL-TO-ENGLISH

Lynch, J. Lenakel dictionary. C-55, viii + 177 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1977. DOI:10.15144/PL-C55.1 ©1977 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.

3

In troduction

In this section, Lenakel words ar� given in alphabetical order, followed by semantic, grammatical, and etymological information in English . The following is a typical entry:

amnuumw v Drink ; eat (wat ermelon , oranges , sugarcane , and similar fruit ); takaramnuumw nfkava pw l pwom , soon they will drink kava. [Trial is hal amnuumw, plural aramnuumw] . amnu umw tehe come to the coast for seafood (of inland people) amnuumw nfta regain consciousness.

In this entry, the lexical item is given first - amnuumw - followed by

an abbreviation indicating its grammatical category - v = verb. (A list of these abbreviations wi ll be found immediately preceding the dictionary proper.) The meaning is then given, followed by a sentence illustrating the use of the word. This is followed by additional gram­ matical information, enclosed in square brackets. Finally, at the end of each item are given idioms in which the word occurs - in this case, amnu umw tehe and amnuumw neta. When more than one word has the same sound, these words are listed separately, and each is numbered with a subscript numeral for ease of cross-reference . When a single word has two or more 'related' meanings, internal numbering is employed; thus:

ait intr 1. Wake up , be aw ake . l v 2. Be born ;

ait intr Deliver a child; ..• 2 v Etymological information is given in parentheses following the meaning; thus:

nimwapepa N Sheet of paper, piece of paper. (Cf. ntmwa-l + pepa ). Numerous loanwords are coming into Lenakel, either from English directly or via Bislama (New Hebrides Pidgin), and occasionally from

other languages. Where these words are in fairly common use, I have included them here. I have not in any way attempted to be exhaustive in this matter, however, and many other words of Bislama origin espec­ ially are used frequently in Lenakel . A list of abbreviations follows the Lenakel introduction. 4

Nakaraan Iraupwin

Le noutakr!n uk, nakaraan miin taha Lenakel kamair!k karena karena, kani inof!n nupwelak!n1lar le nakaraan Igklis mine namsu taha nakaraan ka. Rolkamwa: arnnuumw V Drink ; eat (wat ermelon , oranges, sugarcane, and similar fruit ); takaramnu umw nikava pw i pwom, soon they will drink kava. [Trial is halamnuumw, plural aramnuumw] . amnu umw tehe come to the coast for seafood (of inland people). amnu umw nita regain consciousness.

Inof!n aupw!n nakaraan am: arnnuumw; nakaraan esuaas n!v1n t!r!v!n aupw!n lan, rolkarnwa ramamnuumw, inamnu umw , lesamnuumwaan . Inof!n nupwelak!n am . Kan1 ka nakaraan m1in kamarhuap!np!s!np!s!n, merou in!ni netg! nakaraan mi1n, rolkamwa v, nupwelak!n rolkamwa nakaraan taha nolaan . (Inalhaau pet!mw netg!n esuaas lahau le nakaraan uk .) Kani ka nupwelak! nakaraan ramaroup!n, kan1 nakaraan man1uan n!v1n, rolkamwa amnuumw tehe mine amnuumw neta. Takamwa nakaraan k1u merou nou1aan1lau karena, 1nalhaau nampa lahau, rolkamwa ait mine ait . Takamwa nakaraan ker merou nupwelak!n n!vin l 2 1uok!t, 1nalhaau nampa ramaiimwa nupwelak! nakaraan ka . Rolkamwa:

ait intr l. Wake awake . l v up , be 2. Be born ;

ait v intr Deliver a child; . . . 2 Nakaraan r1pw!r karva apwa le nakaraan taha Lenakel kamas!p!n apwa nakaraan n!vin ps!n - kamas!p!n Igk11s, Bislama, mine nakaraan n!v1n . Inalhaau nakaraan n!v1n ka le tiksinar1 uk, takamwa neramfm r1pw!r kaman1 nakaraan ka. Kani merou nakaraan m11n karva mun, merou ie salhaauaan . 5

List of Abbreviations - Netgt Nakaraan Iresuaas adjective A netg� nakaraan ram�niapk��s nakaraan ps�n; rolkamwa, VTt adjective of colour A col ram�niapki�s kala

A adjective with singular sing rolkamwa A, merou ram�niapki�s subject only na karena am Bislama Bisl. Bislama compare cf . aamh ru adjunct D rolkamwa A demonstrative adjunct D dem rolkamwa uk, aan , ka descriptive adjunct D dsc rolkamwa asuul , ituga grammatical number marker D num rolkamwa mi ln, mi l, mihel quantifier D qty rolkamwa karena , kiu, kfsil rolkamwa akfn , ru verbal adjunct D vb dative Dat ramofin for example e.g. rolkamwa English Eng. Igklis especially esp. nian ripwir exclusive exc . kamar, risolaan katar French Fr. Franis grammatical morpheme G nakaraan esuaas akin interjection I nakaraan taha nivin�naan inclusive inc. katar, r�solaan kamar instrumental Ins r!mol le nar ker kind of k.o. netg! noun N netg! nar ker inaliel).able noun N inal netgi nar ker kamakaikei mos locative noun N L netg! nouanvir�n semi-alienable noun N semi netg� nar ker, rolkamwa uulpis lak temporal noun N T netgi nian object is marked by o t!nakaikei m�ni nakaraan ieram raroupin =

object may be marked by fn o = Un) takamwa t!nakolkeikei, tinakini fn

plural pl . ripw!r singular sing. karena am synonym syn. nakaraan ps!n, nupwelak!n karena unidentified unident. ieshinatinaan nakaraan ka verb V netg! nolaan directional ver b V dir t!nakakaikei mini pa ua hie ua intransitive verb V intr t!n!sakaikeiaan m!ni netgi nar 6

singular verb v sing ieramfm karen a am rhinatfn mol transitive verb V tr t�nakakaikei m�ni nar variant var. nakaraan rhuap�np�s�np�s�n

Indicates a prefix (as r-) takamwa r-, t!nakakaikei m�ni or a suffix (as -k) r aupw!n le nakaraan ker; takamwa -k, t!nakakaikei m4ni k oatis�g le nakaraan ker ,------

7

A afka V intr Almost ripe, not ripe. a- G Number-marking prefix to cert ain verbs: plural subject ; afugin D vb All at once , both an i napuk! sing (pI. )! at once ; rinos afugin nam, he took all the fish at once. aa D dem That ; var. of aan. agal V Eat coconut meat from the aamh V 1. See , look at , find, husk . meet ; rimaamh kur i mamwa rin ki" menuk , he saw that the dog had agh V Spit ; rimaghpin fn uus aan ,

eaten the fowl ; Tom mine Titoga he spat at that man. [0 = fn]. kuaamh ilau mi in, Tom and Titoga met (each other). aghigh V intr Swell up (of the aamh nar Ipwai have a night ­ arms or legs ); nivigi nel kin mare ramaghlgh, his leg is swollen. aamh taa perasuaas/aamh agien A Happy , glad ; niki ik nimwataa perasuaas send a girl ragien, I am happy (li t., my in an exchange marriage heart is happy ). 2. See to, look after, bring up a child; aamh to neram , look agienagien D vb With a swaying after your child; aamh vit , gait ; al luok ag i enag ien, sway while walking (e.g., if drunk). look after. [Takes Dat = to ].

agin V intr Sour , bitter , stale. aamhauk±r v Measure ; see how big or how much ; tiakal haau nik maamhaukir, I'll put the wood agnagin V intr Be smartly or down an d measure it ; tiakavhfn flashily dressed. man i maamhaukir, I'll count the money to see how much there is. agritin V Push scattered things (Cf. aamh + aukir) . into a heap.

ahak V intr sing Have risen , be aamhesuaas V Screw up the eyes so as to see something at a up in the sky (of the sun ). distan ce . (Cf. aamh + esuaas). mit rinahak mit rinai the sun's been up for a long time (said aan D dem That (yonder ); nimwa to someone sleeping late). aan , that house (over there). (Cf. also aa). ahal V intr Stale (of food) .

-aan G Suffixial part of dis­ ahan V intr sing St op raining , co tinuous general nominalising be not raining. mor�pheme n-.. -aan (q.v.). ahig±l A Old (of persons or -aan G Negative postclitic ; animals ); rinahi gil or rinahigil 2 riskinaan , he didn't eat ; ita, he (she/it ) is old; riskin akinaan , he didn 't eat lahlgil , old man ; perahigfl , very much. [Occurs with nega­ old woman. tive prefix is -]. lahlgil husband (respectful ). aat V intr Jump into the sea. perahl gil wife (respectful).

aatpin V Jump over. (Cf. aat ahoin V tr Throw something (not + -pn). a stone ) at ; ahofn nik rakavin Ie nik ikopwiel aan , throw a afil A Marked, striped; kaf l I, stick at that stone. ringworm. epkonatu mahorn somersault.

afilafil Striped ; siit taham A ahopas V intr Play a game which rafilafil, you have a striped involves each child trying to shirt . (Cf. afi l). 8

kick one of the others ; kova mft rfnahak mft rfnai the sun's miin kamaihopas Ie nelkfnilar, been up for a long time. the children are trying to kick each other. ai- G Number-marking prefix to certain verbs : plural subj ect; ahua v tr Give birth to (of an Inai llu ok , we (exc .pl. ) have l anJ.mal ); kuri tahak rfmahua walked. nedn kfs i I am, my dog had a litter of only three pups . aialu!n V Rise, come up higher than expected (of water); tehe ahua V intr Throw away ; pehe 2 rfma lalurn tahak kfnu, the sea ramahua1 who 's throwing things? came up an d filled my canoe ; nar ramapwolapwo l ma ialurn, some­ ahuaak V intr Pray ; ahuaak kam thing is boiling over. uugh in, pray to God; ahuaak ton , pray for him; ahuaak Ie, pray aiamelamel V intr Go about over (food, garden , etc. , as stooped or bent over. (Cf. ai + preparat ion to eating , working , ame I ame I ) . etc. ); nimwahuaak , church ; nahuaakaan , prayer , week. aiasaias V intr Reduce in in­ takahuaak ita next Sun day. tensity (of a war ).

aietk!n V intr Run fast . (Cf. ahueativ V intr Hang down (of bananas ) . al + etkrn (unident .» .

aih V intr Run or flow (of water ahuiahui V tr Roll up , coil up (as ro 3:ling rope or string into or fluids ); run (of bowels, i.e. , have diarrhoea). a coil). nfslinhagam rama ih your nose is ahuiahui V intr Tangle, be running. tangle ; taham sftriig nlhi nfmrok ramaih my eyes are ramahuia& h ui , your line is tangled. watering. et lauh mfnama lh overflow. ahuinar V intr Whip, beat ; peravfn ka ramahuinar to nerfn , aihrnilmil V intr Rumble (of the that woman is wh ipping her stomach ). (Cf. aih + mi lmil child. [Dat = to] . (unident.» .

ahum V intr Dive ; tiakahum Ie aiimwa V intr Be inside , be in­ te he , I'll dive into the sea; ternal ; nfmfs aan ker rama iimwa , ahum to nam, dive for fish an internal illness. (Cf. (i.e., in order to spear them). i Imwa ).

ahuohua A Bring trouble , be aik V intr 1. Swim, float (of different and bad; ieram humans , not of fish). ahuohua , trouble-maker, spite­ 2. Wash (oneself). ful person ; nahuohueaan , bad times. aik vft wash aft er menstruat ion (aft er which a woman may leave al iuok ahuohua limp , or othe r­ the nlmwa i amta (menstrual hut ) wise walk in a peculiar fashi on. and return to the village ).

ahut V intr Come to the surface aikpikn!n V Be pulled down while of the sea (after being sub­ in the sea, as by wet clothing ; merged) ; rfmahum Ie te he mahut, lema l kpfknrn napfn tahak, I was he dived into the sea and then pulled down by my (wet ) clothes. surfaced. (Cf. alk + pHnrn (unident .» . (Syn . atpH nrn ). ai V intr Run (of people or ani­ mals ); swim (of fish); rfmama i V intr 1. Stand , be standing, mfvfn apwa Ie sftoa , he was run­ ail stand up ; pwah iakail, I'll just ning to the store. stand up . 9

mouk rtnai l etuatu the moon is aipik�n V intr Burn all over the in the first quarter. place , be burning out of control tiakai lln ntka ltk I'll stand (of a fire). (Syn. auou). (Cf. sideways . [The only example al + pfkrn (uni dent. )). of a i I t aki n g - r n] . aipunpun V Go continuously for 2. Blow , be blowfng (of the or after something which one wind); ntmataag rama i I, the likes very much ; rama ipunpun wind is up . ma i punpun magko , he 's always going after mangoes. (Cf. al + ailakeake V Stand on something pun pun (unident. )). which is unstable; have dif­ ficulty in maintaining one 's aipwalpwal V intr Swim in all balance. (Cf. a i I + akeake directions (of fish, esp. when (unident. )). one is trying to catch them). (Cf. ai + pwa lpwal (unident .)). ailaupw�n V intr 1. Stand in front . ait V intr 1. Wake up , be awake . l 2. Cheat by standing over the 2. Be born; nerr kuri kuhu starting-line (in a race ). rtna it1 how many pups were born? 3. Stand out , be outstanding ; ait V intr Deliver a child ; huk uk ra ilaupwtn , this hook 2 is outstanding. (Cf. ail + perav+n mil aan k+nua it kam kava aupwrn )· taha tahak peravrn , those two l women delivered my wife's baby. ailhatg�n V Stand under, stand in the shade of (e.g. , as pro­ aitaat V intr Be stillborn , be tection from sun or rain) ; dead at birth. (Cf. ait + taat). nihin rtp : pwah iakuailhatgrn V intr ntk aan , it 's raining: let' s aitapw�l Squint . go and stand under that tree. (Cf: ail + hatgtn (unident.)). aitfn V Look for ; lakama itrn tahak mani, I am looking for my money (which is lost ); pwas ailiko V intr Be crooked, stand crooked, be re fracted. (Cf. iaka i trn to iakaamh ua1 let me see if I can find it. a i I + i ko ). aiuk V intr Swim. (Cf. a i k). ailkal�n V intr Stand as ide (e.g. , in order to let someone ak- Tense-marking prefix to pas s by ). (Cf. ai I + ntka l- + G verbs : concurrent tense; iakol , - n ) • I do it ; lakamol , I am doing it ; tiakol , I will do it. ailmul V intr Stand crooked , stand out of line. (Cf. ail + akaikei V Must, ought , have to, mul )· l shoul ; ti akakaikei mamwa tiaktkrna nam aan , I must eat ailmwatu V Be eager, enthusi­ that fish; rtmakaikei mtvrn astic ; uus aa rama i Imwatu nian Ifi la, he had to go to Vila; mi in to nosaan mi ln, that fel­ tr rtsakalkeiaan mtvtn m+vi nam low is always eager to go mi in, he should not go fishing; fi shing. [0 = to]. (Cf. ai I akaikel m+ktn ! you must eat ! + mwatu ). [Complement sent ence introduced by mamwa or verb in complement aimasalhan V intr Be going con­ takes m-]. tinuously to and fro (as of people or vehicles along a akaikei V Persuade ; rtmaka ikei road). [Usu. in plural only] . 2 kam 10 mamwa tiak of+n nau tahak, (Cf. ai + masalhan (unident. )). he pers uaded me to give him my

knife . [D t = kam]. aiokoin V Leave behind acciden­ a tally , forget to bring. 10

akak v intr sing Dawn , break akarapkasu V Tell news before light ; ramakak, it is dawning; it has reached its rightful nakakaan , the dawn . [No noun recipient (in order to increase subj ect] . one 's own importance). [0 In]. (Cf. akar + apkasu akaka V in tr Crow (of a rooster). (unident.)). aka1pa Commit adultery ; akarapkiis V Talk about ; V l rfma kalpa Ie peravfn aan, he rfmakarapkffsf n iik, he talked

committed adultery with that about you. [0 = In]. (Cf. woman . [0 = Ie]. akar + apkHs (unident. , but cf. fniapkHs)). aka1u1in V Wrestle , tussle; kamuakalulfn ilau mi in, they akarapkiis V tr Speak a lan­ wrestled with each other. guage ; r makarapkffs naka raan taha neram� ituga, he speaks the akamrena V intr Be partially foreigners ' language. (Cf. cooked, underdone . akar + apkffs (unident ., but cf. fni apkHs)). akanan V intr Swollen up with filarias is (of the leg) . akaripwomh V Talk loudly , shout . (Cf. akar + fpwomh). akanik V intr Be barren , sterile (of woman or animal ). akava V intr Come . [Prob . synonymous with va]. akapwan A Hot ; rakapwan ua ? is it hot? akav±n V intr Go off, go away . (Cf. v t n ). nar akapwa n food prepared on l the day of a feast. ake V Scrape , pare , grat e (e.g. , nu akapwan hot water; tea. the hair off a pig, skin off ve getables, coconut meat out of akar V Say , speak , talk ; rfmakar a shell, etc.); rfmamake n i en , kam infn, he spoke to his mother; he was scraping coconut meat . rtmakarapkffs infn, he spoke about hi s mother; nakaraan , kamake nar food is being pre­ pared for a feast . word, sentence, speech , talk ,

language. [Dat = kam, about apkH s]. aki V Scratch (esp. to relieve itch); iakamaki io, I am akar Ie give (someone ) a scratching myself; kur i ramaki talking-to. nfmo pt;n , the dog is scratching akar Ie nhuafugtnaan preach or pawing at the ground. (Christian) . akii1 V Pull with a stick; akar Ie nfmrfmtr preach (custom). ak ill ipa Ie nouantk aan , pull it over here with that stick. akar mfvrapnrn talk slowly, [0 = (fn)]. drawl.

akar nhu ltn rfsami gaan talk akit V intr Creak (as of wood non-stop . in a house ); ntmataag rfvtn lan, lakarou rakit makit, the wind akar Ie nfpwagnhag- talk came and I heard the house creak. through the nose.

apu l mamakar talk in one's akitakit V intr Creak . (Cf. sleep. a kit) . akar taha napusaan/akar taha ak±lkf1 A Thin. nalmfflaan slur the speech , talk while drunk . akimw V intr Flee, run away , run ahead of; ktma ikfmw to kamar, akarakar intr Talk too much, V they ran away from us ; rfnakfmw make too much noise . (Cf. ita apwa pi ls, he's run away to aka r) . 11

the other side of the island. akona V Be poisoned or drunk [From = to ]. such that one's mind is affected; naktmwaan flight , esp. of a lak amakona rn nam, I am poisoned tribe conquered in war . from eating a fish; iemakona Ie ntkava , he was drunk on kava . ak±mwak±mw D vb All around, all [0 = thing eaten or drunk = fn ab out , all over, here there and or Ie ]. everywhere , in a number of dif­ ferent places; rtntru akumw V Hold something in the aktmwaktmw menuk , he shot birds mouth ; ramakumw nu, he has a all over the place . mouthful of water . akumw kopwiel to n be unable or ak±mwt±n!n V Beat at running , unwilling to speak or reply. race and win; nertk tt raktmwttn fn nertm , my son akumw±ti V Close tight (as of a will beat your son (in a run­ clam ) . ning-race ). (Cf. aktmw + ttn fn (unident . )) . ntmwate lgok rakumwtt i 10 my ears are blocked (esp. due to akin D dsc Very , very much , a the height ). lot ; rtn ktn aktn , he has eaten a lot; iakaamh pukas asuul aktn , al V intr Leak, drip ; nihin rtp see a very big pig. rama l Ie tahak nlmwa , the rain I is falling and the hous e is ak±nk±n V intr Be cold. leaking.

nel uk ramaktnktn my teeth are alak V Throw , throw away , throw chattering. out (usu. of a number of things and/or with no special purpose ak±rkfr A Sharp . or direction); rtma lakpefn nar ml ln, he threw those things ak±sl V Husk a coconut with the over here ; rtma lakh i aavf ktpaas, teeth. he dropped the axe. [0 = fn]. ak±s V Cut the hair , shave; alal±lat!n V Put something in ia amakfs io, I am shaving, I the sun ; rtma laltlatfn naptn am � cutting my hair. tahan raustk, he put his clothes out in the sun to dry. aklha V Steal ; rfmaklhefn menuk miin tahak , he stol e my chick­ alato A col Grey (of pigs only); ens ; iaklha, thief; nakl heaan , pukas kal ato , a grey pig. theft , robbery. [0 = In ]. ntk i in rtmakl heln his heart alfa V Be lazy , not feel like, not care about ; uus aa ramalf a was lost to her. aktn , that man is very lazy; pw iak rama lfefn nasumwaan , my akl±mw intr Be coloured, have V brother doesn 't feel like working a colour ; retuakltmw7 what colour a is it? in the garden ; ialfa, lazy person . [0 = In ]. akl±mwakl±mw V intr Be multi­ alhaau V Put , place , set , put coloured. (Cf. akl tmw). down , set down ; uus aa akltmwak ltmw mstl /akltmwakltmw rtma lhaauptn taham naramnar mi in, mouh iaau/ak ltmwakltmw moual / that man put down all his things . ak ltmwa kltmw moua i tpwomh look peravtn ka ktnalhaau that woman very nice , be very attractive was buried. (of clothing). alhaau tostg to make a barrier akm±n V intr Be calm, quiet (of against , make a fence or grid the sea) ; eitptn maamh tehe for. rakmtn , look and see how calm alhaauptn Ie suatu put (a ship) the sea is. on course. 12

a1haauauk�r v Line a numb er of al luok ahuohua/a liuok taat things up in order to see which limp , or otherwise walk in a is the largest. (Cf. alhaau + peculiar fashion . aukh) .

aliuokamelamel V intr Limp , alh�l A Shiny , shining , very walk bent over. (Cf. al iuok + bright ; clear (of sea, sky , amelamel ). water, etc.); mouk ralhtl ma stl, the moon is shining brightly; aliuok�n V Clear away rubbish tehe ralhtl mastl , the sea is from a garden before plant ing perfectly clear. (of women ); peravtn mi in arou rtnalhtl to hear clearly ktmama i Ilu oktn nasumwaan , the after the ears have popped women have been clearing away after coming down from a height . the rubb ish from the garden .

al�lau V intr Spread around , alh�mr- V Sneak up on , hide from, keep out of sight of; spread all over (usu. all over alhtmrt rtmam , keep out of sight the islan d) ; nhinati naan ka of your father ; pw iak raltlau Ie Ttn, knowledge of rtma lhtmrok , my brother sneaked that spread all over Tanna. up on me . [Pronoun objects are (Syn. aplflau) . manifested by possessive suf­ al�l£n intr Turn , steer away , fixes on the verb] . (Cf. alh l V (unident .) + ntmr- ). sheer off, change course or direction; ktnu rtma l tlr n, the aliis Smack . canoe steered away ; ntmataag V ram altl,n, the wind is changing aliisaliis V Smack hard. (Cf. direction. a Iiis ) . mtt ra ltlrn afternoon. aliko intr Go only part of al�1£n V Turn (someone ) back ; V 2 one 's planned trip and then re­ iemaamh Tom ma lfl,n miavtn turn ; return sooner than expec­ limwak, I saw Tom and turned him ted; come back after having back and we went to my house . left (e.g. , because one left something behind, or because alkal�k V intr Watch, wat ch one couldn 't do what one ex­ over , look after; alkaltk to pected to do ); ttnakva taham peravtn, look after your

ma l ikopa mun , back so soon? wife. [Dat = to]. alikoaliko intr Fidget abo ut , V alkiamta V Punish someone (usu . move or jump from place to by making him work hard) ; place . (Cf. a I i ko ) . iemalkiamta nertk, I punished my son . al£n V Decorate the head wi th feathers or leaves. alkiil V Stir. al rn kueria hold the kueria alk�l intr Scratch the ground (q.v. ) in atoka (q.v. ). V (of fowls); menuk aan kamailktl ialr n kueria one entitled to Ie nfmoptfn, those fowls are hold the kueria. scratching at the ground. aliuok intr Walk {usu. in a V alkoug�n V intr Begin to burn specific direction or with a out of control , burn more than specific purpose , as opposed to the area one intended (of a avtn (q.v. )); ramal iuok mtvtn fi re) . Ie stto a, he is walking to the store; rama l iuok agienagien, alkuut V tr Try hard to ; he's staggering , he 's walking r t m a I k u u t rnamw a t f rea I, he t r i e d with a swaying gait . hard to swim. [Takes comple­ ment ] . 13

almiil v intr Be mad , crazy , alukomw V intr sing Flash (of mentally disturbed; lalmt tl , lightning ); nalukomwaan, light­ madman ; nalmii l aan , madness , ning. mental illness. alupik V Cont inually forget , be almin V Tempt ; almtn ru uus aan absent-minded. (Cf. alufn + mamwa ttraklha ntkava ituga pH) . ntvi n, see if you can tempt that man into stealing some am D dsc Only , just ; rtvtt am , liquor. it's alright; rtmaugtn am , he was only eating ; am uail un! alminsigivin V See if one can just stand there , you twol ; (do something ); pwah resuaas am , it's pretty small ; iakualmtnstgt vin ru mamwa io am tiakva , I'll come by my­ tiakue iua lan, let's see if we self. can deceive him. (Cf. almtn + stgt vin ). am- G Continuative prefix to verbs , marking continuous or alpin V Exchange , swap (esp. in progressive action ; ramktn, he a traditional exchange of women is eating it ; rtmamktn, he was or food through a suatu (ex­ z eating it. ch ange-road) ); ktma i 1 ipTn pukas , they exchange d pigs . amai V tr Ch ew ; iemktn mtmama i nuw, I chewed the yam ; ama i alpwakau A Intelligent . mama i vtt! ch ew it up well ! alu v intr Dig (with adze) , be amaiamai V tr Stutter , stamme r; e gaged in digging . (Note: 11 ramama iama i nakaraan , he stut­ is� the transitive verb of dig­ ters , he stammers . (Cf. ama i). ging) . amakin V Dislike (esp. th e look alu A Deaf. 2 of something ); peravtn aan that ntmw atelgok rama lu my ears are rttaat aktn , lakamakfn, woman is very ugly , I don 't like blocked. the look of her. aluakin V intr Hate ; rama luaktn amako V Dance (of women only); kam he hates me ; naluaktnaan , rtmamako kam nertn, she dandled war ia,(usu. foreign rath er than her ch ild; iamako , a dancer ; Tannese conflicts , and used esp. namakoaan , a dance. of World War II ). [Dat = kam).

amarivi V intr Make new , renew , aluakin v intr Avoid, attempt 2 decorat e; Inama riv i mun kam to avoid; rama luaktn Ie pe ravin nimwa tahan , I restored his tahan , he avoids his wife. house to as-new condition. [Dat = kam). (Cf. amarf aluga V intr Lay down the head ; (unident .) + vi ). rtmama l uga Ie tenkapwa , he was 3 laying down his head ; kal uga , V intr Be hungry ; headrest , pillow. ameek lakamameek mamwa tlaktktn am nuw, I am hungry for yams . aluin V Forget, lose; lema l ufn tahak ktpaas , I forgot my axe, amel V intr Lie down ; pwah I lost my axe ; iema l ufn iik lakamel , I'll just go and lie mamwa ttnakva , I forgot that down . you were coming. nttaan ramamel a scab forms . alukaluk A Light (not heavy) , light-hearted (esp. after a amelait V intr Dream. (Cf. period of mourning has fin­ amel + alt). ished) . amelalt taat have a nightmare. 14

ame1ame1 v intr Bend down ; kopwie l mi ln ka lmt kla aktn, amelame l maul u Ie ua ia, bend the rocks are very slippery. down and go throu gh the barbed­ wire fence. (Cf. amel ). am±l V intr sing Shine (of the moon) . ame1atite V intr Duck one' s head (e. g. , while entering am±v V intr Heal , heal up ; through a low doorway or roof) . nelmok rt namtv, my hand has (Cf. ame l + atite). healed. ame1inu A Smooth , calm, peace­ amk�m±k A Dirty; nelmam ful (used of the sea and the ramktmtk, your hand 's dirty; land) ; ttn ramel inu, the island namktmtk, dirt . is peaceful , all is qui et on the island; amelinu makmtn, be namktmtkaan dirty weather , very calm; namel inuaan , peace, cloudy weather. peacetime . amk±n V intr sing Be dirty (of ame1me1 V intr Have been laid water, as a result of being down ; kova ktnam elmel ita, the stirred up by waves, rain , children have been laid down. etc.); nam ktn , wat er so stirred (Cf. amel ). up . V amha V intr Be sore, pain; am1±tin Blow hard (a trumpet , nelmok ramamha or iakamha Ie pipe , etc.). nelmok , my hand is sore; namheaan , pain (n. ). amn±ku V Cook by leaving in earth-oven overnight . [0 = In]. amha mamha be in severe pain. V ntkiin ramamha he is sorry. amnum intr Sink , drown (acci­ dentally , or from weariness or exhaustion ) . amhnok V intr Perspire, sweat ; namhnokaan , perspiration, swe at. amnuumw V Drink ; eat (wat er­ ami V Urinate; ami tpus huaihue melon , oranges , sugarcane , and ntkom , quickly urinate on the similar fruit ); takaramnuumw fire and put it out ; am i kopwlel ntkava pw i pwom , soon they will apwa! piss on that stone ! drink kava . [Trial is halamnuumw, plural aramnuumw]. amiamii1 V intr Urinate; amnuumw tehe come to the coast ami am i i lptn Ie ntk ker, urinate for seafood (of inland people ). on a tree . (Cf. also am i). amnuumw nit a regain conscious­ ness. amig V intr 1. Breathe ; namigaan , breath. amnuumwas±g±v±n V Taste ; mts mamam ig have asthma or any amnuumwas tgtvtn am ru! just have other respiratory illness. a t a s t e ! ( C f. am n u u mw + astgtvtn). 2. Pant , be out of breath. 3. Rest , have a breather. amnuumwnuumw V Sip , taste . (Cf. amnuumw). amimra A Blue , blue-green. V illtr Quarrel ; uus aa amimra merou natriis green . amou ramamou kam peravtn tahan nian mi in, that man is always quar­ amiuh A Alive , in existen ce , healthy; namiuhaan , life , exis­ relling with his wife . tence, health. amra intr Be cool , cold (of l V nar amluh animal . a place ); lemvtn ramra iktn, he went to a cold place , he am±k1a V intr Be slippery ; suatu went to where it is cold. ramtkla, the road is slippery ; 15

amra v intr Be green , unripe 2 to have another; ramanmwantmw ( oT fruit or vegetables); ntptn Ie nertn , she's ready to have aan rtnamra ita, those bananas another baby . are still unripe. anmwiik V intr Be clever, wise; amr ami r A Rotten ; nlmwa aan ianmwl lk, wise man, esp. one rtnamramt r, that house is rotten. who diagnoses illness , divines sorcery, etc. , a medium. amt intr Menstruate ; �l � nlmwa lamta menstrual hut . ansil V intr sing Be well up in amta to like (a man ) very much the sky (of the sun). (of a woman ). anuanu V intr Shake or nod the amta col Brown (of animals ), head ; anuanu taha nakaraan , 2 A rusted (of iron). shake or nod the head while talking. amtamta Very young ; kova A V amtamta, a ve ry young child ; apakol intr Move into a sur­ ramtamta tna, he is still too rounding or outflanking position young. (e.g. , in hunt ing); pwah karapakolpn Iktn aan , let's out­ amtip V intr Frown , look sullen. flank him over there . V intr Have diarrhoea. amwa V Want to , intend to , try apeiahia to ; ramwa ntktnaan or ramwa V mamwa ttrktn, he wants to eat aperavin intr Become a woman , it . be accepted as an adult (of a girl). (Cf. peravtnl ). amwakin V Hate; lak amwakrn uus V aan , I hate that man . apiag intr Put on a niuh (skirt ) (of a woman ). amwha V Suck at mother's breast ; V intr Pass, come nertn rtmamamwha Ie naha intn , apikhalin the child was sucking at its past ; rtmap lkhaltn lak, he mother's breast . passed me .

A Dark ; rtnapinap ita, amwin V intr Be hairy (of a apinap person ) . it's already dark . mouk rtnapinap the moon is in amwta V intr Sneeze. the last quart er. amwunamwun V Hum (of persons ); apita V Excel , surpass , be 1 ramamwunamwunrn napuk neta? more than ; nakama I i uok map ita what song is he humming? [0 = uus aan , you can walk further f n ] • than that man ; ieram rtpwomh mapita ieram aan , it's longer anhiaau V tr Stop , block , put than that one . an end to , forbid, prevent ; ntmanh i aau i 0 t i esa Iiuokaan apita V Race ; Magau ramap ita 2 Ie suatu, you stopped me from norntn , Magau is racing his walking on the road , you for­ young brother. bade me to walk on the road . [Verb in complement takes apititil V Trip ; iemaprttttl negative tense-aspect pre fix]. nelkt uus aan , I tripped that man ; iemaprt;t;l mautfn io, I anipin V Be smitten ; ramaniptn tripped and fell. Ie perasuaas taha Titoga , he is smitten with Titoga's apin A col Black , dark ; ofa daughter. [0 = Ie]. i raptn , pass me the black one . ntmrtn rap;n 1. he is angry. anmwanimw V intr To have weaned he is sick. a child and be considered ready 2. 16

apkas v intr Be tired, weary , rtmapu I II au tahan peravtn , he exhausted. slept with his wi fe.

apli1au V intr Spread around apu1alu V intr Sleep soundly , the island. Syn . altlau). be sound asleep. Cf. apul + ( ( al u 2 ). apnapinl D vb 1. Free , wi thout payment , as a present ; apuletin V Wink ; apuletln ntmrtn iakamoffna apnapfn am , I'm or apuletrn ntkavhe ntmrtn, wink giving it to you for nothing. one eye , squint . Cf. apul + e t fn unident . . ( 2 . Fruitless , wit hout result; ( )) al iuok apnaptn am, walk about V for the sake of walking ; pwah apu1iapu1 Blink; ntmrok rtmapul iapul , I blinked. Cf. tiakvtn apnaptn am ru ? will my ( gOing be for nothing? ; i emakava apul ). apnaptn am maamh kamiar, I came V on the off-chance of seeing apulivik intr Sleepwalk . Cf. apul + ivtk ). you. ( l V apus V intr Be drunk , intoxi­ apnapin2 1. Be still , quiet of person . cated; rtnapus Ie ntkava , he is ( ) drunk on kava; iapus , drunkard. 2 . Not answer when called ; nakatol mamapnaptn? what are apwal A Bald; tuik rtnapwa , I you doing not answering? am bald on the top of my head .

apnfn V tr Hide or conceal an apwa D dem This or that indi­ action , deny that one did some­ ca ed, or in a place previously( thing ; ramapn ln nol aan tahan , mentt ioned ; ofa in apwa , give he 's denying what he did; ntmo l me that thing) there which I ttvhaga Ie pe ravtn aan mamapnln, am pointing to . Cf.( al so ) ( you'r e hiding the fact that you apwanl )· committed adultery with that woman . apwa Introducer of locative 3 G phrase ; rfma rtk apwa Ifi la, he V Be tame ; i apou , tame 1 i ve din Vi 1 a . C f. al so apoul ( anlmal . apwan2 )·

A V apou2 1. Tired, exhausted, apwaih Lick; kuri ramapwaih worn out ; iemil mi l mtnapou, nel kok , the dog is licking my I've been digging and digging leg. and now I'm worn out ; apou to apwa ih nhultn kiss. ni laan, be tired of digging. ntkiik rapou I am sad, I am apwan D dem This or that ; var . l sufff>ring. of apwa2 . netpok rapou I have a stomach­ apwan Introducer of locative ache . 2 G phrase; var . of apwa . 3 2 . Dead euphemistic? . ( ) apwas V Refuse , leave , not want , apsipis D dsc Strange , foreign ; ab andon , not care, give up , stop i apstpts, stranger , foreigner. doing ; lakapwas nar un , I do( n't want) that ; nertk rtnapwas apuk V intr Buzz of flies , tahan peravtn, my son has left bees , hum of mosquitos( ; his wife ; apwas nar un! stop kiagp)o kamai( puk to naugtnaan) , that!; ktnal pwas nfktnaan nam, the blueflies are buzzing they 've stopped or given up round the food. eating fish . ( ) or V rtnapwas mouk kiu ktsil) apul intr Sleep , be asleep ; she is two or three( months inva merou ntmapul , I came but pregnant . ( ) you were asleep . 1 7

apwatetin v Cover with something arakru V Cut off, sever; light (like a cloth ); apwatetf n iema rakru nouanelmok, I cut off naugfnaan to kiag, cover the my finger. food to keep the flies off. ara1ha V Cut down , fell (a tree ). apwiit V Stick fast to, cleave to. [0 = Ie] . (In less common ara1u V Dig out the roots of a use than apwi itetai (q.v. )). tree ; nfnaralu nfk ka ua7 have you taken out the roots of that V apwiitetai Hold fast , cling; tree yet? (Possibly arai + apwi itetai iakfs nelmfnfk ka ! alul )· hold tight to that branch! (Cf. apwi it + eta i (unident.)). aramw V intr Answer , reply; aramw ru! please answer; aramwpa apwkeen V intr Be jealous ; ru! please answer me . iakamapwkeen Ie uus aan to tahak pe ravfn, I am jealous of that aram\'laan V intr Become a man , man because of my wife ; iapwkeen , be accepted as an adult (of a a jealous person. [Goal = Ie, boy). (Cf. ieramwaan ) . Cause = to ] . arap A Be or feel cold; apwo1apwo1 V intr Boil, be iakama rap, I'm cold. boiling; nu rfnapwo I apwo I ita ua7 has the water boiled? araruut N Arrowroot , canna. [Eng. arrowroot]. ar- G Number-marking prefix to certain verbs : plural subj ect ; arate V Chop . (Possibly arai + arol hua ihue! do it quickly ate ) . (all of you)! arate nien cut copra, make copra. arai V Cut ; rfnara i nfk Ie kfpaas , he cut (down ) the tree V intr Net , catch fish with an axe; ka r ai , axe. arat�g with a long net ; iak ama iratfg arai ate chop . to nam, we are netting fish. [Dat tol. a ra i kfnu make a canoe. arai kouatkasua carry out araua V intr Be mistaken in functions of or act as saying something , say something kouatkasua (q.v. ). then realise it is not quite correct ; iemaraua Ie nakaraan , arai nfma i cut bush for gar- I was mistaken in what I said, dens. what I said wasn't quite right . arai nepfk hold a council of akar mamaraua speak cheekily or war . insolently (of a child) . araiita Excel , surpas s, V 1. Put nelual (laplap ) into be better than ; nerfn rarai arg�n V bamboo containers prior to kfnu ker rar aiita mun ie ram cooking ; argfn nau , fill a piece rfmfn rar ai, the boy made a of bamboo with laplap . canoe better than the one his father made . arhap�k V Ask, ask for ; araiita mas;'l be excellent , rfmarhapfkfn io to nau ker, he the best . asked me for a knife ; tiaka rhapfk kam rfmfn mamwa tfrofa nau ker, Be beaut i ful , pretty , hand­ 2. I'll ask his father to give me some ; perasuaas ker raraiita a knife. [Person asked = fn or akfn, a very beaut i ful girl. kam ; Thing asked for = to or mamwa + complement sentencel. araita V Mop the brow; pwa h iakara ita namhnokaan , wait till I wipe the sweat (from my brow) . 18

arivar v Sink or drown by aroatis V Reach or arrive at a attaching something heavy ; place not markedly higher or iemho pukas mfHs mfl i is Ie lower than the place one left ; kopwiel ker ma rivarln , I killed rfma liu ok mfvfn maroatis Ifvtain the pig and took it and tied a pi is, he walked and walked and stone to it and drowned it . reached the other side of the [0 = In]. island. maroatis until. arigrfg V Wash things , not self by beating( and scrubbing Throw indiscrimin­ denot) es more effort than aroroiin V ately as when in a temper . eik( uaas q.v. ) ; peravfn mi in ( ) kama irfgrf( g napfn} Ie nahopkom , arou Perceive through any the women are washing clothes l V sense except sight ; thus hear , in the river. hear about ; smell ; feel by arfgrfg nfmwanasfs eat the touch ; feel an emotion)( ; feel leaf of the nasfs tree. the presence) of;( iakamarou kova ramakaraka r, I hear a child arik V intr 1. Live in a place ) , making a noise; iema rou nam dwell; rama rfk apwa (Ifi la, he rfmapien, I smelt the fish; lives in Vila; iarfk, one who nakamarou rav iaraviar? does it lives on his own clan land ; feel itchy ; rarou nfki in rapou , narfkaan , life . he feels sad. 2 . Be , in the sense of being at arou FO l w, come behind ; a place or being engaged in an 2 v. rarouptn rtmtn , he followed his activity; Ie nian io inva Ie � ? father . Tfn takiel rfma rfk apwa Ifila, when I came to Tanna my friend am a rou i i k! look out ! look was in Vila; rfmarfk matauol? behind you ! what was he doing? aroupfn etuatu follow or ab ide by rules, laws , etc. ... arikavin V intr Wander around , ( ) have no fixed abode; iarfkmavfn, ieram raroupfn second-born wanderer. Cf. arfk + avfn). child. ( ieram raroupfn ilau (ilhel) intr Go around esp. in arip V third-born fourth-born child. other people 's areas looking( ( ) at things ; iarfp, one) who wan­ arou Pay ; iema rou uus aan Ie ders around looking at other V ma i esuaas taha ttmata tahan, people 's things , a tourist . I paid� that man a small amount of money for his tomatoes. intr Shade , give arkanpus V [ Person paid unmarked; payment shade ; nfk aan ra rkanpuspfn Ie = Ie; thing paid for = taha]. nimwa , that tree shades the house; narkanpusaan , shade , arou Remove the foreskin; shadow . 4 V arou nakantn, cut off his fore­ skin . arkarik V intr Growl , rumble of thunder , sea, animals , etc . ; arouarou Hear of, hear about ; ( the dog ) l V nfki i ku ri rama rkarfk, ntmarouarou ln nakaraan Ie tami el ? is growling ; hiau ramarkarfk, have you heard news of your the volcano is rumbling . friend? [0 = In]. Cf. arou ). ( l arki1h Snap , break by V 1. arouarou Continually fOllow, 2 V snapping ; rfm arkflh neluiagiag, follow everywhere ; kur i aan he snapped a twig . ramarouarou taham kova , that dog 2. Break the law ; rfm arkflh is always following your son 10, he broke( the la) w. about . Cf. aro u . ( 2 ) aroukom intr Sit by a fire , armwig V Stand up , rise, arise , V warm oneself at a fire. Cf. get up , get out of bed. ( aroul + ntkom). 19

Split ; arplai ntk aan , arpiai v aruoou V Braid hair ; rtma r uoou split that wood there . nouanun, he braided his hair . (Cf. aru + oou (unident.)). arpiko v intr Thrash about , flay about ; iemos nel kf kuri arup�n V Promise , esp. in the mfmarpiko, I held the dog 's sense of promising a woman to legs and it thrashed about . a man ; iemaruptn kam uus aan mamwa tiepoftn peravtn ke r, I arpikoarpiko V intr Flop around promised that man that I would (as of a fish wh ich has been find a wife for him. landed ); iemv i nam ke r rfmarpikoa r piko Ie kfnu, I aruin V Throw, throw at , throw caught a fish and it flopped out (usu . of one thing and in a about in the canoe . (Cf. particular direction); arpiko). iemarulnptn apwa Ie napinu, I threw it into the gully; arp�k V Scrape meat out of iakamaruln kopwiel tiakt ru ntk coconut with a shell ; kova m I In aan , I'm throwing stones at kama irfpfk nien, the children that tree . are scraping out coconut meat . aruoan V Start , begin; rfmaruoan arp�rp�r V Ricochet , make some­ napuk, he started the song ; thing ricochet (e.g. , skip rtma ruoan mtn i napuk, he began stones on wat er ); nouankopwiel to sing the song ; naruoanaan, rfmarpfrpfr mfru uusuaas ke r, the start , beginning . the pebble rico cheted and hit a boy; tiakarpfrpfr In arvai V Scrape or peel with a nouankopwiel Ie tehe, I'm going knife (not used of scraping to skip stones on the sea. [0 'fish) .

= In] . asaas V intr Fall down (of l arpw�r�pw V Duck the head while house, tree , coconuts, etc.); entering ; arpwfrtpw tamkapwa descend (of volcanic ash). rat ite! lower your head! ; rfma rpwfrtpw to ntvtnaan i imwa , asaas intr Feel weak , esp. 2 V he ducked his head and went upon waking up in the morning . inside the house . asak intr Cry , weep; kova l V aru V 1. Make rope , grass skirts, ramasak, the baby 's crying . or similar things from the bark of the nuvo tree; ntperavtn asak V intr Sound , make a 2 kama iru niuh, the women are sound , call (of any animal ): making skirts. thus ring (of a bell), bark (of dogs ), neigh (of horses ), grunt Braid the hair ; iema ra i 2. (of pigs ), chirp (of crickets), nouanun, I braided his hair. twitter (of birds ), etc .; kuri ramasak, the dog is barking . aruaru V Tie up , wrap up , roll up , bind up , bandage ; aruaru asakin feel kindly towards , nel kfn Ie ntmwaltn mtne nul , V be sympathetic to; iakamasakln bandage up his leg with leaves iik to taham no laan rtvtt, I am and vines. glad that you did the right thing. aruatetin V tr Sink by putting something heavy (e.g. , a stone) asan�n A 1. Strong , fit , healthy , on top ; e, aruatetln ntk aan! powerful ; uus aa rasantn, he's hey , sink that piece of wood! a strong man . ieram asanfn a big-man , village­ arumw�te V intr Burst , explode , erupt , go off; hiau rfmar umwfte, elder , a man with a certain the volcano exploded (or erup­ amount of power . ted); kopwiel ituga rtmar umwt te, Come on strongly (of wind , the gun went off. 2. 20

sea, war , etc.); nfmataag asis V intr sing Run in all tfrasanfn , the wind will get directions (of the sea). stronger . asitu V Help ; asitu lak! help asasaau V intr sing Be rough , me !; iem as itu Ian mamwa tfrara i be running a swell (of the sea). ktnu ke r, I helped him to make a canoe ; tfnakasitu lak Ie asia v intr Make a light , make ntvi aan nam mi in? will you help

a torch (from coconut fronds ); me fish? [Vat = lel. nouas ia, torch . asituasitu V intr Help one asiakapun V Shine a light on ; another , be in partnership; as i akapun uus aa ! shine a light kamaiusituasitu mi in to sftoa on that fellow ! (Cf. as ia + ka , they are all partner s in ka pun (unident.)). that store . (Cf. asitu). asi akapun nam go torch-fishing . asiuan V Whisper ; rtmasiuanln neta kam iik? what did he asiap:i:n V Light (a lamp). [0 = wh isper to you? [0 = Iel. (Cf. asia + pn ). Inl.

asiv:i:l V intr Bounce off, asiapumel V intr Lighten, flash (of lightning ) - esp . a flash ricochet ; iemaruln kopwiel threw a which lightens the whole sky ; rasivfl mtlfs ntk, I nas i apumelaan, lightning . (Cf. stone but it bounced off a tree ; asia + pumel (unident. )). loto rfmas ivfl mtlts kopwiel ker , the truck had an accident and ran into a rock . asiepwanak V Bump , bump into ; perami l kfmuasiepwanak Ie ilau Circumcise; pehe mi in, the two women bumped into as:i:gip:i:n V one another ; iemas i epwanak pfkfn rtmasfg iptn kova ka? who circum­ Ie ntk apwa , I accidentally cised that boy? bumped into that tree . [0 = iasfgiptn a circumcised boy I e l . or man .

intr Snore. asierap V as:i:g:i:v:i:n V Imitate or copy an action or something someone has V asiin 1. Crush , pound . done ; astgfvtn nimwa aan, copy 2 . Beat up , fight (a person ) - that house, make a house like that one ; asfgtvtn uus aan , do joking usage ; iaklfs l t ma s lin i ik! I'll pick you up and break what that man did. (Cf. al so you into little pieces ! stg+vtn ).

as:i:l intr Excel, surpass, be asiinasiin Crush , pound . V V 1. be'tl ter; ra ra i ita ma s tl , it is 2 . Pack tightly - e.g. , pack the best ; rtmo l nimwa apwa copra tightly in a bag by pick­ mastl , he built that really nice ing up the bag and shaking it house there ; rtmho mastl pe ravtn up and down . tahan, he gave his wi fe a thorough beating . [Usu . found asiis V intr 1. Swell up , be only with prefix m- ; however , swollen. cf. astl 2 l. 2. Be fat . ami mra ma stl green. nasiis state of feeling full as:i:1 intr Be smartly dressed after eating . 2 V ana proud of oneself. asiisasiis intr Be fat ; V Clean nuvig (wild­ ramas iisasiis pfk, he 's very as:i:lig V cane ) . fat . as:i:mle Play a trick on, pull asioou intr Shake (with cold, V V someone 's leg; pwiak ramastmle fever , anger). 21

Ie kami lau, my brother 's pulling asuke V Swing ( of people , as on your leg. [0 = Ie] . a vine ) ; kasuke , a vine used for swinging on . as�pien V Mix food - esp. eat a vegetable with meat ; asu1 V Take hot stones out of ramasfpienln naugfnaan, he 's an earth-oven with a stick; eating meat and vegetables. rfmok rfnasul nouanumwan, my asfpien nakaraan mix languages , father has cleared the earth­ speak in a mixture of languages_ oven of stones.

asu1ie Carry suspended from as�s�n V Cut into pieces; peravfn V taham rfmamasfsfn ma iako , your a stick balanced over the wife was cutting manioc into shoulder; kasulie, anything pieces. carried in this fashion. [0 In] . ask�n V Limp , walk with the aid of a stick; kaskfn , walking­ asumw V Garden , work in the stick. garden; nasumwaan, a garden . asumw kam nik/asumw kam tfra ask�tam V intr Make rain-magic plant yams at the time of ( by putting a particular kind flowering of the nik tree of leaf in water ) . ( October/ November ) or the tfra tree ( November/ Decemb er ) . as1a A 1. Sharp ; nau uk rasla ua7 is this kni fe sharp? asunhauan V intr Be bright ( of 2 . Piercing ( of a vo ice ) . the eyes ) .

asuof1in tr 1. Turn over ( esp. asoou V intr Dry oneself by V rolling in sand . something lying down ) ; asuofl In kova , turn the baby over . asooup�lp�l V Roll ; rfmasooupflpfl Ie tfnfrfp, he 2 . Stub the toe; iemasuofl In rolled down the hill ; nelkok, I stubbed my toe . asooupflpflln nien un ka rva ikfn uk, roll those coconuts 3. Bring back to life . over here . [0 = In] . ( Cf. intr Roll over on asoou + pflpfl ( unident . » . asupwopwom V one's belly , turn over , be turned over, capsize ; kfnu asou- V intr di r Go ; proceed in a certain direction; rfvhln masupwopwom , the canoe rfmasouh ie7 e, rfmasoupaha, turned over. wh ere did he go? ah , he went towards the sea. asuu1 A Large in size or number : thus big, thick , wide ; many , plenty; os mfva ieram irasuul , asua V intr 1. Travel by sea; ieramasuul �upwfn kfma isua bring me the big one ; suatu ma rvfn apwa Kw inslan, the asuu I ker , a big roa d , a wide big-men of the past went by sea road, an important �oad. to Queensland ; rfnasua ita, nfmataag asuul hurricane , he 's gone away ( by sea ) ; asua cyclone . Ie kfnu Ie nfvea , paddle a canoe. a asuu1asuu1 V Stir in perfunc­ tory fashion. 2 . Ride or tr avel in or on; iakamasua Ie hos (loto , plen), asuulasuul nar spoil things, I am riding a horse ( car , mess things up . plane ) . asuus V intr Shoot up , as of asueiav�n V intr 1. Faint . water in a pipe which has been blocked then suddenly released. 2. Sway on one 's feet . 22

at v Wet ; inatpik tahak napin, tr di r Lean something l ateta- V I wet my clothes ( by , e.g. , against something else ; falling into the sea) , I got my rfmatetapnln kfnu tahan Ie clothes wet ; nihin ramat, there ko pwiel , he leaned his canoe up will be rain ( lit., rain is against a rock . [0 = In] . wetting) . atetuin V Pile up , heap up at intr Grow , become large clothes, etc . ; peravfn 2 V ( ) ( of yams ) . ramatetuln napfn petfmw , the woman is putting all the clothes ataat V Be angry ; iakamataat into a pile. uus aan , I am angry with that man . Cf. taat). ( atg�n V Ram , force in; atgfn ataat mataat mownalh �ik Ie kapra Ie pak, ram the copra speak angrily to . into the bag .

ati V Break eggs so that chick­ atag V Tip over , turn over , tip our , spill ( a fluid) ; ens can get out ; menuk rfnati inatag nu Ie tipot, I spilled nererfn, the hen breaks the the water from the teapot . eggs for her chickens.

[0 = (In)]. atia V 1. Pound , grind , crush ; peravfn ramatiefn ma iako, the ataka intr Be lost at sea. V woman is grinding manioc ; kat ia, something used to pound , atak�n tr Spoil , destroy , V grind or crush , a pestle . demolish, lose; nfma taag rfmatakfn nasumwaan tahak, 2 . Chew leaves in the prepar­ the wind spoiled my garden . ation of medicines; ramatieln nfmwanar, he 's chewing leaves atakfn kova miscarry , have a for medicine . [0 = In]. miscarriage . atil Strangle or choke with atamn�mwan intr Shiver, V V a rope ; rfmatil kuri tahan, he shake . strangled his dog with a rope ; uus ka rinatilatu, that fellow atauol intr Do what? ; rfma rik V has gone and hanged himself. laua nu mima tauo1 7 what did he do while he stayed in the vil­ Carry on the back by lage? ( Cf. atau ( unident . ) atipa V + 01 ). means of a rope ; tur is mi in ka kima itipeln pak tinilar, those tourists carried their bags ate intr Wipe oneself after V roped to their backs ; katipa, defecal ting . something carried in this

fashion. [0 = In] . ate D vb Broken, cut , destroyed; 2 rTmho ate, he hit it and it Open ; atita tapfn ! broke . atita V openl the door !; tapfn ramat ita mamowag am , the door opened, atel�g Hear , listen; atelfgln V the door swung open. io! listen to me ! [0 In ]. ( Cf. nimwa telg-). atita A Be open. 2 tfnakowta matel fg vft In look before you leap . atite V intr Go down , come down , descend, or otherwise move in a atemalua V intr Be young , be a downwards direction; at ite Ie young man; 1 e n i an i akatema 1 ua , nfk! come down from the tree! when I was a young chap ; natema lueaan, youth ( the time at ivan V intr Be warm , warm when one is young ) . ( Cf. oneself; va ru at ivan Ie nfkom , tem alua). come and warm yourself at the fire; nfkom rft ik io iakativan, the fire is warming me . 23

ativhata v intr Be on a tree atkavhen V Be close beside; (of people, vines , etc.); nerfm iakamatkavhen i ik, I'm right ramativhata , your son is up a beside you. tree; iakamaamh nul ker ra tivhata , I can see a vine on atkeek V Change , replace; atkeet a tree. napfn amkfmfk taham! change your dirty clothes !; rfmok kat i vhata k.o. ginger which tfratkeek luau Ie nimwa , my grows on trees. father is going to replac e the ridgepole of the house. at�g�l V intr Cough ; rfm atfgfl maghln nfta , he coughed blood; nu ramatkeek the creek is natfgflaan, a cough , a cold. flowing normally again (after a period after rain when dirty at:i:gta V Believe ; iaka tfgta Ie wat er has been flowing ). uus aan, I believe that man ; tr 1. Throw; fsatklnaan rama t f 9 ta m a mw a i n v f n I f i 1 a , atkin V he believes that I went to suk taham ! don 't throw your Vila; atfgta pwfrhien, believe spear !

to be true . [0 = Ie]. 2 . Push ; arva ru ma itfkin loto tahak. come and give a hand Shake (a tree, person, at:i:gt:i:g V pushing my truck. (Cf. also [0 = In ]. etc . ). atH) . at�k V Throw up soil to make a atk:i:l V intr Collect grass for yam-heap ; kama itfk tou , they thatching rooves; rfmamatkfl are throwing up yam-heaps . to nimwa tahan, he was out (Cf. also atkln). collecting thatch for the roof of his house. at:i:klou V intr Catch fish by beating the water ; pwa h iakarvfn atk�tin V Save , ho ard; uus aa apwa Ie tehe ma itfklou , let's ramatkfti n man i. that man is go to the sea and beat for some saving his money. fish . (Older word than auol ). atkuig:i:n Search , seek , look atkakia intr 1. Be dislo­ V l v for ; iakamatkuigfn tahak sfpet . cated (of a bone). I am looking for my spade . 2 . Happen, occur (of something bad); nar ker rfmatkakia lak, atmunmun V Mutter or mumble in something bad happened to me ; anger or embarrassment ; nar ker rfmatkakia Imlau. some­ rfmatmunmun Ie uus aan. he thing bad happened at Imlau. muttered angrily at that man . [0 = 1 e]. atkakia A col Black and white 2 (of pigs ), brown and white atokoh V intr Come down to the (of horses ). other side (e.g., after having crossed a mountain); rfvfn maroatis touar ma tokohpfn, he atkapu V Husk (coconut ) with a stick; kama itfkapu nien, went right over the mountain they are husking coconuts. (li t., he went and reached the mountain and came down the atkate Break through (e.g., other side). l V in opening a can , or of shoots breaking through the soil ); atol V intr Do what ? (Contrac­ nuw kama itfka te nfmo pt?n, the tion of atauol (q.v. ». yams are breaking through the soil . atou V Castrate . rfmatou namilo Ian he died in atkate Cut a coconut at the 2 V his sleep. 'eyes '; iema tkate nien kiu, I cut two coconuts at the eyes . atov:i:t V intr Put on clothing 24

by wrapping it around self (e.g. , auaua V intr Be thirsty. belt , lavalava); iakamatovft kam io Ie lapalapa , I am put­ aug� V intr Eat , dine , feed ; ting on a lavalava ; katovtt, nfIJ..naugfn ua? have you eaten? ; belt . [Dat = person = kam; naugfnaan, food. Ins = clothing = Ie]. aug�n tr Feed; nfnaugfn ita ? V atp�kamw V intr Be pulled or pukas ua? have you fed the pigs? weighed down with fish (of a net); nakapun rfmatpfkamw Ie auh V intr Cook , boil (subject nam, the net was weighed down is human ); i nfn ramauh, his with fish . mother is cooking (by boiling). atp�kn1n V Be pulled down while auhia A col Yellow, light brown ; in the sea , as by wet clothes; auhia amkfmfk, brown . iematpfknln naptn tahak, I was pulled down by my (wet ) auhte A Be tasty, taste good clothes. (Probably atl + pfkfn (of food). + In). aui V 1. Bathe ; infn ramaui -atu G 1. Reflexive suffix to kava tahan , the mother is verbs: self; i emaamha t u, I saw bathing her child . myself; rfmolatu am , it just 2 . Baptize; takau i uus mil aan happened on its own . tolauk, those two men will be 2 . Reciprocal suffix to verbs : baptized tomorrow; nau iaan , each other , one another; baptism. kfmuaka ratupfn kam i lau mi in, they talked to each other; auiaui V Sprinkle with water ; kfnarhoa tu ilar mi in, they all auiaui nien , sprinkle grated fought one another. coconut with water (so that it will yield cream more easily ). aua D dsc Ritually purified (Cf. au i). (of water ); nu aua , tehe aua, fresh or salt wat er taken from auieliel V intr Drown oneself a sacred place for use by men deliberately . who are preparing the various impedimenta for a nfkov iaar auiepwas V tr Splash (someone (q.v. ) . or something ).

auai . V Pull out (something auietu1n V Farewell , say good­ l grow1ng or planted ); rfnaua i bye to ; tonhfn iakaiuietuln ita k a pis m i i n pet f mw t a han , misi? when do we farewell the he has pulled out all his missionary? cabbages . auig V Peel ; ramau ig ntptn, he auai V Scrape ; aua i nien Ie is peeling a banana ; inam 2 kopwiel , scrape coconut with rfnauig ita ma iako ka ua? has a stone . your mother peeled that manioc yet? auaias�s�n V Scrape so that the thing scraped breaks up auiik A Cold (of food) . into small pieces; rfmaua iasfsfn nar aui ik food prepared the naptn Ie kopwiel , she rubbed day before a feast and eaten her clothes on the rocks and cold. they tattered ; iemaua iasfsfn sop lak, I used up all the soap nelmok aui ik I have pains in wh ile I was washing . (Cf. the hand . auai 2 + asfstn). aukiat�v V Bail water from a auain1uh V intr Scrape banana canoe ; iemaukiatfv tehe Ie ktnu , leaves, etc. , in the making of I bailed water from the canoe. niuh (skirts ). (Cf. aua i 2 + [0 = (In)]. (Cf. auk (unident .) n i uh) . + lath). 25

auk�r v intr 1. Be the same ; aunun V intr Howl ( of a dog ) . ilau kuakfr, the two are the ( Cf. unun) . same; ilau iuokft am kuakfr, the two are similar , nearly the auol V Cat ch fish by beat ing same . the water. [0 = (In)). ( More 2 . Fit , match, be fitting , modern term than at+klou). right , good, enough , acceptable, sufficient ; square ; raukfr am , auolauol A Be flowing from a it 's alright ; inaugfn r+nauk;'r, spring ( of water ) ; nu auo I auo I, I've eaten enough; rauk;'r ton spring-water . i i k 7 0 r r auk;' r le n f k i i m? do e s that suit you? is that OK by auou V intr Burn all over the you? place, be burning out of control ( of a fire) . ( Syn . aip+k+n). 3. Be opposite , facing ; nimwa mi l kuakfr, the two houses are auoua V intr Be scarred , marked. opposite one another . aupw�n V Lead , precede , be l 1. auk�ran�mwin V tr Sink, drown in front ; pwah i akaupwfn In i i k, ( someone or something ) ; let me go in front of you; r+mauk+ranfmw ln ku ri tahan, he iaupwfn, leader ; naupw+naan, drowned his dog . leading-out of newly-circumc ised boys . aul�s Be shy or embarrassed V 2 Be first to do something ; ( at ) ; tiak;'ni me rou nakamaul;'s , . he was I'd speak but you would become r+maupw+n m+ni napuk, [0 = In ). embarrassed; iakamaul+sln tahak the first to sing . no laan, I'm embarrassed at my aupw�n A 1. Of old, from an behaviour ; nakamau l;,sln uus aan 2 earl�er time ; ieshinatinaan lis ua? are you too shy to talk to aupw+n, I don 't know the old that man? [0 = In ). customs ( the ways of the past ) . 2 aulu V Go in, go inside , enter . Be first , in front ; r+nail - by bending or crawling under aupw+n Ie nimwa tahak, he stood or through an obstacle ; aulupa in front of my house. i imwa , come inside . ausam V Net , catch ( fish ) in auluin V Exchange ( the same a small net . commodity) ; ieramasuul mi I k;'muaululn nuw, the two big-men ausapwuk V intr Dance ( of men exchanged yams . only) ; lausapwuk, a male dancer; nausapwu kaan , a man's dance. aumwus V intr 1. Be hungry ; naumwus, hunger . ausiak V intr Meet ; ilau k+muaus iak Ie suatu, the two of 2 . Be greedy , be reluctant to them met on the road . share food or goods ; iaumwus , miser , greedy person . ausiim A Holy , sacred, tabu; neram ausiim, magicians or other auniin tr Finish building a V men with ritual or magical power; house; nfnaun i in ita nimwa ka7 nar ausi im ton i ik, something have you finished that house tabu for you; nar iausiim ton yet? i ik, someone tabu for you. aunin Call, name ; aunln V 1. A Proud ; i au 5 i it, a proud netg+n, name , give a name ; ausiit man ; naus i i taan, pride . t+nakaunln mh inip+n pehe? what wi ll you name him? ; tiakaunln ausito Relate, narrate , tell mh inip+n lolu kam in, I'll call V a story; r+maus ito namsu kam him Iolu. leram ituga , he told a story to 2 . Call out to , shout at ; aunln the foreigner; nausi toaan, Magau mamwa tfrva , call Magau story ( q.v. ) . [0 = (In); D = over here. kam ). 26

aus�k intr Look after a avh�1 V Paint or decorate the l v 2 recently circumcised boy ; austk face; rtmavhtlatu Ie ntm rfn, to kova ka ! look after that he paint ed his own face; boy ! rtmavhfl kam norhfn Ie nfmrfn , he painted his young brother 's

aus,ik A Dry. = 2 face. [Person = D kam ; body part = L = Ie1 • aus�kaus�k A Strong , tough , hard (not soft ), hard (diffi­ avi V Peel bark from nuvo l cult ) . (k.o. tree, whose bark is used tenka pwa raustkaustk he is in making rope , skirts, etc.); strong-willed. peravfn kama ivi nuvo, the women are peeling the bark from the ntki ik raustkaustk I am stub­ nuvo . born. avi V Resemble , be like ; uus � autfn all , f ll down , fall aan rav i pukas In , that man is l � over; �le �m1"t maut ln io Ie ntk, like a pig . [0 is followed by I fell while I was climbing the In 1 • tree. aviar A Bitter . autfn V Pull tight , as on a fis ing-line after a fish has aviaraviar V intr Itch, be takent the bait ; autln sttriig! itchy . pull tightly on the line ! aviet V Defecate, excrete. auun V intr Make fish-poison . avil�g A Thin, wasted (due to av V Bake , cook in an earth­ illness). oven; navaan, baking. avin V intr Agree, come to an l avhe V 1. Defecate on. agreement ; av in karena , be of one mind . [Subject is non­ 2 . Fall on, settle on (of vol­ canic ash); hiau ramavhe na r, singular l. volcanic ash is settling on avi� V intr Be joined ; nouan things . 2 miT kamuav in, the two fruit s are joined. avhel�sun V Not care about , be uninterested in; e, V Take the place of, iakamavheltsun ieram itu ga ka , avin�rn replace; avi nfm Ie rfm fn, take ah , I don 't give a damn about the place of one 's father after the foreigner. his death . [0 = lel . avhil�gl�g V intr Rattle (of V Have sexual intercourse, the dead branches of a tree ). avis fornicate ; kfmuav i 5 IIau m i in, those two have been sleeping avhilu V Hollow out ; rtnavhilu together . Ie ktnu, he has hollowed out the canoe . [0 = lel . avikil V intr Play ; navfkf laan, avhilu Ie niko strain kava , game . remove pieces of kava root from the mixture in the niko 2 avil V Swear that something is (usu. done by young boys ). true ; rtnavf I to tahan kaka , he has sworn on his sister 's avhin V 1. Count ; ramavh ln name that it is true (or she ntpfn ka , he 's counting the has sworn on her brother 's bananas. name ) . 2 Read ; ntnavhln ita nauoua . V Destroy the po ssessions uk? have you read this letter? avil�k of someone one dislikes ; pwah iakaivfl fk Ie uus aan, let 's avh�l V Whistle. l tear up that man 's things . 27

avin v intr Walk about , walk avsaan V intr Be funny ; uus aa around , walk to and fro (usu. ramavsaan, he 's a funny man ; with no specific purpose; cf. nar ka rol navsaanaan In, that al iuo k); iakamavt-n am, I'm just is funny ; nfmofa rol navsaanaan wandering around ; aVt-n man iuan , In? did you give it to me as a lurk , creep about . joke? ramavt-n am ua rt-nt-rue? is he single or married? avtapilgin V Make a spout ; avft mavtapilgt-n nar apwa , squeeze ramavt-n tahan rt-mwa tu he has that thing so as to make a good luck . spout of it . ramavt-n tahan rt-mul he has bad luck . avtetfn V Squeeze (so as to extract juice); r+mavtetln nihi ma iako, she squeezed the juice avinfumw V intr Mix together (of people ); navt-nfumwaan, mix­ out of the manioc . ture (of people of all groups avtivta V Flatten. or races ). l avtivta A Flat . avinitaa- V intr Go backwards , 2 walk backwards; iemavt-nitaak, I went backwards . [Pronominal suffix of same person and num­ ber as the subject must be E suffixed to the verb] . (Cf. I Hey! aVt-n + taa-). e ea- V intr dir Try to reach in avir intr Twitch, shake (with V a certain direction, try and fright ) . put one's hand in a certain direction; rfmeahiaav to kfpaas avis V Unwrap . tahan , he tried to reach down for his axe . avit V Wring , twist, squeeze ; avt-t nien Ie nigt-s, squeeze V intr Swim ; rfmea l, he the milk out of coconut ; avt-t eai swam ; rfmea i Ie kfnu, he swam naugt-naan Ie nien, squeeze towards the can oe. coconut-milk into food. ea i nfmkelelui nfk surf (on a avft nouanul feel the pulse. scooped-out log}. V Hide - esp. , try to avlak V intr Float ; ramea i remain hidden from someone eaieai 1. Ie tehe, it 's float ing in/on wh ile walking past him; rfmavlak the sea. to rfmfn, he tried to walk past his father without his seeing 2 . Drift ; kfnu ka rfmea i iatfv , him. [0 = to] . the canoe drifted out to sea. (Cf. ea i ). avra V 1. Sell , exchange , bar­ ter , �arket ; nfnavreln kap is eakru V Break off, tear off, kam misi? did you sell the pull off, break by pulling ; cabbage to the missionary? eakru sftriig, break off the string . 2 . Go shopping ; ita, tiakamavra , well, I'm off shopping now. eaupwin V Precede , go first . 3. Share , give away . [0 = In ; (Cf. aupw fn). Dat = kam]. eeg V Warm up , heat up ; avraiavrai V Spend (a lot of iakameeg akapwan nfkok naugfnaa� money ), give away many things ; Ie nfkom , I'm warming up my food tiakavra iavra i nauta tahak, on the fire; peravt-n tahak I'll give away a lot of my tfreeg nar auiik, my wife will goods . (Cf. avra). warm up some cold leftovers. 28

eet v Braid; kamareet kftel , eitag- V dir Look or see (usu. they are braiding rope for in the distance or in an ob­ skirts. scured place), stare , crane the neck so as to see ; rtme itagpeln eg V Take the outside covering kamlau, he stared over at us .

off a bunch of bananas ; eg ntpfn [0 = In J. (Cf. also eit-). aan, uncover those bananas . eitagpnln visit . egasun V Turn (a page ). 1. eitait V intr Look back ; 2 . Close (a book). rfm eitait maamh nimwa tahan, he looked back at his house egh�n V Let , allow , permit ; (li t., he looked back and saw iakameghfnl n iik mamwa ttnakva his house). (Possibly redupli­ iktn aan, I'm letting you go cation of eit-). there . [0 = InJ. eitan�m V intr Look at one 's eg�s V Seek , search, look around reflection; ieme i tantm maamh for . [0 = InJ. io, I looked at my reflection. (Cf. eit- + antm (unident .)). eheg V 1. Breathe ; rameheg ptk, he is breathing heavily, he is eitetai V intr Stare into space, snoring . stare at nothing; nakameiteta i 2 . Blow the nose; eheg ln lan, you are staring into space. nfs i nhagam! blow your nose! (Cf. eit- + etai (unident.)).

[0 = InJ . eitouau A Unint elligent , stupid. ehegeheg V intr Pant . (Cf. eheg ). eiua V Lie, tell a lie, deceive ; nfme iueln io ua7 or nfmelua lak

ua7 did you lie to me? [0 = ehiahia V 1. Smooth out . In or leJ. 2 . Clear a garden of rubbish (esp. , large rubbish ); pwa h ek V Touch (with the finger ); ka rehiahia nasumwaa n, let's pwah iakek ru nar aan, let me clear the garden . just touch that thing .

ehiau V Be in receipt of some­ ekek V Roll up (a mat , blanket , one's gratitude . [Sub ject is etc . ). person being thanked; Obj ect is person thanking J. ekek V Flick (with the finger ). nakehiau io Ie tui nasts you (Cf. ek ). have my undying gratitude ; I thank you from the bottom of my eku V Dig or scrape out with heart . the hands; nakameku ntmwaktlaktl tonha7 why are you digging holes in the sand with your hands? eikuaas V Wash (things - esp. clothes - not oneself). [0 = ekutuan V Cook by leaving in an IeJ • earth-oven for only a short time ; i ntn rfmekutuan ne I ua ke r eipwiapwia V intr Be naked . I Ie nouanumwan, his mother cooked eit- V dir Look or sea (usu. in a nelual (laplap ) in an earth­ the distance or in an obscured oven . place), stare , crane the neck so as to see ; nakeitptn ua7 can elelau V intr Be dizzy, giddy you see it (in the distance)? (of the eyes ); i emapus ptk (Var . of eitag-). ntmrok ramelelau, I go t quite drunk and now I'm dizzy ; ntmrok rtnei tptn Ilmwaga yam-harvest ramelelau Ie nfkava iemamnuumw time (i.e., the time when the ptk, I'm dizzy from al l that wild-cane flowers face in the kava I drank . [Sub ject is direction of Eromanga ). nfmr- , 'eye'J. 29

V elelauolelau v intr Be dizzy , emwakfn Hold or nurse a baby; giddy (of the eyes ); nfmrok emwa kln kova , tiakamauh , you ramelelauolelau, I am dizzy. hold the baby while I do the [Sub ject is nfm r-, 'eye']. cooking . (Cf. elelau). emwnemw �n V intr To bud . el elka V Adjust trellis for growing yam-vine . -enar N inal Vagina . (Vulgar? ). [Possessed by prefixing ta + elhuaig V Hide (oneself or pronominal suffix]. something el se ), disappear or cause to di sappear from sight ; enhaiu V intr sing Be evening ; rfnelhu aig, he is hidden; lenhaiu, evening . rfnelhua igln kfnu, he has hidden the canoe ; tiakelhua igln enoeno V intr Be stupid; tahak nau takamwa Tom rakl heln, ienoeno , a fool . I'll hide my knife lest Tom steal it. [0 = In; Trial = enp�n V intr Lean , lean on or hei lhua ig; Plural = eilhua ig]. against ; pwa h iakenpfn lam, kfnelh u aigln he 's been buried . let me lean on you . pwa h ka rol kelhuaig let's play ep V Cup (the hands ); repln hide-and-seek. tfpage nelmfn , he cupped his

hands . [0 = In ]. elmas V intr Frighten ; rfme lmas to infn, he frightened his ep- G Tense-marking prefix to mother . [Vat = to] . verbs: sequential tense; rfmva mepkfn nuw, after he came he elohaloh V intr sing Dri zzle , ate yams ; tiepva , I'll come rain slightly. (afterwards). elpwa V Be fatty , have a lot epaua V intr Swear , use vulgar of fat ; pu lfk aan rel pwa pfk, or ob scene language ; fsepaueaan that bull has a lot of fat . kam io! don 't you swear at me ! elualua V intr Have a pimple, epiag V Make a trellis for (yam­ have a small swelling (of a vines, passionfruit , etc.); part of the bod y) ; nelkok iemepiagln nuw taha pw iak, I ramelualua, I have a pimple (or made a yam-trellis for my a small swelling ) on my foot . brother. [0 = In ].

V V elue l Do wrongly; nakamelue epin intr Be flat (of land ); le nolaan un , you're doing that 01 repin, make flat , flatten. wro ngly . [0 = 1 e ] . epina V Prepare a bed or elue A Lost ; ku ri taha kova sleeping-place; epina Ie nfmhaua ta ak rame lue Ie nfkinhamra , taha takiel , prepare a bed for my �child 's dog is lost in the my friend . [0 = Ie]. bush. [Trial = ha lelue or ha 1 ue] . epinapina V Prepare , get ready ; iakamepinapina Ie naramnar eluelu V intr Be too fatty , tahak, I'm getting my things l have too much fat (of meat ). ready ; infn ramep inapina Ie nolaan naugfnaan, his mother eluelu V intr sing Be high was preparing food; nep inap ineaan, 2 tide . preparat ion . [0 = Ie]. (Cf. epi na ). V intr Divine the cause emnait nepinapineaan/nian taha of an illness through a dream ; nepinapineaan Saturday (in the iemna it, diviner , sorcerer . speech of older Christians ). emta A col Pink , light red . 30

epinepin V intr Be flat (of gether so that they can be land ) . (Cf. epin). nailed together . 3. Pull trigger of a gun . ep�t V intr Moan , groan . erupwerupw V intr Crouch down , epkonatu V intr Stand on the l make oneself seem smaller; e, head . erupwerupw ru! hey , crouch epkonatu maholn somersault . down a bit ! epu V Break the tip off a leaf . erupwerupw A Short . 2 epw V tr Stand (something) V Copulate , have sexual l es upright ; epw nar uk! stand that intercourse (of humans). thing up ! esai V tr Po ison (people ); epw V Slap , hit with the palm tiakesai uus ka , I'm going to 2 or the hand . pO ison that fellow; uus aa ramesa i til, that man is a epwaik V Fold, fold over ; pOisoner . ramepwa ik napfn, she is folding the clothes ; epwaik ntmwapepa esaiet�k V intr Poison people; aan ! fold that sheet of paper ! iesa iettk, scorpion . epwa ik nelktn curl or tuck up V intr Act like a baby; the legs while asleep . es�via iestvia, a baby , or one who epwa ik nelmtn clench the fist . acts like one . nau kepwa ik folding kni fe , esfv ia Ie na r be unabl e to do pocket -k nife. something , be no good at some­ thing . epwapwas V intr Splash , splash about . espeau V intr sing Be very rough (of the sea) . (Cf. es V tr Pat (e.g. , pat a epwepw (unident .) + peau ). child wh ile putting him to sleep, pat down the soil after esuaas A Small in size or num­ planting , etc.); iakamepwepw ber ; thus little , short , thin am ntmoptfn, I'm just patting (of inanimates), few; nien down the soil . (Cf. epw2 ). esuaas ker, a small coconut ; ofa iresuaas, give me a/the mouk ramepwepw ntmwa nuv ie it small one . [Trial = hal uasuaas; is full moon (lit. , the moon Plural = aresuaas or aruasua as]. is patt ing the leaves of the (Cf. also uosuos ). nuvie (k.o. pandanus )). epwepw nelmfn to cla p . et V intr Float .

epweuh I An exclamation of etanin V tr Wait for ; tiaketanln surprise. i ik, I'll wait for you .

erer V tr Be mildly angry with , etav�t V Throw or hang up so as dislike ; iakamerer pw iam, I'm to dry ; (used esp. of throwing a bit angry with your brother. nets onto a house to dry them). [O = ln] . erhaau V Di slike ; tahan peravtn rame rhaau aktn pe ravtn aan, etiauh V intr 1. Reach or l his wife hates that woman . arrive at a place higher than from which one started; erkatin V 1. Push down ; erkatln rtnet i auhpn apwa Ie tui touar, nouantk Ie ntmoptfn , push the he has reached the mountain-top . stick down into the ground. 2. Rise , reach their positions 2 . Push two pieces of wood to- in the sky (of sun and stars ); 31

mtt rtnet iauh , the sun is up , tehe, he is putting his foot the sun is overh ead . into the sea; euk kakros un ! stamp on that cockroach ! etiauh A Full , filled; sosptn rtnet:2 iauh ita ua1 is the sauce­ euk Ie napuk stamp the feet at pan full yet? ; ktnu tahak the beginning of a dance . rtmet iauh Ie nihin, my canoe rameuk sutr Ian he 's in his was full of rainwater . grave ; he 's been buried. etiep�n V intr Be stained, eukaa1eukaa1 V intr Tiptoe , mildewed; naptn tahak rametieptn , creep up; i akameukaa I eukaa I to my clothes are stained . menuk uk, I'm creeping up on uus aan ret i eptn that man is these birds. (Cf. euk + aa l an alb ino . (unident . )). etiep�netiep�n V intr Be eukaa1h V 1. Stamp on wood to stained, mildewed. (Cf. break it ; eukaa lh ntk, stamp etieptn ). on the wood. 2 . Stamp at the end of a dance; et�vhia V intr Rub with coconut ka reukaalh napuk, they finished oil; ramettvh ia kam tahan the dance . (Cf. euk + aa lh peravtn, he is rubbing his wi fe (unident.}). with coconut oil . [Dat = kam ; cannot be used of rubbing one­ eukafug�n V Cross , go across; self with oil]. rtmeukafugtn Ie nahopkom , he crossed the creek . [0 = Ie]. etu- G Interrogative prefix to (Cf. euk + afugtn). verbs : how? , why? ; retuol 7 how is it done? what is it like? ; eukahua V intr Have a nightmare. ntmetutn i naka raan ka 7 how did you say that word? euka1he V Squash ; iemeukalhe kes i esuaas ker, I squashed a etuatu A 1. Straight . small pawpaw. (Cf. euk + alhe (unident . )). 2 . Right , correct ; righteous ; ieram etuatu Ie, one who has V Jump continuously a right to . eukapw�l into the water (e.g. , of a group of children ). {Cf. euk + apwtl eua V Vomit . [0 = n ]. I {unident . }}. euai V Lay (eggs ); menuk taham V Trample all over . ktnareua i ita nouanhal t nilar eukas�s�n {Cf. euk aststn}. ua7 have your fowls laid any + eggs yet? eukataai V intr Reach or arrive at a place below that which one euanh�n V intr 1. Be virgin, unmarried (of a woman ); started from; rtmvtn meuka taa i apwa irhe , he went down and ieuanhtn, virgin, unmarried reached the sea. {Cf. euk girl . + ataa i {unident .}}. 2 . Be attractive (of a woman ); ieuanhtn, an attractive woman ; eukeuk V 1. Stamp one 's feet pera ieuanhtn, whor e (q.v. ). up and down ; eukeuk to kahau rier , stamp for a wh ile so as euateuat V intr Make prepara­ the rat wi ll run out . tions , esp. for leaving ; 2 . Stamp the feet at the begin­ iakameuateuat mamep inapina Ie ning of a dance . {Cf. euk} . naramnar tahak, I'm getting my things together (in preparation V Let chickens fend for departure ). euk�tag for themselves {once they have grown up sufficiently }; menuk euk V Stamp the foot , stamp on, rtneukttag nerertn, the fowl stand on, trample on; rameuk 32

has let its chickens fend for ev ievi kur i, tease a dog by themselves. (Cf. euk + �tag ). poking something at it all the time . (Cf. ev i )' l eukpaat v intr Land , set foot on shore; ka reukpaat apwa evita V tr Grab , snatch; ihie? where did they land? rfnev ita nau to rfmfn, he (Cf. euk + paat ). snatched the knife from his father . [Dat = to] . eukp�n V Hunt ; pwah kamareukp�n · to pukas , let 's hunt pigs. evkakia V intr Slip, slide . [0 = to] . (Possibly euk + -pn). evkavhefn V Start or jump with fr ight . eukpwag V intr Straddle , step over , cross, cross over ; evnaar V intr Fart . iemueukpwag Ie n�k ker, we two crossed over a fallen tree . evtafugin V Take both , take all (Cf. euk + pwag (unident.)). (of a small number); �sevtafug fnaan nam ka ! don 't eukuteukut V intr Climb or go take all the fish! (Cf. evt up by means of steps; (unident .) + afugfn ). r�meukuteukut Ie lata , he climbed up (on) a ladder . evtalpun V Put the hands or arms around ; iakamevtal pun euok�n V Remove old roots from me rou nelmok ripwfr, I'm trying the ground after it has been to put my fingers round my fore­ broken up in preparation for arm but it 's too big; evtalpun planting; kamareuok�n nas umwaan, nfk aan, put your arms round they 've taken the old roots that tree . (Cf. evta (unident ., out of the garden. but cf. evtetfn) + lfpun).

ever�s V Be greedy, mean ; evte lin V Tear , rip; rfmevtel in iev erfs , mi ser, greedy person . l apalapl a , he tore the lavalava .

evi V Extract , pull out ; ev i evtelin V intr Fart loudly . l 2 nel un , pull a tooth . evt tf V Squeeze; ev tetfn 7 �1 evi V Catch fish with a line. t�mt�m, hug ; evtetln nenrou , 2 strangle . evia V intr Grow, grow up (of scrub, trees , grass, hair; not evtetfn V intr Be narrow; 2 used of animates). suatu ka revtetln akfn, the road is very narrow. eviak V Practise sorcery , spoil or des troy through sorcery ; uus evtfn V 1. Twi st , twist out , aa ramev lak nasumwaan, that man twist to break ; evtfn nien , destroys gardens through sor­ twist out coconut meat . cery . 2. Turn or twist away in shy­ ness; nakamevtln tonha? why evierap V intr sing Be cold and are you turning away ? cloudy , be stormy (of the weather ); nian ramev ierap , it 's V Strangle , wr ing a cold and cloudy day . evtinakruu the neck ; uus ka rfmevti nakruu nfmul kenua menuk ker , that V intr Grow , grow up (of eviet man wrung a chicken's neck . humans only ). (Cf. evtln + akruu (uni dent.)). evievi V Jerk , pull or move in jerks ; ev ievi nam, jiggle a bait on a line; evievi tehe , run just in front of waves ; 33

ha lapnin tr Work (someone ) F V hard; nakha lapn ln akin taham fetukai N Morning-star . (Cf. perav;'n, you overwork your also hetukai). wife .

Fiti N L Fiji. halapu V Blow into a fire so as to start it or keep it f�roo N Flour , bread . [Eng . burning; ha l apu nikom , blow flour?] . (Older word than the fire. pret ). 2. Blow, blow away ; ha l apu namk;'m;'k, blow that rubbish for for A Unexpectedly weak and away ; nar ker r;'nhalapu ita Ie useless: e.g. , of a big man n;'mrok, something has blown who nevertheless is unable to into my eye. (Cf. hal + apu carry out tasks one might have 2 (unident . ) ) • thought him competent of. halhal Make someone do some­ Franis N France; French person V thing , esp. something bad ; or government . [Eng . France r;'mhalhal Tion mamwa t;'rakl heln or Fr ench] . menuk ker, he made John steal a chicken .

halkorn intr Prepare and light H V a fire. (Cf. ha l 2 + n;'kom). ha- Numb er-marking prefix to G hapel V Wash , rub , wipe , certain verbs: trial subject ; l clean , clear , dry by wiping ; tieshaniaan, we three won 't perav;'n r;'mhape l nimwa , the say it . woman cleaned the house; hapel 505 pin t;'raus;'k, dry the hai- Number-marking prefix G saucepan . to certai n verbs : trial sub­ ject ; k;'mhail iuok apwa ik;'n uk, hape1 intr Be clean. the three of them walked here . 2 V 1. 2 . Be clear , cloudless (of the hairinp�n�pna N Eastern dialect sky ) . form of nU5ualimnuu , a k.o. long yam . hapwu V Smash , break , tear down ; open by smashing , break­ hal Send; � ;'mhaI . noa a ing or untying; r;'mhapwu nien, l v � pW .la n mamwa t�ro5 n�te n��vln, he smashed open the coconut ; he sent word to his brother to hiapwu, one who smashes, breaks , get some taro ; ha l ipn naka raan or tears down . to , send a message to . [ 0 = hapwu peau make or leave a (In)] . wake (of a ship ). ha 1 Blow (trumpet , pipes, hiapwu kopwiel West wind . 2 v 1. e'Ec . ); rimha I na i u, he blew the hiapwu t;'pweua glutton . conch shell . nhapwu peau wake (of a vessel ). 2. Smoke (pipe , cigarette ); ieshal aan pa ip, I don 't smoke hapwuapiaai V Open (a shell , a pipe . coconut , etc.). (Cf. hapwu + apiaai (unident. )). hal- G Number-marking prefix to certain verbs : trial sub­ har�g Shut , close ; tap;'n ject ; n;'nhalol ua7, did you V rfn ar;'g atu, the door closed three do it? (itself� ); har;'g Ie tapin or harfg tap;'n, shut the door; halak Knead ; ha lak nel u al , I V har;'gl nhulfm! shut up ! [0 = make laplap ; ha lakln 5;'men , Ie or In]. mix cement . [0 = ( I n )]. 34

har�g A Shut , closed; tapfn indicating movement northwards ; rfn arfg ua? is the door shut? � rfmasouh iaav, he went north . hasn�m N A swear-word, often hiag�namta N K.o. bird (which directed to peopl e whom one feeds on sugarcane ). has been calling aut to but who have not replied. hiag�nr�s N K.o. nfptn (banana ), very squat and used only for hatekariir V Scatter , scatter cooking . about . [0 = (In )]. hiaiagiag V intr Have no fruit hat�k V Put down , lay down left , be picked dry (of trees ). (usu. of numerous things at once ); hatfk na ramnar mi in hialak�n N Rock-cod. petfmw un, put all those things down . hialakfn rfnamwa iakru large rock-cod . hau V Plant (a tree, plant or l seedling , but not a seed); pehe hialulu V intr Hide from an rtmhau nfk aan? who planted enemy by sitting or mixing with that tree? a crowd ; uus aan rfmhialulu to katar Ie nfkineramlm , that man hau V tr Clear the throat ; hid from us in a group of 2 iemhau am nfki ik, I just people. cleared my throat . [0 must be nfk i i -]. hiap�tin V Hold , grasp , catch, keep ; pwah iakh iapftln nfm, hauk�r V Choose; tiakamhaukfr I'll catch the breadfruit ; ker ieram iakolkeikei , I'll hiapftln namigaan, hold the choose the one I want . breath; rtmolk ei kei pensfl tahak mh iap ftln, he liked my he V Cook nelual (k.o. pudding ) penc il so he kept it . by placing it in hollowed out bamboo and then roasting it; hiatagtag V Have lost its he nelual Ie nau, cook nelual leaves (of a tree ); nfk m i in in bamboo . pettmw kfnarhiatagtag nfmwalf ni lar, all the trees he ntmhaua burn certain of a have lost their leave s. man 's clothes and destroy his gardens after his death (cf. hiau N Volcano . Ifplfp for fuller explanation ). hilethe N Lobster . (Cf. hi heg V Build up a heap for yams ; (unident .) + Ie + tehe ). iemarheg tou , we built a yam­ heap . himwir N chicken-h awk . heg�tin V Sniff . hin V Give ; tiakhinipna nar l UK kam i ik. I'll give this to hepus V Eat sufficient , eat you . enough ; inhepus ita Ie ntpfn, I've eaten enough bananas. hin V Name , give a name to ; 2 [0 = Ie] . ka rhin netgtn mamwa lasu. they gave him the name Iasu; hetukai N Morning star. (Cf. ka rhinipn lavfs kam in. they also fetuka i). named him Iav;i,s .

-hiaav G 1. Directional suffix hin V Put up (an umb rella) , to verbs , indicating movement h 1d (a leaf) over the head as downwards; alakh iaavln ktpaas ! pr8otection against the rain; throw down the axe! iem hin nfmwanfptn to nihin. 2. Directional suffix to verbs , I put a banana leaf over my head against the rain . 35

hinatin v Know , understand, ma iako , the woman is chopping know if, know about , know how up manioc . ( Cf. ho + akru to ; hinatln nar ke r Ie uus aan , ( unident . )). know something about that man ; hinatln etuatu, know for sure; hoakru liel ie clean away cob­ nh inatinaan , knowledge . webs .

hoapwnin V Kill ; nertk hinhin v Show ; hinhln taham un nar kam io! show me that thing rtshoapwn inaan kuri taham, my you have! son didn 't kill your dog; iohoapwn ln til, killer , mur­ derer . ( Cf. ho apwn ln hip N Heap , pile . [ Eng . heap]. + ( unident . )). -hiu Directional suffix to G intr Surround , go round; verbs, indicating movement hoar V northwards ; rfmamasouh iu, he nien miin kamarhoar Ie nimwa was going north . tahan, his house is surrounded by coconut trees . hiuan N K.o. shellfish ( silver­ lipped turban ? ) ; hiuan ituga , hoate V Chop ; hoate nouantk aan, chop up green-snail . those pieces of wood there. ( Cf. ho + ate 2 ). ho v Strike in any way : thus hoate nien cut copra. hit , ki ck , hurt , fight , kill, etc .; they ktnarho ilar miin, hoho V Tap , rap , drum ; rtmhoho fought each other ; iemho pw iak ntmwativhata , he drummed on Ie nel kok , I kicked my older the table . ( Cf. ho ), brother ; hoatu, to su icide; ioho , one who fights , kills, ho iaiin V Beat or thrash etc .; i oho til, killer , mur­ soundly , knock unconscious . derer . ( Cf. ho + iaiin ( unident . )). ho kiag brush away flies. hoiat!'v V S,Teep; ho iattv ho namsu In tell a story about . namktmtk Ie tahak nimwa ! sweep that dirt out of my house! ho napinu walk up a creek-bed ( Cf. ho iattv). or river-bed. +

ho netetau Ie to tattoo . hoitapk!,n V Hit accidentally , hit something when aiming at ho ntprfg- cut the umbilical something else ; i emho i tapktn cord; the cords of boys were irmtra , I hit an unripe one by generally cut with an upwards mistake. ( Probably ho ita movement (hott ntprtg-), while + + pfktn ). those of girls were cut with a downwards movement (hoh iaav ho!,pus Slaught er , massacre. nfpdg-). V ( Cf. ho + t-pus ). ho mowna lh ntk Ie beat hard ( e.g. , so hard that one breaks hopsap!'s V intr 1. Trip over , the stick one is using ) . walk confusedly. 2 ntkiik rakamho I think , I re­ . Confuse, speak in riddles ; member ; ntki ik rakamho i ik, I iemhopsapts to uus aan , I con­ remember you; ntki ik rakamho fused that fellow. mamwa ro lmok lan, I think it nt-ki in ramhopsapt-s he is con­ is like this; ntki in rho, he is fused . thinking ; ntki in rakamhoptn aan i imwa , he keeps his thoughts to hopurum Sweep . ( cf. ho + himself; nfki im rametuho Ie X7 V purum ). wh at do you think of X?

hos N Horse . [ Eng . h02"se] . hoakru V Chop , sever , cut into pieces ; peravtn ka ramhoakru 3 6

hospil N Hospital . (Var . of I've already put a tabu on my hospftfl ). [Eng . h08pitat]. coconut trees. [0 = Ie]. hosp�t�l N Hospital . [Eng . huas�lig V intr Encircle , h08pital. ]. border , go round , be every­ where; nougfn rhuasfl ig petfmw , hua D dem This, near speaker there are flowers all about · and indicated; na r hua in hua , nahuakaan rhuasfl ig, the mi ­ this thing here (near me , which sions are everywhere. ; I am pointing at ). huasuun V 1. Block the view; huafugin V Call a meeting; nfk aan ramhua suun io, that l tiakhuafug fn neramlm , I'll call tree is blocking my view. the people together . (Cf. 2. Hide or deny something of afugfn). importance, not confess the truth ; nakamhuasuun nar asuul , huafugin V intr Meet or gather 2 you 're hiding something im­ together , assemble; nhuafugfna an, portant . (Cf. hua (unident .) meeting . (Cf. afugfn). + suun). huaihue D dsc Fast , quick , huatai V Suspend something long quickly . so that it rests horizontally ; pwah iakhuataipnln nfk uk Ie V Spoil the roof huakarnkamun nauikok, I'll just put this of a house by dropping leaves long piece of wood on my etc . on its roof; nfk aan shoulder . [0 = In]. rakamhuakamkamun tahak nimwa ' that tree is dropping leaves huatfn V Sweep into a heap . and spoiling my house. huatosig V Block , blockade , V Turn the other way hualilfn make a fence or grid to pre­ around ; rhualfl In , he turned vent entry or exit by animals· round ; rhual fl l n kfnu, he ' rfmhua tosfg to pukas, he made turned the canoe around . (Cf. a pig-fence . (Cf. hua aHll n). (unident .) + tosfg). hualpwag V Escape from, escape huatu V Stretch the legs (while the clutches of; pukas asleep); kova rfmhua tu Ie rfmhual pwag lam mfnakfmw , the nelkfn , the child stretched pig escaped you and has run his legs. [0 = Ie]. away . [0 Ie]. huatufn Spread out ; V Be different , V 1. huapinpisin 1. nfnhuatuln ita tavheta ua7 differ from ; in uk rhuapfnpfsfn have you spread out the mat s Ie ieram aan, this one is yet? different from that . 2. Spread the wings (of a bird); Be stained, marked. (Cf. 2. menuk ka rfmhuatuln nfkavkavfn huapfn (unident .) psfn). + mivfk makfmw , that bird spread its wings and flew away . (Cf. V intr Be of huapinpisinpisin huatu ). different kinds ; kuri mil aan kiahuapfnpfsfnpfsfn, there are huatukun Point , point at , two kinds of dogs . (Cf. V point out . [0 = In]. huapfnpfsfn). huaulul intr Have a relapse; Tabu, place a tabu or V huarpul V rfmok rfnhu aulul mun , my father prohibition on; (e.g. , place has had a relapse . traditional tabu signs or 'No Trespassing ' notices on trees huin Wait , wait for ; hu in io or property to prevent theft ); V takrfn am, iakvfn aan maamh inhuarpul ita Ie nien tahak, uus aan, wait for me just a 37

minute, I'm just going over not properly cooked, or if a there to see that man . boy eats too muc h iahak before he is circumcised). huk N Hook , fi shhook . [Eng. hook]. iahigil N 1; Old man ; iahigfl Natou tfrva to lauk, old Natou huopraai V Explain, translate ; will come tomorrow . pehe tfrhuopraa i nakaraan kam io? wh o will translate the 2 . Husband (respectful ). (Cf. word (or the language) for me? ; i-l + ahigfl ). iohuopraa i. translator , inter­ preter . iai V intr 1. Be snagged; kfnu ramiai le kopwiel , the canoe is snagged on a rock . huopsapis V Find out truth , test validity ; huo psapfs to 2 . Copulate (of dogs ); ku ri mi l nakaraan. test the truth of a aan kamufti miaiai , those two statement . [0 = to]. dogs are copulat ing.

iaia N Peeled skin.

iaiapom N Star which appears in the morning (but not hetukail i- Nominalising prefix to the Morning Star ). l G fetukai , verbs , indicating the doer of the action ; iakl h a, thief. iain N Iron , steel . [Eng . [Pulral = n-] . iron] . i- Person-marking prefix to iakarpik Braggart , boaster, 2 G N verbs , indicating first person big-mouth . (Cf. i - 1 + aka r + exclus ive subject; i emol , I did pfk). it. iakhenar K.o. shellfish . f N -1 G Optional variant of - n (q.v. ) before wo rds beginning iakiliakil V intr sing Have a with 1, n, r, 5, t. pain in the joints ; noul f k ramiakfl iaktl , I have a pain ia- G Nominalising prefix to in the knee. [Subject = body v rbs , indicating the doer of part ] . the� action; iarou , one who

chases . [Var . of i - before l iakim N K.o. land crab . consonant-initial verbs; Plural = na-]. iakis A Hard , difficult ; riakts to ntv iaan nam mi in nenav, it ia- Number-marking prefix was hard to fish yesterday . 2 G to certain verbs : dual subject;

iakamiakfn, we two are eating. - iaklha N Thief. (Cf. i l + ak1 ha ). iaghaig N K.o. land crab . iakmun N semi Penis. (Vulgar? ) . iagienpaau N K.o. nelfmnuw (long yam) , wh ite flesh , very iakru V Pull so that something leafy but a poor yielder . breaks. (Less common than iakru iakru ). iagir N Coconut-crab . iakruiakru V Pull so that some­ iahak N 1. K.o. fish . thing breaks; rtmiakrui akru niuh, he pulled the skirt and 2 . Disease or condition where it broke ; tehe riakrui akru the teeth become rotten and ktnu, the sea pulled the canoe fall out . (It is said that here and there and it broke up . the disease is contracted if (Cf. iakru ). one eats iahak (fish ) which is intr Be harvest-time iakruu v iapiuan N Rivulets of water on (esp. for yams ); nian the road after heavy rain . rtniakruu , it's time to har­ vest (the yams ). iapou N A tame animal ; 01 iapou Ie, to tame . (Cf. i-l + apoul ). ialfa N Sluggard , lazy person . i- alfa). (Cf. l + iaps�p�s N Stranger , foreigner . (Cf. i-l + apstpts ). ialm�:i:l N Madman , crazy person. ( Cf. i - a 1 mH • Drunkard . (Cf. i- 1 + 1) iapus N l + apus ) . ialu N K.o. bird ('scrub-duck ') which lays many eggs , and lays iar�k N 1. One wh o lives on his them in rotten trees . own clan land . 2. Man (as opposed to a woman ). iamako N Female dancer . (Cf. (Cf. i-l + arfk). i-l + amako ). iar�kmav�n Wanderer. (Cf. iamesoute K.o. lizard , said N N i- arHavtn ). to have been introduc ed from l + Ambrym , and similar to Malevolent spirit. iaroukalhiavtn. iarm�s N iarmts Ie tui tehe 1. Malevo­ iamhim�r N Caterpillar . lent spirit found out at sea. 2. Fever said to be caused by fan v intr Be day , be daylight ; this spirit. rtnlan ita, it is already day­ iarmts aumwus 1. Malevolent light . garden spirit . 2 . Fever caused by this spirit . ianhin- N inal Namesake ; in uk ian hinam, he is your namesake . iarmts owa s another kind of (The namesake is important in malevolent spirit . [Plural Tannese culture , as a ieniniko narmtsl . and a ieramtra determine the succession to their offices by iarou N Clam. giving one of their sons , not necessarily the eldest, the iaroukalhiav�n N K.o. lizard , same name as their own . This larger than mu l iak (q.v. ). ensures that that son will take (Legend has it that this par­ over his father 's position upon ticular lizard once chased a his death). shark into the sea; cf. ia- l + rou + ka lhiavtn). ianmwiik N Wi se man , esp. one who diagno ses illness and iaru N K.o. large stone used divines sorcery ; a medium . in earth-oven when cooking (Cf. i - 1 + a nmw i i k) . nel ua l (k.o. pudding ). iap v Touch (with the hand ); iasia D dse Barren; ntk iasia rtmiap taga lua Ie nelmtn, he ker, a barren tree ; nertnilau touched the sea-snake with his rtka : uus ka iasia ua peravtn hand. iasia1 they have no children: is the man sterile or his wi fe ? iap nelm- shake hands . A circumcised boy Touch (with the hand ). ias�gip�n N iapiap V or man . (Cf. i- astgipfn ). (Cf. i a p)• l + ias�paat East wind. (Cf. iapik�ns�m K.o. insect , small N N i a - + stm- -paat). and black , which lives in the l + ground around the walls of ias�pha We st wind. (Cf. ia- houses . N l + stm- + -paha ). 39

iaskun 1. Termite, wh ite ant . N iausapwuk N Male dan cer. ( Cf. i - ausapwuk). 2. Rheumat ic or arthritic con­ 1 + dition ( said to be brought about Cane-knife . ( Cf. by having eaten food cooked over iausitopik N i- ausito + p;'k: so-called wood with termites in it ) ; l + becaus e of the ringing sound iakam+s In iaskun or iakam;'s it makes when chopping wood) . Ie iaskun or iaskun ramo l io, have this rheumat ic or r Cricket ; iavit al;'g arthritic condition. iavitalig N mi in kamaisak, the crickets are chirping . iasuamaimir N K.o. reef crab . iavinpa Human , human being . iat Traditional name of a N N ( Cf. i- av;'n -pal. month corresponding roughly to l + + April . ( Arch . ) . iavinpin N 1. Spirit of gardens and food plants , generally iatipun Wild animal . N benevolent but if not prayed to before harvesting then the iativ D vb Out , outside , food , when ea ten , will make through; r;'mv;'n apwa iimwa iimw one sick ( high fever and exces­ ke r m;'v;'n iat;'v mak;'mw, he went sive yawning ) . to a nakamal and went through it ( and out the other side ) 2 . The fever so cau sed. and went away ; niat;'v , the deep ( [ Pulral nav;'np;'n]. Cf. i -1 + outside the reef. [ Becomes av;'n + -pn). at;'v after words ending in r]. iavintaat N Poor person . ( Cf. K.o. tree + iatkapukopwiel N i-l av;'n + taat ). which grows amongst rocks . ( Cf. i- l + atkapu + kopwiel ). ieievaiev N K.o. land crab, black shell . iatuan V intr Be harves t-t ime ( esp. for yams ) ; nian r;'niatuan, ieiua N Liar . ( Cf. i-l + eiua). it 's time to harvest ( the yams) . iekihua N Lecher , woman-chaser . 1. Turtle. iau N ( Cf. i-l + ni hua). 2. Eczema ( so-c alled because inal 1. Brother-in-law of the resemblance to a turtle's -iel N ( of a man ) . neck ) ; iau ramhal io or iau 2 ramhalapu io, r have eczema . . Close friend . [ Possessed by prefixing ta + iauagm- N inal Hip. pronominal suffix: takiel , my brother-in-law ] . iaugin N One who is in charge of sharing out food at a feast. ielkin N One with a foot; occurs aug;'n ). ( Cf. i-l + 2 only in the following compounds : iel k;'n ;'ka , vine with aerial iauginpik N Glutton. roots; iel k;'n taat, someone + aug;'nl + p;'k). with a sore foot ; iel k;'n v;'t, someone whose ( sore ) foot has iauliis D dsc Scraping against healed. ( Cf. i-l + nel k- + -n ). one another ; n;'k iaul iis, a tree whose branches scrape ielminipwomh A Thin ( from sick­ against one another . ness ) . ( Cf. lelm;'n ( unident . ) + ;'pwomh ). iaumwus N Mi ser , greedy person . ( Cf. i- aumwus ). l + ielmis N Widow . [ Not possess- ab le] . ( - iaupwin N Leader . Cf. i l + aupw;'n ) . l ielmoou N Saltwater eel . 40

ielu N K.o. bird , similar to iepatu V tr Touch oneself, feel iouinituin (q.v. ). oneself; iepatu io Ie nouli k, I felt my knee . (Cf. iep ieluionhkam the male of the (unident ., but po ssibly from species , with red and white iap), -atu). marks under the eyes . + ielupilpil the female of the Iepwar N One of the two foun­ species, without these marks . ders of Tanna (believed to have been a pygmy and to have iemalivin N K.o. fish, rather lived in the north of the flat , and usually stays near island . Supposedly a woman the seabed. (Plaice? ). and the wi fe of Ka luaas (q.v. I). in uk rerupwerupw rol kamwa iemhirnir Green beetle which N lepwar/in uk rol kamwa lepwa r In eats leaves. he is a dwarf. iernir Intermediary , go­ N intr 1. Go out , go away , between in courtship negotia­ ier V go from , leave ; iemler i imwa tions . or iemier Ie nimwa , I left the house; nouanea ih rakamler, the iernna it Diviner , sorcerer who N tide is going out . divines the cause of an illness through dreams . (Cf. i-I + 2. Leave the village and go to emnait). the menstrual hut (of women , during menstruation ). iemnavier N A brave or brazen person . ieram Relative pronoun : who , l G whom , which , who se , that ; iernwa N Term of address : mother , iemaamh peravin ka ieram mother 's sister ; iemwa ka lin, nisolkeikeiaan, I saw that mother 's sister . woman whom you don 't like. ieni Spokesman . (Cf. i - + ie arn Someone , the one who ; N 1 2 N in i). :leram Ilmwa Ie Tin, someone from Tanna ; ieram ituga , stranger , Assistant to a foreigner . (Cf. ieram ). ieniniko N l ieramira (q.v. ), with a very similar role to that of the ierarnaa- N inal Relative , re­ Polynesian talking-chief; the lation , kinsman . po sition is inherited , the existing ieniniko designating ierarnasuul N A man of importance one of his sons (while still in a village , a man whose ad­ young ) as his successor by vice is sought and followed . giving him the same name as The name is acquired , not in­ his own ; in aan ieniniko taha herited , and thus each vill age nar lomtehekil, he is the may have a numb er of neramasuul . ieniniko of Lomtehek�l . (Cf. [Plural neramasuulj. (Cf. ini + niko )· i eram asuul ). i-I + l 2 + N L Ienitirn Aneityum (the ierarnim N Person , human being ; island neighbour ing Tanna to man (in the sense of human the south ). (More modern term beings). [Plural neramimj . than Ikiamu (q.v. I). (Cf. ieram 1m (unident .» . 2 + N iepaklepakil N Traditional name ierarnirnpa Human , human being. of a month corresponding (Cf. ieramlm + -pal. roughly to May . (Arch . ). ierarniru N K.o. fish (sea­ iepativin V Drop accidentally ; mullet ) . e! iemiepativin nau tahak, hey! I must have dropped my ierarnira N A traditional chief. knife . The position is heredit ary , each 41

ieramfra des ignating one of his ievnak N Thief. - (Cf. i l + sons (while still young ) as his fvnak). successor by giving him his own name (cf. ian hin-). Each vil­ Ifi1a N L Vila (capital of the lage has only one ieramfra , un­ New Hebrides). less both Ko iameta and Numrukuen (q.v. ) are represented within iga V Suck in the stomach ; the one village ; in such cases , igeln netpam, suck in your

each faction has one ieramfra . stomach . [0 = In]. ierarnwaan N 1. Man , male adult . l igh V intr Smile. [Dat = kam ; Loc = thing 2 . Husband . person [Plural neramwaan]. to ]. igh ru say 'cheese '. ieramwaan D dsc Male ; puka s ? ieramwaan, boar . ihi N 1. Octopus , squid . 2 . Sickness involving the teeth ieramwaanperavin N Homos exual , of indeterminate sex , intersex rotting and falling out . (It is thought that the octopus (of pigs ). (Cf. ieramwaanl + peravfn ). (ihi ) eats the teeth if one eats too much of it uncooked); i h ira m kin n e 1 uk, I am sick ierapsin N Something different . with this sickness (lit., the (Possibly ieram psfn). 2 + octopus is eating my teeth ). ieripaat N A man from the bush, ihie N L Where? ; in ramarik an inland man . (Cf. ieram + 2 -pa at ). ihie7 where does he live? (Cf. -h ie). ieripha N A coastal man . (Cf. N L The north (but not far ieram -paha ). ihiu 2 + away ); in ramarik ihiu, he lives in the north . (Cf. -hiu). ieroue N Bridegroom . iik N You (sing. ); rfmho iik ierue N Married person (male ua7 did he hit you? - fru e). or female ). (Cf. i l + iikhu N L The north ; (further iesaietik N Scorpion . than ihiu but still in Tanna ). + esaietfk). iimwa N L To , towards , at or iesil N Sardine , anchovy . in the house; rflel+g iimwa , he returned home . (Cf. also iesivia N 1. Newborn baby . i i mwa -. n i mwa ) . 2 . Someone who acts like a baby . (Cf. i- esfvi a). iimwa- N inal To , towards , at l + l or in the house of; pwah ietik D dsc Native , indigenous ; iakiavfn i imwak, let 's both in aan ieram ietfk, he is a of us go to my place. native , he comes from here. i imwam ! good-bye (to one person ). N (Cf. i- ietukun Teacher . l + +tukun ). iimwamilau! good-bye (to two people ). ieuanien N Child of sister , of wife 's brother , or of wife 's iirnwa- Marker of possession 2 G sister ; son 's wife; daughter 's of a location; tin i lmwak. my husband; (0f man only ). island , my homeland . ieveris N Greedy person , miser. iimwaiimw N L Nakamal (Bislama term for a cleared area, usu. 42

with a banyan as the focal 2 . Fan ; iemi 1 11 io, I fanned point , where kava is drunk and myself; ki ll1, a fan . dancing takes place) . il i 1 V intr Be draughty , blow ik N L Var . of ikfn (q.v. ). (oT2 a draught ). ikiakis N L Dense bush . (Cf. ilis N L 1. Up , above; pehe ik + iakfs). ramarfk apwa il is? who lives up there? Ikiamu N L Aneityum (the island The south (further than neighbouring Tanna to the 2. -pi is, but still in Tanna ). south) . (Older word than lenhfm (q.v. )). ilit V intr Start to appear , show on the horizon (of land ikin N L Place , location; ikfn when coming into view when one uk, here; ikfn aan, there ; is at sea) ; ram i 1 It nfmoptfn, ikfn petuen? where? ; ikfn taat, land is coming into view . [No a bad place; iakamarfk apwa subj ect ; obj ect is what start s ikfn Tom rfmama rfk ikfn, I'm to appear) . living where Tom was living . Ilmwaga N L Eromanga (the iko V Turn off (a road or l island neighbouring Tanna to path ) . the north ). V intr Be curled , twisted. rfne itpfn 11mwa ga yam-harvest time (i.e., the time when the ikoiko A Crooked, twisted. wild-cane flowers face in the (Cf. i k0 ). direction of Eromanga ). 2 ikoin V Duck out of the way ilua N L The outside ; to or (of); iemikoln kopwiel , I towards the outside ; ramarfk ducked out of the way of a ilua, it 's outside ; in apwa stone (which was thrown at me ). 11ua iimwa i imw or in apwa (Cf. iko l ). iimwa iimw ilu a, he is outside the nakamal . ikokalin V intr Go off the road , go to the side of the ilukin N L In the middle, road ; arikokaHn, 10to ker between ; i lukfn Ie nimwa mi 1 rfva! move to the side , there 's apwa , between those two houses a car coming ! (Cf. ikol + there ; rfmail ilukfn Ie rfmfn ka Hn) . mfne infn, he stood between his father and his mother . Ikut N L South Tanna . [Followed by LP). (Cf. also neluk- ). il V tr Dig ; nakami llt nuw ua ? are you digging up yams? Imir N L Aniwa (one of the two islands neighbour ing Tanna to ilak V intr Grow , increase in the east ). (More modern term number (of people, population , than Nakumwei ). or descent-group ). imwalinuosuos N K.o. ma i ako (manioc ) with very small leaves ilar N They (pl.), them (pl. ). (a recent introduction ). ilau N They (dual ), them (dual ). in N He , she , it , him, her . ilhel N They (trial), them (trial ) . in- N inal Mother , mother 's sister ; Infn ka lfn, his mother 's ilil V 1. Blow , blow on (of sister , his father 's brother 's l wind) ; nfmataag rami 1l1 ita wife . naramnar apwa , the wind is blowing those things . -in G Transitive postclitic ; iem+gn, I was afraid; iemfgnln ilau ioug+n , those two are iik, I was afraid of you . sisters-in-law. [Optionally becomes -I before I, n, r, s, t). iouier�n N An animal wh ich is l not castrated. (Cf. i-l + -in G Marker of semi-alienable ou iedn). p ssession ; uikar kapis, 8 In seed of the cabbage . [Option­ iouier�n2 N North wind . (Cf. ally becomes - I before I, n, i-l + ou iedn). r, s, t ) . iouin�tu�n N K.o. bird, large iner�k V Be wise (at), clever and black (Bislama nawi mba ). (at), experienced (at); rinerfk to nosaan nam, he 's experienced iowag N A swear-word , roughly at fishing; i iner;'k, wise man . equivalent to English 'bastard '; [0 to). iik iowag , you bastard (said, e.g. , when one misses a bird r m 0, io N I, me; ;. s a a h a an i he or fruit with a stone ). didn 't see me . iowanh�n N 1. Virgin, unmarried girl . io- G Nominalising prefix to verbs , indicating the doer of 2 . Attractive girl. the action; ioho til, murderer , (Cf. i- l + owanh+n). killer . [Var . of i-l before verb s beginning with ho or hU) . ipaat N L The shore, to the shore . (Cf. -paat ). iohuopraai N Translator, inter­ preter. (Cf. io- huopraa i). + Ipwai N L The underworld. (Syn . Negratfn (q.v. )). iolatkokunar N A member of a ieramfra 's retinue , who made nar Ipwai a nightmare . the kuer ia (q.v. ) and other aamh nar Ipwa i have a night­ ritual paraphenalia for the mare. ieram+ra , fought his wars , and performed various other ser­ ipwaiap�n N L Deep water. vices for him. Certain fam­ ilies in the village were ipwan V Repair, fix up (a tool ); traditionally iolatkokunar, tiakipwa n vft k;'paas taham, the po sition being handed down I'll fix your axe for you. through each generation . (Cf. i- + olatkokunar). l ipwatin V intr Tie a knot ; rfmipwa tln nul , he tied a knot ioskova N One wh o holds a child in the rope ; nipwa tln, a knot . wh ile he is being circumcised . (Cf. i-l oskova ). + ipw�r V intr Be large , big , tall , thick, many ; become o � iouagmaai N Traditional name grow large , grow up ; neram lm of a month corresponding ripw;'r kfma rva , many people roughly to July . (Arch. ). came ; ipwf rrt , grow up ; ieram iripw+r , the big one , the iouagmeei N Traditional name oldest child ; i pwfr p+k, be of a month corresponding fat . roughly to February . (Arch . ) .

ir V Lead ; rir tahan pukas iouan�r�p N K.o. nfpfn (banana ) minier, he led his pig away . with small , short fruit . ir peravfn marry a woman . ioug- N inal Sister-in-law , iarmfs rir io I am surprised . used reciprocally by two women each of whom is married in ir- G Nominalising prefix to exchange to the other 's brother; adjective s and adj uncts; 44

iresuaas, a small one , the iunamir N K.o. nouanurTk (round smaller one ; irvi , a new one , yam), large tub er , but very the newer one. small 'neck'. iratvilva v intr Go outside iuokit Near , close; l N L the reef. ramarfk apwa iuoki-t , he lives nearby . irhe N L 1. To , towards , at or in the sea. T iuokit2 N Soon; tTrva apwa 2. West, westwards . ikfn uk iuokTt, he 'll come here soon . isiu To , towards , at or in N L D vb the lake . ( C f. al so n T 5 I u ) . iuokit3 Almost , nearly; iuok�t am kiami-s, the two of them nearly died. [Iuoki-t is isou N L Far , a long way ; tTrvTn isou mun to nar Ifila, alway s followed by am (q.v. ), he will go further than Vila . and the two alway s precede the verb to which they refer) . isouisou N L Very far , a very long way . (Cf. iso u). iuvav N 1. Gecko . 2. An illness typically con­ isula N L North Tanna . (Found tracted by older women when esp. in the expression niko pregnant , characterised by isu I a; c f. n i kOl ) . frequent bouts of coughing and excessively wh ite saliva . -it G 1. Directional suffix to (Said to be caused by the verbs , indicating movement up ­ gecko crawling into the womb); wards ; rTmos lt , he picked it rakamTs In i uvav or rakamfs up . le i u vav 0 r i u v a v ramo I, she 2. Directional suffix to verbs , has this particular illness . indicating movement southwards . v (Becomes -ft after directional ivikl intr 1. Fly ; menuk ka verbs ). rivTk makTmw , that bird flew away . ital D vb Completed, finished, ivfk kiu have two hands to already ; rfnkTn ita nam ka , he one bunch (of bananas ). has already eaten that fish. 2. Jump ; ivfklt, jump up ; ita I 'Well ', 'alright '; ita, ivi-khiaav , jump down (onto ? i Imwam , OK, good-bye . ground , not into sea). nerfn ram ivTk her baby is itouaru N K.o. seagull. kicking (in the womb ). ituga D dsc Foreign, from out­ nanmwok ramivfk I nearly fell side Tanna , imported; ieram over. ituga , foreigner , non-Tannese; kuri ituga , non-indigenous ivik2 v intr Set (of the sun). type of dog . ivikivik v intr Fly all about , kopwiel ituga gun , rifle . fly all over . (Cf. ivfkl ). iuai K.o. nfpi-n (banana ) with N ivikoko V intr Jump over; straight ish fruit . ri-mivfkoko Ie ni-k aan , he jumped over that tree. (Cf. K.o. iuai (k.o. iuaiafil N ivi-kl + oko or koko (unident. )). banana ) with marked skin . (Cf. iuai afil). + Iviraau N L The underworld. (Syn. NegratTn (q.v. )). iuaiavilig N K.o. iuai (k.o. banana ) with thin , squarish Ivrona N L Futuna (one of the fruit . (Cf. iuai + avi Hg ). two islands neighbouring Tanna to the east ). 45

Uh Adopt (a child); iem tlh t 3 V kova taha pw iak, I adopted my ign v Fear , be frightened , be older brother 's child . afraid; kuri aan ramtgnln io, that dog is frightened of me . ilhiapnin V tr Laugh at ; [0 = In l. tiestlhiapn i naan i ik, I won 't laugh at you. ik V intr Be in pain (as a result of a boil ); nekrou rtk, ilhieelh V Laugh ; rtm tlhieelh my neck is sore (because of a Ie kamlau, he laug hed at us . boil on it ). iliis V Tie , tie up , fasten or ika V intr Not to be , not to attach by tying; iem tl iis puka s exist , not to be there; iemvtn Ie ntk ker, I tied the pig to lauanu tiakaamh pw iak merou a tree; ntntl iis ita ntkiatu rtka , I went to the village to Ie ktnu? have you fastened the see my brother but he wasn 't outrigger to the canoe? there; kol ei rtka, there are no sweet potatoes; ntka, tl iis Ie nepwka be permanent nothing ; ktka , no-one , nobody . (of a marriage ; said aft er all exchanges have taken place) . ntki in rtka he is dumb , hoarse; he has lost his voice. ilpwilpwa V Flap (the wings , of a bird); menuk ka ikhilatai V tr Snag ; tahak ramtlpwtlpwa Ie ntkavkavtn to nouanmetau ramtkh i 1 ata i 1 e nivtkaan, that bird is flap­ kopwiel ke r, my hook is snagged ping its wings in order to fly . on a rock . [0 1 el . ikihua intr Crawl on the l V ilu V intr Be greasy , oily . belly . im V intr 1. Fall , fall down . ikihua Lust , chase after 2 V 2 Be born. women ; ramtkihuaptk, he 's alway s . chasing aft er women ; iekihua or Tense-marking prefix to iekihuaptk, a lecher . im- G verbs : past tense ; rtmol , he did it . [Becomes em after ikil Hang on , hang on to ; V l. ramtkil Ie toula, he is hanging i-2 on to the rope . imnait V intr Restore the sight ; tokta rtmtmnait kam in, ikilikil intr Climb hand over V the doctor restored his sig ht . hand . (Cf. tkil). imta intr Bleed; il String (used esp . of put­ l V V ntpwagnhagtn ramtmta , his nose ting a number of fish one has is bleeding . (Cf. al so amta ). caught on a string ); i emt 1 nam l kuvtr, I strung four fish, I intr Be cut , marked or put four fish on a string. imta2 V branded (of animals ). ilai col Reddish-brown and A tr Say (quotative verb); wh ite (of pigs only). imwa V rtmwa , 'inol ', he sa id, 'I did it '; rtmtni mtmwa , 'kapwa ', ilel Braid; peravtn ka V he said, 'no' . [Must be fol­ ramtlel ntmwanktviu, the woman lowed by quotationl . is braiding pandanus leaves . ina D dsc Correct, proper, ilh Pick (fruit from a tree). l l V right ; correctly , properly ; aunrn netgtn tna ! call him by ilh Wean ; tiaktl h naha Ie 2 V hi s right name !; in tna un? nertk, I will wean my baby. is that all? have you finished? ; in tna ka , that 's all . 46

�na D vb Still , yet ; ramaug�n 2 �pk V Carry , usu. in the hands ; fna , he is still eating ; rtmfpkipa kurl tahan rfnfmfs, iesvfnaan fna apwa Ilmwaga, I he carried his dead dog over haven 't been to Eromanga yet . here; fpk afugfn, take every­ thing . [0 = ((n)]. �ni V Say , tell , speak ; rtmtni ton io mamwa i nfn rfnfmfs, he fpk lpa give (to speaker ). told me that his mother had tpk ipna give (to addressee ). died ; uus aa ramfn i pfk, that tpkipn man talks too much ; kamani give (to a third per- son ) . karena i lar mi in i lar, they made an agreement ; ieni, spokes­ fpk ita Ie nfk i nhamra to man . [Dat = to, rarely kam]. nasumwaan clear the bush for a garden . tni napuk sing . tni nakaraan to have a talk �pk�p�k V Be unab le to do some­ with . thing , try but fail; iakamfpkfpfk pukas rfnakfmw, �ni nfkalt til Ie say bad things ab out . I'm trying to hold (or catch ) the pig but it has run away . kametufn i Ie neram aan1 whi ch fpkfptk nar be unab le to do tribe are those? anything (said esp. of a very pregnant woman ). �niapk��s V tr Talk about ; kaman i apkffs io, they are A 1. Blunt ; nau fpus ker, talking ab out me . (Cf. fni + �pus a blunt knife . apkffs (unident ., but cf. akarapkHs)) . 2. Out , extinguished of a fire, light , etc.); nfkom rfnfpus ita, iestniapkffsaan uus ka I the fire has gone out . don 't give a damn ab out that man . �p�lua V intr Open up (of the fruit of the nouk tree ). �niapnin V Inform , let know in strong terms ; tiakfniapnrn uus A 1. Long ; suatu rfpwomh , aan mamwa tiakho , I'll really �pwomh the road is long ; nau fpwomh , let that fellow know I'm going a long knife , a bushknife . to fight him. (Cf. tni + apnrn (unident . )) . 2. Loud; rfmaunrn fpwomh , he called out loudly . �nivi V Welcome ; tiesaniviaan we will not neram ituga ka , �rakru V Chop; tfr+rakru nfk1 welcome those strangers . who 's going to chop wood? (Possibly fni + vi ). 3 �rieri V Add (to an existing �nivivi V Welcome . (Emphatic collection - e.g. , add more variant of fnivi ). yam s to a pi 1 e ); f r i e r i n u w , add some more yams; frieri rft , �nmw�n V intr sing Fall, come pile it up . down (of dew) . �r�k V intr Be married to a �Pl V intr Rain; come down , man (of a certain place ), e.g. , fall (of rain); nihin rtp, it peravtn ka rfrtkptn Imlau, is raining , rain is falling. that woman is married to (a man from ) Imlau. �P2 V See. [Inland dialect var . of aamh]. �r�k�r�k V intr Make a noise (of the sea) . �pien V intr Smell , stink , give off an offensive odour ; pukas �r�vhien A Sweet . apwa ram�pien akfn, that pig really stinks . �rki- V di r Push or more in a 47

certain direction; r�m�rk ipa nfmoptfn, he 's shovelling k�pa as, he moved the axe over earth ; iemfruiat�v ru tehe Ie here; arva ru ma rkip�n loto kfnu, I tried to bail the water tahak, would you come and push out of the canoe. (Cf. frul my truck? + iatfv). �rki p�n perasuaas force a girl into marriage , or force a girl �ru�ru V Strike gently or to have sexual relations. softly , knock ; frufru tapfn or frufru nausilua, knock on the door . (Cf. +ru l ). rouaip V intr 1. Shine , flash (of something on wh ich the sun iakamarou nouanul taham is shinin g ). ramfrufru I can feel your pul se beating . 2 . Lighten, flash (of light­ ning , esp. where the whole sky intr Dig trenches or is lit up ); n�roua ipaan, light­ �rukai V ning . drains in order to prevent water coming into house; rfmfruka i Ie nimwa to nu, he rul V Strike , hit , punch , shoot , hit by throwing some­ made drains around his house thing ; taka ru i lar mi in, they against the water . wi ll fight ; r�m�ru men uk ker intr Court , make a Ie nouakopwiel , he hit a bird �runp�n V with a stone, he stoned a bird; tryst or assignation ; �ru ate, break (by hitting ); rfmfrunpfn kam peravfn aan, he made an assignation with �ruatu, commit suicide . [0 = (In) J. that wo man . �ru nu collect water in a �s- G Negative tense-prefix to bamboo pipe . verbs ; fsolaan! don 't do it! � ru pi i play marbles . [Oc curs with negat ive post­ cliti c -aan J. �ru ita tehe bail out sea­ water . �sp�kin V Bump , bump into ; nakfspfkln io, you 're bumping ru Hang , hang up ; r�n�rult z V me . Ita n�pfn, he has hung up the bananas . �t V intr 1. Climb (up, not down ), go up ; rfnft Ie nien, + ruakruu V Crush. (Cf. frul he has climbed up the coconut akruu (unident .» . tree . 2 . Grow up . ruapwnin V Kill by shooting; uus ka k�n�ruapwn ln ita, that Upwards , southwards . fellow was shot dead. (Cf. -�t G [Var . of -It after directional fru + apwn ln (unident ., but l verbs ; becomes -pft after ea- J. cf. hoapwn ln » . �tag D dsc Left alone ; kamfmfs �rue intr Be married ; uus aa V ftag , be orphaned or widowed ramavfn am ua rfnfrue? is that or otherwise left alone as a man single or married? ; ierue, result of someone dying . married person; pe ra ierue , married woman ; nfruea an, mar­ Be brave , not to be riage . itga V frightened; ietga, a brave man .

[0 = In J. rueai V intr Ride (a horse ) bareback ; iemamfruea i Ie hos, Copulate (of animals ). I was riding the horse (bare­ V back ) . �ti2 V Break open with a stone; pwa h iakfti nien uk Ie kopwiel , ruiat�v Shovel out dirt , V let me break open thi s coconut bail out water; rfmfruiatTv with a stone . 48

i-ti nakaraan taha disobey . i-ti-hun nuw, I ate up all the yams. �tieet V intr Be bigger , taller , or otherwise exceed in size or �t�k V Resemble , be like (esp. l importance; ini-tieet lan, I am in character , habits , et c .); bigger (or more important ) than uus aa rami-ti-k ri-mi-n , that man he is; uus aa ri-tieet mun takri-n is just like his father. Ie ier am uk , that fellow is a V bit taller than this one ; �t�k2 Surround . [0 = In 1 . naka mi-tieetatu lam, you have an inflated opinion of your­ �t�km�lin V 1. Come early , be self. early . 2 . Hurry; ri-mi-ti-kmi-l in nfvi-naan �tiilh V Cut (a tree ); i-tiilh iimwa , he hurried inside the ni-k mi in ka Ie ki-paas tahak, house. cut down those trees with my axe. it�kt�k V Not to know , not to be aware (of) , be unsure (of), �tik V Stab , spear , pierce, be ignorant (of), be unc ertain stick into ; ni-ni-tik nam kuhu? (of) , wonder; iaki-ti-ktfk uus how many fish did you spear? ; aan, I don 't know that man ; ki-mui-tik io Ie nau ti-nilau, io ieri-paat, iaki-ti-ktfk the two of them stabbed me nasueaan , I'm from inland, I with their knives; i-tik iati-v, don 't know about sailing ; project , stick out . iaki-tfkti-k mamwa rfnva, I don 't hik kopw i el dig wi th a crow- know if he has come , I wonder bar . whether he has come . i-tik nien husk a coconut . i-ti-kti-k i-pwomh be confused . i-tik telgi-n encourage in wrong­ V intr Play a game doing . �tkapas involving two teams , each with i-tik tou to iarmi-s dedicate a mock spears made of soft nuvig yam-heap to a spirit. (wi ld-cane ); kama tkapa s kam ilar mi in, they are playing nlamha rami-t ik io, I am angry . thus . ni-kom ri-tik io the fire warms me . �tkivin V Build (a house , table , etc. ); tiakhkivfn taham nouanea ih rami-tik nar ker the ker tepi-l, I will build a table tide carries something out to for you . sea. i-tik mi-rukmi-ruk sprout new �tk�lh V Divide a house into leaves (of a tree). rooms ; ri-ni-tkflh nimwa tahan ua? has he divided his house �tiksia V intr Try to escape into rooms? through a blockade of some kind; menuk rami-tiksla mamwa ti-rfer, �tukun V Teach , instruct; pehe the chicken is trying to escape . t+r+ tukun kam io Ie naka raan Ie ti-n uk? who will teach me itisuun v Close (a shell , coco­ the local language?; i-tukun nut , or something similar ). kam in mamwa ti-rhinatfn, + teacher. [Thing taught = Ie; (Possibly i-ti2 suun2 ). Person taught = kaml . itivun v Cut top off a coconut (so as to drink the water ); �vhiatin V Deceive in some­ ri-mi-tivun nien, he cut off the thing small , pretend , tease, top of a coconut . (Cf. i-ti2 + trick, frighten or attempt to vun (unident .)). frighten by pretence ; ni-ni-vh iatfn i o ! you 've tricked itihun D dsc All , completely ; me ! katar i-ti-hun, all of us ; iemk;'n 49

iviu V Clothe , wear , put on ka ha taat , ancestors past one's (cloth es); iakamfvlu io Ie grandpar ents' generation. tfrausas vi , I am wearing new (Occasionally used as a synonym trousers. [0 = person; Ins = of I isl , customs or traditions ). clothing = Ie]. kahau N Rat . iviva v intr Be deformed (of a part of the body); nel kfn kaiahia N K.o. dance (which can rfv+va, he has a deformed foot . usu. be done only by the host group ) . ivnak v Steal ; ieramlm ker r+n+vnakln menuk kiu tahak, kaielauelau N K.o. dance. someone has stolen two of my fowls; ievnak, thief. [0 = kaio N semi Tail-feathers (of In] . birds ) .

kaka N Term of address for sibling of opposite sex : K brother ! (used by a woman ); sister! (used by a man). k-l G Person-marking prefix to verbs, indicating first person kakiil N Hooked stick used for inclusive non-singular subject; pulling fruit off trees. kfma r ol , we did it. kakil N Sharpened stick with k-2 G Person-marking prefix to various uses : as an ad ze or verbs, indicating third person digging-stick, as a stake or non-singular subj ect; ki-maro I, spear in a wild-pig trap , as they did it. something to husk coconuts with , etc .; ka ki-l to ni-te, Nominalising prefix to k-3 G digging-stick for planting verbs , indicating the instru­ taro ; kaki-l to nien, stick to ment with which the action is husk coconuts with. performed ; ka ra i, axe (from alhaau kaki-l taha taniel use k- arai, cut). 3 + a taniel 's ground for garden­ ing on (reciprocated by a -k Pronominal suffix, first G present of produce ). person singular : my ; r+mok , my father ; tahak nimwa , my house . kakros N Cockroach. [Eng . aoakroaah ]. ka D dem That , the one pre­ viously mentioned; uus ka , that Madness , mental illness; man (the one we have been dis­ kal N ka l ram+t iii k, you are mad . cussing) ; i ki-n ka , there (the place previously referred to). kalaka N K.o. fruit tree Ie nuw ka last year similar to nage (q.v. ). Ie mo uk ka last month kalau N We two (inclusive ), us Ie nahuaakaan ka last week two (inclusive ). kafill N A mark or scar on the kalaualau D vb Surrounding, body . (Cf. k-3 + afi l). round; neramlm petfmw ki-mail il ka lau alau, everyone stood kafi12 N Grille (light-coloured round . marks on the skin ; Bi s lama dabel skin). (Cf. k- afil). Calico, cloth . [Eng . 3 + kalekau N aaLiao ]. (Lapa l apa (q.v. ) is kaha N Grandfather , grandmother used more commonly at present ). (term of address only) ; kaha vi-t, grandfather , grandmother ka lel N Small nelual (laplap ), (as opposed to other ancestors ); wrapped in coconut leaves and eaten at dances. 50

kalelig N K.o. mushroom which karnelhuaig N A game of hide-and­ grows on trees or rotten logs . seek . (Cf. k-2 + am- + elhu aig). kaleligpien N K.o. mushroom , karnhel N We three (exclusive ), inedible. (Cf. ka leHg + pien us three (exclusive ). (unident . )). karnhiel N You three. [Morph- kaleligtaat N Inedible mush­ emically kami-hel]. room . (Cf. ka le];.g + taat ). karniar N You (plural ). kalhiavin N Shark . karnilau N You two . kalikau N Trochus shell . karnir N K.o. heliconia, larger kalilaul N Small collection than mtv . taken up to pay a iemna it (a.v. ). (Cf. k-3 + altlau). karnkan N K.o. ko leil (sweet potato ) with reddish-yellow kalilau2 N K.o. dance; var . of flesh . ka ielauelau. (Cf. k-2 + a1tlau). karnlau N We two (exclusive ), us two (exclusive ). kalin D dsc Not true or bio­ logical , of a relationship; karnnuurnw N Something (usu. a thus rtmok refers to my father banana leaf) from which kava or my father 's brother , while is drunk . (Cf. k-3 + amnuumw). rtmok ka ltn refers only to my father 's brother . kani G Coordinating conjunc­ tion : and ; rfmho pukas ker kan i Kaluaas N 1. One of the two iemfru menuk nfvin. he killed founders of Tanna (believed to a pig and I shot some birds . have been a giant and to have [Used only betwe en verbs or lived in the south of the sentences, never to join two island). nouns ]. 2 . K.o. mental illness caused K.o. ual (laplap ) by trespassing on areas of kanirn N nel with a meat filling . land tho ught still to be the property of Kaluaas ; Ka luaas G 1. Introduces con­ ramtt lak. I am suffering with kaparnwa ditions : if; kapamwa nihin thi s mental illness. rfsfpaan . tiakaisumw . if it doesn 't rain, we will work in kaluga N Headrest, pillow . the garden . (Cf. k-3 + alug a). 2 . Introduc es time-phrases : kaluk N Coconut-o il; 01 ka luk. wh e n; kapamwa rfva . tiakfni to oil the body with coconut-oil; rfmtn. when he comes , I will rfmo l ka luk kam tahan peravfn. tell his father . he rubbed coconut-oil on his wife. kapis N Cabbage. Variet ies: kap isnfk. nfsi imenuk. [Eng . kalvilva N Thunder . aabbage ].

karn G Case-marking preposition , kapisnik N Chinese cabbage. marking dative or benefactive ; (Cf. ka pis + n f k) . rtmoffn kam io. he gave it to me . kaprnan N Government , or govern­ ment official . [Eng . govern­ karnar N We (exclusive plural ), ment] . us (exclusive plural ). kapnin N Flat , black stone karnatoa N Elephant-ear taro found on the beach . (known in Tanna as Fiji taro ). 51

kapoapin D d:;c Clear , cloudless back again; iemaamh uus ka uus (of the sky ) ; nea i rhape l karena , I saw the same man . kapoapfn , the sky is perfectly [Note that the second construc­ clear . tion , uus ka uus karena , is preferable since the first , kapra N Copra. [Eng . copra ] • uus karena, is potent ially am­ biguous (it may also mean 'one kapwa I No . man')] .

-kapwa N inal l. Head . karenum N A nouanpfrpfr (k.o. tenkapwa ramkumkum he is very nut ) with one flat edge which angry . is used in a game like marbles .

tenkapwa rftaat he is bad­ karese N Stick used for pluck­ tempered. ing fruit , esp. breadfruit , tenkapwa rfvft he is good­ from trees (usu . a long piece tempered . of bamboo with a forked end).

tenkapwa niko an imp ortant man . kariag N Small variety of mumwas (mackerel ). 2 . Bow (of a canoe or ship); tenkapwa kfnu , the bow of a canoe. Karipin N A major north-south suatu (exchange-road ), be­ [Possessed by prefixing te + 2 pronominal suffixes ; te changes lieved to run in the sea off to ta before first and second the west coast , and used only by spirits. person singular suffixes : takapwa (from takkapwa ) , my head; tamkapwa , your head ; kariml N Basket (made from tenkapwa , his head ; tenkapwa closely woven pandanus leaves ; uus aan , that man's head] . better and thus more highly valued than kfmelu (q.v. )); karfm Ie nuw kuhu? how many kapwataat N Bad-t empered pe rson; baskets of yams? [Possessed kova aan kapwata at, that child al i enably by persons , semi­ is bad-tempered . (Cf. -ka pwa alienably by contents] . + taat). ka rfm apfn basked used in kapwia N K.o. leaf sometimes net+k (sorcery (q.v. )). used as tobacco . karim2 N Womb . kapwitmeruk N K.o. li zard. elhua ig to kar+m keep away from a pregnant woman (who is karai N Axe. (Cf. k- + arai ) . l 3 supposed to pollute certain male activities). karai2 N K.o. nel ua l (laplap), round . karpikarpik N Young coconut , whose meat is stil l soft . karaimai N The season for cut­ ting the bush in order to make N A wh ite land-bird. gardens (around August). kasavir kasaviru N A white sea-bird karamagin N Sores on the head (larger than a seagull ). as a result of head-lice; kur ramkfs karamagfn lak, I have kasen N K.o. game where child­ sores on my head because of ren dance in a ring ; kasen lice. esuaas, Tannese version of this game ; kasen asuul , Euro­ D qty One ; iakolkeikei karenal pean version of this game . karena am, I want just one . kasi N Term of address , used D dsc Same; uus karena karena2 mainly between equals and rfva mun , the same man came usually when one is glad to see 52

the person one is addressing; katipa N A load carried on the it may only be used between back. (Cf. k- + atipa ) . men , but not betwe en those in 3 a tan i e I relationsh ip; kas i , kativhata N K.o. ginger which ntmva nahan? my good friend , grows on trees ; its leaf is wh en did you come ? used in making contraceptive medicines. (Cf. + ) k-3 ativhata . kas�k N Soldier ant. kat�kmukos N Traditional name kasiklouhia N Black ant . (Cf. of a month , corresponding kastk + louhia (unident . )). roughly to September. (Arch. ). kask�n N Walking-stick, staff. katovit N A belt. (Cf. + k-3 (Cf. + ) k-3 asktn . atovft) . kast�ml N Non-Christian or kau N Cow , cat tle. [Eng . aowl . traditional customs or beliefs . [ Eng . aus tom 1 . kaugal N semi Corner; kauga Ie nimwa , the corner of the kast�m2 D dsc Pertaining to house . non-Christian or traditional customs or beliefs . [Eng. kauga2 N semi Jaw . (Cf. also austoml. -kauga ) . kasuke N Someth ing used for -kauga N inal Jaw . [Possessed swinging on (e.g. , a vine ). by prefixing ne + pronominal (Cf. + k-3 asuke ) . suffix: nekauga , my Jaw; nenkauga rtmok, my father 's kasulie N A load carried on Jawl. (Cf. also ) l kauga2 . the shoulders . (Cf. + k-3 a su lie ) . kauhia N K.o. nuhua (island­ cabbage ) with yellowish lea ves . kasulie N K.o. (sweet (Cf. + . 2 ko leil k-3 a uh i a ) potato ) with brownish flesh . kauite N K.o. bird (kingfisher ). kata N K.o. large fly. kaukase N Armbands of leaves katamn�mwan N Small black or grass worn by men at a spider . ntkov iaar. katar N We (inclus ive plural ), kaulu N A trap for pigeons, us (in clusive plural ). made of coconut leaves inter­ woven , with Just a small hole kathel N We three (inclusive ), remaining , through which the us three (inclusive ). pigeon flies and is speared by someone concealed behind the K.o. (laplap ) + kati N nelual leaves . (Cf. k-3 aulu ) . with coconut filling . kavha N Stick used for throwing katia N Pestle; anything used at fruit so as to knock it in pounding , grinding or crush­ down . ing. (Cf. + k-3 atia) . kavhevhau N Hat . katilum D qty Five . The base of the Lenakel numeral system , kaviin N Small fishing-net , kat ilum occurs in compounds to hand-net . express numerals between six and nineteen: kat ilum-karena , kavin N Two plants wh ere one six; ka t ilum-kts il, eight ; was expected (e.g., two taros kati lum-kati lum-kuvtr, four­ from the one shoot ). teen . 53

kavinavin N Two plants where kihua V Bite (of ants ); mweamwea one was expected; var . of kavin. kamarkihua nfmrok. ants are biting my face. kav�r N Illne ss wh ere the skin cracks and flakes off (said to kilha N Nit , louse 's egg . be caused by not performing the proper ritual for a new garden , kiHl N A fan . (Cf. k-3 + esp. a new yam-garden). i 1 I ' l l )

kav�vigin N K.o. fish, rather -kip N inal Vagina . (Vulgar? ). square-shaped. [Possessed by prefixing ta + pronominal suffix] . keapin N K.o. nuhua (island­ cabbage) . kis�n N Cooking-house. [Eng . kitchen ] . keauita N Venus , the Evening Star . kiu D qty Two .

Ladder used for tending V keavin N kiukiul 1. Shake or wag one­ bananas . self or part of one 's body ; iakamkiukiu petfmw lak. I shake keikei D dsc Nice, dear , dar­ my whole body ; menuk aan ling; koko ke ikei . darling rfmkiukiu Ie ka io. that bird (said to a girl ); kuku ke ikei , wagged its tail-feather . dear child (sai d to one 's own 2 child) . [Apparently used only . Shake or wave something ; with the terms of address rfmamkiukiu Ie tfrausas tahan. koko he was waving his trousers . and kuku ] . [0 = Ie] . ker D qty Indefinite singul ar : V intr Move or turn in a, an , one , some (sing. ), a kiukiu2 the womb (of an unborn baby ). certain, etc .; nian ker. ker rfvfn maamh ker miakfn nelual N No-one, nobody . (Cf. one day , one went and saw k�ka ker. ) the other and the two of them k-2 + fka . ate some laplap . kikinmira N K.o. ma i ako (man­ ioc), quite short . (Cf. k- kesi N Pawpaw , papaya; kesi 2 kfn mfra ) . fiti. long sweet pawpaw (im­ + + ported from Fiji?). kil N Flying-fox , fruit-bat . kiag N A fly . kilaka N K.o. tanpfntanpfn (small yam ) with wh ite flesh . kiagpo N Blue-fly. (Cf. kiag (unident .)). + po kilaplapin N Mynah-bird . kifakto N K.o. tree who se rough , Human bones . sharp bark is used in grinding kilk�liitil N (Cf. ) yams . nfkflk+l ii- + til . ieram ramH -pun kfl kfl iitil a kig N K.o. worm found in dead native doctor. wood. kilma N K.o. tree whose rough , he has an ear in­ kig ramkfn sharp bark is used in gri nding fection. vegetables . kigirig�r N Illness where the kilpis N Flying beetle , with skin flakes off. brown body and black head . Kigrot N 'King Road', one of kimelu N Basket (made from the earlier east-west vehicle loosely woven pandanus leaves ; roads . [From King , the name of less highly valued than a British Govt . official] . karfm (q.v. )). 54

kirnwhal N String-figures, cat's­ kis2 v tr sing Burn (of a fire ), cradle. scald; n+kom rfmkfs nimwa taha rfmam , your father 's house was kin v tr Eat (something ); nfnkfn burned; nu akapwan ramkfs io, ita magko kuhu7 how many mangoes the hot water scalded me . have you eat en already? V Saw , cut with a sawing kis3 kinasigivin v Taste; kfnasfgfvfn motion; kfs am Ie nau fpwomh ru, have a taste. (Cf. kfn + ka , saw it off with that bush­ asfgfvfn) . knife . kinirn v Pinch. kisil D qty Three. kinirnkinirn v Pinch a niuh kiskis v Bite in order to sof­ (skirt ) wh en still wet so that ten (esp. of leaves in making the marks made will form a of medicines , etc.). (Cf. design wh en the skirt is dry . kt 5 1 ). (Cf. kfnfm ) . kisul N Comb . (Cf. ) k-3 + suI . kinkin v Hope ; iakfkfnktn am mamwa tfrva mun, I just hope he kitel N Rope on a niuh (woman 's comes back . skirt ) . kino N Small green cicada kitin D qty Both ; all of a (locust ). very limited numb er; os ilau kftfn, take both of them ; os kinu N Canoe . [Eng . canoe ]. i I he I kftfn, take all three of them. arai kfnu make a canoe . kiveria N Brown hawk . kipaas N Axe.

kfpaas aptn stone axe (tra­ kivlis N K.o. reef-crab , green. ditionally made from a black stone ). klas N Drinking-glass. [Eng . gl.ass ] . kipis N Cowrie. koapa N Guava . [Eng . guava]. kipwia N A hairless pig. (These are presented to the koapliin N K.o. nuhua (is1and­ ieniniko after a fight between cabbage) . Numrukuen and Ko iameta by the iolatkokunar; he then gives Koiarneta N One of two nikol , them to the ieramfra , who eats found largely but not exclu­ them). (Cf. + ) sively in the we stern part of k-3 pw ia . Tanna. kirok N K.o. flowering shrub : Angel 's Trumpet . [Eng . grog, koiarnetarneta N K.o. bird, black since the sap is said to have with red markings on the breast . a narcotic effe ct wh en drunk ]. koko N Slang term of address , 1. Bite; e! kis� v kova taham used by young men to a young r1'mkts io! hey! your child girl they like or are attracted bit me ! to . 2. Sting (of an insect or N A small tree with fra­ something similar ); kolau iakamho grant leaves . kiag kama rkfs ntmrok , I'm brushing aw ay the flies that N Sweet potato . Vari­ are stinging my face. koleil et ies: kamkan, kasul ie2 ' 3. Ache , throb ; takapwa ramk+s, ko leitenaur, ma ipo, ma tlfn, I have a headache ; nelun ramkfs, nihinfmrfnouia, nfvi nfnaanl ' he has a toothache . pftete, ros , taha ioniuuan, tanpelaua loniuan. 55

N N ko lei2 K.o. turtle, fairly koupwa K.o. tree, used in short . making fences . koleitenaur N K.o. ko lei N l kouris 1. K.o. shellfish . ( sweet potato ) , planted when 2 . Coconut-scraper made out of the naur tree flowers. ( Cf. + k.o. shellfish . ko leil + taha naur ) . kousisiva N A man's dance in a korn N A comb . [ Eng . comb]. nfkov iaar ( q.v. ) , done by men who beat the rhythm with pieces kon N Corn . [ Eng . corn]. of wood on the ground. An optional dance, this follows kopwiel N 1. Stone , rock ; the nasfl . kopwiel apfn, river stone. kopwiel ituga gun , rifle . kova N Child ( in the sense of young person but not necessar­ 2 . Gun , rifle ( ab breviated form ily one 's own offspring) ; kava of kopwiel ituga ) . mi in ka kama ivfkfl , those children are playing ; kova kopwielkopwiel N Coral . ( C f. tahak, my child. kopw i e I } . kova Ie nfpun bastard , illegit­ kotea N K.o. fish, red , often imate child. poisonous . atakfn kova miscarry , have a V miscarriage . koul 1. Straighten; kou etuatu nouanfk un, straighten offn kova kam impregnate, make up that piece of wood. pregnant . kou pwas riko bend crooked, kovakova N Small child, infant . bend out of shape . ( Cf. kova ) . 2. Discipline , punish , or other­ wise straighten out a child; N Penis sheath ( Bi slama kovirl iemkou tahak kava , I disci­ namb as } . plined my child. N kovir2 Circumcision. V kou2 tr Lie to, deceive ; iemkou uus aan, I lied to that kris N Fat , oil . [ Eng . grease]. fellow. vaan Ie kris fry. koualin N A sore on the leg. kuaghiav N Adze. ( An older term than kakfl ) . kouasouas N Pig with very little hair . kual N semi Window; kua I Ie nimwa aan kama iwag , the win­ N A traditional and kouatkasua dows in that house are open. ritualised spy . There is one in each village, whose function kUa linapwir N A general term apparently was to inform , say , for a suatu ( exchange-road ) a Numrukuen group if a Ko iameta 2 to a village wh ere one has a group planned an attack on them tan iel relationship and along ( or vice versa) . wh ich one acquires or sends a ra i kouatkasua carry out food. ( Since women do not functions of or act as a travel along such a suatu2 it kouatkasua . is thus of less importance than nfpwagnoukausfk ( a.v. }). koul N K.o. bird, small and N brown with a black head. kuanelpwal K.o. nelfmnuw ( long yam ) with white flesh . koulapwig N Cultivated variety kuanelpwa N K.o. ma i ako of the nimh tree. z ( manioc ) , very lar ge . 56

kuatin�sin N K.o. ntm (bread­ kur N Louse. fruit ) with small fruit . kuri N Dog. Kuatrhen N The most westerly kuri Ie Ttn 'indigenous ' dog . of the major north-south suatu2 (exchange-roads ), running kur l ituga any imported var­ along the west coast (roughly iety of dog . along the present vehicle road ) . kutfor N Bedbug .

kueria N A feathered and decor­ kuusuus N An excess of pigs ated pole carried in a toka given in a menuk2 (q.v. ) dance at a ntkov iaar in order (exchange-feast after a to bring prestige to the ntkov iaar) over and above the ieramt ra ; the pole is made by number killed in the ntkov iaar; the ieramtra 's iolatkokunar. ktma rho kuusuus k;'si1, they hold the killed three more pigs (in the al In kuer ia kuer ia. than were killed in the menuk2 ial 1 n kueria one entitled to ntkovlaar ) . hold the kueria. kuvhe N A stick with a split kuerierupwerupw N Short kuer ia end , used, e.g., in picking up (q.v. ). (Cf. kueria + hot stones from an oven, hol­ e r u pwe r u pw ) . ding food to be roasted over a fire , etc . kueri�pwomh N Long kueria N (q.v. ). (Cf. kueria + tpwomh ). kuvil Woman pregnant for the first time . kuhu D qty How much? how many? ; how many fish N ntnos nam kuhu1 kuvi2 A cut piece of young did you catch? nuvig (wi ld-cane ) who se pith is extracted and the resultant kuiapuk N Bow-knot ; 01 ku i apuk pipe is stuffed with fresh Ie, tie a bow-knot in. coconut meat wh ich is then sucked through the pipe . kuku N Term of address to own child or to child of one 's kuv�r D qty Four . sibling of the same sex: son! daughter ! nephew! niece!

kulmatau N Cattle . (Older L word than pultk 2 ). [Possibly from an earlier Bi s lama la- G Variant of Ie (q.v. ) bulumakau; cf. Papua New Guinea before the singular pronominal Pidgin]. suffixes -k, -m, and -n o

kulu N K.o. tree , used in lago N Swordfish with a long making fences . 'sword ' .

kumkum A Stiff . lahau N L 1. Down , below , under , underneath ; he is very rama rtk aan lahau , tenkapwa ramkumkum he lives down there ; angry . rama r;'k Ie n;'mwat i vhata lahau iktn, it 's under the table. kumum N Banana leaf used as a bowl for drinking kava . 2 . North (beyond Tanna ); rtvfn apwa lahau , he went away to Kunelhan N L Queensland (name the north . given to the plantat ions to wh ich many Tannese were taken lain N Line , row . [Eng . line]. by 'blackbirders '). [Eng . QueensLand] . (Arch. ). lakapn�p�n N T Morning , in the 57

morning ; rfvft lakapnfpfn, tiakvfn apwa Ie nimwakflakfl , good-morning (a recently intro­ I'm going to the beach . duced greeting ). 2 . Instrumental preposition: lak�s V Carry (a person) on with ; rfma ra lh nfk ka Ie taham he cut down the tree the back, piggyback; dmfn kfpaas, with your axe . rfmlakfs nerfn, the father carried his child on his back . 3. Than ; in uk ripwfr mun Ie ieram aan, this one is bigger laklak N K.o. skin disease , than that one . similar to but less serious 4 . Object or dative marker with than pukapuka (q.v. ). certain verbs; inhepus Ie nuw, I've eaten enough yams ; lalukiaat N T Midday ; lalukiaat Ie don 't lie etuatu is a more emphatic term fseiueaan infm ! for midday . to your mother . [Becomes la before words who se first vowel is or o. Singular laluk�n N T Midnight ; a lapfn pronouns occur in their suf­ lalukfn or lalukfn etua tu are more emphat ic terms for mid­ fixial form after Ie, wh ich in night (e.g. , in the dead of turn becomes la-: ho pukas lan, night ) . hit the pig with it] . N L The location of the lam N Lamp , light . [Eng . Ie at lamp ] . sun in the sky during the cold season . lamkarena N L The same place; lel�g V intr Return , come back , rivin aan lamkarena, he went back to the same place . (Cf. come back from ; tonhfn (unident .) ) nakleligpa Ie Tin? wh en will lam + karena2 . you come back to Tanna? lapalapa N 1. Lavalava . leluan N L 1. The bush ; wilder­ 2 . Cloth , material . ness . [Borrowing from an unidentified Polyne sian language via 2 . The east ; eastwards . Bislama] . lenhaiu N T Evening , in the evening. (Cf. ) lap�n N T Night , at night . enhaiu . let N Lateness; to lasup N Soup . [Fr. la 8oupe ]. va Ie let, come late. [Eng. late] . lata N Ladder . [Eng . ladder ]. lielie N Spiderweb , cobweb .

-lau G Pronominal suffix, first I iel ie Ie nimrfn short-sighted­ person inc lusive dual : our ; ness . the father of us two : rfmi lau, I ie clean away cob­ your and my house. huakruu iel tilau nimwa , webs. lauanu N L To , towards , at or lik N K.o. reef fish. in the village . (Cf. nauanu) . lil�n D dse Proper , properly lauk N T The morrow, the next made , made in the traditional day ; on the lauk ka repakavin, way ; I a fire m de next day he left . nfkom ilfn, . � in the traditional way ; lall I something (like a post laukin N T On the next day . ilfn, or tree) wh ich stands quite (Cf. ) lauk . straight . 1. Ie G Locative preposition : arik lilin stay for ever , last to , from , at , in, on; ramarik a long time . Ie sftoa , he is in the store; 5 8

1ipog N K.o. tree with round I'll have to make a join on yellowfish fruit (which is often this piece of wood because it 's eat en by flying-foxes ). too short . wrist. N Customs , esp. old customs ; raml fpun Ikfn 1is� I IS taha neram Ie Tfn , the old tahak ikfn raml fpun ikfn, my customs of the people of Tanna ; wri st. I is taha nar Ilmwaga , the old customs of Eromanga . l�s V Hold in the hand (usu. something heavy), carry in the N 1is2 semi Core (of a fruit ). hand , pick up (a few things ); rfmlfsit nfpfn, he picked up 1ifa V Give (to me , us ). [Da t the bananas ; Ifs Ie nauikfn, = kaml . (First person dative carry on the shoulder. varian� of Ifffn (q.v. )). Ifsatu, Ifsatu kam masturbate.

1ifin V Give (to him, her, it, Ifs pfkfn bump into acciden­ them) , us ed esp. in the sense tally. of taking and giving ; rflfffn Ifs netfk perform sorcery . karfm Ie nuw kam peravfn tahan , he gave the basket of yams to l�stfa V Steer or drive (a his wife. [Dat = kaml . vehicle ); f (Possibly tfnaklfst a Ie loto? Ifs + -pn). will you drive the car? [0 (Cf. [Eng . 1ifina V Give (to you). [Dat lel. Ifs + stia steer l ) . kaml . (Second person dative variant of (q.v. )). I Hfn l�sete V Break through a fence, wall , etc .; 1igkaai N Black hawk . pukas tahak rfnlfs ete nouankoupwa , my pig has broken the fence; 1igpua1 intr Belch . nlmwa V kfnl isete, the house has been broken (at the corner ). 1ikun V Carry under the arms ; he carried rfm fkun kfmelu, intr Red-hot , white-hot; thet basket under his arm . 1ivl V kopwiel rfnlf v, the stone is Ifkun nel mfn mi l fold the arms . red-hot .

V 1ikun2 D dsc Abandoned (of 1iv2 intr Be pale-skinned house, garden, etc.). (as someone of mixed blood or an albino); nupwelakfn rfnlf v, 1iminkuaat N T Daytime , during he is pale-skinned. the day . (Sometimes Ifmfnka at). 1ivapa N semi Back teeth . 1imus N Seaweed , algae of any sort . 1i:v1�v A col Red. It-v 2 )· 1imwnaan N L A distant place (e.g. , the deeps of the sea , 1ivtai- N L inal On the side isolated areas , wilderness , of, on the other side of; etc. ); Ifmwnaan taha ka lhiavfn livta l napinu, on the other mi in, the depths of the sea side of the valley . (Cf. where sharks live . nfvtai-).

1ip1ip N The custom of destroy­ 10 N Law . [Eng . Zawl. ing some of a man 's possessions (esp. garden-produce and house­ 10akamnum N L Deep water, the hold goods ) when he dies; 01 deeps . (Cf. loak (unident .) Ifpl fp taha X rfnfm fs, to per­ + amnum). form Ifpl fp wh en X has died. 10aki1is N L Shallow water , the 1ipun V Join ; tiakakaikei shallows . (Cf. loak (unident .) mf l fpun nfk ka rerupwe rupw, + iii5). 59

loanpirimianan N T First-light . previous verb or is an other­ wise ident i fiable NP ; ral iuok N loto Car , truck, or any kind mfvfn apwa Lenakel , he went of wh eeled vehicle . [Fr. walking to Lenakel; rfmaamh t 'auto] . ilau muakfmw, he saw them (d.), and they ran away . louk- N inal Base , bottom (usu. of a tree) . -m G Pronominal suffix , 2nd. sing. : your ; in uk taham , this V lUl Stir up water (of some­ is yours; rfmam , your father. thing deep down in the sea); nam ker rfnlu tehe , a fish has magko N Mango . [Eng. mango ]. stirred up the wat er . magko ieramwaan long mango . N IU2 Stonefish . magko peravfn short mango . luag- N inal Vagina. (Vulgar? ). Mahapirot N One of the old suatul (road ) from the Lenakel luatu N North wind. area to the east coast . (Cf. Mahap i (unident .) + Eng. road). luatuamlaai N Northeast wind . (unident. )). N (Cf. luatu + aml aa i mahau Star . luatumwitua N Northwest wind. maiako N Manioc , tapioca, (Cf. luatu + mwftua (unident.)). cas sava ; ma iakoapfn, k.o. manioc wh ich is dry and used along luau N semi Ridge-pole (of a with coconut milk only in lap­ roof) . lap ; ma iakotuan, k.o. manioc with white skin, usu. roasted. lugin V intr Be mouldy (of Other Variet ies: imwalfnuosuos, food ); pret rfnlugfn, the bread kfkfnmfra , kuanel pwa 2 ' pisket, has gone moul dy . plaksan, siale, sfloki . luiag N K.o. reef crab . maipo N K.o. (sweet ko leil potato ), yellow flesh. [From V Carry something by a lull Maewo Is ., since this var iety handle (e.g. , basket , bucket , was reportedly brought from etc . ). there ] .

V N lul2 intr Be pregnant ; tamo makal Large brown spider . nakl ul ita, maybe you 're preg­ nant . makim N K.o. parrot-fish . lulu N Small black stone found malamala N Clothes , esp. best on beaches . clothes worn to a dance, church , etc .

mama N Mother, normally term M of address but occasionally term of reference. m G Abbreviated form of mfne , and (q.v. ), used especially mamha D vb l Fast , tight , hard; when the nouns so joined are vi mamha , pull hard, pull thought of as inseparable; tight ; os mamha , hold fast , Ka ti m Koukau, Kati and Koukau hold it tight . (legendary twin brothers ); nfma taag m nihin, wind and rain. mamwa G 1. Introduces comple­ ments ; iakhinat fn mamwa rfnva , m- G Person-mark ing prefix to I know that he has come . verbs, indicating that the sub­ 2. Introduces purpose clauses ; ject of the verb is either the same as the subject of the va uk i kfn uk mamwa i akaamh i i k, 60

come here so that I can see melkim N Eagle . you. [Often abbreviated as mwa ) . (Cf. also ro l mamwa ) . Melpin N One of the old maj or suatul (roads ) from the Lenakel man N Prawn ; man lahau , fresh­ area to the volcano area. water prawn ; ma n irhe, saltwater [Eng . Me Zbourne ). prawn. menukl N 1. Bird (generic ); mani N Money . [Eng . money ). menuk iIi5, bird wh ich flies , as opposed to menuk lahau , maniuan D dsc Hiding , in hiding , fowl or flightless bird; menuk hidden; rfmarfk maniuan Ie irhe or menuk taha tehe, sea­ nfki nhamra, he remained hidden bird. Va riet ies: hiagfnamta , in the bush; nakaraan man iuan, himwi r, ialu, ielu, ieluionhkam, a secret . ielupflptl , iouinttutn , itouaru , ka s avtr, kasavtru, kauite, mantiriin N Mandarin, mandarin kflaplaptn, kfveria, orange , tangerine . [Eng. ko i ametam eta, kou 1, 1 tgkaa i , mandarin) . me lkfm, mtntfa , punhuua , pwan, ttkiskistk, ttktrka , ttmakuml ' ma nuuaar N Warship. [Eng . man- uloulou, vtlovl0. of-war ). men uk Ie ttn psfn woman (li t., bird from a different place -mar Pronominal suffix , 1st G (on account of exogamous exc . pl .: our ; our ttma r nimwa , patrilocal marriage)). house ; infmar, our mother . 2 . Fowl , chicken ; menuk iatipun, maraimarai N Rainbow . wild fowl . 3. Child 's illness character­ maroatis V Until; rtvtn ma ro atis ised by shivering and consti­ he went as far as the Ie sitoa , pation , said to be somehow store ; ttrapul ma roatis tolauk, caused by birds ; he 'll sleep until tomorrow . menuk rameuk in, he has this illness . (Cf. m- + aro atis) . menuk N An exchange of pigs mataagiasimit N South wind. 2 following a in which (Cf. + ntkov iaar, ntma taag ia- l + stm- + those wh o received pigs in the -ft) . nfkov iaar must present pigs to those who gave pigs in the matak Ready to be eaten , ripe, A - and usually , they cooked, done ; nfkov iaar nfpfn ma tak ntvin, must attempt to present more some ripe bananas ; ntpfn ka than were given in the nfkov iaar. rtnma tak ita ua? are those (Cf. also kuusuus ) . bananas cooked yet?; rfsmatak aktnaan, it 's not yet very ripe , 01 menuk hold a menuk2 . it 's not cooked yet . merou G But ; inva merou ntnvtn matakeieiin A Almost ready to Ie ntmwa ktlak tl, I came but you be eaten, nearly ripe, almost had gone to the beach . cooked . (Cf. ma tak + eieiin (unident.)). mba V intr sing 1. Be low tide ; rfntmha , it is low tide. matamata N Variety of mumwa s 2 Be low , empty (of a lake); (mackerel ) larger than . ka riag the lake (q. v. ) . ntsl u rtntmha aktn, is very low . N K.o. (sweet matlin ko leil V intr Be blistered; potato ), white flesh ; syn . mbakik ne lmok rtmhaktk Ie ktpaas, my pttete. hands are blistered from using the axe. ma uiameta N Red-leaved ti plant . 61

mhal v intr Have a cold-sore mi l�n V intr Have pins-and­ (of the nose or lip). needles (of a part of the body); nelmok r;'mil;'n, I have pins­ mhan V sing Be hot , burn , and-needles in my hand . scorch (of the sun); rfmhan akfn io, I am hot , I feel hot . mi lu N Shadows or other dis­ turbance of someone walking; rfmhan tfra hot season. ;'solaan mi lu, tiakol keikei mvi nam ml In, keep still there , I'm -mhel G Pronominal suffix, 1st exc . t�: ou r , of us three; trying to fish . nfkfmhel nuw, our yams ; mim N Slug . rfm;'mhel, the father of us three . mi sel N Measles. [Eng . measles]. -mhiel G Pronominal suffix , 2nd tr . : your , of you three; misi Missionary . [Eng . t;'mhiel , it 's yours ; r;'m;'mhiel , N the father of you three. [From missionary ] . -mihel via metathesis]. misis N Wh ite woman . [ Bisl . Eng . missus ]. -miar G Pronominal suffix, 2nd pl .: your ; n;'mw;'m iar n;'kava , K.o. bat , larger your kava ; your mi s �kmis�k N m;'ra miar, than r I k;'I ( . v. ) . uncles. u u tou to u 0 u uk;' q mitig N Meeting , esp. a mig V tr Avoid, stay away l poli tical meeting . [Eng . from , keep away from , keep one 's meeting] • di stance from; ram;'m igrn io, he is avoiding me ; migrn io, m�g�nm�g�n N Small hermit-crab . pwa h i akva I I mwa , stand aside and let me in the house. [0 = N Small, red fish (usu. r n] . milau caught at night). mig V intr Have an ulcer (of 2 And , joining coordinate the tongue ); m�ne G namok ram+mig, nouns or NPs ; I have an ulcer on my tongue . ntmataag m+ne nihin, wind and rain; kuri m;'ne dogs , mihel D num Trial mark er placed puka s mfne menuk m+ne, pigs , and birds . [Often abbre­ aft er nouns ; iakaamh men uk viated as m, ne]. mihel , I can see three birds . mi nifa Black sea-bird . mihin N Rabbit-fish . N minkaatuloulou I An impreca­ mi in D num 1. Plural marker tion directed at the clouds placed after nouns ; kuri ml ln wh en one wants the sun to the dogs have run k;'nai k;'mw , appear . away . 2. Marker of reciprocality m�nmaan N Gnat . after pronouns : each other , one A another ; kuaka r kam i lau mi in, mirl Be broken (of a rope or they spoke to each other. string) .

D num mil Dual marker plac ed mir2 A sing Dry (of wood , coco­ after nouns ; kuri mi l kiava , nuts , etc.); nien m+r, dry two dogs came . coconuts . harvest-time -milau Pronominal suffix, nian r;'nfm;'r G (when the yam-vines have be­ 2nd d. : your , of you two ; nimwa come dry) . t;'mi lau, the house of both of you; your older pw iami lau, A Green , wet (of wood). brother(s). m�ra 1. 62

A 2 . Not fully cooked, not yet mismis2 Be slack (of a rope ). done . mit N Sun . m�ra- inal Father of spouse; N afternoon . male of first asc ending gener­ mft ralflin ation related through a woman mft rfnahak mft rfnai the sun's (i.e. , father 's sister 's hus­ been up for a long time . band, mother 's brother , mother 's there is an eclipse sister's husband ) or children mft rfnfmfs of the sun. of such a male (i. e. , child of father 's sister , of mother 's A Be soft (of cooked taro brother , and of mother 's sis­ mitis or manioc ). ter ) .

miv N K.o. heliconia. m�ren N Watermelon. [Eng . meZon?]. -mlau G Pronominal suffix, 1st exc . d. : our , of us two ; m�r�k A Easy to understand. nfkfmlau nfte, our taro ; the father of us two . mirua A Picked and hung in the rfmfmlau, house to ripen . momar N K.o. nuhua (island­ cabbage ) . miruk D dsc Slow , slowly .

ieram mfruk a gentle person. mornwal N Shell-ginger (Cat imb ium speciosum) . vfn mfruk go easy . momwikahau K.o. (sugar­ mirukm�ruk A Soft , easy , gentle; N nfruw cane ) with greyish-white skin gently , carefully , softly ; and long hairs. (Cf. nfmomwi­ pwas mfrukmfruk am mflfs, pick + kahau ). it up carefully . (Cf. mfruk). mopwilan Like this . (Eastern mis V intr 1. Be ill , sick ; N dialect var . of mwoklan). rakamfs Ie mumuk, he is sick with malaria; nfmfsaan , illness . mouk N 1. Moon . 2 . Die; mfs Ie, die of; mouk vi new moon. nfmfsaan, death . first be stillborn. mouk rfnai I etuatu mfspfn Ie netpfn quarter . the sea is tehe rfmfs akfn full dead calm. mouk ramepwepw nfmwanuvie moon. (or eclipse mft mouk) rfnfmfs last quarter . of sun (or moon ). mouk rfnapinap the moon is [Meaning (I) is never used in mouk rfnfmfs eclipsed. the perfective tense , while meaning ( 2 ) is almost always 2 . Month ; rfnapwas mouk kiu used in the perfective ]. (or kh i I), she is two (or three) months pregnant . The miseai V intr Unconscious . twelve months are tamtam, (Cf. mfs + eai (unident . )). iouagmeei, nus2 , iat, iepakl epa kfl , mouk i, iouagmaa i, V mf sisin intr Fall and smash moukuia, katfkmukos , naur2 , on the ground ; kesi rfmfsfsfn, ramourauar, and vertam. the pawpaw dropped and broke last month . open. Ie mouk ka Ie mo uk oa tisfg last month . mismis V intr Be continually l Ie mouk uk this month . sick; uus aan rakamfsmfs nian mi in, that man is always sick . Ie mouk ieram tfrepva next (Cf. mfs ). month . 6 3

Ie mouk ro l kiu the month after MW next . mwal G Abbreviated form of mouki N Traditional name of a mamwa ( q.v. ) . month corresponding roughly - \ to June . ( Arch . ) . ( Cf. mouk). mwa N Like . [ Never occurs 2 al one : cf. mwea lan, mwok lan, N moukuia Trad itional name of and mwou lan]. a month corresponding roughly to August . ( Arch . ) . ( Cf. mwag�t V intr Be nearly fin­ mouk) . ishe d ( of a fruit in season ) ; magko rinmwag+t, the mangoes A mull 1. Left ( side) ; nel mfn are nearly finished, the mango mul , his left hand . season is almost over . he has ramav+n tahan rimul N Dove , pige on. bad luck . mwak k.o. with 2 . Left-handed; mwak ipwomh mwak uus aan long legs . ramamul, that man is left­ handed. mwak lahau k.o. mwak with short legs . mu12 v intr Be pronounced wrongly , be the wrong word; -mwanat�m N inal Gills . or nakaraan tahan rimul [ Po ssessed by prefixing ta + ramin i ramimul, what he says pronominal suffix : tanmwanatim , is wrong , he is saying some­ its gills ] . thing wrong . , -mwaniip N semifinal Dorsal muliak N K.o. lizard. fin. [ Po ssessed either by prefixing te + pronominal suf­ mulmwatu A Be ambidextrous ; fix , or by regular semi­ uus aan ramamulmwatu, that al i enable possession : man is ambidextrous . ( Cf. tenmwani ip or mwan iip Ian or mul l + mwatu). mwa n iip In , its dorsal fin] . mumuk N 1. Mosquito . mwan�m D dsc Multi-coloured ( used only of fowls ) . 2. Malaria; rakamfs Ie mumuk, he has malaria. mwatikalo N Worm , earthworm . mumwas N 1. Small mackerel . Mwatiktik N 1. Mauitikitiki , a Va rieties: kariag, matama ta . legendary hero. 2 . Illness wh ereby teeth rot 2 Headache or eyeache , said and fall out ; said to be . to be caused by Mauitikitiki caus ed by eating too much who spears one 's head and eyes before one is circum­ mumwa s if one has been making noise cised, or by eating improperly at the time of kava-drinking ; cooked mumwas. Mwatiktlk rfmk+s takapwa , I have such a headache; mun D dsc 1. Again, back; rinva I he has come again, he has Mwatiktlk r+m+t ik n+mrok , mun, have such an eyeache . come back .

2 . Also, too ; io mun inaugfn mwatiktik N Stone erupted from ita, I too have already eaten . the volcano which reaches a 3. More ; greater height than others in uk ripwf r mun (Ie erupted at the same time . ieram aan) , this one is bigger ( than that one ) . mwatu A 1. Right ( side ) ; ne l k+n mwatu, his right leg . 64

ramavtn tahan mwa tu he Ls N lucky , he has good luck. n- General nominalising pre­ 2 Be ri ght-handed; l G . uus aa fix to certain verb s and adjec­ that man is right­ ramamwa tu, tives ; dirt . handed . namktmtk,

n- Tense-marking prefix to rnw ealan N Like that (away from 2 G speaker and addressee); verb s, perfective : inol , I have done it . rtma l iuok rol mwea lan, he walked like that (over there ). - Person-marking prefix to (Cf. n 3 G mwa2 + aan + Ie + -n). verbs , indicating second person subject; are rnwearnwea N Ant ; nakamaugtn ua? mweamwea tuan, you eating? white ants .

n- Plural of nominal­ rnwhaklan N Like this. (Var . 4 G i-, ising prefix ; nak lha, thieves. of mwoklan). -n Pronominal suffix, 3rd rnw ig N Earthquake ; mw ig ramavtn , G an earthquake is in process . sing : his , her , its; rtm tn, his father ; tahan nimwa , his house . rnw il�gpfen N Green stink-bug . (Cf. ITow i1+g (unident .) + tpien). n- •.-aan G General nominalising discontinuous affix; rnw ilrnwf1 N Twins, of any living augtn, thing ; double-yolked eggs ; eat ; naugtnaan , food. mw ilmwfl mihel , triplets . na- G Intentional prefix to ve rbs; I intend to rnwipw- N inal Grandchild (child nat i ako I, do it . of either sex of one 's son or daughter ); more loosely , des­ nage N Almond . cendant ; namwi pwt Siak, Siak 's descendants, the descent-group N inal Strength , power founded by Siak ; naghi- namwipw+n ker (refers to physical strength he is of another descent­ apwa , only); he has group ; i which nagh in ripwt r, i k namw i pw + pehe? great strength . descent-group do you belong to?

[Plural = namwipw -] . naha- N inal 1. Breast . his descendants namwi pwtn taat 2 Milk (of human or animal ). past his grandchildren 's gener­ . ation . naha kau, naha neni cow's milk , goat 's milk. rnwoklan N Like th is (near speaker); ntk i i k rakamho mwok I an, nahal N K.o. tree whose wood this is the way I see things ; is sometimes used in making nar ka iemtni? - in uk rol stanchions for outriggers. mwoklan, that thi ng I spoke about? - this one is the same . nahan N T When (past )?; ntnva (Cf. Ie - . when did you come? mw� + uk + + n ) nahan? [Usu. follows the verb] . rnwoulan N Like that (near addressee); nakaamh rol mwo u lan, nahil�gl�g N Death-rattle . see that thing like that (near N you)? (Cf. mwa2 + un + Ie + -n). nahoa K.o. tree (when its leaves begin to shoot , then yams should be planted).

nahopkorn N River , creek.

nahua N semi Pus . 6 5

nahuaak N Church-member . (Cf. nakanfm a swear-word , some­ n-l + ahuaak) times insulting , sometimes jocular , direct at another N nahuaakaan 1. Prayer person . (Christian ) . nakanfk a swear-word directed 2 . Week . at oneself (e.g. , if one hits one 's thumb with a hammer ). Ie nahuaakaan ka last week . last N Ie nahuaakaan oa tisfg nakani-l inal Inside of, week . middle of; nakan i nuw, a peeled yam . Ie nahuaakaan uk this week. Ie nakani- N inal Blade ; nahuaakaan ier am tfrepva 2 nakani next week . nau, blade of a kni fe . the week Ie nahuaakaan ro l kiu N Loaded gun . after next . nakanikopwiel (Cf. nakani- + kopwiel ). (Cf. n- .. -aan + ahuaak). l nakanimr- N inal The whole of nahuia N Food given to people the eye (including eyeball, attending a cir­ ntko viaar, eyelid, and eyelash ). (Cf. cumc ision , or any other dance (unident .) or ceremony who are not part naka + nfm r- ). of the exchange network invol­ N inal Liver. ved. nakanmop- n�kapun N Net , fishing net . nahunu N Food eaten on the after drinking kava . i imwa iimw nakapwanaan N Heat , humidity . (Cf. nahuohueaan N Bad times , n-..-aan + akapwan ). troubled times ; kama irfk Ie N 1. Language; we are living in nakaraan nahuohueaan, the troubled times . (Cf. nakaraan taha i eram i tug a , n-..-aan foreigner 's language . + ahuohua ). astpien naka raan mix one 's nahuto D qty A large number , languages. too many , a crowd of (usu . of 2 . Word , sentence, utterance. people or animals ); i emaamh pulfk nahuto , I saw a herd of 3. Speech, talk . cattle . naka raan maniuan a secret . naiiv N 1. Flame tree. 4 . Word, instruction, policy; the 2. Flag . naka raan taha pati mi in, parties ' policies. N naiul Shell trumpet , conch tti nakaraan taha disobey . shell. (Cf. n-..-aan + akar). N N semi Rib ; naiu2 Illness affecting the nakaul nakau lak, tongue , making speech diffi­ my rib(s}; ntkok un nakau, cult ; na iu ramo l io, I have that 's my rib which I'm going na i u. to eat.

N N nakakaan 1. The dawn . nakau2 semi Midrib of coco­ nut ; midrib 2. A shine , something shining . nakau In nfmwasia, of a coconut . (Cf. n-..-aan + akak). nakau N semi Mountain side N 3 nakalasia Christian . [Prob­ (esp. , the side where one walks ably vi a Greek eklesial. in order to get to the other side without having to go over nakan- N inal Penis. 66

the top) ; al iuok Ie nakau In, but wh ich are held by a rela­ walk along the side of a moun­ tive as a memorial ; such a tain. possession cannot be subse­ quently ali enated by that rel­ nakauerupwerupw N semi Lowest ative . rib , bottom rib . ( Syn . cf. + naka upwfs; nakaul naluakinaan N War , esp. a erupwerupw) . foreign war ( like World War II) rather than a tribal conflict nakaupwis N semi Lowest rib , on Tanna. ( Cf. n- . . -aan + bottom rib . ( Syn . aluaUnl)' cf. + nakauerupwerupw; nakaul pwfs ( unident . )). nalukomwaan N Lightning . ( Cf. n-..-aan + alukomw). nakivam N Wild kava . nam N Fish. Va rieties: naki vam apfn k.o. wild kava with very dark branches, not hialak;'n, iahak, iemaltvin, drunk . ieramiru, iesfl , kuriag, kav;,vigfn, kotea , lago, lik, nakimwaan N Flight , esp. of a l u 2 , ma ktm, ma tamata, mihin, tribe conquered in war . ( Cf. mflau, mumwa s, nipot, n;'siis, n;'vig;'nouk , nouanasfs, n - ..- a a n + a k;'mw ) . nouauikulk, pukpuk, purapura, naklheaan N Th eft , robbery. pwaru, sasua , tag itofa , tetau, tiap;'n, t;'pftu, toutau, tuna, ( Cf. n-..-aan + akl h a). uikulk, vfl iv;'s, vtnis . Nakumwei N L Aniwa ( one of the inal Tongue . two islands neighbouring Tanna nam- N to the east ) . ( Older term namakoaan N Any dance done by than Imfr ). women . ( Cf. n-..-aan + amako). naleva N A dance at a circum­ A dream . Cf. cision . namelaitaan N ( n-..-aan + amelait). nalik N Trap ; l nal fk to pukas Peace , peacetime . or a pig­ namelinuaan N na l;'k taha pukas, Cf. trap , a trap for pigs . ( n-..-aan + amel inu). namelpwan N Christmas bush. nalik2 N Snail. namheaan N Pain. ( Cf. naliv N K.o. ( sugarcane ) n-..-aan n;'ruw + with purple skin and white amha ). flesh . namhnokaan N Sweat , perspira­ tion. ( Cf. + nalmiilaan N Madness, mental n-..-aan amhnok) . illness . ( Cf. + n-..-aan nami- N inal Urine . almHI ). namigaan N 1. Breath. nalpinaan N An exchange or swap of any kind. ( Cf. n-..-aan + 2 . Holiday , rest-period from a 1 pfn) . work , breather . ( Cf. n-..-aan + amig). nalpunaan N Punishment; 01 na l punaan kam or of;'n nal punaan nam1 1n N People . ( Probably a kam, puni sh . [ Apparently no contraction of neramlm miin). verb alpu nJ. nami in lauanu women ( an oblique reference , often used semi Certain of a dead nalu N at kava-drinking time ) . person 's possessions wh ich have not been destroyed acc ording namilo N K.o. tree . to the custom of I;'pl;'p ( q.v. ) 6 7

rfma tou nami lo Ian he died in story (the one about me )]. his sleep. ho ru namsu In kamiar tell us a story about your people . namir­ N inal Spouse - husband , wi fe ; he and his ilau namirfn, N wi fe , she and her husband . namtenouna Dolphin.

namtig N Swamp ; mud . namitiktik N Illness where ur inat ing is painful . (Possibly namuk Recently ; rfnfmfs nami - ftfktfk). N T + nuhu ua namuk7 did he die long ago or just recently? (Cf. namiuhaan N Life , existence; nam (uni dent .) + uk). health . (Cf. n-..-aan + amluh ).

namwi- N inal Tracks ' traces , namkenin N K.o. nepfk (banyan ), whose roots are used for making footprints, etc . rafters . namwi n raptn bruise.

Dirt . namkimik N 1. namwinelik N Scar , mark . [Possessed by what made the 2 . Li tter , 'clean ' rubbish (i.e. , usu. not smelly) . scar or mark : thus tahak my mark (which , (Cf. namwinelfk, n-l + amkfmfk ). e.g. , I left on a tree ); Ie namkimikaan Dirty weather , iemara i io kfpaas - N I I cut myself cloudy weather . (Cf. namwi ne tk tahan, n-..-aan on an axe - this is the scar amkfmfk) . + it left ; tahak uk namwinelfk this scar of mine (from namkin N Dirty water , water Ian uk, something )]. (Cf. which has been stirred up . namwi - + nelfk (unident.)). (Cf. n-l + amkfn) . nanmw- inal Soul , spirit , namlet N Strong vine , used by N 1. ghost ; the children for swinging on . nanmwf kopwiel uk, spirit of this stone . 2 namlig N semi Small amount of . Shadow (of person or thing). noise , fragment of a conver­ I nearly fell sation ; I nanmwok ramivtk iema rou naml fg In, o-ver. only heard a bit of it . 3. Image (carved , modelled, namnam- N inal Flame (of a reflected, photographed , etc.); fire ). (Possibly from nam- , thus reflection, photograph , tongue ). toy , etc.; nanmwt ktnu, toy canoe , model canoe ; nanmwt na r, namop N K.o. pandanus . image or reflection of some­ thing . D dsc Excellent , nampauan photograph , take a first-rate ; os nanmw­ ntnara i kfnu photo of. nampauan ker, you've built a first-rate canoe . [Bisl. nanmwitil Spirit of the dead. nambawan] . N (Cf. nanmw- + ti l). namsu Story about another N napgin Fruit tree - generic place or another time (as N term (excludes bananas ). opposed to myth or legend and to an account (nouanage) napin Drain, gutter . of a current event (naus i toaan)) . N [Possessed alienably by the napinu Valley , gully . (Cf. teller , semi-alienably by one N nap in nu l. wh o the story is about : namsu + t ',my story (which I tell ); ahak napin Clothes , clothing . namsu In io or namsu lak, my N 68

nap�nap�n N A woman 's dance at naramnar N Household goods , a nfkov iaar (q.v. ), using leaves . personal effects , goods gathered This is the first of the together as part of a presta­ nfkov iaar dances. tion ; one 's 'things '; 'things ' in general ; Ifsrt taham naramnar napkak N Coconut-apple (the mi in, pick up your things ; white spongy matter inside a nfma taag asuul rfmatakfn sprouting coconut ). naramnar mi in petfmw Ie tfn ka , the hurricane destroyed every­ napua N Cloud . thing on that island ; ramownaan fna Ie naramnar mi in, he 's not nap uk N 1. Song . yet sure of things . (Probably nar am + nar). fn i napuk sing. + 2. Feast , dance , singsing . narapw�la N Whatsisname (used when one can 't remember the N napurl semi Remains of any­ name of something or someone ). thing from wh ich the juice is (Cf. nar + apwfla (unident.)). extracted and the rest thrown away (e.g. , coconut , kava , narauaau N An account kept of sugarcane , honeycomb , etc.). one 's credits and debits in exchanges , specifically of how N napur2 Last-born child; much one is 'up' on the ex­ tahak aan napur, this is my changes one has made ; tahak youngest . (Syn . nautfn, narauaau, I am ahead on ex­ nfsi infpfn). changes . napw�r N semi Thatched wall of naravhiuvh N K.o. plant which a hous e. grows in clumps . napwok N Areca, betel (palm and nariram N K.o. nfpfn (banana ) nut ) - not used on Tanna. with very long fruit ; nariram afi I, a variety of nari ram, the nar N Thing, object ; nar ke r, fruit of wh ich has striped something; nar karena , the skin. same thing ; nar vi ton io, something new to me ; nar owa s nar�kaan N Life , in the sense ton io, something I am accus­ of way of life ; narfkaan Ie tomed to; nar kamowta lan, a Tfn, life on Tanna . (Cf . chair. n-..-aan + adk) . nar taat or na r mu l something narkanpusaan N semi Shadow (of evil ; a sin. a thing - e.g. , tree, house - nar vft or nar mwa tu something but not of a person ). (Cf. good. n-..-aan + arkanpus ). nar Ie peravfn brideprice. narpisu N A period of mourning nar akapwan food prepared on (for a spouse or parent , and the day of a feast . occasion ally for a child or other relative ), during which food prepared the nar aui ik the person retires from active day before a feast. public life and , if a man , re­ nar amruh animal . frains from shaving . The kill­ ing of a pig and the presenta­ (have ) a (aamh ) nar Ipwa i tion of kava mark the end of ni ghtmare . this period; a widow or widower os nar In (ieramrm ker) to have may then remarry . There is no to see (someone ). fixed length to the period - usu. ab out six months to a year . naramk�stiil N K.o. game where children chase each other . nars�ml N A green flower which grows on a small bush . 69

nars�m2 N A game which involves nataat N A bad feeling in the the collecting and subsequent stomach as the result of eating exchange of narsi-ml · food and breaking some kind of tabu while doing so (e.g. , naruoanaan N semi Start , be­ eating food cooked by a men­ ginni ng ; naruoanaan Ie struating woman ). (Cf. taat). nhuafugi-naan, the beginning of the meeting. (Cf. n- ..-aan + natemalueaan N Youth (the time aruoan ). when one is young ). (Cf. n-..-aan + atema lua ) . nasan�naan N Strength , power . (Cf. n-..-aan + asani-n). nat�g�laan N A cough , a cold. (Cf. n-..-aan + ati-g i-I ). nasiapumelaan N Lightning . (Cf. n-..-aan + asi apumel ) . nat�m N K.o. fruit tree with small , green fruit . nasiisl N The state of feeling full after eating . (Cf. n-l natoga N East wind . + as i is) . natriis N K.o. tree with � nasiis2 N K.o. tree whose leave s green�sh flower. are sometimes cooked and eaten. natriis2 D dsc Green ; nougi-n nas�l N A spear-dance in a natriis or amimra me rou natri is, ni-kov iaar (q.v. ). Danced by green . men , this is an optional dance which follows the nau · 3 naul N semi Backbone .

Na s�p�l N The most easterly of nau2 N 1. Bamboo. the maj or north-south suatu 2 Illness , marked by fever (exchange-roads ). This road 2. and disturbed sleep (said to marks the eastern boundary of be caused by having moved the Lenakel territory. stones sacred to the spirits of the bamboo ). nas�pwil N Mucus in the eye , 'sleep ' in the eye . 3. Knife (traditional ly made of bamboo ). nas�s N A small tree with many branches, whose leaves are nau i-pwomh bushkni fe . eaten . nau kepwa ik pocketknife , folding knife . nasi-s ri-raki-r the nasi-s is sprout ing new leaves. nau uosuos small knife . i ik nasi-s you are poor . nau3 N Man's dance at a il nasi-s( ro l nar ker) support , n�koviaar (q.v. ), in wh ich witness , or second someone (in pieces of nuvig (wild-cane ) are doing something , esp. a fight , scraped on the ground in time argument , etc.). with the rhythm of the dance. An optional dance, this follows vaan nasi-s burn the nasi-s the toka (q.v. ). leaves with wh ich the recently circumcised boys have been nauanu N Village . dried after their ritual bath . nakeh iau io Ie tui nasi-s I nauar N Water wh ich rises aft er thank you from the bottom of rain in an area wh ere the seep­ my heart . age is great .

nasumwaan N Garden. (Cf. nauga N Meat , flesh (of any n-..-aan + asumw). animal ). [Unpossessab le ; if one wishes to be specific as nasun�n N K.o. nepi-k (banyan ). to what kind of meat , one name s 7 0

the animal : thus puka s may mean nausiitaan N Pride . (Cf. pig or pork]. n-..-aan + ausi it} . nauga ramo l Ie nertn wh en she 's N pregnant she has a craving for nausilu Mature coconut , whose meat . meat is quite firm .

nausilua N semi Doorway , entry, naug:t:naan N Food; dinner , or any meal ; of;'n naug;'naan kam, front of a house. to feed. (Cf. n-..-aan + N aug;'n} . nausilup:t:korn Coconut at the stage wh en the husk is still green , the water sweet , and nauiaan N Baptism. (Cf. n-..-aan + au i ). the flesh still quite soft . (Cf. nausi lu + pkom ) . nauik- N inal Shoulder : N specifically , the pOint of the nausitoaan Story (about some­ shoulder and the upper arm . thing which happened recently , as opposed to a story from the past or from a distant place naul:t:saan N Shyness , embarrass­ ( ) and to a myth or legend ment ; naul;'s aan kam, embar­ namsu 01 ( nouanage}). (Cf. n-..-aan rass. (Cf. n-..-aan aults ) . + + ausito ) . naurnwus N Hunger ; naumwus 1. N Cargo ; possessions ; rtkts io, I am hungry (li t., nauta tahan nauta ripw;'r, he is hunger bites me ). wealthy . 2. A sickness like having worms , where one eats all the time but naut:t:n N Last-born child; in remains very thin. (It is uk tahak naut;'n ak;'n , this is said that the garden spirits my youngest child. (Syn. invade one 's stomach if one napur2 , n;'sii n;'p;'n ) . breaks their tabus ). + N (Cf. n-l aumwus ) . navaan Baking , cooking in an earth-oven. (Cf. n-..-aan + nauniin N End of, finish of, av ) . completion of (not 'end ' in the sense of 'extremity' ); navi- N inal Power , current - naun iin suatu, the end of road­ e.g. , wind created by passing making; nauni in nasumwaan, the vehicle , ripples caus ed by a end of gardening . [Not us ed disturb ance in water, distur­ with any possessive morphemes] . bance of bushes by someone (Cf. n-l + auniin) . walking , etc .; nakama rou nav i loto ka? do you feel the wind nauoua N Letter , book , or any­ of that truck which went past?; thing written . navi kopwiel , ripples in the water from a stone that was naupw:t:naan N The leading-out thrown in . into the iimwa i imw of newly­ circumcised boys . (Cf. nav:t:k:t:laan N Game . (Cf. n- ..-aan + aupwtnl ) ' n-..-aan + av;'ktl ) . N naurl Small tree with brown­ ne G And ; var . of m;'ne used ish flower . especially in series ; pukas ne menuk ne pultk ne ne lual m;'ne , N naur2 Traditional name of a pork and chicken and beef and month , corresponding roughly to laplap . October . (Arch. ). ne- G Marker of plantable nausapwukaan N Any dance done possession ; tsara iaan nek ntk! by men . (Cf. n-..-aan + don 't cut down my tree (which ausapwuk ) . I planted)! 71

neai N 1. Sky . 2 . Branch (of a tree). 2 . Heaven (among Christians ). N nelrn�k�ll semi Small foresail on a ship . (Probably nelm- negin N K.o. nfpfn (banana ) + with small fruit . kf I).

nelrnik�1 N K.o. tree (island negra- N inal 1. Layer , stack ; 2 negra nfmwapepa , a stack of teak ; Bi slama natora ). pieces of paper (e.g. , filing­ N cards ) . nelpwa semi Fat , grease.

2 . Fibrous layers on certain nelu- N inal Tooth (all teeth, leaves . but esp. front teeth ); neluk 3. Generation; negra neramlm ieram il is, my upper teeth; kuhu kama irfk maroatis touek7 nelun ieram lahau, his lower how many generations until teeth . today? nelum ramakfnkfn your teeth are chattering . Negratin N L The underworld, the place where spirits live nelua N Red stones irrupted and the spirits of humans go from the volcano . after death . (Said to be the most 'correct ' term , although nelual N Laplap (Bislama term Ipwa i and Ivfraau are also for a kind of pudding , made used ). (Cf. negra- + tfn). of grated root vegetables (esp . yam , taro , and manioc ) nelakaug N A wild variety of often with a filling of meat , nouanaug (q.v. ). coconut , etc ., baked in an earth-oven ). Va rieties: ka lel, N nelesig Household rubbish , kan fm , karai 2 , kat i, netkaslan, rubbish in a rubbish tip . nfsoro, tffa . nelhal- N inal Offspring (of neluiagiag N semi Twig (usu. animals ), sapling , new shoots dry ) . of a plant . neluk- N inal The middle of. nelii- N inal Row , line ; nel ii nimwa , row of houses , a 'line­ neluka- N inal Upper arm; (more village ' . often nelukanelm- (q.v. » . nelivarik N semi Boundary of nelukanelrn- N inal Upper arm . one 's land; ne l ivarfk Ie taham (Cf. ne l uka- + nelm-). nfmo pt;n ikfn pe tuen1 wh ere is the boundary of your land? nelulu N K.o. tree which sheds (Syn. nfpompo ). its leaves during the cold season . nelimnuw N K.o. nuw (yam): generic term for long yams . nenav N T Yesterday . Varieties: hairinpfnfpna , iag ienpaau , kuanel pwal , nenavfn N T On the previous nusua iamimra , nusualfmnuu , day . (Cf. nenav + In ). nusuana l meta , nusuanfmwankolaau, nusuanfrfvhfnfva , pa tapa ta . neni N Go at . [Eng . nanny- (Possibly nelm- + nuw). (goat) ].

nelk- N inal 1. Leg, foot . nenrnwan N 1. Dew; nenmwan ramatite, dew is falling. 2 . Stem (of a pipe ). 2 . Water on the ground after nelrn- N inal 1. Arm, hand . rain; nihin rfp nenmwan ripwfr, there is a lot of water (on ne lmok rauiik I have pains the ground ) after the rain. in the joints of my hand . 7 2

N nenour�k semi 1. Brain. netg;'n ripw;'r he is famous . 2. Bone-marrow . neta netg;' n uw m i in n;'m 5 u ? what kinds of yams did you nenumien N K.o. tree. plant? nepinapineaan N 1. Preparation. N net�gat�g 1. Mo ss . 2. Saturday ( in the speech of 2 . Barnacles . older Christians ; also nian taha nep inap i neaan ). net�k N Sorcery . ( Food remains , ( Cf. n-..-aan + ep ina pina). nail parings , etc ., are placed in a kar;'m ap;'n ( q.v. ) and nep�k N Banyan . saved till the owner is weak­ ened in some way so that the ara i nep;'k hold a council of war . sorcery has a better chance of working . The appropriate leaves , tabu stones , etc., are nepwka N semi Coconut fibre , stripped from the husk and added to the ka r;'m ap;'n, and a often used as a rag, etc . cross made of green wild-cane is placed on the path to the ;'1i is Ie nepwka be permanent man 's house as an indication ( of a marriage ; said after all that sorcery has been worked the exchanges have taken place ) . on him ; he takes fright and becomes ill ) . ner- N inal Son , daughter ; son 1;'5 net;'k perform sorcery . or daughter of one 's pw ia- or ( siblings of the same sex norh- netk- N inal Poison due to as oneself . [ Plural = ) nerer-] . sorcery. [ Possessor is the person who has been poisoned ] . nerer- N inal Children. ( Irreg­ ( Cf. net;'k). ularly formed plural of ner-). r;'nl;'s ne tkok he has poisoned ner�g N K.o. tree whose leaves me , he has performed sorcery sting ( the sting is less power­ on me . ful than n;'viro ( q.v. ) ) . netkaslan N K.o. nelual ( lap­ nervhato N K.o. plant which lap ) handed out to spectators grows in clumps . at a n;'kov iaar ( q.v. ) . neses N Parasitic tree . netoul N Surf. net N Net , fishing-net . [ Eng . netp- N inal Belly . net ] . netp;'n riak;'s he is consti­ N pated. netal What?; n;'ma imh neta? wh at did you see? netp�nelk- N inal Inside or back of the kn ee. ( Cf. neta D dsc Wh at ? wh ich? ; netp- + ne lk-). na�ams;'p;'n nimwa neta? which house are you coming from? netp�nelrn­ N inal Inside of the elbow . ( Cf. netan N A k.o. tall straight netp- + nelm-). tree with big leaves , wh ose N inal Bottom lip . fruit has a brown skin and red netp�nhul- Cf. flesh . ( netp- + nhul -). vi netp;'nhu 1- to pout . netetau N Tattoo ; aamh netetau tahak! look at my tattoo ! netuan N A large tree . to tattoo . ho ne tetau Ie netvaar N The Lenakel lan­ guage . ( Arch . ) . netg- N inal Name ; pehe ne tgam? wh at is your name? 73

N nhag- inal Roof (the outside ). petuen7 wh en? ; nian miin, al­ ways . nhag�lua N Nosebleed (from effects of the sun). (Cf. nian vt-t ua nian taat7 good times or bad times? nfpwagnhag- + ilu a (?}). nian Introduc er of complex nhanh�p N K.o. plant which grows 2 G in clumps . temporal phrases : wh en ; Ie nian io apwa Ifila, pukas mi in when I nhankom N Smoke . (Cf. tahak kina i kfmw ita, nha was in Vila my pigs ran away . (unident. ) + nHom). (Cf. nianl ). nhiksil N T Three days ago ; the N day before the day before yes­ nianm�ra semi A stone with magical power s over garden terday . (Cf. nihin2 + kfsil). crops ; nianmfra Ie nuw , a stone with power to help yams grow . nhinatinaan N Knowledge , under­ standing , experience ; [Possessor is vegetable or crop 1 . nhinat inaan taha nfviaan nam knowledge of or about miin, niat�v N Deep water outside fishing . (Cf. + n-.. -aan the reef. (Cf. - hinati n). n l + iatfv). niel N 1. The relat ion­ nhinoua- N inal Saliva . (Var . � tan iel sh�p (q.v. ). of nihinoua- }. 2 . More generally , the bond of nhuafug�naan N Me eting , assembly , friendship an d the exchange­ gathering . (Cf. n-..-aan + relationship between people or vi llages linked by huafugfn2 ) . suatu2 (exchange-roads ). [Possessed nhul- N inal Mouth (esp. the with ne-]. outside of the mouth , as opposed N to noua-l ). nie12 1. An exchange . apwa ih nhulfn kiss. 2 . A feast at which exchanges of food are made . nhul f menuk a bird's beak . 3. A pile of food given in ex­ nfamha N Anger ; nramha tahak change at a feast . ripwfr, I am ve ry angry ; nramha N rfka tahak or nramha tahak rika , nie13 K.o. tree (oak ? ). I am not angry . nien N Coconut (tree or fruit ). nramha ramftik io I am angry . Stages of Growth : tavha , 01 nramha kam be angry with . karpfkarpfk, naus ilupfkom , nausilu, nfpkfk, nienuvia, sil iv, n ram h a r;'5 f t i k a an i 0 I am not angry . nouanetuan . a dry coconut lying why nien m;'r retuo l nramha ramftik iik7 on the ground. are you angry? cut copra , make he is arate nien tahan nramha iuokft copra. short-tempered , he is quick to anger . nienm�r N Small shellfi sh who se tahan niamha isou he is good­ shell is white with black tempered, he is slow to anger. projections .

niau N 1. Day = period of nienuvia N Sprouting coconut . l ( 24 hours ) . (Cf. nien + uvia (unident .)). 2 Weather . . niepw�r N K.o. leaf , attached 3. Time , occasion ; nian ka rena , to a split in wild-cane as a once; nian kiu, twice; nian mark that a place is tabu. 74

niev�r N K.o. seaweed . niko isula North Tanna . nigh- N inal Gums; N nighfn niko2 Wooden bowl in wh ich rasi is, I have an ab scess on kava is mixed . the gum . N 1. niko3 Sea-going vessel of nig�s N semi Coconut-cloth any kind : canoe , boat , ship , (the fibrous sUbstance found etc . at the base of coconut bran­ ches ). 2. Hull of canoe, boat , ship , etc . nihi- N inal Liquid, fluid. -nilar G Pronominal suffix, N 3rd plural : their; tfni lar nihinl Rain. (Possibly nihi- nimwa , their house . + -n) . -nilau Pronominal suffix, nihin N T The day before yes­ G 2 3rd dual : their; terday . t;'ni lau kuri mi in, the dogs belonging to them two . nihinien N 1. Coconut water .

2. Coconut cream, coconut milk . nilh- N inal Thorn (as on a (Cf. nihi- + nien) . citrus tree ). nihin�k N Sap . (Cf. nihi- + nilha N K.o. tree , whose sap nH) . stings.

nihin�mr- N inal Tear , tears . -nilhel G Pronominal suffix, (Cf. nihi- + nfmr- ) . 3rd trial : their ; rfmfnilhel , the father of them three . nihin�mr�nouia N K.o. koleil (sweet potato ) with white flesh . nimh N Largeish tree whose + (Cf. nihi- nfmr- + Nou ia fruit is inedible but whose (name of a person )). leaves are cooked and eaten.

nihinoua- N inal Spittle ; nimw N Club (used in war , for nihinoua tehe , foam (in the killing pigs , etc.). [Pos­ sea). (Cf. nihi- + noua-l ) . sessed with ne-]. N nihinouan Foam (in the sea) . nimwa N House; nimwa esuaas (Cf. nihi- + noua-l + -n) . taha n;'kom , cook ing-house, (Syn. nihinoua tehe ) . kitchen (usu . a small house set apart from the main living nik N K.o. tree whose small red area ) . fruit is used to make glue . N 1. nimwa-l inal Placenta, N A nikol politico-military afterbirth . [Possessor is baby , division. Th ere are two of not mother]. these, and Ko iameta Numrukuen 2. Nest (of a bird). (q.v. ), named after two brothers who are said to have begun war­ 3. Coccoon. ring after the time of nfprooul N (q.v. ). Each took allies - nimwa-2 inal Handle . sometimes a whole village , some­ times part of a village only . nimwahuaak N Church . (Cf. These divisions at one time nimwa + ahuaak) . were probab ly endogamous moieties . Th e di stinctions nimwaiamta N Menstrual hut . are still maintained today . + ( C f. n i mwa am tal ) . [Possessed with taha or iimwa ] . N Th e house or an important man . nimwai imwa iimw tenkapwa niko shelter in the nakamal us ed 75

either for drinking kava in ntkfvfkrfpwo , nfkpaa t, nfkpfs. during wet weather or for vi si­ nfm, ntmh ifv, nfmwankfviu, tors to the village to sleep nfmwankfviurou , ntpiotuanl , in. Traditionally , women could nfpfn , nfproou2 ' nfviro, not enter this house . If a nouanamw f l, nouankarier, nouanul , village had both Numrukuen and nouk , nuiu, nuvie, nuvo , ponuar , Ko iameta represented in it , telh, tfra . there woul d be two such houses . 2 . Wood, timber . (Cf. nimwa + iimwa i imw). n�k- Marker of edible possess­ nirnwakopwiel N Unloaded gun . G ion; nuw nfkok, my yam (to eat). (Cf. nimwa + kopwi el ). n�ka N Nothing . (Cf. + nimwan�vhaga N Bow (weapon ). n-l f ka ) . (Cf. nimwa + nfvhaga ). n�kal- N inal Side (of person nirnwat�kiskis�k N Round house with a pointed roof. (Cf. or thing ). nimwa + tfkiskisfk). tiakailln nfkalfk I'll stand sideways . nirnwaulul N Small hut in the garden or on the beach, used n�kalkal- N inal Edge . (Cf. only occasionally. (Cf. nimwa ntkal-). + ulGl (unident.)). n�kaluauin N A cross . (Cf. nip N K.o. tree with bark like nfk + aluauln). snak e 's skin . n�kap- N inal Che ek . N Knot . (Cf. nipwatin n-l + i pwa tin) . n�katelg- N inal Gills (of a fish). (Cf. nfkal- + telg­ nisa N Bushknife . (Said to be (from nfmwa t elg-)). a loanword; origin unknown ). n�kava N Kava (plant and drink) . niuh N Woman 's skirt , usu. made Va rieties: nfkava iapfn, from the dried bark of the nuvo nfkava iauus , nfkavaifila, tree (q.v. ). nikavakaval ' nikavapwla , nfkavatuan, tfpuga , tute . niv�n N semi A large sail (of a canoe ). nfkava ausfkausfk/nfkava ituga alcoholic drink of any kind. n�fu- N inal Breastbone . n�kavaiap�n N K.o. nfkava (kava ) with black branches, not often n�gal N Salt . drunk . (Cf. nfkava + apin ). n�gounnar N Generic term for n�kavaiauus N K.o. (kava ) medicines used to comb at disease nfkava with small leave s. (Cf. nfkava or sorcery . (Cf. nfgoun + auus (unident .)). (unident ., but cf. olgoun) + na r ) . n�kavaifila N K.o. nfkava (kava ), supposedly very strong . (Syn . n�k N 1. Tree . Varieties : tute). (Cf. nfkava + lfila, iatkapukopwiel , ka laka , kifakta , since this variety is said to kflma, ko lau, kou lapwfg , koupwa , have been introduced from Vila). ku lu, lipog , nage, nahal , nahoa , na ifv, name lpwan, nami lo, namop, n�kavakava N K.o. nfkava (kava ) napgfn, nasiis2 , nasfs, natfm, with dar branches , not often natri is , naur ' nel mfkfl ' � l l 2 drunk . (Cf. nikava ). nelulu, nenumien, nerfg, neses, netan, netuan, niel , nien, nik, n�kavakava N Driftwood. � 2 nilha, nimh , nip, n1"kfvfkl , 76

i N n�kavapw a K.o. nfkava (kava) nfk i i k rfpkom ( to) I am sad with small roots . (Cf. nfkava (because of). + pwia (unident . )). nfki ik rho I think , I remember . n�kavatuan N K.o. (kava ) nfkava N 1. with whitish leaves . (Cf. n�kinhamra The bush , forest. nfkava + tuan) . 2 . The plac e in the bush where N Epilepsy . (Possibly n�kaveaan ' one goes to urinate or defe­ n-..-aan + kava (unident ., but cate; tiakol nfkinha mra , I cf. nfkava )). want to go to the lavatory ; where's nfkaveaan rakamho he is having Ie nfki nhamra petuen? an epileptic fit . the toilet? (Cf. nfki- +' nhamra (unident . )). n�kavhe- N inal 1. Side of some­ N L thing . n�kithe Underwater . (Cf. nfki- + tehe ) . 2. One of two things which normally occur on opposite sides n�kit�n N Plantation. (Cf. of something , e.g. , nfkavhe nfki- + tfn) . nfmrok, one of my eyes. n�k�l�v N Hibiscus ; nfkflfv N n�kavhen�mr- inal Cheekbone , ramfk iua, tall and straggly temple . (Cf. nfkavhe- + nfmr- ) . hibiscus . n�kavkav- N Wi ng . n�k�lk�lii- N inal Bone .

N n�ki- G Locative prefix to nouns ; n�k�lk�liinelk- inal Shin, he went rfmvfn Ie nfkikopwiel, shinbone . (Cf. nfkflkfl i j- + to the rocks . nelk- ) . n�kiatu N semi Boom (of an out­ n�k�sk�s N K.o. orchid. rigger ) . n�k�v- N inal Hair under the n�kii- N inal 1. Heart (the arms. physical organ ). n�k�v�k N Malay-apple (Bislama 2. Heart , mind (the seat of � emotions , feelings and senti­ nakav lka ) . ments , the dynamic mechanism of N K.o. (island­ life or of particular aspects n�k�v�k2 nuhua of life). cabbage ) .

nfki ik rag ien ( to) I am happy n�k�v�kr�pwo N Tree like a (because of). Malay-apple but with inedible fruit . (Cf. I am happy . nfkfvfkl + rfpwo nfki ik ra luka luk (unident.)). nfkiik ramamha I am sad. niklhii- N inal Chest. nfk i i k ramha to I am sorry for . nfk i i k ramhopsapfs I am con- n�klhiinar N semi Bank ; fus ed . nfkl hiinar Ie napinu, river­ bank . ( C f. n f k I hi i - + n a r ) • nfk i in ramowa g it is hollow . nfk i i k ramtfk I hiccough . n�kl�nelk- N inal Kneecap. (Cf. nfkl f- (unident .) + nelk- ) . n fk i i k rapou I am sad. nfki ik retiauh Ie nag i enaan my n�kmw- N inal Chin. heart is full of joy. n�kom N Fire. nfki ik retia uh Ie namheaan my heart is full of sorrow . n�kouehem N semi Coconut stalk . nfki in rfka he is dumb . 77

nikouisil N semi Coconut stalk . n.i:mataag N 1. Wind; nfma taag a suu 1 , cyclone , hurricane, nikoviaar N Th e most important storm. dance-ceremony on Tanna, done 2 Wind of someone or something to honour a ier amf ra. The . following dances are done at a passing . nfkov iaar, in th e order given: 1, nimataagiasis N West wind . napfnapfn, toka , nau3 ' nas f (Cf. (unident .)). kous fs i va . Th e last three are nfma taag + iasis optional , being done if the being honoured desires . nimetau N Fish-hook made from ieramfra a piece of wood and attached to a vine . nikpaat N Barringtonia. (Cf. nfk + paat). nimha N Reef; nfmha fpwomh, a point . nikpis N Sandalwood. (Possibly ) nfk + psfn . N Bed , sleeping-place. nikru N Bush , esp. virgin bush , N Cleared area around bush which has never been nimhaua2 cleared. a house . ofa nfmhaua takrfn make a bit niktu N K.o. vine. of room for me .

nikut- N inal Anus . Nimhierap N A major north-south suatu2 (exchange-road), running nim N Breadfruit (fruit and between Nfmwanpwf rpwfr on the tree); nfm ituga , soursop . east and Nfmwakomaas on the Varieties: kuatinf sin, nuvfvaau , west. nuvfvaau ituga , tfpweua2 . nimhiiv N K.o. tree on which nimagoago N Up in the sky , up mushrooms frequently grow . above ; Ras ia rama rfk Ie nfmagoago , Russia has something n:i:mi l N Hole (in the ground ). (e.g. , a satellite ) up in the (Cf. ntm- (unident . nominal­ sky . • ising pre:fix ) + i 1 ) nakaraan tahan rol nfmagoago nfmi l nu a well. In he told a tall story . nim:i:k N semi Heat ; nfmfk Ie nimai N Bush or scrub growing nfkom , heat of a fire; nfmfk on garden land . Ie suatu ramkfs akfn io, the road is so hot it burns me . ara i nfma i cut bush for gar- dens . n.i:m.i:l N Cycad (k.o. plant ). nimakum N Wound , inj ury . N Orange , or citrus in (Possessed al i enably by the n:i:milh general . person wounded, semi -alienably by the cause] . n.i:mi lhkakamho N K.o. nfmf lh (citrus ) similar to an orange , nimanru N K.o. (yam): wild nuw which is not eaten but is used yam . Varieties: ne l akaug , as a football by children. nouanaau. (Cf. nfm flh + kakamho , it is kicke d). nimare N A food preparation : (China banana ), nfpfnsa ina N Lime (fruit or splashed in seawater, and cooked n:i:milhuosuas tr e e). (C:f. + irr egular in leaves . nfmf lh pl . of esuaas ). nimasaioaio N Qui ck-burning n:i:m:i:nkaat N Var . of fire (as one made from rotten nfmtnkuaat. wood) . 78

N n�rn�nkuaat Sunshine. (Var . n�rnr- N 1. Eye ; ntmrt nien, ntmtnkaat). eye of a coconut . are my n�rn� saan N 1. Death . nfmrok rtl fvltv ua1 eyes red (or bloodshot )? 2. Illness , sickness; ntmtsaan venereal disease. ntmrtn raptn he is angry ; he taha peravtn , is sick . (Cf. n- ..-aan + mts). 2. Face. n�rn�srn�s- N inal Refuse, remains of food (but not of coconut or 3. Point (of a knife , etc.). kava ) . n�rnraau N semi Ashes. n�rn�t N Mud , swamp ; Ie ntte N water taro . n�rnreiarrn�s A tabu-place, in ntm tt, wh ich one makes incantations to the spirits of the yams be­ n�rn�t�k N Red or reddish soil. fore harvesting them. (Cf. n�rnkelelui- N inal Part-rotten nfmr- + iarmts ). and scooped out log . n�rnr�rn�r N Meeting (of the kind ea i ntmkelelui ntk surf on a where all present participate scooped-out log . in the discussion ).

N n�rnl �g Group of people . n�rnr�n�rnha N Reef. (Cf. nfmr- + ntmha ). n�rnnava N K.o. ntruw (sugarcane ) with reddish skin and yellow n�rnr�n�p�n N First-born child. flesh . (Cf. ntmr- + ntptn). n�rnornwi- N inal Hair on the n�rnr�nu N Source of a stream . body ; fur , feathers , etc . (Cf. ntmr- + nu l . n�rnornwinhul - N inal Beard , n�rnr�nuw N Tip of the yam as mous tache ; fac ial hai r. (Cf. it starts growing . (Cf. nfmr­ ntmomwi- + nhul-). + n uw ) .

n�rnornwin�rnr­ N inal Eyebrows , n�rntaau N Turtle with a long eyelashes . (Cf. ntmomwi- + body . ntm r-). n�rntetiin N Sign ; nfmtetiin N n�rnornwin�pwagnhag­ inal Hair taha kapman, sign of the inside the nose. (Cf. ntmomwi- government ; nfmtetlln ker kamol , + ntpwagnhag-). someone is sig nalling. the Old n�rnornwin�pwagtelg­ N inal Hair nfmteti in owa s Testament . inside the ears . (Cf. ntmomwi- + ntpwagtelg-). nfmteti in vi the New Testament .

n�mornwinouanelrn- N inal Hair on n�rnt�l N Hole in the reef (deep the fingers . (Cf. ntmomwi- + and round ). nouanelm-). n�rntirn�t N Piece of cloth , n�rnoptfn N 1. Earth , land , dirt , scrap of cloth . soil, ground . [Usu. possessed with tahal. n�rnulkenua- N inal Neck . (Possibly (unident .) 2. Homeland . [Usu. possessed nfmulke nua-). with iimwal. + (Cf. (uni dent .) ntmop + tfn). n�rnw- G Marker of drinkable possession ; his n�rnoulul N Dust . nfmwfn nfkava , kava (to drink) . n�rnour N Wh ite ginger. 79

n�mwa G Like ; nakanTm nTmwa taha badly in cold weather. (Cf. kuri ! your penis is like a dog's! nfmwa - l + nelpwfl tpw (unident.}). (an insul t ) . N�mwanhanh�p N A major north­ n�mwa- N inal Leaf ; nTmwa ntm, south suatu2 (exchange-road ), brea frui t leaf. [Usu. used a running between Nouakonaap on when referring to the leaf of the east and Nfmwatakaiu on a specific tree] . (Syn . the west . (Cf. nfmwa -l + nfmwal-). nhanhfp ).

N N n�mwa-2 inal Covering . [Has n�mwania K.o. grass used not as yet been obs erved alone, occasionally in hous e-building but occurs in numerous com­ (known as 'Kangaroo gras s '). pounds ] . (Cf. nTmwa -l + nia (unident. )).

n�mwakalevha N An old sow n�mwan�sii- N inal Buttocks , (es p. , one which has had many bottom . (Cf. nfmwa - + nTsi i-). litters ). (Possibly + 2 ntmwa-2 ka l evha (unident . )}. n�mwan�vhaga N Bow and arrow . (Cf. nTmwa-2 + nTvhaga ). n�mwak�lak�l N 1. Beach. n�mwank�viu N Pandanus (gener­ 2 . Coarse sand , pebble. ic ). Va rieties: namop , N�mwakomaas N A major north­ nTmwankTv iurou , nuiu, nuvie. � P� ssibly nfmwa-l + nfk + south suatu (exchange-road ), 2 u) • running between Nfmh ierap on 1'VI the east and on Ntmwanomheruk n�mwank�viurou N Seaside pan­ the west. (Cf. + nfmwa -l komaa s danus . (Cf. + (unident. }). n+mwankTviu rou (uni dent .» . n�mwal- N inal Leaf . (Syn . n�mwanmfv N Lea� of the mTv ntmwa-l ) . (q.v. ), often used in cook ing. (C�. - + (?) + • n�mwan- N inal Brother , father 's n fmwa 1 n m Tv ) brother 's son (o� a woman ). n�mwanolu N A vine which grow s on the beach . (Cf. N K.o. belt o� nTmwa -l n�mwanapwitag + banana leaves or something nol u). similar traditionally wound N The second -round and ro und a newborn baby N�mwanomheruk most westerly of the major in order to stimulate his cir­ north-south suatu (exchange­ culation . (Cf. nfmwa - or 2 � roads ), running between nfmwa- + napwi tag (unldent . )}. 2 Ntmwakomaas on the east and on the west . (Cf. n�mwanar N Leaf (of something ) Kua trhen l + (unident .» . used as a plate, dish , con­ nfmwa -l nomheruk tainer , etc . (Cf. + nfmwa -l n�mwanousien N So ft grass . na r } . (Cf. nfmwa-l + nousien N (unident .» . n�mwanar2 Leaf-medicine ; medicine made �rom leaves , bark , N�mwanpw�rpw�r N A major north­ herbs , etc . (Cf. nfmwa - l + south suatu (exchange-road ), na r ) • 2 running between N+mw a taka iu on the east and on the -n�mwanar N inal Lid. [Posses­ Nfmh ierap west. (C�. n+mwa - + n (?) + sed by pre�ixing ta + pronom­ l PWT rpwfr ( unident.) . inal suffix: tanntmwanar, its 1 i d] . ( C f. + ) . n f mwa - 2 n a r n�mwanrhuiu N Ti plant . (Cf. nTmwa -l + nrhuiu (unident.)). n�mwanelpw�l�pw N K.o. nuhua (island-cabbage) which performs 80

n�mwanruw N Leaf of the sugar­ nipavinimhHv N K.o. mushroom cane , us ed in house-building . which grows on the ntmhit v (Cf. n;'mwa-l + n;'ruw). tree . (Cf. ntpavtn (unident .) + n tmh i tv) . n�mwanse N 1. K.o. fragrant leaf. niperauosuos N Girls. [Irregu­ lar plural of 2 . Grass skirts made of such perasuaasl. leaves and worn by women during niperauosuoslapnumwan N The napi-nap;'n dance (q.v. ). Milky Way . (Cf. ntperauosuos (Cf. n;'mwa -l + n;'se). + lap numwan (unident .)). n�mwanvhaal N Grass . (Cf. N or + nipiatu Household rubbish n;'mwa-l ntmwa-2 ntvhaal ). (usu. smelly ). n�mwapepa N Sheet of paper, n�pien N Bait. piece of paper . (Cf. ntmwa-l + pepa ). nipiep N Large variety of nuvig (wild-cane ) . n�mwasia N 1. Coconut frond .

2 . Door made from coconut fronds . n�pik- N inal 1. Tail . (Cf. ntmwa-l + asia). 2 . Barb (of a stingray ). n�mwataa- N inal Back . (Cf. 3. Stern (of canoe or boat). n;'mwa-2 + taa-). N n�piotuanl K.o. tree with n�mwataanelm- N inal Back of light-coloured leaves . (Cf. the hand . (Cf. ntmwa taa- + ntpio (unident .) + tuan). nelm-). n�piotuan N K.o. (island­ 2 nuhua n�mwataiak�m N K.o. ntruw c abbage ) with wh itish leaves . (sugarcane ) with reddish skin (Cf. ntpio (unident .) + tuan) . and wh ite flesh . (Cf. ntmwa - 2 + tai aktm (unident. )). n�pikn�si- N inal Semen .

N�mwatakaiu N A major north­ nipin N Banana (fruit or tree ); south suatu2 (exchange-road ), ntptn ituga , long imported running between Ntmwanhanhtp var iety of banana . Varieties: on the east and Ntmwanpwtrpwtr hiagi-nri-s, iouan+rtp, iuai , on the west . (Cf. ,ntmwa -l + iuaiafi l, iuaiavi li-g, nariram, taka iu (unident .)). nari rama f il, ni-pi-ni-m, ni-p;'nsa ina, n;,pTsni , neg;'n, pigka, sesipai, n�mwatavheta N Mat . (Cf. s i uka . ntmwa - 2 + tavheta). nip�nim N K.o. n;'p+n (banana ) n�mwatelg- N inal Ear . (Cf. with straight fruit (like iuai ntmwa - 2 + ate l+g ). (q.v. ) . n�mwativhata N Flat surface nipinsaina N K.o. n+p+n (such as a floor , shelf, table , (banana), with long fruit: k.o. etc.). (Cf. ntmwa - 2 + tivhata China banana. (Cf. n;'pi-n + (unident . )) . saina [Eng . China]). n�mwauio N A dance at a circum­ nipiraau N A club wielded by cision . the leader of various dances in a nTkov iaar, esp . the toka , n�mw�lmw�li- N inal Wing (esp. nau, and nap;'nap;'n . of flying-fox). nip�rim N K.o. vine , whose root n�niviaan N Welcome; karoftn is eaten (usu. only wh en food ni-nivia an kam kamar, they wel­ is scarce ). comed us . (Cf. n-..-aan + i-nivi ). 8 1

nipisni N K.o. nfptn (banana ), which is capable of extension). with squat and squarish fruit : + (Cf. ntpwag niel l ) . k.o. China banana . n!:pwagnimr- N Edge , point (of nipkik N Sprouting coconut . knife, etc.), end (of table , etc., as opposed to the side ). nip1- N inal 1. Nodes of sugar­ (Cf. ntpwag + nfmr-). cane . n!:pwagnimrin!:mha N Outside the 2. Joint between head and rest of penis. reef. (Cf. ntpwag + nfmr- + ntmha ). nip1inar N Brideprice feast. n!:pwagnoua- N inal 1. Mouth . (Possibly nfpl- + nar). 2. Hollowed-out part of a canoe . nipompo N semi Boundary of . (Cf. nfpwag + noua-l ). one 's land ; ntpompo taha tahak ntmop tfn apwa iktn aan, the nipwagnoukaus!:k N A general boundary of my land is over term for a suatu2 (exchange­ there . (Syn . nel ivartk). road ) to a village wh ere one has a tan iel relationship and nipot N Snapper (k.o. fish). along with one acquires or sends women , kava , and food . (Cf. niprig- N inal 1. Navel . nfpwag- + noukaustk (unident .)). 2. Umbilical cord. nipwagte1g- N inal Inside of cut the umbili­ ho ntprfgf kova the ear . (Cf. ntpwag- + cal cord ; see also under ho . nfmwa t elg-).

N T N niprooul The time of peace n!:pwanak- inal Forehead . before the conflict started by [Note : in first and second Numrukuen and Koiameta wh ich singular stress is antepenul­ led to the division into two timate - ntpwanakok . n fpwanakam J. ni kOl (q.v. ). nipwe 1aapw N South wind . N niproou2 K.o. tree. nipwirhienaan N Truth . (Cf. nipun N The bush . n - ..- a an + pw f r hien ) . Ie bastard, illegi­ kova nfpun nipw!:rpwir N The location of timate child . � the sun ln th e sky dur ing the hot season . nipupu- N inal Stump (of a tree ). N nipwirpw!:r2 Trellis made of (wild-cane) on wh ich nipwag N Hole (in wood, rock , nuvig vines of yams , passionfruit , etc. , but not in the ground ). etc., trail. nipwagkopwie1 N Cave . (Cf. nirouaipaan N Lightning . (Cf. ntpwag + kopwiel ). n-.. -aan + troua ip). nipwagnhag- N inal Nose . (Cf. n!:rueaan N Marriage . (Cf. nfpwag + nhag- (uniden t. )). n-..-aan + true). nipwagnhaginimoptfn N Hill , n!:ruw N 1. Sugarcane . Varieties : rise. (Cf. nfpwagnhag- + momwikahau. naltv. nfmnava . ntmoptfn). ntmwataiaktm . nusua . nipwagnhagitfn N Bank of a 2. Itchy skin, said to be caused river . (Cf. nfpw agnhag- + ttn). by touching the leaf of a (tabu? ) sugarcane , or by eating too N nipwagnie1 'True' brother-in­ much sugarcane ; nt ruw ramo I i 0, law (as opposed to -iel (q.v. ), I have itchy skin (for th is reason) . 82

nis N Excrement . [Cannot be taro planted around November . possessed] . Other Va rieties: kama toa , nuvia. nise N Arml et made of leaves . 2 Illness marked by light­ ( C f. 5 • . n T mw a n e ) coloured mark s on the skin , whi ch becomes itchy ; said to nisgaa- N inal Guts, intestines ; be caused by eating the wrong insides . kinds of taro . nisia N Light , lamp . (Cf. niva- N inal Thigh ; ramow ta Ie as i a). nTvak, he is sitting on my lap . nisii- N inal Excrement . nivea N A paddle . nTsi i n;'mwa te lg- earwax . nivel- N inal Back of the head . n;'sii hiau volcanic ash . nivhaal N Grass , usu . wild and nisiihiuan N K.o. (island­ nuhua scraggy . cabbage ) with bluish leaves . (Cf. nt-si i- + hiua n). nTvhaal taat weeds . pull out grass nisiimenuk N K.o. (is land­ aua i nTvhaa I nuhua or weeds . cabbage ) . (Cf. n;'si i- + menukl ). os nTvhaal pull out weeds from nisiinhag- N inal Snot . (Cf. garden . n;'si i - + nhag- (unident ., but see n;'pwagnhag-). nivhaga N Bow (weapon ).

nisiinipin N Last-born child . nivhakinelk- N inal Calf of the (Cf. n;'sii- + n;'ph). (Syn. leg. (Sometimes napur 2 , naut;'n). nTvhakTnetpTne lk-). (Cf. nTvhak- (unident .) + ne I k- ) . nisiis N Coral trout . nivhau N K.o. strainer with nisiktaita N Fine wh ite sand . which young boys extract pieces of kava root from the mixed N nisipinl Anything with which kava . the face is painted - red clay (often taken from Eromanga or nivhiknin N War , esp. tribal Aneityum), burnt coconut , or , warfare . more recently , store-bought paint . nivhivhi- N inal End, tip , point , edge , extremity . N nisipin2 semi Marks painted on the face as decorations for nivhivhinaha- N inal Nipple . dances , etc . (cf. n;'si p;'nl ). (Cf. nTvhivhi- + naha-).

nisiu N 1. Lake . nivhivhinelm- N inal Top joint or knuckle of the finger. (Cf. 2. Lake Siwi . nTvhivhi- + nelm-). nisoro N Large (laplap). ne lual nivhivhinhul- N inal Top lip. (Cf. nita N Blood. [Cannot be nTvhivhi- + nhul -). possessed] . (Cf. nTtaa-). N niviaul Earring or ear- ornament made from turtle-shell . nitaa- N inal Blood. (Cf. n TV (possibly from nTvig-) n;'taan ramame I a scab forms . + i au ). N N nite 1. Taro ; nTte Ie nTm Tt, niviau2 Stone with a hole in wet-taro ; nTte erupwerupw, k.o. the centre ; used in bride- 83

exchanges , or worn by big-men nfmfni nfvint-vin, you said a as a sign of power . lot of things . (Cf. nt-yin). n�vig- N inal Skin or any other niviro N Tree with stinging outside covering , like the bark leaves (Bi slama nangalat). of a tree, cover of a book , etc.; nfvigf nien, coconut nivtai- N inal Th e side of, shell , or such a shell used as the other side of; nfvta i kauga , a cup ; nfvigf iarou , clamshell . the other corner . nfvigf nakan- foreskin. noa N Rules , regulations , word , law ; I've n�vig�n N K.o. nouanurfk (round noa tahak iemfni, yam ) with dark flesh . made the rules . 01 noa taha ob ey . n�vig�nar N 1. Cup , drinking vessel . noarhuatin N Li e, untruth , 2 . Box , container . falsehood; fni noarhu atrn, lie , tell a lie. (Cf. nfvig- + nar) . nohar N semi Wall of a house n�vig�nouanhal- N inal Eggshell . (Cf. + - not thatched , but made by nfvig- nouanhal-). lashing pieces of wild-cane together . n�vig�nouk N K.o. fish with tough skin. (Cf. nfvig- + nouk). nohui- N inal Bundle of; nohui a bundle of skirts . n�vigkitiilh N semi Shell of a niuh, coconut . (Cf. nfvig- + k-2 + no lu N A vine which grow s on it iiIh). the beach . nivi lg- N inal Scales (of a N inal Younger sibling fish) . norh- of the same sex; child of father 's brother who is of the nivilginik N Splinter (es p. , same sex as , but younger than , splinter of wood lodged in the th e speaker . skin) . (Cf. nfvi lg- + nfk). nork- N inal Oldest or older nivin D qty Some ; ofa nuw nfvin, sibling , the first-born of give me some yams. one 's brothers and sisters ; my two oldest sib­ nivinhauol N Enemy . [Not pos­ norkok mi l, lings . sessed] .

noroaan N Fog , mist , low cloud . n�vinimw a N 1. Temporary house (Cf. in the gardens , us ed only in n- ..-aan + oro). periods of considerable garden­ N Nurse . [Eng . nurse]. ing activity when it is imprac­ nos ticable to make the journey N inal 1. Mouth (esp. from house to garden every day . noua-l th e inside of the mouth , as 2 . Temporary house on the beach, opposed to nhul -). used wh en mosquitoes become un­ An opening in something bearable inland . 2. (with which meaning it occurs (Cf. nfvin + nimwa). in numerous compounds ). n�vininaan N K.o. (sweet l kolei noua- N inal 1. Fruit ; potato ) with white flesh . 2 noua nfm, a breadfruit. N 2 nivininaan2 Circumcision. . Product of, fruit of, or something associated with (with (Cf. n- ..-aan + vint-n). which meaning it occurs in num­ nivinivin D qty A lot , plenty ; erous compounds ). [With this 84

mean ing , noua - often appears as silence greets one's attempt s nouan- for a reason as yet un­ to attract the attent ion of those accounted for ]. thought to be inside . (Cf. noua-2 + nam1 fg ). nouah N semi 1. Steam . nouanamw� l N K.o. palm tree. 2 . Smoke , esp . from a dying fire. (Cf. noua- 2 + namwf1 (unident .} ).

nouananmwiniko N Raft . (Cf. nouahiau N Crater of a volcano . noua- + nanmw- + niko ). (Cf. noua - l + hiau). 2 3 nouanapgin N Fruit - generic nouaiemhar N K.o. game wh ere children chase each other . term (excludes bananas ). (Cf. noua-2 + napgfn ). nouakeiahia N Prayer said over N newly-harvested yams in a tabu­ nouanapwo l Frothine ss in the place, after wh ich they may be sea; takar ivfk nouanapwo1 , they 'll jump into the sea and eaten . (Cf. noua-2 + keiahia (ur.ident.}). make it frothy . (Cf. noua-2 + napwo 1 (unident ., but cf. )}. nouakeapin N semi Gut (of an apwo 1apwo 1 animal ). [Not possessed with N In]. (Cf. nouanaravh1uvh K.o. dance. noua- 2 + keapfn (Cf. (unident.}). noua- 2 + naravhluvh).

nouanas�s N K.o. small fi sh , Nouakonaap N The second most easterly of the major north­ usu. found in large schools . (Cf. south (exchange-roads ), noua- 2 + nasfs ). suatu2 running between on the Nasfpf1 nouanaug N Yam-like plant , east and Nfmwanhanhfp on the west . (Cf. + eaten after being soaked in noua-2 konaap (Cf. (unident. }). water for a long time . (unident .}). noua-2 + naug nouanage N Myth , legend (as N Black stone ir­ opposed to a story about another nouanauiua (Cf. place or time or an rupted from the volcano . (namsu) (unident. }). account of a current event noua-2 + nauiua [Possessed (naus i toaan}). N K.o. alienably by the teller, semi­ nouanav�g nouanurfk (round yam). (Cf. al ienably by the one whom the noua- 2 + myth is ab out ]. navfg (unident . )}.

nouanavil N Word , oath , as in nouanahuiu N A dance with sticks , or traditionally performed before nouanavf 1 kap ita nouinfk no u a n a v f 1 k a pita n f mw an f k, I yam-harvesting. (Cf. noua-2 + give my word (the former used nahuiu). only by men and the latter only by women ); nouanakau N semi Rib . (Cf. tfnakos nouanavf1 ton , give your word on it . noua- 2 + nakaul )· (Cf. noua- 2 + navf1 (unident .}). nouanalhil N Hole in the reef N Swelling in the (long and deep) . (Cf. nouanavra noua-1 groin (e.g. , as a result of a + na 1 hi 1 (unident . }). pois oned foot . (Cf. noua-2 vi nouana 1hf1 snore . + navra (unident .}). nouanamkilu N Charcoal . (Cf. nouaneaih N Tide ; nouanea ih noua- 2 + namkf1u (uni dent . )}. ramftik kfnu aan, the tide is carrying that canoe out to sea. nouanamlig N The fact of there (CL noua-2 + neaih (unident .}). being no-one around ; used, e.g. , when approaching a house and nouaneamik N semi Yolk (of an 8 5

egg } . ( Cf. plant ) . ( Cf. noua- 2 + neam;'k noua-2 + nhale­ ( unident . )}. ( unident . }). nouanehapwiit N semi 1. Sap ; nouanhal�nakan�mr- N inal Eye­ glue . ( ball. Cf. nouanhal- + nakanTmr-). 2 . Button , zipper , fastener , et� c. ( nouanhalTn aka( nTmrTn ir) ap;'n Cf. noua- 2 + nehapwi it un­ the pupil of his eye . �dent ., but cf. apwi it)}. nouanha l;'nakanTmrTn ir;'tuan the wh ite of his eye . nouanelk- N inal Toe . ( Cf.

noua- 2 + nelk-}. nouanhal�n�mr- N inal Eyelid. ( Cf. + nouanelm- N inal Finger . ( Cf. nouanha l- n;'mr-).

noua-2 + ne lm-). nouanhul�n N Harbour , bay , inlet ; passage. ( Cf. nouanelpwa N semi Phlegm . ( Cf. noua-l + nhul- + -n). noua-2 + nelpwa). nouanil N Nail ( used in car­ nouanelpwel�p N Scabies . ( Cf. pentry ) . ( Cf. n o ua- nil noua- nelpweHp ( unident . }). 2 + 2 + [ Bislama nil, Eng . needZe]). nouanelulu N Winter , cold l N K.o. season . ( Cf. nouanimhatak nuhua noua-2 + nel ulu). ( island-cabbage ) with dark flesh . ( Cf. o nouanelulu N Pumpkin. ( Cf. n ua-2 + nimhatak 2 ( unident . )). noua-2 + nel ulu}. nouanimwa N Inside of a house; nouanetan N Rafters. ( C f. room. ( Cf. noua-l + nimwa). no ua-2 + netan ). nouan�k N 1. Fruit . nouanetp�nami - N inal 1. Urinary bladder . 2. Stick, piece of wood from a tree. 2 . Ball , football . ( ( Cf. noua- 2 + nTk). Cf. noua-2 + netp- + nami -). nouan�kiatu N semi Boom ( of nouanetp�nelk- N inal Sole of an outrigger ) . ( Cf. n o ua- 2 the foot . ( Cf. noua- + netp­ 2 nTkiatu). + n e l k- ). + no uan�k�naar N semi Adam 's N inal Palm of nouanetp�nelm- apple. [ Not possessed with the hand . ( Cf. noua- 2 + netp­ I . ( Cf. + n ] noua- 2 n;'k;'naar + nelm-). ( unident . }). nouanetuan N semi Coconut which nouan�m N Bread fruit ( fruit eventually grows and replaces l only) . ( Cf. ( noua- 2 + nfm). its 'mother '. Cf. noua-2 + netuan ( unident . }). nouan�m N K.o. nouanurTk ( roun � yam ) , with wh ite flesh N nouanhag- inal Out side of the whi ch resembles that of the nose. ( Cf. noua- nhag­ 2 + breadfruit (nfm) . ( Cf. noua- ( unident ., but cf. n;'pwagnhag-)}. 2 + nfm). nouanhal- N inal 1. Egg ; nouan�momwi- N inal Small hairs nouanhal;'n r;'nol ner;'n, the egg on arms ; has a chicken inside it. nouanfmomwik rami lrl or ramo l nouan;'mom( wik, I have 2 . Testicle. goose-pimples. Cf. noua-2 ( Cf. ( unident . }). noua-2 + nhal- + nfmomwl -). N ( nouanhale- N inal Shoot ( of a nouanvhaal Scrub. Cf. noua- 2 +ni-vhaal }. 86

nouanivin D qty Few , not many. nouanmurhi- N inal Space between (Cf. noua- 2 + nfvin). something ; nouanmurhi pfspfs r nelkok, the space between my N nouankarier K.o. tree wi th toes ; nouanmurhi nfk mi 1 aan, red inedible fruit . (Cf. noua-2 the space between those two (unident. )). trees . (Cf. + nkarier noua-2 + nmurhi­ (unident . )). 01 nouankarier swim near the surface with heads facing up­ N 1. Channel , pas­ wards (of a school of mUllet ). nouanmurhin sage , or opening in a reef. nouankilkfl N Soft coral on the 2 . Crotch, space between the reef whi ch breaks wh en one walks thighs . on it . (Cf. (1) (Ct. noua-2 + n + nouanmurhi- + -n ). ki lk11 (unident.)). nouanouka N Fishing-line. (Ct. N 1. Broom . nouankilkil noua- 2 + nouka ). 2 Fly whi sk . . N semi 1. Kidney , (Cf. (1) nouanoukouk noua- + n + kflkfl kidneys. (unident . ))Z . 2 . Side ot ankle (usu. nouankopwiel N 1. Flat stone nouanoukouk Ie nelk-). (sui table for skimming on water ). 3. Earlob e (usu. nouanoukouk 2 . Bullet . Ie nfmwatelg-). (Cf. (?) (Ct. (unident .) ). noua-2 + n + kopwi el ). noua- 2 + noukouk nouankoupwa N Fence made from nouanpaav N semi Shoot of a the tree . (Cf. taro . (Ct. koupwa noua-2 noua-2 + npaav + n (?) + koupwa ). (unident. )). N N 1. nouankul ul Fence made from the nouanparamwl semi Shoulder­ (Cf. kulu tree. noua-2 + n (?) blade . kuL..) . + 2 . Hip. (Ct. (un­ nouankulu N Bird trap , made noua-2 + nparamw 2 ident.)). from kulu wood. (Cf. noua-2 + n (?) + kul u). N nouanparamw2 Arrow . (Ct. (unident . )). nouankuluiavin N Portable bird noua-2 + nparamw trap , with a rope wh ich pulls nouanp�linik N Small stick used a piece of wood and thus traps as a float tor a net . (Cf. a bird whi ch comes into it. (?) noua-2 + n + pf l fnfk). (Cf. nouankulu2 + i-l + aVfn ). nouanp�rpir N Flat roundish nouankuluiowtalilin N Bird trap nut . (Cf. (?) with a trapdoor. (Cf. noua- + n + ( uni de nt .)).Z i- pfrpfr nouanku lu2 + l + owta + i 1 1+n). nouanpwapwa N Fruit ot the tree, eaten to stop in­ N Fish-hook . (Cf. nimh nouanmetau ter nal bleeding after an injury . noua - 2 + n�me tau). (Cf. noua - + n (?) + pwapwa (unident .)Z) . nouanmi tmoug N semi Operculum ('c at ' s-eye ') of a shell. (Cf. nouanu- N inal Hair on the head . noua- 2 + n (?) + mitmoug (un­ ident. )). nouanuiu N Pineapple . (Ct. nouanmomau N Food exchange, noua-2 + nuiu). involving two villages hiding nouanukova N Sk irt worn by food and then searching for mother at her son's cir cumcision. each other 's food. (Ct. noua-2 (Ct. nouanu- + kova ). + n (?) + moma u (unident. )). 87

nouanul semi Vein, artery , N 1. nouarihi- N �nal Tentacle of sinew , muscle . ( octopus . Cf. noua- 2 + rfhi­ unident) . (. av;'t nouanul feel the pulse. ( )) 2 Genealogical line , esp. the . nouasia N Torch made of coco­ male line ; thus family , descent­ ( nut fronds . Cf. noua-2 + group , 'tribe'; i lau nouanul as i a) . ) ( ka rena , those two belong to the same descent-group ; nouanul nouasli N Chili fruit, not the tribe living bush . ( ikfn aan, Cf. noua-2 + 5;'1i) . over there . ( ) ) ( Cf. noua - 2 + nul ). nouatavhal N semi Heart ( physical organ . Cf. noua-2 nouanul N K.o. tree Dracon­ ( ) ( + tavha ). tomelum sylvestre . ( Possibly + ) ( noua-2 nul ). nouatavha 2 N Club with a large round head . Cf. + ( noua - 2 nouanulne- -rou N inal Throat . tavha ). Possessed by inserting pro­ [ nominal suffix before -rou, nouatetal N Bamb oo pipes e.g. , nouanu lnekrou , my throat ] . mus ical instrument . Cf. Cf. + + ( + unide) nt (. . ( noua-2 nul ne- + -rou ). noua-l tetal ( )) nouanulul N semi Stanchions nouatg- N inal Hole in a stone , of outrigger . Cf. ( noua-2 + or hole or fork in a tree , nu( I u I). ) where pools of water form after rain. nouanumenuk N K.o. food exchange in which two teams go off N nouatin 1. Gully . shooting birds to see how many each can kill ; the birds are 2 . Creek , creek-bed. Cf. then exchanged . Cf. noua-l + tfn). ( nouanu- ( + menuk )· l nouatiramram N K.o. nuhua island-ca bage with large nouanumwan Earth-oven. Cf. N le( aves . BCf. ) no + unident .,( but noua-2 + t;'ramram ua-l numwan ( unident . ( . cf. numwanak;'n)). ( )) nouatiramram A North nouanurik N K.o. yam : 2 N nuw Tannese dance. Cf . generic term for round( yams) . ( noua- 2 + tframram unident . . Var ieties : aus;'kaus;'k, iunam;'r, ( )) nfvig;'n, nouanav;'g, nouan;'m 2 , nouau A message , sent be­ ros, s;'lamoni , te iati. Cf. N cause you want something; os noua- nurfk unident . ()). 2 + ( nouau to nuw , send a message that you want yams ; nouanurikausikausik K.o. hal ip;'n N send out word round yam wi th dark nouau to pukas , nouanur;'k that you are in need of pigs . flesh . Cf.( noua- +) nudk Z unident(. + aus;'k). ( ) nouauikuik N Lungfish . Cf. + ( nouanutkou N Vine with a beaIl­ noua-2 uikulk). like fruit. Cf. noua- 2 + N inal Flower . uniden( t . . noug- nutkou ( )) nouginiktu N K.o. vine . Cf. nouanvirin Somewhere; ( N L noug- + n;'ktu ). ramar;'k nouanv;'r;'n aan ua? does he live somewhere there? nouhniel People who attend Cf. + unident . . N ( noua-2 nv;'rfn ( )) a feast arranged and provided for by others . Cf. nouapirueet N Bi scuit . Cf. ( nouh ( un ident . + nieI2 ). noua- + p;'rueet Possibly ( ) Eng . b2 read ] ). [ 88

I nouiaa- N inal Voice ; sound ; on my finger; nounouanpfspts iakama rou nou iaa nar ke r, I nel kok , knuckle on my toe . can hear sounds . (Possibly noul- + noua- 2 + n ( 1 ) + ptspfs ). nouier- N inal Male genitals . nouraskim N Fire�stick (a slow­ nouin- N inal Sister , or burning piece of wood from father 's brother 's daught er (of which other fires are lit). a man). offn nou raskfm kam give refuge or sanctuary to . no uk N K.o. tree which bears many fruit (Bi slama namampe ). nousu N semi Root (of kava only ) . noukir- N inal 1. Bottom , base ; noukfrf nfk, the base of a tree. noutakrin D dsc Part of, small amount ; noutakrtn kiu, two 2 . Cause; noukfrf nakaraan, parts ; ofa nuw noutakrfn, give the cause of a dispute . me part of the yams ; iema rfk noutakrtn am, I only lived Knee. noul- N inal there a short time ; 01 noutakrtn, be partly empty . no ulniel Provider of a feast . N (Possibly noua-2 + takrfn ). (Cf. nou l (unident .) + niel2 ; ct". al so nouhnlel ). noutakrinik N Wood , timber. (Cf. noutakrfn + ntk). noun N Fish-poison . (Cf. n- + ounln}. nouu- N inal Child of one 's brother or husband 's sis ter , nouna N An evil spirit ; it is son-in-law , daughter-in-law said that if someone who has (of a woman only). been sleeping in a house leaves, the other members of the house­ nu N Water, esp . fresh water; hold should not sleep there for nu akapwan, hot water , tea. one or two nights lest this spirit come and attack them nua- N inal Shoulder (specif­ (by making them feel weak and ically , the top of the shoulder useless j. n the morning ). Food near the neck). may also have to be removed, esp. if the person who left nuaia- N inal Wife ; ilau was in any way ill. nuaian, he and his wife . nounelm- inal Elbow. (Pos- N nuatin N 1. Ridge . sibly noul- + nelm- }. 2 . Tribal land (each tribe usu. inhabiting a ridge ). nounii- N inal Pubic hair. 3. Tribe, land-owning group . nounisiineai Horizon; syn . N (Cf. nua- + tfn). nounfsiitehe . (Cf. noua-2 (1) + + nfsi i- neai). nuheafe N Bay ; passage through a reef. nounisiitehe N Horizon ; syn . (Cf. (1) nounfsl lnea i. noua-2 nuhia N Waterfall . (Cf. nu + + nfsi i- + tehe). hia (unident.}). nounouanelm- inal Low er nuhu N N T Long ago . knuckles , joints at base of + uhu). fingers . (Poss ibly noul- + nouanelm-). nuhua N Generic term for k.o. green vegetable known as nounouanpispis N semi Knuckle; 'island-cabbage ' (PNG Pidgin nouno uanpfspfs r nelmok, knuckle aibika). Va rieties : kauh ia, 89

keilpin, koapl iin, moma r, found largely but not exclu­ nikivik2 ' nimwanelpwe lipw, sively in the eastern part of Tanna. nipiotuan2 , nisiihiuan, nisiimenuk, nouanimha tak, 1. noua tiramraml · numwanak�n N Sorcery or garden-magic , designed to spoil nuia- N Vine (of a yam). a crop belonging to someone else ; performed by plac ing food nuiu N K.o. pandanus . remains , tabu leaves and stones , etc ., in a hole in that person 's nuk1 N inal Armpit. garden ; i eramlm ker rimo I numwanakin Ie nite ka , someone nuk2 N inal Root . poisoned that taro (by sorcery). 2 . The hole used in garden­ nukuer- N inal Giz zard of a fowl . sorcery . (Cf. numw an (unident ., but cf. nouanumwan ) + akin (unident .}). nukulu N semi Gate . 1. nupwelak- N inal Body ; Nukulua N The major suatu2 (exchange-road ) which goes in trunk (of a tree ). an east-west direction across 2 . Substance, meaning , reason; the island , fairly close to nupwe laki nakaraan uk neta? the present vehicle road from or nupwe laki nakaraan uk re tuol ? Lenakel to Whitesands . what is the meaning of this word? ; no laan taha uus aan nukusuiu N semi Aerial roots rinol nupwelakin7 why did that of a pandanus . man do that? [In first and second singular nul N Rope . stress is ante-penultimate: nupwelakok , my body]. nularuoou N Rope used in the braiding of hair. (Cf. nul + nusl N K.o. flowering plant . aruoou). nus 2 N Traditional name of a nulis N semi Thick bark used month , corresponding roughly for wrapping laplap or island to March . (Arch . ). cabbage when it is to be cooked in an earth-oven. nusua N 1. K.o. niruw (sugar­ cane ) with whitish skin and nulkas�k N 1. Vine growi ng on a white flesh. tree. 2. Appears in a numb er of com­ 2 . Bougainvillea. pound words wh ich are names of (Cf. nul + kasH (unident.}). nel imnuw (long yams ). nUltepwan Wood-rose. (Pos­ N nusuaiarnimra N K.o. nel imnuw sibly nul + taha + pwan). (long yam ) with very green leaves }. (Cf. nusua + amimr a). nulul N Dried nuvig (wild-cane ), used for making stanchions for nusual�rnnuu N K.o. nel imnuw outriggers . (long yam), an ab undant pro­ ducer. (Cf. nusua + limnuu nUluvagvag N Steep place; (unident . )). nUluvagvag apwa isou takrin, it gets steep no t much further nusuanalrneta N K.o. nel imnuw ahead . (long yam) , very similar to nusuaiamimr a. (Cf. nusua + nurnnum V intr sing Make a drum­ nalmeta (unident. }). ming noise (of the rain ). nusuanirnwanko laau N K.o. nelimnuw Numrukuen N One of two nikol , (long yam ) with very small 90

tubers . (Cf. 1. nusua + nuw N Yam - generic term. nfmwanko laau (unident . )). Four major varieties - nfm anru, ne l fmnuw, nouanurik, nusuanirivhiniva N K.o. nel fmnuw tanpfntanpfn - with many sub­ (long yam ) with large tubers . varieties. (Cf. nusua nfrfvhfnfva (un­ + 2. Year . ident . ) ) . Ie nuw ka last year . nuto N K.o. bracken (Bislama l Ie nuw oa tisfg last year . blakpam) . Ie nuw uk this year . nuto2 N K.o. arrow , used in shooting flying-foxes. Ie nuw ieram tfrepva next year . Ie nuw ro l kiu the year after nuto Comb (traditional ). 3 N next . nuvaviv N A sacred stone at Kwamera (in the south of Tanna ), said to represent a man who o once swam from Aneityum ; the location of (q.v. ) 1. nfkov iaar oatisigl v Follow , come and other ceremonies . behind; iakamoatisfg lam, I'm following you. nuveri- inal Stone which has N 2. Do something afterwards; magical powers over ; nuv eri a stone wh ich has magical tiepoatisfg lam mau gfn, I'll nfte, eat after you. pow er concerned wi th taro . [Possessor is the person or [0 = Ie]. thing over wh ich the stone has Behind, last , second the power ]. oatisig2 A (of two), next (in the sense of afterwards ); nuvhak- inal Flesh . rfnail oatisfg N lak, he stood behind me . 1. nuvia N K.o. taro . Ie nuw oa tisfg last year . 2. Pain in the back (thought to Ie mouk oatisfg last month . be caused by eating too much Ie nahuaakaan oa tisfg last nuv i a). week . nuviavia K.o. ginger, whose N V Give (to me , us ). stem is cooked and eaten . ofa [Dat kam] . (First person dative variant of oHn (q.v. )). nuvie N K.o. pandanus . of in V Give , give back , loan , nuvig Wi ld-cane (a type of N lend; reed much used in building and iemoffn kolei nfvin kam other activities ). pw iam, I gave some sweet potato to your brother. [Da t = kam ] (Third person dative only). nuvivaau N K.o. nfm (bread­ fruit) with very large fruit ; offn nimwa be married according nuvfvaau ituga , an imported to custom . variety of wh ich roasts nuvfvaau honour , respect . very qui ckly . offn siai offn kova kam impregnate, make nuvo N K.o. tree (Hibiscus pregnant . tiliaceus , known in Bislama as offn nuvig make a trellis for burau) , whose bark is stripped and treated in seawater before yam-vines out of wild-cane being dried and used in the (nu vig). mak ing of skirts ; nuvo afi l, offn nfniviaan kam welcome . k.o. wi th green-and-yellow nuvo I'm just striped leaves . tiakoffn am mos ipa lending it to you. 9 1

offn nian kam name a day or a a doctor ; nfnva uk retuol1 hoy time . did you come here?

offn nau kam in use a knife on 6. Prefixed to borroyed verbs it . as part of the nativisation process ; cf. I am put ­ olf ait, olkt riti, iak amoffn tfrausas etc . ting on my trousers . olwln,

olaan V intI Stay over there . of ina V Give (to you) . [Dat (Cf. 01 aan). kam] . (Second person dative + variant of (q.v. )). oftn olahuohua V D something bad; usu. (cf. 01 + of inof in V 1. Tempt . olahuohua nar. ahuohua ) . 2 . Tell gossip (to). V [Dat = kam] . (Cf. oHn). olasigi:vin Make , build, or try to make or build; olasfgtvtn V 01 1. Make , do ; rfmo l ktnu , tahak ke r ntmwativhata ! see if he made a canoe ; fsolaan! don 't you can make me a table ! (Cf. do it; rtmo l rtmtn rfm flhiee lh, 01 + astg tvfn ). he made his father laugh . olatkokunar intI Serve a o 1 i e po u 1 e to t am e . V ieramtra (chief), be a 01 ka luk kam rub Yith coconut iolatkokunar (q.v. ). [Dat oil. kam] .

01 1 e use . V olfait Fight . (Cf. 01 + 01 nal pfnaan kam punish. Eng . fight ). 01 nlamha kam be angry Yith . olgoun V Give medicine to ; 01 nihin kam X make rain to rfmolgoun rfmfn , he gave medi­ X's disadvantage . cine to his father ; rfmolgoun nfmwanar kam uus aan , he gave 01 noa taha obey . medicine to that man . (Cf. 01 ttvhaga commit adultery . 01 + nfgounnar). 01 rectify, heal . Vtt 01ka1aghia V Frighten (someone

= or something ) from a hiding 01 + numb er ordinal; e.g. 01 karena, first. place. [0 = In or Ie] . (Cf. 01 + ka laghia (unident.)). 01 + name of game = to play that game . olkamwa V tI Be like; i ik 2. Signal , make a sign; rfmolpa, nako l kamwa pukas, you 're just he made a sign to me . [Tak es like a pig. (Cf. 01 + kamwa dire ctional suffixes]. (unident . )). 3. Make like, cause to be , cause olkaripinin V intI sing Go on to become , be like , become like , all the time , continue falling become ; karol nerfk ieramasuul (of the rain). (Cf. 01 they made my + taha nar Imlau, karipfn (unident .) + In). son a chief of Imlau ; rfmo l he became (like ) a kopwiel In, olkatkat V intI Jump doyn (as stone ; kuri ka retuol1 yhat from a rock ) into the sea; kind of dog is that?; ieram kamarolkatkat apwa irhe , they 're retuol1 yhat is it like? , yhat all jumping doyn into the sea. colour is it? (Cf. 01 + katkat (unident.)). Affect (of a disease or ill­ 4. V ness ); naiu ramo l io, I have olkeikei Like , love , Yant , ; yish , desire ; nai u (an illness cf. naiu2 )' ramolkeikei iik, he likes you; Copular verb in negative and iakamolkeikei 5. mamwa tfnakol nimwa tahak, I certain interrogative sentences ; yant you to build a house for in uk rfsolaan tokta , he is not 92

me ; ramolkeikei mun man i ni-vi n, olniuh V intr Menstruate fo r he needs some more money . the first time (of a woman ). (Possibly 01 ke ikei ). + (Cf. 01 + niuh). olkiriti intr Be greedy . V olnimkin V intr Be dressed or (Cf. 01 + Uriti [Eng . greedy]). decorated in order to impress a man (of a woman ); ramolntmktn olmaas v intr March (as in a to uus aan , she 's all dolled proc ession ). (Cf. ql Eng . + up for that chap . (Cf. 01 + march ) . ntmUn). oimakim Mark , aim at ; olmaki-m V olnivigin V intr Be empty . Ie menuk aan! aim at that bird! (Cf. 01 + nfvig- + -n). [0 = Ie] . (Cf. 01 + Bislama. makem ) . olpilhpilh V Mix , mix up ; pehe rtnolp+lhp+lh naug+naan? who oimita Work (someone ) too V mixed the food? (Cf. 01 + hard; nakolmtta taham peravi-n, p+lhp+lh). you work your wife too hard . ( C f. 01 + m + t a ( un iden t . ) ) . olpisinpisin V intr Be multi­ colou red ; noug+n ka ro lptstnptstn olmusmus V intr Say bad things , mi in, those flowers are all slander ; ri-mamo 1 musmus 1 e uus colours . (Cf. 01 + pstn). aan ton io, he was saying bad things about that man to me . olpiskH V intr Go hunting , [Vat = t o; Re ferent = Ie] . hunt . (Arch. ). (Cf. 01 + (Cf. 01 + musmus (unident. )). ptsUl (unide nt . )) .

oinaiiv V intr Put a stick of olr6g V intr Be wrong or in na ii-v (flame tree ) in the sand error , make a mistake . (Cf. as a signal to pas sers-by that 01 + Eng . wrong ). you ar e trying to net fish and you would like them to keep olsaminin V tr Report , lay a out of th e sea. (Cf. 01 + complaint agai nst (usu. to the na i fv) . government ); uus aan rtmolsamtnrn pw iak, that man oinailaan V intr Be marr ied in reported my brother (to the a Christian ceremony . (Cf. government ). (Cf. 01 + Eng . 01 + n- + ai l + -aan ). summon + -In).

oinar V Pay brideprice , by olsekan V intr We lcome , greet , making a feast fo r the vi l lage shake hands ; i emo 1 sekan kam in, from wh ich one acqui red one 's I shook his hand . (Cf. 01 + wi fe ; often that village wi ll Eng . shake hands ). contribute a considerab le am ount towards the feast ; oltelha V intr Wander around kama rolnar Ie peravtn, they or hang around looking for a are making a brideprice feast . handout of some kind , esp . a [0 = Ie]. (Cf. 01 + nar]. free meal ; said esp . of dogs looking for food or of people olnarvi V Renew ; ntnolnarvi wh o always drop in on me altime . nimwa taham , you 've renewed (Cf. 01 + telha (unident.)). + your house . (Cf. 01 nar + vi ) . oltelvinpin V Go and see if some one who is expected is oinauniin V End , fini s h , com­ c omi ng . [0 = In] . ( C f. 01 + plete ; iemo lnauniin Ie tahak telv+n (unident .) + -pn). nasumw aan , I've fi nished my garden (in g) . [0 = Ie]. (Cf. oltimha V intr Be busy on the 01 + nauni in). reef (e.g. , looking for shell­ fish ). (Cf. 01 + timha (un­ ident. )). 93

v oltiku intr Argue ; r;mamol t;ku OSlt nelm+nilar to to vote kam io, he was arguing with me . for . [Dat = (Cf. kam] . 01 + tfku os take a photograph . (unident. )). nanmw- os nar In X have to see X. oluk V intr Stay here . (Cf. os nian ;pwomh take or last 01 + uk). a long time . v olun intr Stay there (near os n+vhaal take out weeds or addressee ). (Cf. 01 + un ). grass from garden. os adopt foreign olvikvik v Provoke or attempt 1 is i tuga customs. to provoke someone into a fight; uus aa ramolv;kv;k tframo l os perav+n marry a woman . that fellow 's stirring iakho , Borrow . me up and trying to make me 2. [0 = (In); Da t = to] . fight him. (Cf. 01 + v;kv;k (unident . ) ) . 1. oshiaav V Put down , beat (at a game, contest , etc.). olvinvin v Make a numb er of trips to bring supplies, food , 2. Pat down a tou (yam-heap ). etc . to a place ; r;molv;nvfnpe ln 3. Adjust a trellis for a he brought food here naug;naan, growing yam-vine . [0 = In ]. (Probably 01 + v;nl ) : 4 . Drop , let fall . olwln V Win , beat . [0 (Cf. = Ie]. os + -hiaa v). (Cf. 01 + win [Eng . win] ). osiemir V Act as a iem+ r (inter­ omlan v intr 1. Fade (as of mediary ) in a courtship nego­ colours ). tiation; tiakosi em;r Ie I'll 2. Die out (of a descent-group ). perav;n aan kam takiel , be acting as an intermediary wi th that woman on my friend 's omwas V Break a promi se , break behalf. [0 = Ie or In ; Dat = one 's word; uus aa ramomwaspfk, person acted for = (Cf. that fellow never does wh at he kam] . os says he 'll do . + iem;r).

oskova V intr Hold a child opsapis V intr Initiate a while he is being circumcised· series of exchanges by making one who holds a chil a e1 (q.v. ); ioskova , ni 2 tiakopsap;s to while he is being circumcisedd. I am storing nfkok naug+naan, (Cf. os up my food (so as to make a + kova ). n i e 1)• V osnfesl Bail out water; he intr Be foggy , misty; r;mosnles Ie tehe Ie k+nu, oro V bai led the seawater out of the Ie it 's ramorop+n apwa touar, canoe . (Cf. (un­ foggy up on th e mountain; os + nies ident.)). noroaan, fog , mi st . osnfes V intr Look after orororopin V intr sing Appear 2 people 's affairs (e.g. , in on the horizon (of land); as troubled times, when a land in ramorororop+n Ie n+moptfn, dispute is on, etc.). [Dat land appears on the horizon. to]. (Cf. os + nies (uni dent .)). (Cf. oro + pn ). osnimrin V Buy ; V 1. Ho ld , take ; r+mosn;mr+n, os r;mos nau he bought it; he took a knife n;mosnfmr+ nau ker ton io, did you buy this knife? from me ; bring ; uk ua? os m;va , OSlt ' [Final lost if noun object lift up . n follows ]. (Cf. os + n+mr- + os i tatu boast . - n) . 94

V ost�mavha v Pray (in custom , owag intr Be open. not Christianity ). (Cf. os + nfk i i n it is hollow . t;'mavha ). ramowag owagtaat V intr Yawn . (Cf. oti v Divide, separate , cut up , sort out , allot (tasks , etc.); owag + taat). Ie he r;'moti ne lual kama r, V shared the laplap amo ngst us . owai Pull out grass or bush .

owak�l V Put arms around some­ oU V intr Be barren, without l fruit either temporarily or one 's neck ; infn r;'mowakfl kam permanently (of trees wh ich ner;'n ma sak, the mother put no rmally have fruit ); have no her arms round her son's neck fruit inside the skin (of a and wept . fruit ) . owakru V 1. Crush or break with the teeth ; bite ou A Blind; he owakru takrfn, ? n;'mr;'n r;'nou , off a bit . 1S blind. [When pr edicated, subject is n;'m r-, 'ey e']. 2. De st roy by burning ; n;'kom rfmkfs nuw mi in mowakru , the oua V Bear fruit (of a tree). fire burned those yams .

ouaah I Yes. owal�n V intr Have yaws (of the legs ). ouai V intr Be good , nice; only used with the person prefix m­ owan V Collect natfm or n;'kfv;'k in contexts like v;'t moua i, (q.v. ) . very nice . V owas l intr Be dry in the ouat�np�n V intr Dip down (of sense of not greasy or oily . a road), be deep (of a valley); A suatu r;'v;'n m;'v;'n mou at;'np;'n , owas2 Old (of things , not the road goes on and then dips persons or animals ). down . owasp�s V intr Be dry in the ouhiaau V Know how to do some­ sense of not greasy or oily. thing well , be good at . (Cf. owasl + pfs (unident.}). very good , very vft mouhiaau V Bite, hold in the fine . owatfn teeth . ouiek V Slough the skin (of V Clench the teeth ; crabs, snakes , or of people in owatfnowatfn owa t fnowatfn nel um! clench your legends ); r;'nouiek ita n;'vigfn r teeth ! (Cf. owatfn). irowa s, it has sloughed its skin. [0 = fn ]. owat�t V intr Sit on; iemowa tft Ie I sat on a ouier�n V intr Have testicles . tui kopwiel, rock . iouierfn North wind . owatowta A Round . ouip�n V intr Be mouldy , damp . owau V intr Have cataracts (of oukathe V intr Be budding , the eyes ); nfmrfn ramowau, he flowering (of a tree or plant ). has a cataract .

ounin Poison fish; V v pehe owhl Weave , make a mat . rfnounfn nam apwa ik;'n uk? who 's V been poisoning the fish around owh 2 Stand (something ) up­ here? right .

outk�lkil V Tickle; owiak�n V Hate someone and ;'saroutkflk;'laan kova ! will you speak his name in a tabu plac e all stop tickling the baby! 95

in the hope that some evil might owthatg�n V Sit under, sit in befall him. [0 = I n ] . shade of (e.g., as protection from sun or rain); m�t ramhan owiakr�n A Grey . io: pwa h iak uowthatgfn nfk aan, I'm hot : let 's go and sit under owkas�s�n v intr Be budding , that tree . (Cf. owta + hatg�n flowering (of tree or plant ). (unident . )) .

owk �lk�l V intr Throw a tantrum (of a child ).

ownaan V intr Be unsure of be­ p caus e one is a stranger , be in­ -pa G Directional suffix to experienced; ramownaan �na Ie verbs , indicating movement in naramnar mi in Ie T�n, he 's not the direction of the speaker; yet sure of things on Tanna rfmasoupa , he came here, he (because he 's only new here ). came this way .

ownalh V Break wood (as for paalee N A term of address firewood); peravfn taham between men , identical to kas i ramownalh nouanfk, your wife is (q.v. ) . breaking sticks . -paat Directional suffix to ataat ma taat mownalh nfk Ie G speak angrily to . verbs , indicating movement eastwards or towards the shore; ho mownal h nfk Ie beat hard r+masoupaat, he went east , he (e.g. , so hard that one breaks came towards the shore . the stick one is using).

-paha G Directional suffix to ownas�s�n V Smash into pieces ; verbs , indicating movement nerfn r�mownas�s�n potfl kiu, westwards or towards the sea; his son smashed two bottles. r�masoupaha , he went to the (Cf. own (unident .) + as�s�n). west , he went towards the sea. ownate V Break up ; tehe paip N Pipe (for smoking ); rfmownate ki-nu ker, the sea ki l ia-paip, meerschaum-like broke up a canoe. (Cf. own pipe . [Eng . pipe]. (unident .) + ate2 ). pamk�n N Pumpk in. [Eng . ownapwnin V Kill by throwing pumpkin] . at the ground or some other hard ob ject ; r�mownapwnln pus i parnpu N Bamboo. [Eng . bamboo ]. taham Ie ni-k, he killed your cat by throwing it at a tree. pank�n N Pan . [Eng . pannikin]. (Cf. own (unident ., but cf. etc.) + (un­ ownate, apwnln paranpaat N K.o. land-crab . ident ., but cf. hoapw nfn)). (Cf. pa ran (unident .) + -paat). owraur V Fear , be afraid (of). pasenfrut N Passionfruit . [Eng . [0 r n ] . pa88ionfruit]. owta V intr Sit , sit down , be patapata N K.o. nel +mnuw (long seated. yam) , dark flesh . Ie ride in a ow ta loto (plen) Political party ; car (plane ). pati N n+ki im rametuho I e pat i mi i n1 what are t+nakow ta mate l�g v+t In look your views on the parties? before you leap . paun N Pound (currency ). [Eng . owtapietpiet V Squat . (Cf. pound ] . owta + pletplet (unident .)). 9 6

peau Wave (used esp . of wh ite­ N peramil N Two women. (Cf. capped waves ). pera- + mil). peaupeau Swell of the sea. N peran N Abbreviated form of (Cf. peau ). p ravtn ' woman , wife . [Plural � l ntperanJ. pehe N Who? whom? ; r�maamh whom did he see? [Plural Granadilla (k.o. pe� e? perantetela N n�phel . fruit ) . pehe D dsc Which? what? (of 2 perasuaas N Girl, young woman . humans only ); perav�n pehe [Plural ntperauosuosl. (Cf. wh ich woman came? rtva? pe ra- + esuaas ). pel Bell. [Eng . bell]. N perav�nl N Woman , wi fe . [Plural nfperavtn, perami in, N -pelaua inal Penis . (Vulgar?). as well as peravtn mi inl. (Cf. [Possessed by prefixing ta- + pera- + vtn (unident .); cf. pronominal suffix : tampelaua, also peran , perami l, peramihel). your penis l. ilau tahan peravtn 1. he and tanpe laua loniuan k.o. ko lei his wife . (sweet potato ) introduc ed to 2. he and his twin sister . Tanna by a man named Ioniuan . perav�n2 N South wind. pens�l N Pen , pencil. [Eng . pencil l. perav�np�n N A female iavtnptn (spirit ) (q.v. ). (Cf. pera- [Eng . • pepa N Paper . paper 1 + avtn + -pn ).

pera- G Nominalising prefix to pet�mw D dsc All , completely ; verbs , indicating a feminine nar pettmw , everything ; os doer of th e action (and there­ pettmw, take it all . fore the feminine equivalent of i-l ). [The plural of nouns petuen D dsc Wh i ch? ; nar with this prefix is usu. marked petuen? wh ich thing? ; iktn by prefixing nt- to per a- ; thus petuen? wh ere?, which plac e? ah igfl, old; perahigtl , old woman ; ntperahigtl , old womenl . pigka N K.o. ntptn (banana ), short and sweet (an introduced 1. perahig�l N Old woman . var iety ). [Eng . fi nger l. 2. Wi fe (respectful ). Marbles ; play (Cf. pii N tru pi i, pera- + ahigtl). marbles . [Fr. billel. peraierue Married woman . N Directional suffix to (Cf. -piis G pera- + i-l + true). verbs, indicating movement southwards ; he peraieuanh�n Whore , used by rtmasoupi is, N went south . (Note : it is also men after returning from war , used to indi cate movement wh ile planting yams , wh ile towards Wh itesands , which is their wives are pregnant or have east of Lenak el on the other recently delivered a child, side of the island ). etc. (Cf. pera- + i-l + euanhtn). pipi D dsc Big and black (of fowls only). peramihel N Three women. (Cf. pera- + mihel ). piruw N Grasshopper . perarn11n Women . [Rarer N pisket K.o. ma i ako (manioc ), plural of peravtn ; more common N l hard white flesh . [Eng . is nfperavtnl. ( C f. pera- + bi8cuit? l. mi in). 97

pispis K.o. pig , short and N p:i:tete N K.o. ko lei ( sweet fat. potato ) , white flesh ; syn . mat lfn. [ Eng . potato?]. pi:k A 1. Many . K.o. mushroom which Thi ck . p:i:tue N 2. grows in the ground . 3. Intensifier , when used in verb ph rases ; i run fast ; a pfk, pkorn A Heavy ; irptkom, the akar pfk, talk a lot . heavy one . [ Dual prefix is ua - ] . pi:ki:n D vb Accidentally ; I am sad. rfma takfn pfkfn kfnu tahak, nfkiik rfpkom he destroyed my canoe acciden­ takapwa rtpkom I have a head­ tally . ache . pi:ku N K.o. ielmoou saltwater ( plaksan N K.o. mai ako ( manioc ) ; eel ) with reddish skin. syn . stloki . [ Eng . Black Sands , from the area of Efat e pi:lagki:t N Blanket . [ Eng . from where it was introduced ] . blanket]. plen N Plane , aeroplane . [ Eng . pi:lhpi:lh D vb Diversely , sep­ plane ]. arately ; vfn pflhp flh, separate , go one 's own way ; augfn -pn G Directional suffix to pflhp flh, eat a variety of verbs , indicating movement away foods. from both speaker and hearer; rfmsfpfn , he came back from -p:i:n -pn in word-final position . there . nearby . pi:risin N K.o. slug , found in -pn aan rotten wood. -pna G Directional suffix to verbs, indicat ing movement Pi:ritis N Britain ; British towards the hearer ; person or government . [ Eng . tiakasoupna , I'll come there ( to you ) . British]. poin Cape , point geograph­ pirofeta Proph�t . [ Eng . N ( N ical sense only) . [ Eng . point]. prophet] .

poisi:n N Poison. [ Eng. poison]. pisasuul N semi Thumb . ( Cf. ( unident ., but cf. pfs pfspfs ) polis Police, policeman ; syn. asuul). N + po l isman. [ Eng. police ]. pi:sesuaas semi Little fifth ) N ( p6 lisrnan Police, policeman ; finger . ( Cf. pfs ( uni dent ., N syn . po l is. [ Eng . policeman ]. but cf. p;'spfs ) + esua as). ponuar Rai n-tree pi:siuul semi Fingernail , toe­ N (Samanea N saman ). nail. ( Cf. pfs ( uni dent ., but cf. pfspfs ) + iuul ( unident . )). pot N Boat . [ Eng . boat] . pi:si:p:i:s Everything , too much , N poti:l Bottle. [ Eng . bottle]. a lot ; os pfs+pfs ripwfr, take N too much , take more than one 's pret Bread . [ Eng . bread] . share; pfsfpfs tahak ripwfr, N I have too much to do . ps:i:n D dsc Another , different , separate , apart ; semi Finger , toe . nar pstn, pispi:s N something else ; [ Must be possessed by nouns rama rtk psfn, he lives apart from others. meaning hand or foot: pfsp+s r ne lkok , my toes ] . nar psfn ramrou io/nar psfn ramoa t i sfg i 0 I have bad luck . 9 8

ptig Wet ; the A naptn rtpttg , pwan N Crane (bird). clothes are wet ; i rptttg, the wet one . pwanis N Bandage . [Eng . bandage? ]. ntmrtn rtpttg his eyes are misty. pwaru N K.o. swordfish. puka D dsc Unripe , not ready Butterfly, moth. for eating (of fruit ). pwapwauk N

pwas V 1. Let , allow ; pukapuka Skin disea se , wh ere r+mpwa s N he let skin flakes off. mamwa tiakvi nam mi in, me go fishing ; pwas iako l , let me do it . pukas N Pig , pork ; pukas i tuga, imported variety of pig; pukas 2. Let alone , leave ; pwa s ra Ie Ttn or pukas ipaat, indigen­ nar un , leave that alone ; ous variety of pig. r;'nauk+r, pwa s ra � that 's enough , leav e it alone ! pukpuk K.o. fish with sharp N 3. Wait , wait until ; spine . pwas tikiaipw;'r, wait unt il the two of them grow up . pulik K.o. slug , found around l N [While most words ending in th e roots of plants. 5 may change this to h, pwa s changes the to very fre­ pulik Cow , bull , cattle. 5 h 2 N quently] . [Eng . buHock].

pwia 1. Smooth , flat ; pun v intr Grow (of hair , grass, A nouan+k scrub , etc. ; NOT used of trees , aan r;'napwla mun Ie ieram uk, that piece of timb er is fl atter animals or persons ). than this one . [Cannot be used of the sea] . punhuua N K.o. bird, blue with red breast . 2. Cleared (of a piece of ground); tahak nasumwaan purapura N K.o. fish (which r;'sapwieaan ;'na , my garden is swells up on the sur face after not yet cleared. it is caught ). 3. Smooth-skinned, virtually hairless (of a person or ani­ purmat Wasp. N mal ); uus pw i a, a hairless man . purmat ituga a yellowish wasp. [Becomes apwia when predicated] . k;'pwla a hairless pig. purukokis N K.o. blight , like (q.v. ), but only stkaus+kau pwia- inal Older sibling of affecting kava . N same sex; older child of father 's brother of same sex. pururn N Broom. [Eng . broom ]. pwiapwia D dsc Full , whole, pusi Cat . [Eng . pussy ]. N complete .

pwig V Lift up ; pw igit nap;'n, lift up a cloth . [Usu . appear s PW with suffix -it] . pwah v Var. of pwas. pwigarou V Lift up {a cloth ) and then replace it. [0 = pwalhepwalhe v intr Be splat ­ Ie]. (Cf. pwig + arou4 )' tered on the ground ; n+s i i pu 1+k there r+pwal hepwalhe Ie suatu, pwigpwig V intr Peel (of the is cow dung splattered on the skin after being sunburned ); road; iem alakhiaav kesi my skin is I dropped a n;'vigok r+pwigpwig, m+pwa lhepwalh e, peeling . (Cf. pawpaw and it splattered every­ pw ig). wh ere. 99

pwipwom D vbl Soon, in a short iemrevg;'n tahak ke r nau , I time . still haven't found that knife of mine . pwirhien A True ; nfpwfrhienaan, truth . rhinoua- N inal Froth , bubbles.

rik v sing intr Be pulsing (of blood) , be throbbing (of a R sore ) . r- Person-marking prefix to G rim- N inal Father , father 's verbs, indicating 3rd sing . brother; rimin ka lin, his subj ect ; rol , he did it. father 's brother. ra D vb Now , then ; pwas ra , rimir N semi Outrigger float . wa it now; os ra , take it then; come on then , va ra kam iavfn, rimtimokriv N Pond, puddle , let 's go . pool on the reef at low tide . rafta Rafter , roof-beam. N rip- N inal Grandparent (i.e., [Eng . rafter ]. father's father , father 's mother, mother's father, mother 's rai v 1. Rub ; iemra i namkfmik, mother ) . I rubbed off the dirt . ripwripwun Caterpillar at 2. Write; N i emra i nauoua ker, the stage of turning into a I wrote a letter . butterfly. rais Rice . [Eng . rice] . N risin v 1. Untie , untangle ; untie the horse ; rakir v intr Break , be broken ; r;'sin hos, take tehe the waves are ris;'n pwanis Ie nel kok , ramrakfr, the bandage off my leg . b r eak i n g; n ;. kilk ;' Iii n ram r a k i r , his bone is broken . 2. Pay out (rope , etc.); risin st-tri ig, pay out the string/ rakrak v sing intr Shine such fishing-line . that the light is visible even though the star itself is not rolkamwa I Well , like; rol kamwa , (used only of the Morning Star iarmis asuul ke r ..., well , there - fetuka i). was once a big devil. ... (Cf. r- + olkamwa ) . ramourauar N Traditional name of a month corresponding rolmamwa I Var . of rol kamwa , roughly to November . [Arch . ]. well , like. {Cf. r- + 01 + mamwa ) . reisa N Razor . [Eng . razor] . rolpin I Perhaps , maybe; rolpin ren v sing Settle on (of ash mamwa tiakva ua? perhaps I'll from volcano ); hiau ramren nar, come . (Possibly r- + 01 + -pn ) . the ash from the vo lcano is 1. settling on everything . ros N K.o. kolei (sweet potato ) with red flesh. renim v Bury, cover with earth . 2. K.o. nouanurik (round yam ) renim noulin kneel . with red flesh . [Eng . ros e?] . kinrenim he 's dead and buried. rou v Chase (in order to catc h) ; revgin v tr 1. Keep waiting rou pukas, chase or hunt pigs . fo r; i akamrevg;'n uus ka , I'm still waiting for that fellow . -rou N semi Neck . [Possessed 2. Look for but not find; by prefixing ne + pronominal 100

suffix , and this may be follow ed siei V tr Be unable to do some­ by Ie or taha + possessor : thing (ei ther from illness , nekrou , nekrou lak, nekrou weakness , or cowardice) which tahak all mean 'my neck']. others can do ; sie i nttaan, be unab le to climb trees . nenrou ramasi is he has goitre , he has swollen glands . a n a k a m s ie ina r r 0 I k a mw i i k peravtn if you can't do that ru D vb Indicates trying or you 're just like a woman . attempting; va ru, try and co me ; kfn ru nuw uk , see if you can siglit N Singlet . [Eng . eat this yam . Often used also singl.et] . in polite imperatives: aktmw ru, would you mind going away? sfkaret N Cigarette . [Eng . cigarette] . rukrukin V intr Be coiled (of rope ). silit N Maggot . rus N Hot springs , sulphurous siliv N A sprouting coconut with springs. two shoots.

sin V tr Kn eel , kneel down ; iakams in noulfk, I am kneeling down. [Object is alway s s noul-, knee] . samaha N Soreness of the throat (e.g., from smok ing too much); sinin V Be pregnant ; rfnsintn I have a sore samaha ramo l io, In nert P II i, she is pregnant throat . with Billy 's child. [Note : in northern dial . sintn is used N sampuru Pa ssionfruit . only of animals]. [0 = child = In] . sapwag N semi Lowest branches (of a tree ). sinrna N Film, cinema . [Eng . cinema ]. ramo I sapwag a branch is forming . siosio N 1. Whirlwind .

sasua N Large groper (fish). 2. Tidal wav e .

sel V intr Glow . [Cf. selsel]. sipsip N Sheep . [Eng . sheep].

selsel N 1. Pho sphore scence (on sispun V intr Be blocked (of the sea). the nose); ntpwagnhagok my nose is blocked. 2. Firefly . rams ispun , [Cf. se l ]. siu A Sour (if meant to be sweet ), bland (if meant to be sesipai N K.o. (banana ) ntpfn salty ). with hard fruit .

siuka N K.o. (banana ), sete V intr To begin to flower ntptn very soft and sweet . [Eng . (of wild-cane ). nuvig, sugar?] . siai V Honour , respect , give sig V tr Awaken, wake up ; deference to ; siai uus aan, you � should respect that man . tlakstg uus aan mamwa ttrait, I'll wake that fellow up . siale N K.o. soft ma i ako sig V tr Chase away ; (manioc },(introduced by one 2 sfg kiag, brush away the flies . S i a Ie). sigan V To gut , clean out the siarap I Shut up ! [Eng . shut insides of (a fish , bird , pig, up ]. 101

etc.); pehe rt-nst-gan neni uk? s�men N Cement , concrete . [Eng . who gutted th is goat? cement ). s�g�n Dam up a creek ; V kova s�pet N Spade . [Eng . spade ). ml ln kamast-gt-n nu mamwa takarik, the children are damming up s:i::toa N Shop , store . [Eng . the creek so as to swim in it . store ) . s�g�v�n V Imitate, mimic , or sHrUg N String , rope , fi shing­ copy the way someone speaks ; line . [Eng . string) . taputam ramsi-gi-vi-n io, there was an echo to what I said. soltia N Soldier . [Eng . soLdier ) . s�gkuaah V To frighten , usu. by conc ealing oneself and then sosp�n N Saucepan . [Eng . springing out or making a noise. saucepan) . [0 = 1 e) . sot N Shirt . [Eng . shirt) . s��t N Shi rt . [ Eng . s h ir t ) . su V Sow , plant (seeds only ); s�kaus�kau N K.o. blight on rtnsu ita kapis, he has already root crops which affects the planted cabbage . [0 = ( in )). skin and blackens the flesh. su nouanuw tou plant yams at th e top of the tou (yam-heap ). s�k�l V Be bearing fruit (of bananas ) . 1. suatu N Road , path, track; sua u riko iktn, where the road s�kou N B£che-de-mer . t bends ; iemaamh le suatu , I found it on the road . s�lamoni N K.o. nouanuri-k (round yam) , white flesh . 2 . Course (of a ship ); alhaauptn [Eng . So Lomons , said to have le suatu, put it on course . been introduced fr om the Solomon Is .). suatu N Road in the sense of tra&itional exchange links be­ s�l at N Chive , spring-onion ; tween individuals or descent si-lat-asuul , leek . [Eng . groups , involving the exchange shaLLot) . of women , kava , and food . Wive s are acquired along these roads, s�li N Chilli , chilli-bush . food-exchanges take place be­ [Eng . chiLLi). tween those at different ends of the road who are in a tan iel s�loki N K.o. ma i ako (manioc ), relationship , etc . The major (introduc ed from Efate Is. by suatu2 are north-south in dir­ one Si-loki ) ; syn . plaksan. ection ; beginning with Nasfpfl (in the middle of the island V s�m intr 1. Be forked; near Lounialu ), the roads occur­ nel mi-ni-k ramsi-m, the branch ring progressively to the west has a fork . (i.e., the Lenakel-speaking area) are Nouakonaap, 2 . Grow (of two frui t growing on the one stalk ). Ni-mwanhanhtp, Ntmwatakaiu, Ni-mwa npwtrpw fr, Ntmhierap, and s�m- intr dir Return, come Ni-mwa komaas , Nfmwanomheruk, V on the west coast . back , come from ; he Kua trhen rfmsi-mhiu, There is said to be a came from the north ; suatu2 ti-naksi-ma tu? in th e sea off the we st coast , will you come back again? [When named which is used followed by directional suffixes Ka riptn, only by spirits . There is only beginning with the final p, m one east-west of any im­ is lost : he came back suatu2 ri-msfptn , portance : wh ich runs from there ). Nukulua, close to the present vehicle road across the island. 102 /

suatup�siak N Fork or junction T + in the road. (Cf. suatul (unident.)). pfs iak t- G Prefix to ve rbs, mark ing futur e tense; iakol , I do it ; N sueiuei Faintness, di zziness , t i a ko 1, I wi 11 do it . usu. caused by hunger ; sueiuei ramho io, I feel faint (li t., taa- N inal Back , used only in faintness strikes me ). the expression aamh taa perasuaas, make a small payment to daugh­ suevha N Sea-urchin. ter 's husband in return for bride-price (li t., see the N su�r semi Grave ; sufr lan, girl's back ). (Nfmwa taa- is his grave ; sufr taha uus aan normally used for back ). rfntmts, the grave of the man who died . taat A Bad , false, ugly , crooked, wrong , etc., used of people, he 's in his rameuk sutr Ian things, food, actions , the sea , grave ; he 's been buried. etc.; peraVtn ka rfta at, that woman is bad (or ugly ); suk N Spear (war, fishing , al iuok limp . hunting, etc. ). taat,

tafan N A boil said to be caused sukapak N Bee . [Bislama from eating or drinking a coco­ sukambakl . nut from a prohibited tree ; iakamfs tafan, iakamfs Ie suksuk Toy spear . (Cf. suk). r N tafan, tafan ramfru io, tafan I have a suI v 1. Poke with a stick ramo l io, tafan. (used esp. of poking a fire ); N 1. Snake (sea or poke the fire . tagalual suI ntkom , land ) . 2. Comb the hair ; ntnsul 2. Illness in older pregnant nouanum ua7 have you comb ed your hair? women, marked by frequent coughing and white saliva , and 3. Pick the teeth ; ramsul ne lun said to be caused by a snake nian mi in, he 's alway s picking crawling into the womb ; rakamfs his teeth . r tagalua, rakamfs Ie taga lua, tagal ua ramol, she has the sulhnouan v intr Be still tagalua sickness ; syn . iuvav . strong (of the eyes - said of N a person who is old but still tagalua2 K.o. shellfish. clear of eye). tagitofa N 1. Sucker-fi sh, sup N Soup . [Eng . soup l. pilot-fish . 2. A hanger-on , someone who surisuri N Mumps . capriciously follows any leader , ideology , et c. suunl V Cover with earth (of a landslide ); ntmop tfn ramsuun N Thank you , thanks ; a landslide has blocked tagiu tni suatu, say thank you the road. tag iu Ie tamiel, to your friend, thank your friend . [Eng . thank youl . suun2 D vb Covered up ; ow ta sit on that thing suun nar aa , Marker of benefactive ; and cover it up . taha G 01 taha rfmok , do it for my father . [Becomes tt before non-singular pronominal suf­ fixes l.

taha- G Marker of neutral ali­ enable possession; nimwa tahak, 103

my house. Becomes tt- before tamhun D vb A little , a bit non-singular[ pronominal suf­ used of time or di stance ; fixes . ( ) ) pwas tamhun, wait a bit; tiakapul tamhun, I'll have a tahaioniuuan N K.o. kolei short snooze ; rama r;'k isou sweet potato with long forked tamhun, he lives a bit further le( aves ; lit. ,) of Ioniuuan , the on. name of a( person . ) tamtam N Traditional name of a taii- N inal Exchange , often month corresponding roughly to used of exchanges of women cf. January . Arch . . ( [ ) suatu2 ; ofa ta iok, give me something) in exchange ; ta iok tamtam N Drum . rfka , I haven 't had one back . Singular possessed forms are tamwi- inal Container of [ N ta iok, ta iam, ta i in . fluids ; tamw i nihin , a container ) for catching rainwater; this tamwi ta iok aan tfravinfm lak a coconut shell us ed one will take my plac e esp. n;'ka va, for drinking kava ; a child who will continue( my tamwi nfslu, lake. name . ) tan B Lateness ; come takamo I Var . of per­ va Ie tan , takamwa2 ' late . haps , maybe.

tanie1 1. Someone whom one takamwa 1. Introducer of N G calls condi ional sentences : if; -iel . t t a k a mw a r f va , i a k ami a v ;. n I f i I a , 2 . The relationship between if he comes , we two will go to brothers-in-law; ilau taniel, Vila. Usu. introduces future they are brothers-in-law . Cf. condi tions[ . ( ) taha + -n + -iel ) . 2. Introducer of future time­ D dsc Insignificant , phrases : when ; tanpin takamwa nihin extremely small ; often used in when it rfp, iakva Ie sftoa , a self-deprecating way to des­ rains , I will go to the store. crib e a gift one is presenting , e.g., please take I Perhaps , maybe; os tanp;'n, takamwa 2 this small and worthless gift . takamwa in rfva , maybe he 'll come . tapi1asl N semi Growing tubers of yam . Tobacco . Eng . takapa N tobaaao metathesised?[ . C f. ) [ tapi1as2 N Small worm. t;'paak, tfpaka ) . tapin N semi Door . taknu N Small trochus shell . taputam Echo. Unpossessable . takrin D dsc A piece of, part N [ ) of, half, a small amount , a -tar Pronominal suffix, 1st bit ; ofa nuw takr;'n, give me G inc . pl .: our ; tftar nimwa , a bit f t hat yam ; i sou t a k r f n , 0 our house ; r;'mftar, our father . a little further ; ne I ua I takrfn kuhu7 how many pi ces of laplap? e tata N Father term of address only . ( tam v intr 1. Be full of water; ) nu ramtam m;'v;'n Ie n;'pwagkopwiel , taui1 K.o. small the water has filled up the hole N tanp;'ntanpfn yam with dark flesh . ( in the rock ; tehe ramtam tos;'g ) the sea is Ie nfpwagkopwiel , tavha Very young coconut . blocking the entrance to the N cave . tavheta N Mat . 2 . Be high tide ; tehe ramtam, it is high tide . 104

tehe Sea. [Cf. ] N i rhe . -tiva N inal Larynx . [Possessed by prefixing ne- + pronoun : V tehiaau intr Sit down , begin nektiva, my larynx; nentiva uus to sit down . aan, that man 's larynx ]. telh K.o. tree (almond? ) which N tifa N K.o. nelual (laplap ) bears a flattish ov al-shaped made of manioc with a coconut brown fruit wh ich is cracked filling . open and eaten. tigai V Swallow ; iemttgai ptkin te lh ituga peanut . klag, I accidentally swallowed a fly . teliv N Sling , slingshot . tik V intr sing Hiccough ; temalua N Unmarried male , youth . niki ini lau ramt+k, the two of them hiccoughe d. [Sub ject is tepH N Table. [Eng . tabZe ]. al way s n t k I i - ] . tetau N K.o. barracuda. t:t:kiiv N Maggots or worms that infest bananas . -thel G Pronominal suffix, 1st inc . trial : our ; nuw ntktthel, K.o. bird, small our yams (to eat); tikiskis:t:k N nertthel , and black with long tail. our children .

t:t:kimir Enemy ; tiapin Ki ngfish . N uus aas t+k+mtr N tahak, that man is my enemy . til V 1. Sew; d n til ita nap;'n l t!:kirka Mutton-bird. taham, she has already sewn N your clothes. t:t:klimwasia N 1. Coconut-frond. 2. String , put on a string; Broom made from coconut ­ put those fis h on 2. ti 1 nam aan, frond. a string .

t:t:komkom semi Branches which ti1 V intr Be there , used only N 2 give shade . in impersonal constructions like is anyone k;'ti 1 aan i ktn aan ua ? V Suck ; th ere or not? t:t:m kova ramt+m naha intn, the child is sucking his mother's breast ; ti1 Someone , anyone ; ttm nien, 3 N k;'nu suck on a coconut . taha ti l, canoe for general use; killer, one who kills iaho til, timakum K.o. bird , blue , people . [Cf. t i 1 ]. l N 2 similar to punhuua (q.v. ) but larger . tila N Mast. [Futunese �ira]. t:t:makum Gun , esp. one which timlit Chimney . [Eng . 2 N N makes a very loud noise. chimney ?] .

t:t:mat Tomato . [Eng. tomato, tipot Teapot . [Eng . teapot] . N N Fr . tomate ]. (Cf. also t;'mata). V tivl intr Shoot (of bananas ). t:t:mata N Tomato . [Eng . tomato, V Fr. tomate ]. (Cf. also t;'mat ). tiv2 Choke, be choking ; iem tiv le or ntk;'lk;'li i nam iemt ivln timavha 1. Prayer to spirits le ntktl k;'l i i nam, I choked on N I (esp. iav;'np;'n ). a fi shbone . [0 = ( n ) ] . 2 . Incantat ion made after having rimtni naka raan ke r iaktiv lan drunk kava and spat ; frequently he said something wh ich fright­ associated with garden magic . ened me . 105

v 1. timtiml Suck coconut water powers; iakamtipi io Ie nihi through a straw made of nuv ig nien , I'm rubb ing myself with ( wild-cane ) . coconut oil . 2. Drink . [ Used by children Barracuda . only] . tipitu N ( Cf. tfm). tipuga N K.o. nikava ( kava ) , pr esented to a along timtim D vb Fast , tight , hard , ieramira with hairless pig after stea&y, firm; hold kapia ( ) os tfmtfm, a fight . it tight/ fast/ steady .

tipweua semi Stomach. l N timwit N Go ssip , tales; rfmfn i or timwf t rfmol akfn tfmwf t, tipweua K.o. ( bread­ he gossips a lot . N nim fruit} even larger than q.v. . Ie he nuvivaau ( ) Tin N Tanna ; rfnva Tin , has come to Tanna. ( Cf. tfn ). 1. tira N K.o. tree with small yellow flowers wh ich fall in tin Land , homeland , country, N December . island; tin i imwak, my island , my homeland , my country ; tfn 2. Summer. vi , new land ( usu. acquired through conquest) ; tfn aan , tiraak N Motor vehicle. [ Eng . tfn aan , this country, that truak]. country. tirausas N Pants, trousers. tinamkil N semi Vagina. ( Vul- [ Eng . trousers ]. gar? ) . tivhagal N Adultery ; 01 Horn of animal commit adultery tinapaat N semi ( � tfvhaga (Ie) , tusk ( of pig ) . ( with ) .

tivhaga tinirip N Hill . 2 N Character ( of a person ) ; tivhaga vft, good tinmurh N An island ( not Tanna, character; tivhaga taat, bad but one with wh ich the Tannese are character . familiar; thus in traditional 01 be generous . times this would refer to a tfvhaga vft neighbouring island , but today to 1. Dative preposition: it refers to any island in the G to ; to he said New Hebrides . Cf. rfmfni uus aan , ) ( tfn + murh to that man . ( unident . » . 2. Locative preposition with certain verbs ; tipaak N Tobacco. [ Eng . tobaaao rfvi lik mamowta or Fr . tabaa ]. ( Cf. also ton , he made a bird-trap and takapa , tipaka ). sat in it . 3. Purposive or causative tipage- inal 1. Palm of the N preposition ; rfmeukpfn to pukas, hand . he hunted for pigs . 2. Sole of the foot . 4 . Futur e prefix on some tem­ 3. Crotch . poral nouns : nahan1 when ( past ) ?; tonhin1 when ( fut . ) ? [ Becomes before singular tipaka N Tobacco. [ Eng . ton tobaaao ]. ( Cf. also takapa , pronouns ; in is deleted after ti-pa ak] . ton] .

v Eng . tipi Rub , esp. rub with oil , toa N Door. [ door ]. ointment or prepared medicine , or rub oneself for warmth , or toka N Second dance in a rub stones to gain magical nikov iaar ( q.v. ) , done by men 106

who lead in a kueria (decorated tou1a N Rope . pole ) to honour a ieramf ra . tou1haai N Whale. toko I Uaybe it woul d be better ... ; toko iesveaan, I'd better toutau N K.o. fish : trevally . not come . tuan A col Wh ite ; ieram tuan, toko 1au N South wind . the white man .

tokta N Doctor. [Eng. do ator]. tui- N inal Top , the top of; � tU ln apwa i lis, it 's high . to1ap�n N T Tonight . (Cf. to N + lapfn}. tui-2 inal The top of the head ; tuik rfnapwa , I am bald to1auk N T Tomorrow . (Cf. to on the top of the head. + I auk). tuine1k- N inal Instep. (Cf. to1enhaiu N T This evening . + tui-l ne lk-}. (Cf. to + lenhaiu). tuitfn N The world; neram1m tonha D Why? ; nfmho norhfm pe t fmw Ie tu i tfn, everyone in why did you hit your - tonha? the world . (Cf. tui l + tfn). little brother? tu1hag- N inal Bridge of the tonhi N T The day after tomor­ nose. row. (Cf. to + nihin2 with loss of final n). tuna N Tuna. [Eng . tuna] .

tonhiksi1 N T Three days hence; tupwa1uka1uk N semi Lungs . the day after the day after tomorrow . (Cf. + N to nihin2 turis Touri st . [Eng . + Us i I). tourist J.

tonh�n N T When? (refers to tut N K.o. belt made of bark future only); tonhfn nakava? cloth . when will you come? (Cf. to + nahan). tuta N Term of address to older sibling of same sex : tos N Torch, flashlight . [Eng . brother ! (spoken by male ); torah] . sister ! (spoken by female).

tos�g D vb Shut , blocking , in tute N K.o. nfkava (kava). the way , in a position of (Syn . nfkavaifila). [Eng . obstruction; rfnail tosfg , he two days, since the hangover stood in the way . is reported to last this length of timeJ. V toul Catch in the hand , esp . catch something thrown ; tou nouanfmf lh uk! catch this orange ! [0 = ( n ) ] . I u tou V Pile or heap up food; ? U D dem That ; va� of un . k�ma tou naugfnaan taha ieramfra, they piled up food for the chief. u- G Number-marking prefix to certain verbs : dual subject ; tou N Yam-heap . 3 ua il! stand up you two !

touar N Mount ain. ua G Or ; tfrkfn nam ua menuk? will he eat fish or chicken ; toue N T Today ; var . of touek. often used also as a question­ tag , e.g., rfnva ua? has he touek N T Today , now ; cf. also come (or not )? toue . 107

v air Look in a certain uag- uilig N Talk , conversation , direction ; uagft, look upwards . discussion. uagrnai The time of year N T ui1iguilig N A lot of noise; wh en bush is cut so gardens can nakamarol uiligui lig tonha? be made (late July and early why are you making all that August ) . noise? (Cf. ui lig). uagpinfn tr Vi sit . (Cf. V uip N Whip. (Eng . whip ]. uag- + -pn + -In). uip�l N Flask made from coco­ uai V tr Scratch or rub oneself nut ; bottle . with something (e.g. , scratch pull fibres off one's back by rubb ing it up aua i u i pf I coconut husk. and down something ); i akamua i Ie I am scratching io nfk, semi Sore , boil. my self (i.e., my back ) on a uiuou N by body part : tree. [Possessed uiuou Ie nelmok, a sore on my hand] . uaia Wire, barbed-wire . N 1. uk D aem Th is , here, near 2. Fence made of wire or barb ed­ speaker ; nar uk, this thing ; wire . ikfn uk, here; rfnva uk ikfn ( Eng . wire] . uk, he has come he re. Ie nuw uk thi s year . -uas G Verbal suffix indicating accompaniment : together ; Ie mouk uk this month . the two of kfmamuamnuumwuas , this week . them were drinking together . Ie nahuaakaan uk ulik A Tough and not very tasty, uaskorn Wife of a N ieramfra of any kind of food ; thus (q.v. ) . tough (of meat), hard and sour (of coconuts ), still hard after ueiai Pumice. N being boiled (of taro or manioc ), etc . uhu V intr Be a long time; wi ll you be tfnakarfk ruhu ua? Wrinkled (usu. due staying a long time? ; uliku1�k A tfruhu to age); it will be iahigfl apwa takrfn iepva mun, that old man a long time before I come again. rfnul fkul fk akfn, is very wrinkled. (Cf. ul f k). uhu- inal Mother of spouse , N uloulou Small bird , with father's sister , mo ther 's N black back and wh ite breast . brother's wife·. urnatak intr sing Have pains uhurn A Be closed, shut . V something like arthritis; it's sore uigir intr Be wrinkled. (Cf. ramuma tak iimwa , V inside . (No personal su bj ect] . al so uigfruigfr). un D aem That , there , near uigiruigir intr Be wrinkled. V person spoken to ; (Cf. also nar un neta? uigf r). what 's that thing near you? ( C f. al so u) . uik N Cramp ; uik ramol ne lkok, I have cramp in the leg . unun V intr Howl ; kuri rasak the dog is crying and uikar semi Seed; stone of ma�unGn , N howling . fruit .

uok N Wo rk , job. (Eng. work]. uikuik N Small fi sh found on reef. UOSUOS A Irregularly-formed plural of esua as, small , few , little . 108

uo takris N Watercress . [Eng . va rol kamwa X be or become wa tercress ]. like X, come to be X.

V ur iphapha N Southwest wind. vaan tr Burn , roast , cook (Cf. uri (unident ., but cf. over open fire ; pehe tfrvaan uritoga ) + -paha ). nuw? who will roast the yams? ; vaan Ie kris, fry . uri toga N Southeast wind. vaan nfma i burn bush in prep­ paration for planting. usulusul V intr Make a noise (of an engine or machine ). vaan apsfpfs burn leftover rubbish after the bush has usus V Scatter (of seed, etc.); been burned in preparation for ramusus nakaraan, he spreads planting . tales. vaan nasfs burn the wild-cane leaves used in drying newly -uua inal Vagina. [Possessed N circumcised boys after their by prefixing or + pro­ ta- ne- ritual bath . nominal suffix: tanuua or her vagina ]. nenuua, vaat V intr Go eas twards , shorewards ; land. (Cf. also uughin Birthmark . l N -paat). uughin God (among Ch ristians z N V intr Go we st or sea­ only) . vaha wards . (Cf. also -paha ). uukas Hermit-crab . N vaih V tr Give birth to (of humans or animals); uukilkil Bat (diurnal ). peravfn N rfmva ih nerfn, the woman gave birth . uulpis N semi Heel . vaihakru V Give birth to a uurumiie K.o. red cr ab found N premature or stillborn baby on reef. or to a baby born the wrong way round (usu. of animals only). UUSl Man , fellow ; more collo­ N (Cf. va ih + akru (unident .)). quial than ieram lm . V Fill , fill with; semi Dew-claw of a dog . vaipin N va i pfn nu Ie sospfn, fill the saucepan with water . uus Anchor. 3 N vertam Traditional name of uusuaas Boy . [Plo N N nauosuas]. a month , corresponding roughly (Cf. + uusl esuaas). to December . [Arch.]. uutoutou N Bat (nocturnal ). vhatu N Person or people from South Tanna . uutuut N Flea . vhe V Bore a hole ; uw V Hatch, sit on eggs ; iakakavhe menuk I am boring a hole in the hen is nfk. ramuw nererfn, this piece of wood. hatching her chickens. vhin V 1. Turn oneself, turn around , turn in one 's sleep; vh in Ie mu l, turn to the left ; v vh in Ie mwatu , turn to the right . va V intr Come , move in the direction of the speaker , come 2. Turn something over ; vh in in (of the tide); va ru, please kopwiel apwa ! turn over that come ; nouanea ih ra kava , the tide stone there ! is coming in. 109

vh in nakaraan 1. ask a ques­ viis V intr Go south , go to tion. Whitesands . ( C f. al s 0 - p i is) . 2. talk in riddles or proverbs. vik�krn V Drag; I is kfnarvh in psfn customs kfmiavikfkln have changed. kfnu Ie nfmwakflak fl , the two of them dragged the canoe onto the beach. { Possibly Vhitat N L North Tanna. vil + kfkln ( unident . » . vhfu V intr Start to toss and V turn during the night . vilak�n Repair , fix up ( some­ thing built , like a house , V canoe , etc . ) ; tiakvilakfn tahak vil Pull; rfv i toula me rou he pulled on the rope nimwa , I'll fix up my house. riakfs, { Possibly ( unident .) . but it was hard . vi3 + lakfn

vi nam mi in to fish . vilgin V Scale , clean a fish by scraping off the scales . vi netpfnhul- pout . ( Cf. also nfvilg-). vi nouanalhfl snore . V intr Trap from hiding, begin ( a song or a speech ). vi1ik vipa esp. to hide in a sort of hutch tehe rakavi a wave . so as to shoot birds from whistle with the 'ambush '; rfnvilfk to menuk, vi nhul- he trapped birds from hiding . fingers in the mouth . vin N Tropical ulcer; vi V Pour , bail water; l vin 2 vi nu I have an ulcer I e pour water into a ramkfn nelkok, tipot, on my leg lit., ulcer eats my teapot . ( leg) . vi D dse New; 3 i n uk n a u vi , N Eel ; fr esh­ this is a new knife ; vin2 vin lahau, rfnol vi wat er eel . mun kfnu tahan, he has recon­ ditioned his canoe . vin�n V Shout , yell , call out ; io7 who called vialh V intr Swell ( of the sea ) ; pehe rfvinfnl n out to me? [0 = InJ. tehe rakavialh akfn, the sea is running a large swell . nfvi nfnaan circumcision .

v Place hollowed bamboo vian vinreh N K.o. saltwater eel. in a stream to divert water , ( Cf. vin + reh ( unident . ) , ;;> enabling it to be drunk from but cf. Irhe, tehe). other end of bamboo. { Cf. vi2 + an ( unident . » . viouan V Make a potion for a newborn baby ; the potion, made viapnin V Pull slowly or gently . of coconut milk and seawater , ( Poss ibly vil + apnl n). is given to the baby before he is breast-fed the first time drawl , talk aka r mfv iapnln in order to start him breathing slowly . and to ensure that he will have good health in later life ; viatuin V tr Stretch oneself, stretch the legs ; kamarvi ouan kova taha nau infn, pwah they are making a potion for let me iakav iatuln io takrfn, his sister 's child. stretch my legs for a bit. ( Cf. vil + -atu + -In). vitag V Throw out ( water ) . V { Cf. vi2 + tag ( unident . » . vietin Pull tight . { Cf. vil ( unident ., but cf. + etln v�liv�s N K.o. fish ( called evtetln» . karong in Bislama ) . viin V tr Cook or boil some­ N Stretcher , stretcher­ thing in a pot or an earth-oven. v�livla bed. llO

V intr Cluck (of fowls). vilovlo N K.o. bird (whose call virkaak is said to signal the approach V of sunny weather ). visl tr Catch fish with a net ; iemvfs nam Ie nakapun, I caught V intr Go , move in a dir­ fish in a net . vinl ection away from speaker and V addressee; vfn isou ! go away! ; vis2 Strain. vfn fpwomh , go away for a long V time , go for good. (Cf. also vis3 intr Bloom, be in bloom . akavfn, -pfn). vit A Good, pretty , handsome , put on vfn Ie tfrausas nice , beauti ful ; trousers. rfvft lakapnfpfn, good morning ; rfvft okay , very well. [Note : vi V intr Flatter , grease ; am �2 dU l prefix is ua- and not ia-]. �ni mfvfn kam rfmam mamwa � talk sweetly tfrofa kfnu tahan, vita V Allow , permit , let , let to your father so that he 'll l go; let me go ; lend us his canoe . vfta lak, vfta mun, free, set free . [0 = Ie]. vina V intr Go , move in dir­ vita V intr Leave , go away , ection of person spoken to, 2 usu. of birds leaving a tree ; follow; tiakvfna , I'll come to you, I'll follow you. (Cf. menuk ka rfmvf ta Ie nfk aan , the bird left that tree. also -pfna ). vitavita V Loosen , slacken; I vinhenap V intr Be in advanced loosen the age , such that one 's mind wan­ vftavfta Ie nu l, rope . [0 = Ie]. (Cf. vfta ). ders ; i avfnhenap, one whose l mind wanders, a senile person . vo V intr Be alight , be burning (of fire) . vinis N Flying-fi sh . vta V intr Peel (of the skin vinpwaau V intr Go in vain ; a ter being sunburned); nfvigfn tiakvfn maamh uus aa takamo ? rfvta, his skin is peeling . iakvfnpwaau, I'm going to see that man but it will probably vta V intr be dislocated; be a waste of time . (Cf. ? vinl a + (unident.)). n�kflkfl i i ne lmok rfvta, pwaau bone in my arm is dislocated. viraau N Stingray ENGLI SH INDEX

113

Introduction This index is merely intended to assist in the location of the correct Lenakel word: it is in no sense a dictionary, and is not intended to be such . Rather, the list gives a number of words which corres pond in meaning to that of each English word given; the reader should then refer to the Lenakel-to-English section to find the precise meaning of the Lenakel term or terms given.

Nakaraan Iraupw�n Noutakrln uk, nakaraan miin taha Igklis kamairlk karena karena, kani inofln nupwelaklnilar le nakaraan taha Lenakel. Takamwa tlnakolkeikei mamwa tlnakeglsfn nupwelakl nakaraan ker taha Igklis, noutakrln uk tlrasitu lam .

Li st of Abbrevi ations - Netg� Nakaraan Iresuaas adj ective adj . netgl nakaraan ramlniapklls nakaraan psln; rolkamwa vft adverb adv. netgl nakaraan ramlniapklls nolaan ker; rolkamwa akfn conj unction conj . nakaraan ramllpun; rolkamwa kan i especially es p. nian ripwlr interj ection into nakaraan taha nlvinlnaan kind of k.o. netgl noun n. netgl nar ker preposition prep . nakaraan esuaas, rolkamwa Ie, to verb v. netgl nolaan intransitive verb v.int. tlnlsakaikeiaan mlni netgl nar transitive verb v.t. tlnakakaikei mlni nar 114

A aerop lane plen . a ker. affect 01 (of an illness ). abandon apwas. afraid +gn, ow raur . abandoned lfkun. afterbirth nimwa -l . abide by arou2 ' after see oatistgl , oatis+g2 , ep-. above adv. ilis. prep . iIi5 1 e . afternoon mtt ral tlfn. abscess nigh- rasi is (on the again mu n. gums ). agree avinl , tni karena. absent-minded alupfk. aim at olmaktm. acceptab le aukfr. alb ino, be etieptn, ltv 2 ' accident, have asiv+l . alcoho lic drink ntkava accidentally p+ktn. austkaustk, ntkava ituga . accompaniment -uas . algae ltmus . account n. narauaau (of one 's alight (of fire) vo . status in exchanges ). alive am fuh . ache v. k+sl . all petfmw ; ttthun; ktttn (of act v. os iemfr (as an inter­ a limited number); afugtn mediary in a courtship ); (together or at once ). estvia (like a baby ). all around aktmwa ktmw . Adam 's apple nouan+ktnaar. allot (tasks, etc. ) oti . add + r i er i . allow eghfn , pwas, vttal ' address terms kas i, paa 1 ee (to equals, among men) ; koko (to almond nage; see al so te 1 h. a young girl , by a man who finds her attrac tive ). almost i uokft3 .

adjust a yam-trellis elelka, alone +tag ; see al so ps;'n . osh iaav. already ital · adopt (a child); (a t1h3 os custom ) . alright ita 2 (interjection ); raukfr am. adult, become aramwaan (of a boy), ape rav+n (of a girl ). also mun.

adul tery t+vhagal . always nian mi in. commit adu ltery akalpa, 01 amb idextrous mu lmwatu. t+vhaga . an ker. adze n. kaktl, kua ghiav. ancestor (s) kaha . aerial roots nukusuiu (of pan­ dan us ) . 115

anchor n. uus3 ' armband, armZet kaukase, nfse. anchovy i es ;'1. armpit nuk-l . and m;'ne (joining nouns ); ne around akfmwakfmw. (joinir.g nouns in series ); m (joining nouns thought of as arrive etiauhl (at a place inseparable ); kan i (joining higher than one's starting­ verbs or sentences); m- (prefix point ), eukataa i (at a place to verb s indicating that the lower than one's starting­ subject is the same as the pre­ point ), aroatis (at a place vious subject or otherwi se an roughly level with one 's identifiable noun phrase) . starting-point).

Aneityum (isZand) Ikiamu , arrow (for nouanparamw ; nut0 2 len;'tfm. shooting flying - fo2 xe s).

AngeZ 's Trumpet kfrok . arrowroot araru ut. anger nlamha . artery nouanul . angry nlamha ramftik, ata at, erer ; arthritis, have umatak. -kapwa ramkumkum (very angry ); 01 niamha kam (be angry with); ash, voZcanic nfsii hiau. ataat ma taat mowna lh nfk Ie (speak angrily to ); nfmrfn ashes nfmraau. rapfn (his eyes show his anger ). ask arhapfk (also ask for ); animaZ nar amluh; iatipun (wild); vh in nakaraan (ask a question ). iapou (tame ); iouierfnl (not castrated) . asZeep, be apuI ; apulalu (sound asleep ). Aniwa (isZand) Imfr, Nakumwe i. assemb Ze huafug;'n2 ' ankZe nouanoukouk . �ssembZy nhuafugfna an. another ps fn . assignation, make one another see -atu, mi in. frunp;'n. asthma, have answer aramw . mfs mamam ig.

no t answer apnapfnl . at Ie. ant mweamwea ; mweamwea tuan, attach fl iis (by tying ). iaskun (white ant); kasfk (sol­ dier ant); ka sfklouh ia (black attempt see ru. ant ) . attractive euanhfn (of a woman ). anus nfkut-. aunt in- (mother 's sister, anyone til 3 ' father 's brother 's wife); uhu­ (father 's sister, mother 's appear on horizon illt, orororopfn. brother 's wife); iemwa (address term , mother 's sister ). areca napwok . avoid aluakfn2 , migl . argue olt;'ku . awake, be aitl . arise armwig. awaken v.tr. sf9l . arm nelm- ; neluka-, neluka nelm­ v.int. aitl . (upper arm). 116

axe kfpa as, kara i l ; kfpaas apfn bandage n. pwanfs. (traditional stone axe ). bandage v. aruaru.

bank (of river) nfklhiinar, B nfpwagnhagttTn . baby iesfvia (newborn ), kova banyan nepfk. Varieties: (child). namkenfn, nasunfn. aat Zike a baby esfvia. baptism nauiaan . baak n. nfmwataa-, taa-. baptize au i. baak of hand nfmwa taanelm-. barb (of stingray) nfpik-. baak of head nfvel-. baak of knee netpfnelk-. barbed-wire ua ia.

baak adv. mun . bark n. nfvig-; nul is (used for wrapping things to be baakbone naul · cooked in earth-oven). baak tee th v. lfvapa . bark asak2 •

baakwards, go avfn itaa-. barnaaZes netfgatfg .

bad taat; ahuohua. barraauda tetau, tfpftu.

bad Zuak, have nar psfn ramrou , barren iasia (of trees , women , nar psfn ramo atisfg, ramavfn animals ); akanfk (of women or rfmu 1 . animals); oUl (of trees ).

bad-tempered, be -ka pwa rftaat, Barringtonia nfkpaat. n lamha i uokf t. barter v. avra . bad-tempered person kapwataat. base n. louk- , noukfr- . bad times nahuohueaan. basket karfm , kfmelu. baiZ (water) vi , osnles , fru l (from ita, fruiatfv ; aukiatfv bastard Ie a canoe ). kova nfpun; iowa g (as swear-word).

bait n. nfpien. bat uukf lkfl (diurnal ), uutoutou (nocturnal ), kfl (fruit-bat ), bake av. mi sfkmisfk. baking navaan. bathe v.t. aui. baZd apwal . v.int . aik.

ba ZZ nouanetpfna mi -. bay nouanhulfn, nuheafe .

bamboo nau2 ' pampu. be arfk (be at , be engaged in). not to be fka . banana nfpfn. Va rieties: hiagfnrfs, iouanfrfp, iuai, beaah n. nfmwa kf lak fl . iuaiafil, iuaia vi lfg, nari ram, negfn, nfpfnfm, nfpfnsa ina beak nhul-. (China) , nfpfsni (China), pigka, sesipai , siuka . beam (of roof) rafta . banana-Zeaf kumum. 117

bear fruit oua ; sfkfl (bananas bete l napwok. only ) . see better ara i ita, asfll . beard nfmomwinh ul-. had better see toko . beat ho , ho mowna lh nfk Ie, (physi­ between ilukfn; nouanmurhi­ hoi ai in, ahu inar, asi in (space between things ). cally ); olwln , osh iaav ( = win); akfmwt fnln (in a race ); frufru (of the pulse). big asuul , ipwT r; Ttieet (bigger than). beautifu l euanhfn, vft. big-man ieramasuu l, ieram asa nTn. beche-de-mer sfkou. big-mouth n. iakarpTk. become 01 , va .

become large at2 (of yams ) • bind arua ru . become like 01 , va . bird menukl . Var ieties: become a man aramwaan. hiagfnamta , himwir (chicken­ hawk ), ialu, ielu, ielu ionhkam , become a woman apera vfn. ielupTlpTI, iouinTtuTn , itouaru (seagull ), kasavT r, kasavT ru, bed nfmhaua ; vflfvla (stretcher ). l kauit e (kingfi sher ), kflaplapTn (mynah ), kTveria (hawk ), bedbug kutfor. ko i ametameta . koul . ITgkaa i (hawk), melkfm (eagle ), mTnTfa , bee sukapak. punhuua , pwan (crane ), (mut ton­ beetle (green) , tfkiskisfk, tfkfrka iemh imfr kfl pfs bird), (brown ) . tfma kuml ' uloulou . vTlovlo. begin aruoan; eukeuk (a dance ); birth, give va ih (humans or vipa (a song or speech) . animals ), ahual (animals only ); (to a stillborn or beginning va i hakru naruoanaan. premature baby ). behind oatisf9 2 . birthmark uugh inl . come behind arou2 , oatisf9l . bi8cuit nouapTrueet. belch I fgpua I. bit, a takrTn. tamhun. believe atfgta. bit e v. k T 5 • ow a tin; k i h u a beZZ (of ants on y); (bite pe l . l kTSkTS so as to soften); owa kru (bite beZZy netp-. off, break by biting). below adv. lahau. bitter agTn, aviar. prep . lahau ikfn . black apTn ; pipi (fowls only); belt (of bark cloth ); (black-and-white , of katovft; tut a t ka kia2 nfmwanapwi tag (of banana leaves , pigs only). wrapped round newborn baby ). bladder (urinary ) nouanetpfnami -. bend v.t. koul . (as of knife ); v.int. ame lamel . blade nakan i-2 nouanparamwl (shoulder-blade ). benefactive kam , taha . bland siu. be8ide, be atkavhen. 118

blanket n. pf l agkft. bone nfkflkil ii- , kflkfl iitil (human ). bleed fmtal ' book nauoua . blight n. sfkausfkau (on root crops ); purukokfs (on kava boom (of outrigger) nfkiatu, only ) . nouanfkiatu.

blind, be ou2 ' bore v.t. vhe .

blink a apul iapul . born, be i tl , fm.

blistered mhakfk. borrow os .

block v. huatosfg (blockade , both kitfn; afugin (both fence in ); anhiaau (prevent ); once ). (by covering with earth ); suunl huasuun (block the view). bottle uipfl, po t Tl .

blocked, of ears see akumw fti , bottom louk- ( = base ), noukfr­ a 1 u 2 • ( = base), nfmwanfsi i- ( = buttocks ). of nose see sispun. bo ttom lip netpfnhul-. blocking tosfg. bougainvillea nul kasfk. blood nfta, nftaa- . bounce asivf1 . bloodsho t lfvlf v. boundary ne liv arfk, nipompo . v.int. bloom VTs3 ' bow n. of vessel: -kapwa . blow v.t. halapu (of person ), weapon: nivhaga . ilfl l (of wind ); hal , aml ftfn 2 bow-and-arrow nfmwanfvhaga . (a trumpet , pipes , etc .); eheg (blow the nos e) . bow-kno t ku i apuk. v.int. ai 1 (of the wind), ilf1 2 (of a draught ). bow l nik0 (wooden ), kumum (banana-leaf2 ) . blue amimra . box n. niviginar. blue-fly kiagpo . boy uusuaas. blunt adj . fpus . bracken nutol . boar puka s ieramwaan. braggart iakarpik. boas t v. os i tatu. braid v. eet, flel ; aru (hair boas ter iakarpfk. only ), aruoou (hair only). boat nik0 3 , pot. brain nenourfk.

body nupwelak- . branch (of tree) nelm- ; sapwa g (lowest branch) ; tfkomkom boil n. uiuou , tafan. (branch which gives shade ).

boil v. t. vi in. branded fmta 2 (of animals ). v. int . auh (of a person ), apwolap wo l (of a thing ); aialufn brave adj . itga . (boil over ). brave person ietga , iemnavier. 119

bread ffroo , pret. brother, oldest: nork-. breadfruit (tree and fruit ), older, of a male: pw ia-; tuta nfm (addre ss). nouanfml (fruit ). Va rieties: kuatinfsin, nuvfvaau, nuvfvaau younger, of a male: norh-. ituga , tfpweua2 . of a woman : nfmwan-; kaka (address ). break hapwu , rakf r; i akru, iakru iakru (by pulling ); a rkflh . (by snapping ); (with a brother-in-law -iel , taniel , fti2 1 (of male ). stone ); owakru (with the teeth ); nfpwagn Ie (by twisting ); (break evtfn ati brown (of animals); eggs , of a hen); akak (break amta2 auhia (yellowish-brown ); light , of the dawn ); lfsete (break a fence or wall ); atkakia2 (brown-and-white , of epu horses ). (break a leaf-tip ); omwas (break a promise); ownalh (break wood for firewood). bruise n namwin rapfn . break off eakru . brush away (flies) sf92 . break through atkate . l bubb le (s ) n . rhinoua-. break up owna te . bud v. emwnemwfn, oukathe, breast naha-. owkasfsfn. breastbone nffu-. build 01 , olasfgfvfn, ftkivln; auni in (finish building a breath namigaan . house ); heg (build a heap of soil around yams ). out of breath ami go buH pu lfk . breathe ami g, eheg . 2 bullet nouankopwiel . breather namigaan . bump into asiepwanak, fspfkln; bridegroom ieroue . lfs pfkfn (accidentally). bridepriae nar Ie peravfn. bundle nohu i-. bridepriae feast nfplfnar. burau (tree) nuvo . pay bridepriae olnar. burn v.t. kfs (of fire ); bridge (of nose) tulh ag-. 2 va an ( = roast); mhan (of the sun) ; (destroy by bright (of sea, sky, etc.); owakru alhfl burning ) . asunhauan (of eyes ). v.int. YO ; aipfkfn, alkougfn, bring os mfva; olvfnvfn (in a auou (out of control ). numb er of trips ); asuoflfn (bring back to life); ahuohua burst v.int . arumwfte. (bring trouble ). bury renfm. bring up (a ahild) aamh . to be buried see alhaau, Britain, Bri tish Pfritis. elhu aig, sufr . broken rakfr; mfrl (of rope , bush leluan , nfkinh amra string ); ate 2 (usu. by cutting ). ( = forest , wilderness); i k i akfs (dense ); nfkru (virgin bush ); broom nouankflkfl , purum, nfma i ( = scrub, esp. on ti-kHm was i a. garden land ). 120

bush knife nau fpwomh , nisa. carry out to sea ftik (of the tide ) • but merou . cassava ma iako . [For varieties , but terfly pwapwa uk . see under 'manioc ']. button nouanehapwi it. castrate atou .

buy osnfm rfn. cat pus i .

buzz apuk (of flies, etc.). catarac ts , have owau.

catch hiapftin, toul ' catch fi sh auol . atfklou (by c beating the water ); evi 2 (with a line); (with a net); cabbage (Chinese vfsl kap is; kapisnfk (in a small net); cabbage). [Note : Island cab­ ausam aratfg (in a long net ). bage (nuhua ) and its varieties will be found under 'I']. caterpillar iamhimfr; dpwrfpwun (at stage of turning into a ca lf (of leg) nfvhakfnelk-. butterfly ) •

calico ka lekau. cat 's-cradZe kfmwhal .

call v.t. ( = shout to ); vinfn cat's-eye (of a shell) aunin ( = shout to , name ); nouanmitmoug. huafugfnl (call a meeting ). v.i nt. vinfn ( = shout ); asak2 cattle pulfk 2 , kau, kulmatau. (of an animal ). causative preposition to. calm adj . amel inu; akm fn, mfs akfn (of the sea only) . cause n. noukfr-.

cause cane-knife iaus i topfk. v. 0 I. cause to be or become 01 . canna araruut. cave canoe nfpwagkopwiel . kfnu. nik0 3 ; nfpwa gnoua­ (inside of canoe ). cement n. sfmen. make a canoe ara i kfnu. ceremony see nfkoviaar. cape (geog.) po in. chair nar kamowta Ian. capsize v.int . asupwopwom . change v. atkeek ( = replace); car alflr n (change course or lot 0, t f r a a k . � direct�on ); vhi n (of customs, care, not to alfa. apwas, etc . ). avhelfsun. channel (in reef) nouanmurhin. carefu l (ly) mfrukmfruk. charac ter (of person) tfvhaga2 · cargo nauta. charcoal nouanamkfl u. carry lfkunl (under the arms ); lakfs (carry a person on the chase v. sf9 2 (chase away ); back); atipa (roped to the rou (so as to catch); fkihua 2 back); Its (in the hand ); Its (after women). Ie + name of part of body; (by a handle ); (by chatter (of teeth) lul l asul ie akfnkfn. a stick on the shoulder). 121

cheat v. see ailaupwTn. cinema sinma . cheek ( anat . ) n+ka p-. circumcise as+gip+n. circumcised male cheekbone nTkavhen+mr-. ias+g ip+n. circumcision cheeky, be akar mama raua . kov+r2 , n+v i nTnaan2 . citrus ( esp. orange ) ; chest ( anat . ) n+klhii-. nTm+ lh nTm+l hkakamho ( inedible ) . chew amai; atia ( chew leaves in preparing medicine ) . clam iarou. clam-shell n+vig+ iarou . chicken menukl . clap v. epwepw ne lm-. chicken-hawk himwi r. claw uus2 ( dew-claw of dog ) . chief n. ieramTra . clay n+siptnl ( for painting child ner- ( son or daughter ) ; face ) . kova ( not necessarily one's offspring ) ; kovakova ( small clean adj . child ) ; n+mrTn+p+n ( first-born ) ; napur2 , naut+n, nTs i i n+p+n clean v. hapel l ; hoakru ( clean ( last-born ) . away cobweb s ) ; s+gan ( = gut an animal or fish ) ; vi Ig+n ( = scale children ner er-. a fish) ; as+l ig ( clean wild­ cane ) . chilli s+1 i ( fruit or bush ) , nouas li ( fruit ) . clear adj . alh+l ; sulhnouan ( of eye ) ; ( of chimney hapel 2 , kapoap+n t imHt. sky) . chin n+kmw- . clear v. hape l l ; al iuoktn, clear rubbish from Ch ina banana eh iahia ( n+p+nsa ina, n+p+sni . garden , the former referring only to women ) ; ( clear Chinese cabbage hau2 kap isnTk. the throat ) . chirp v. ( of birds , asak2 cleared ( of ground ) . crickets, etc . ) . pwi a cleared area around house chive s+lat. n+mhaua2 ' choke v.t. ati\. cleave to apwi it, apwi itetai. v.int. tiv2 ' clench epwaik ( fi st) , choose hauk+r. owa tfnowa tfn ( teeth ) . chop v. arai ate, arate , hoakru, clever anmwi ik, inerfk. hoate , +rakru . climb +t ( up only) ; eukuteukut Christian n. nakalasia. ( by steps ) ; ;'ki I+k i I ( hand over hand ) . Christmas bush name lpwa n. cling apwi it, apwi itetai. church nimwahuaak. close adj . atkavhen, iuok+t . church-member nahuaak. l adv. i uoki-tl . cicada k+n o close to iuok;'t to . cigarette slkaret. 122

close v. hartgl ; egasun (a coconu t-water nihinien . book); ttisuun (a coconut , she 11 , etc. ); ( c lose a k u mw t t i coil v. tr. ahuiahuil . tight , like a clam). coiled rukruk fn. closed harfg2 , uhum . co ld adj . arap; akfnkfn (of cloth kal ekau , lapa l apa , people ); aui ik (of food); amral ntmttmtt. (of a place ).

clothe fvlu. �ld n. nattgtlaan. cold-sore, have clothes, clo thing napfn, mhal . ma lamala (best clothes ). collect atktl (grass for thatching ); owa n (particular cloud napua ; noroaan ( = mi st). fruits ); tru nu (water in bam­ boo pipes ). cloudless (of sky) kapo apfn. collection kalflaul (to pay a iemna it (q.v. )). cloudy evi erap. cloudy weather namkfmfkaan. colour see akl fmw .

club (= weapon) nfmw ; ntpfraau coloured akl fmw. (used in dances ); nouatavha2 (with lar ge round head). comb n. 0 kfsul . kom, nut 3 . cluck v. vfrkaak . comb v. su 1.

cobweb 1 i eli e. come va , aka va . cocco on come back sfm- , lelfg; al iko nimwa -l . (come back after having left , as when one has left something cockroach kakros. behind ).

coconu t nien. Stages of Growth : come to be va ro l kamwa . tavha (very young ); karptkarptk come behind arou , oatisf9 . (very soft meat); nausil upfkom 2 l (green husk, soft meat , sweet come down atite; atokoh (to water ); nausilu (mature , firm the other side of something ); flesh ); nfpktk, nienuvia tnmwfn (of dew); t Pl (of rain). (sprout ing ); siliv (sprouting , come early ftfkm fl in. with two shoots ); nouanetuan (one wh ich grows to replace its come from sfm- . 'mother ' ) . c me igher than expected � � coconut -apple napkak. a I a 1 u In. coconu t-cloth nigts. come past apikha ltn. coconu t-crab iagtr. come on strongly asanfn. coconut-cream nihinien. come to the surface ahut . coconu t -frond nfmwas ia. come into view illt. tfkl fmwas ia. commit adu ltery akalpa, 01 coconu t-milk nihinien. ttvhaga . coconut-oil kaluk. complaint see olsam fnln. coconu t-scraper kourts . coconut-shell ntvigkttiilh. complete adj . pwiapwia. coconut-stalk ntkouehem, comp lete v. olnauni in. n f ko u isfl . 123

compLeted ital . cord (umb iLicaL) nfprfg-.

compLeteLy ftfhun, pet fmw, core (of fru it) pw iapwia. corn ko n . compLetion nauni in. corner kaugal ' conch sheLL naiul . correct(Ly) etuatu, fnal ' concrete sfmen. cough n. natfgflaan . concurrent tense pr efix ak-. cough v. atfgfl . confu se hopsapfs. counciL-of-war, hoLd aral nepfk. confused, be nfkii- ramhopsapfs, ftfktfk fpwomh . count avh rn .

consciousness, regain amnuumw country tfn. neta-. course (of a ship) suatul ' cons tipated netp- riakfs . cousin pw ia- (older son of container nfmwanarl (leaf used father 's brother (of a man), as a container ); tamwi- (of or older daughter of father's fluids ) . brother (of a woman)); norh­ (younger son of father 's continuative prefix am- . brother (of a man), or younger daughter of father 's brother conversation ui l ig. (of a woman )); nou in- (father 's brother 's daughter (of a man) ); cook v. t r. av (in earth-oven); nfmwan- (father 's brother 's ekutuan (in earth-oven , for a son (of a woman )); mfra- (son short time ); amnfku (in earth­ or daughter of father 's sister , oven , overnight ); vi in (in mother 's brother, or mother 's earth-oven or pot ); he (laplap sister) • only); vaan ( = roast ); vaan Ie kris ( = fry). court v. frunpfn. v.int. auh (personal subject ). cover n. nfmwa - 2 ' nfvig-. cooked ma tak; akamrena (partly). cover v. renfm (with earth ); (with earth , as of a cooking-house nimwa esuaas taha suunl landslide ); apwa tetrn (with nikom, kisfn. something light , like a cloth). copra kapra . covered suun2 ' cut 01' make copra arate nien. cow kau, pul fk2 . copuLate es (of humans ); ftil (of animals ); iai (of dogs cowrie kfpfs . only ) . crab, coconut-crab : iagfr. copy v. (an action); asfgfvfn hermit-crab : s�gfvfn (the way someone uukas; mfgfnmfgfn speaks ) . (small ) . Land-crabs: iaghaig, iakfm, cora L kopwielkopwiel , ieieva iev, pa ranpaat. nouanki lkrl . reef-crabs: iasuamaimfr, kfvlfs, coraL trout nfsi is. luiag, uurumi ie. 124

cramp n. u i k. cut v. arai ; atkate2 (a coconut at the eyes ); +tivun (the top crane (bird) pwan. of a coconut ); arate (copra ); hoa te (copra) ; arou4 (the fore­ crane v. eit-. ei tag- (so as sk in ); (hair ); ak;'s� k+s3 to see). ( = saw); +tl ilh (a tree ); ho (umbilical cord). cra ter nouahiau. cut down aralh. craw l. +kihual ' cut into pieces as;'s;'n . hoakru. cut off crazy a I mH·I . arakru, hoakru. cut up ot i . creak v. aki t. aki takit. cycad (p l.ant) n ;'m+1. cream (coconu t) nihinien . cycl.one n+mat aag asuul . creek nahopkom ; nouat+n . creep v. av;'n man i uan. eukaa I eukaa I. D cricket (insect) iavitaHg. dam v. s;'g;'n. crooked ikoiko. ail iko. taat; damp ou ip;'n. ailmul (out of line). dance n. nausapwukaan (by men), cross n. n+kaluauln . namakoaan (by women); napuk ( = feast ). cross v. eukafug+n. eukpwag . dances at circumcision: naleva , n+mwauio. crotch nouanmurhin. t;'page-. dances in a n;'koviaar (q.v. ): crouch v. erupwe rupwl . nap+nap;'n (women 's), toka (me n's), (men's), nau3 nas;'1 crow v. akaka . (men's spear-dance); kous;'siva (men's). crowd n. nahuto. other : ka iahia. ka ielaue lau, ka l;'lau ' nouanahuiu, crush aS lln. aSlln aSl ln, atia, 2 nouanaravhluvh , noua t;'ramram ' +ruakru ; owakru (with the 2 teeth ) . dance v. ausapwuk (of men), amako (of women ). cry v. asakl • asak2 . dance-ceremony n+kov iaar. cup n. n+vig;'nar, n;'vig;' nien. da ncer (male ), cup v. (cup the hands ). i ausapwuk i amako ep (female ) . curl. up the l.egs epwa ik nelk-. dand l.e amako . curl.ed iko 2 . dark ap;'n; api nap (weather). current n. navi-. dar l.ing see keikei. customs dat ive preposition kam, to . kaha . daughter ner-; kuku (address cut adj . ( = marked, ate2 ; ;'mta2 term only ). branded ) . 12 5

daughter-in-law ieuan ien (of deny huasuun (something of man) , nouu- (of woman ). importance); apnln (that one did something ). dawn n. nakakaan. desaend atite; asaasl (of vol­ dawn v. akak. canic ash). day, period of 24 hours : nianl . desaendant mw ipw-; namwipw­ taa t. day light: lfmfnkuaat. be day (Zight) Ian. desaent-group noua nul ; see also three days ago mw ipw-. nihin2 . day befo re yesterday nhiksil. desire v. olkeikei . day after tomorrow tonh i. des troy ataktn; owakru (by three days henae tonh iksil. burning ); avtltk (the possessions of someone one dislikes ); the previous day eviak nenavln. (by sorcery ). the next day lauk, laukln. des troyed ate 2 . dead, be mfs; see also apou2 for a euphemistic usage . dew nenmwan. deaf a1u2 . dew-alaw (of dog) uus2 . dear ke ike i . diarrhoea, have aih, apeiahia. death nfmfsaan. die mfs; omlan (die out , of a descent-group ) death-rattle nahiltglfg. die in one 's sleep atou nami 10 1 e. deaeive eiua, kou2 ; tvh iatln (in something small ). different psfn, huaptnpfsfn; (implies that it is deaorate (by painting ahuohua avhf1 2 also bad). face ); all n (the head); amarfvi (e.g. , a house ); olnimktn (of some thing different ierapsfn. a woman , in order to impress a be of different kinds man ) . huaptnptsfnpfsfn. deaoration (esp. on nfsi ptn2 diffiault face) . iakts. dig v.t. (with dediaa te (a yam-heap ). il; i-tik kopwiel ftik crowbar ); eku (with the hands ); aralu (dig out tree-roots ). deep ouatinpfn (as of a valley ). v.int. a1ul (with adze); deep water ipwaiapin, loakamnum, t ruka i (dig drains or trenches lfmwnaan; niatfv (outside the to prevent water coming into reef) . house ) . defeaate av iet; avhe (defecate digging-stiak kakil. on ) . dine augtnl . deferenae, give siai. dinner naugina an. deformed tvtva . dip v. ouatfnptn (as of a road). de liver (baby) ait2 . dirt namktmik, ntmop tTn. demo lish ataktn. 126

dirty amkfmfk; amkfn (of water ). dog kuri . dirty wa ter namkfn. do lphin namtenouna . dirty weather namkfmfkaan. done (of food being cooked) disappear elhu aig. matak . discipline v. koul . do or tapfn , ntmwasia; toa . discussion ui l ig. doorway naus ilu a. dish nfmwanarl . dorsal fin -mwan i ip. disease see under 'illness '. doub le-yo lked egg mw ilmwll. dis li ke v. erer, erhaau; dove mwak. amakln (dislike the look of) . down (wards ) -h iaav, lahau. dislocated (of a bone) atkakial , vta2 ' drag vi Uk In. disobey fti naka raan taha . drain n. napin. distant i sou . draughty i 111 2 , a dis tan t place lfmw naan. dream n. namelaitaan. disturbance mi lu (of someone dream v. amelait. walking past); navi - (in water , by someone walking , etc. ). dre ssed, be agnagfn, asf12 (smartly ); (of a dive olnfmkfn ahum. woman , dressed so as to im­ press a man). diversely pflhp flh. drift v. eaieai. divert water viano driftwood ntkavakava . divide oti . 2 divide a house into rooms drink n. nfkava ausfkausfk, ftk tlh. nfkava ituga ( = alcoholic drink ). divine v. emna it (e.g. , the cause of an illness ). drink v. amnuumw; tfmtfml (child-language only). diviner i anmw i i k (of illness or sorcery), iemnait (of illness ). drip v. a 1. dizzy elelau, elelauo lelau. drive V. lfstla. dizziness sue i eu i . drizzle eloha loh. do 01 . drop v. alakh iaav, oshiaav; (accidentally ); do some thing afterwards iepatfvln huakamkamun (of leaves onto a oatisf9l · roof, thus spoi ling it). do something bad olahuohua . drown v. t. aukfranfmwln, arivar; do what? atauol , ato1 . au iel iel (oneself). do something wrongly elue . l v.int. amnum. doctor i eram ramI tpun drum n. tamtam. kf lkfl iit il; tokta . 127

drum v. hoho; numnum (of rain ). eas t (wards ) leluan, -paat. drunk adj . akona , apus. east wind iastpaat, natoga . drunkard i apus. easy mfrukmfruk ; mfrtk (easy to understand ) . dry adj . austk , mt r ; owas , ? 2 l go easy ! owa spts (not ol.ly). vtn mtruk. eat v. t. (eat dry v. etavtt (by hanging up ); kfn; hepus (oneself, by rolling in enough ) ; aga I (eat coconut meat asoou from the husk ); (eat sand, as of dogs ); hape ll (by asfp ien wiping ) . meat and V'.egetables together). v.int . dual marker ia- 2 , u- (mark dual subject in verbs); mi I (placed echo n. taputam. after a noun marks it as dual ). eclipse v. mts (of sun or moon). duck v. amelatite, arpwtrtpw (the head, while entering eczema iau. through a low doorway ); ikofn (duck out of the way of some­ edge ntkalkal-, ntpwagntmr-, thing ) . ntvhivhi-. dumb ntkii- rtka . eel, saltwa ter : ielmoou . Va rieties: ptku, vinreh. dus t nfmoul iiI . freshwater: vin2 . dwarf see lepwar. egg nouanha l-; kilha (of louse only ) . dweH artk. eggshell nfvi gfnouanhal-.

eight I. E katilum-kfsi

eighteen katilum-katilu m­ each other -atu; mi in. ka ti lum-kfsil. eager a i I mwa t u . elbow noune lm- ; netpfnelm­ (inside of elbow) . eagle me lktm. elder n. ieram asanfn. ear ntmwatelg-; nfpwagtelg­ (inside of ear). elephant-ear taro kama toa . ear infection see kig. eleven katilum-katilum-karena. earlobe nouanoukouk. else psfn. see early ftfkmtl in, aupwtn 2 . embarrass 01 naul fsaan kam . ear-ornament, earring nfviaul . embarrassed, be aults. earth nfmoptfn . embarrassment nau l fsaan . earth-oven nouanumwan. empty, be olnfvigfn; 01 earthquake mw ig. nou takrtn (partly ); mha (of lake ) • earthworm mwatikalo. encircle huastl ig; evta l pun earwax n t 5 i i n t mwa te l 9 - . (with the hands ). 128

encourage �tik tel g�n (usu. in exchange-reLationship niel l . wrong-doing). exchange-road suatu2 ; end n. naunl ln (= completion); kuali napw;' r (of less import­ nfpwagn�mr- , nfvh ivhi- (= ex­ ance); n;'pwagnoukaus+k. Named tremity ). suatu2 are , from east to west, Nas ;' p�I , Nouakonaap, N;'mw anha nh;'p, end v. olnauni in ( = complete); N+mwa taka iu, N;'mwanpw;'rpw;'r, anh iaau (= prevent ). N;'mhierap , N;'mwakomaas , N;'mwanomheruk, and Kua trhen , enemy nfvi nhauol , tfkfmf r. all of which are north-south in direction; Nukulua, whi ch enough auk;'r. goes east-west; and Ka rip�n , eat enough hepus . used only by spirits. enter aulu. excrement n;'s, n�si i-. av i e t. enthusiastic ailmwa tu . excrete entry naus i I ua . exhausted, be apkas, apou2 . epiLepsy n�kaveaan . existence namiuhaan .

Eromanga (isLand) Ilmwaga . experience nh inatin aan . error, be in olrog . experienced, be iner+k. huopraai. erupt aru mw;' te . exp Lain escape hualpwag , ;'tiksfa. exp Lode arumw;' te . evening lenhaiu. extinguished ;'pus . be evening enhaiu. extract ev i 1. this evening tolenha iu. eye n�m r-; nakan;'mr- . every thing p;'s+p;'s , nar pet;'mw, naramnar mi in. eyeache mwatiktfk. eyebaLL nouanhal�nakan�mr-. everywhere ak�mwak+mw. be everywhere huas�1 ig. eyebrow n�momwin�m r- . exceed ;. t i ee t . eye Lash n;'momwin�mr-. exceL api tal , araiita, as;'ll . eyeLid nouanhal�n;'mr-. exceLLent arai ita mas�I , nampauan . excess kuusuus (of pigs given in exchange ). F face n. n;'mr-. exchange n. nalp�naan, niel2 ; ta ii- (usu. of women ); face v. auk;'r. nouanmomau, nouanumenuk (food); menuk2 (pigs ). fa ce-paint n�sip;'nl . exchange v. avra ; aulufn (the fade omfan. same commodity ); alp;'n (women or food , through an exchange­ fai L �pk+p+k. road ) . faint v. asueiav;'n. 129

faintne ss sueiuei . feel v. aroul ( = feel by touch , feel emotions , feel presence fa ll fm, autinl ; asaas� (of of); asakin (feel kindly ); inanimat es ); fnmwtn t of dew); iepatu (feel oneself); avf t fPl (of rain ); avhe (of volcanic nouanul (feel the pulse); ash); mts tstn (fall and smash asaas2 (feel weak). on the ground ). fe lt v. aralh. fa lse taat . fe llow n. uusl . family nouanul . fence nouankoupwa , nouankul ul ; famous, be netg- ripwtr. ua ia (barb ed-wire). fan n. k i 1 r 1 • fever see iarmts, iavfnptn. fan v. few nouanfvin, esuaas . far isou; isoui sou (very far). fibre nepwka (of coconut ). as far as maroatis. fidget alikoa l iko. farewe ll v. auietuin; see also fifteen katilum-katilum-katilum. i i mwa - l . fight v. ho, fru ; as iin far tv. e v n a a r; e v tel i n 2 l (loudly ) . (joking usage ); ol f ait. Fiji Fiti . fast adj . ttmttm2 ' mamh a ( = tight ); hua ihue, ptk 'Fiji taro ' kama toa . ( = quick ). fi lariasis, have akanan. fa sten tliis. fi n va ipfn. fas tener nouanehapwi it. fi ned etiauh2 . fa t adj . as iis, asiisa siis, ipwtr pfk. n fi lm . 5 i n ma . fa t n • n e 1 pwa ; k r is. fin (dorsal) -mwan iip. fa ther rtm- ; ta ta (address ). find aamh ; huopsapfs (find out truth ) . fa ther-in-law mtra-. not find revgtn. fa tty, be elpwa , eluelu . l fi nish n. nauni in. fe ar v. fgn, ow raur. fi nish v. olnauni in; auniin (building a house ); eukaalh feast n. napuk ( = dance ); nie1 2 (a dance); mwagtt (of a fruit (involving food-exchanges ); in season ). ntpltnar (for brideprice pay­ ment ) . finished ita l . feather (s) ntmomwi-; ka io (tail­ ptsptS, nouanelm-; feathers) . finger ptsesu aas (little finger ). feed v.t. augfn ' oftn 2 ptsiuul . naugfnaan kam. fi ngernail

v.int. augfnl . fire n. ntkom; ntma saioaio (quick-burning ) . 1 3 0

fi refly selsel . fish-poison noun . fire -stick nourask�m. fi t adj . asanfn. firm t�mt�m2 . fi t n. nfkaveaan (epileptic ). first aupw�n2 ; aupw �nl (first fi t v. aukfr. to do something ). fitting, be aukfr. firs t-born child n�mr�n�p�n. fix ipwan (a tool ); vi laki-n firs t-light 10anpfr�mlanan . (something built ). first person exclusive subject flag naifv. prefix i-2 . flame (of fire) namnam- . first person inclusive subject prefix k-l . flame (k.o. tree) nai �v. first quarter (of moon) mouk flap (the wings ) flpwflpwa . rfnai 1 etuatu. flash v.int. froua ip; alukomw , first-rate nampauan. asiapumel (of lightning only). fish n. nam. Va rieties: flashlight tos . hialakfn (rock-cod ), iahak, iemalfvin (plaice? ), ierami ru flask uip�l . (sea-mullet ), ies�1 (sardine , anchovy ), kuriag (k.o. adj . flat avtfvta 2 , pw ia; epi n, mackerel ), kav�vig�n, kotea , ep ine pin (of land). lago (swordfish), lik, lu2 (stone fish ), ma k�m (parrot­ fla t surface nfmw ativhata . fish), matamata (k.o. mackerel ), mihin (rabbit-fish), mflau, flatten avt�vtal ' 01 repin. mumwas (k.o. mackerel ), n�Dot (snapper ), n�sfis (coral t � out), flatter v�n2 . n�vig�nouk, nouanasts , nouauikulk (lungfish ), pukpuk, flea uutuut. purapura, pwaru (swordfish), sasua (groper ), tagi tofa fl e e a ki- mw . (sucker-fi sh , pilot-fish ), tetau (barracuda), tiap�n flesh nauga , nuvhak-. (kingfi sh ), t�pftu (barracuda ), toutau (trevally ), tuna (tuna), flick (with finger) ekek. uikulk , vfl ivfs (Bisl . karong ), vfn�s (flying-fi sh ). float n. r�m�r (of outrigger ); nouanptl�nfk (for fishing-net ). fish v. vi nam ml ln; atfklou, auo 1 (by beat ing the water ); float v. aik, ea ieai , et. evi 2 (with a line); vfsl (with a net ); ausam (with a small floor nfmwativhata . net); arat�g (with a long net); asiakapun (with torches ). flop about arpikoarpiko. fish-hook nouanmetau , nfmetau; flour f � roo . huk. flow aih; auolauol (from a fi shing-line nouanouka ; sftriig. spring) .

n. noug- ; narsf m fi shing-net nakapun ; kavi in flower 1 (a (small); net . particular green flower). 131

flower v. oukathe, owkas �s�n ; foreigner iapsfph, ieram ituga . sete (of wild-cane ). foresail nelm�k;'ll . fluid nihi-. foreskin nfvigf nakan-. fly n. kiag; kata (a large fly ); kiagpo (blue-fly ). forget alurn; alup�k (con- fly whisk nouank�lk�l . tinually ); aioko rn (to bring something) . fly v. iv;'kl ; iv;'kiv;'k (all over the place) . fork nouatg- (in tree ); suatupfsiak (in road) . flying-fish v;'n;'s. fo rked s;'m (of branch, etc.). flying-fox kf I. form (of scab ) amel . foam n. nihinouan, nihinoua tehe . fo rnica te av is. fog no roaan . four kuvfr. fo ggy, be oro. fo urteen ka ti lum-kat ilu m-kuvfr. fow Z men uk . fo ld epwa ik; Itkunl (fold the l arms ) . fragment (of conversation) fo lding-knife nau kepwa ik. namHg. fo llow oa tisf 9 , arou ; vtna ; Fr ance Franis. l 2 arouarou2 (follow everywhere or continuously ) . free adj . apnaptn2 . fo od naugfnaan ; nahuia (eaten fr ee v. v�ta l . at a n;'kov iaar (q.v. }); nahunu (eat en after drinking kava )· French Franis. n el2 (piled up at a feast ) ; n�! ma re (prepared from China friend -iel , taniel ; kasi, banana and salt-water ); nar paalee (address only ). akapwan (prepared on the day of a feast); nar auiik (prepared friendship niell . the day before a feast ). frighten elmas; fvh iatrn (by pretence); olkala g hia, food-exchange nouanmoma u, (from a hiding-place ); nouanumenuk. sfgkuaah see also tiv2 . foot ne lk-. frightened, be ;'gn , ow r aur. fo otprints namwi-. from Ie, to . for kam, taha , to . fro nd (of coconut) nfmwas ia, t f k mwas i a . forbid anh iaau. Ii-

front n. naus ilu a (of house). force v. atgfn (force something to go into something el se); front, be in aupw;'n , aupwfn . ;'rkip;'n (force a girl into l 2 marriage ). fro th n. nouanapwo I, rhi noua -. fo rehead n�pw anak-. frown v. amt;'p. foreign ituga , apsfp�s . 1 32

fruit noua- 2 ' nouanapg+n, gentle, gently mfruk , mfrukmfruk. nouan+k ; nouanpwa pwa (of nimh tree ) . get ready epina pina. bear fruit oua . get up armwig. have no fruit le ft hiaiagiag (of tree ). ghost nanmw- .

fruit-bat k+ I. giddy elelau, elelauo lelau.

fruitless apnap+n2 . gills -mwanatfm, nfka t elg-.

fruit tree napg+n (generic; ginger (plant) kativhata , momwa l excludes bananas ). (shell-ginger ), nfmo ur (white ), nuviavia. fry vaan Ie kris. girl pe rasuaas ; iowa nhfn (un­ fu ll et iauh2 , pw iapwia; tam (of married and attractive ); koko water ); nas i i s l (after eating). (slang term of address). fu ll moon mouk ramepwepw n+mwanuvie. give of a , Iffa (to me , us ); offna , I +ffna (to you); offn, funeral see Ifpl fp. Iff+n (to him, her, it, th em); hi nl . funny avsaan. give away avra ; avraiavrai (many things ). fur n+momwi-. give back ofa , offna , of+n.

Fu tuna (island) Ivrona . give birth va ih; ahual (of animal ); va ihakru (to prema­ future prefix t-; see al so to. ture or stillborn baby ). give medicine olgoun .

give a name aunin, hin2 . G give shade arkanpus . game nav+k+laan. Specific give up apwas . Games : kamelhu aig, kasen, give one 's word see nouanav+l. naramkfsti ii, narsfm2 ' noua iemhar. gizzard nukuer- (of fowl ). garden n. nasumwaan. glad ag ien. garden v. asumw. glands see -rou . garden-magic numwanakfn. glass kias . gate nukulu. glow sel. gather v.int. huafugfn . 2 glue n. nouaneh apwi it. gathering nhuafugfna an. glutton iaug+npfk, hiapwu t+pweua. gecko iuvav. m+nmaan . generation negra-. gnat ; v+na (in direction of generous, be 01 t+vhaga v+t. go v+nl addressee); asou- (in certain . genitals nouier- (male ); -uua direction ) . (female ) . go across eukafug+n . 133

go away fe r, akavfn, vfn isou ; iimwamihel (to 3 peopl e), vfta2 (of birds from a tree). iimwamiar (to more than 3 l go baakwards avfni taa-. peop e) . go aontinua��y for aipunpun . say good-bye auietuln. go down atite. good �uak see mwatu. go eastwards vaat . good- tempered, be -kapwa rfvtt, go firs t ea upwfn . nfamha isou. go from fer. goods nauta , naramnar. go in front aupwfnl · see nouanfmomwi -. go for good vfn tpwomh . goose-pimp�es go in(side ) aulu. gossip n. tfmwft . go around �ooking arfp. go s sip v. 0 f f n 0 f f n, 0 1 t f mw t t , go off = go away ) akavfn . ( fn i t tmwf t.

go off ( = exp �ode ) arumwfte. government (offiaia�) kapman . go out fe r. grab evita. go outside reef iratvi lva. go part-way on�y al iko. granadi ��a perantetela. go off the road ikokaltn. grandahi�d mw i pw - . go round v.i nt . hoar, huasfl ig. grandparent rfp- ; kaha . go seawards vaha . grass nfmwanvhaal ; ntvhaal go shopping avra . (scraggly); nfmwan ia ('Kangaroo grass '); nfmwanousien go shorewards vaat. (soft ) . go to side of road ikokalfn. grasshopper pi ruw. go southwards vi is. go about stooped aiamelamel . 'grass ' skirt niuh; nfmwanse (worn only during naptnaptn go to and fro aimasalhan . dance) . go up ft; eukuteukut (by means of steps ). grasp hiapftfn . go in vain vtnpwaau . grate v. ake . go westwards vaha . gratitude see eh iau. go to Whitesands vi i s. grave n. sutr. goat nen i . grease nelpwa . go-between iemfr. greasy t 1 u. god uughin2 . greedy aumwus , everfs, olktriti. goitre, have -rou rama s iis.

green = ao �our) nat riis , vft; auktr, ouai ; auhte ( 2 good amimra masfl , amimra merou (good-tasting ). natri is, amimra merou nougfn be good at ouh iaau. natriis. unripe : am ra ' good-bye Ilmwam (to 1 person ), 2 iimwami lau (to 2 people ), wet (of woo d) : mtra . 1 34

green-snai l hiuan ituga . in nose: n+momwin+pwagnhag-. pUbic: nouni i-. greet olsekan . hairless pw ia. grey ow iakrfn ; alato (of pigs only ) . hairy amwin (of person). gri lle (skin disease) half takrfn. grind atia. hand nelm-; nfmwa taanelm- (back groan epH . of hand ). handle nimwa- groper (fish) sasua . 2 . hand-net kavi in. ground n. nfmop tf:n . group nfmlfg. handsome vft, arai ita. hang v.t. ati I, fru ; etavft grow ipwfr, ipw frlt, H; ev iet 2 (humans only); i lak (of a pop­ (so as to dry); fki l (hang on to ) . ulation ); ev i a, pun (trees , grass , hair; not humans ); at2 v.int. ahuea tfv (of bananas ). (yams ); sfm (of two fruit on one stalk ). hanger-on tagitofa. grow l ark arfk . happen atkakial (of something bad ) . grunt asak2 · happy agien; see also under guava koapa . n fk i i -. gu lly napinu, nouatfn . harbour nouanhul f n. gums n i gh-. hard not easy : iakfs, ausi-kausfk. gun kopwiel ituga , kopwiel ; tfmakum ; nakanikopwiel = not soft : ausi-kau s fk, mamha , Z (of food). (loaded); n i mwakopw i e I (un­ ti-mti-m2 ; ulfk loaded) . harvest-time, be iakruu , iatuan; see also under Ilmwaga , mfr ' gu t n. nouakeap+n. 2 [Usu. of yams ]. gut v. sfgan. hat kavhevhau. gutter napin. hatch v.t. uw .

hate aluakfn� , amwakln, erhaau; see also oW lakfn. H os ; see also taha-. hair, on arms/legs: nouanfmomwi -. have have to akaikei . under arms : n+kfv- . l have to see os nar in. on body : nfmomwi-. fni nakaraan in ears : nfmomwinfpwagte lg-. have a ta lk with to. on face : nfmomwinh ul-. hawk ki-veria (brown ), Ifgkaai on hands : nfmomwinouanelm-. (black ) . on head: nouanu-. he in. 135

head -kapwa ; nfvel- (back of hide v.t. elhuaig; apnrn (an head) ; tui-2 (top of hea d). action ); huasuun (something important ) . headaahe see Mwatiktrk. v.int. elhuaig; hialulu (by headrest ka luga. losing oneself in a crowd); C\lhfmd- (hide from) ; vi I fk

= ambush); avlak (while h ea � v. t . I v ft. ( 0 walking past ). v.int. amfv. hide -and-seek kamelhua ig; see hea�th nami uhaan . also elhuaig. hea� thy amluh , asanfn. high see i I is. heap n. tou3 (yam-heap ); hip. high tide, be tam; eluelu2 . heap v. ateturn ; agrftln (of hi�� ttnfrfp, nfpwagnhagfnfmo ptfn . scattered things ); tou2 (food); heg (soil for yams ). him in. hear aroul ; atelfg ( = listen); hip no u anpa r a mw I ' i a u a 9 m - . a rou rfna I hf I (hear clearly after ears have 'popped '). his -n.

hear of/about aroul , arouarou1 • hit ho , frul ; epw2 (with hand only); hoi tapkfn (accidentally ). hear t nfk i i -; noua tavhal (anat . only ) . hoard v. atkftln . heat n. nfmfk, nakapwanaan. hoarse, be nfki i- rfka . heat v. eeg . ho�d os , hiapftrn ; emwakrn (a baby ); oskova (a boy whi le he heaven nea i . is being circumcised); apwi it, apwi i teta i (hold fast ); Hs heavy pkom. (something heavy , in the hand); al r n (a kueria (q.v. )); hin hee� uulpfs . 3 (a leaf , as an umbrella); akumw (in mouth ); owa trn (in he�iaonia kamfr, mfv. teeth ); arai nepfk (a counc il­ of-war ) . he �p as itu; asi tuasitu (mut ually). nfmi I (in ground only), her in (object); -n (possessive ). ho�e nfpwag (anywhere exc ept in ground); ntmttl, nouanalhtl here uk , ikfn uk ; -pa . (in reef); nouatg- (in stone here, there and everywhere or tree ); numwanaktn (the hole akf mw ak fmw. used in garden-sorcery). hermi t-arab uukas; mfgfnmfgfn ho�iday namig aan. (small ). ho��ow adj . owag . hey ! e. ho� �ow v. avhilu. hibisaus nfkfl f v; nfkfl fv­ ramfkiua. ho�y aus i i m. hiaaough see tfk. home see iimwa . hidden man iuan . home �and ttn, nfmoptfn . 1 3 6

homosexual ieramwaanpe rav�n. hurry �t�km�lin. honour v. siai , oftn siai . hurt v.t. ho . hook n. ntmetau, nouanmetau; v.int. amha . huk. husband ieramwa anl ; nami r-; hope v. k�nk�n. iahigtl (respectful ). horizon nouantsi ine ai , husk n. ntvig� nien. nouan�si itehe. husk v. ttik, atkapu (with horn (of animal) ttnapa at. stick ), aktsl (with teeth). horse hos hut nimwaulul (in gardens ), nimwai amta (menstrual ). hospi ta l hosptttl , hosptl. hot akapwan; Hvl ; mhan (of sun) . hot season r�mhan ttra. hot springs rus . I io. if kapamwa , takamwa . house nimwa ; iim wa , iimwa-l l (to/at/in the house ). ignorant �ttkt�k. cooking-house nimwa esuaas taha ntkom ; kistn. ill, be mts; mtsmtsl (contin­ house in nakamal nimwa iimwa iimw. ually ) . round house nimwa ttkiskistk. illegitimate child kova Ie temporary house n�vinimwa (in ntpun . gardens, on beach , etc.). illness ntmtsaan . Va rious how ? e u-. illn esses: iahak, iarmts t aumwus , iarmts Ie tui tehe , how many ? kuh u. iaskun, iavtnptn , ihi , iuvav , ka I (mental ), Ka I uaas (mental), how much? kuhu. kavt r, kig ramktn (ear­ infection ), kigtrig�r, laklak, howl unun, aunun . menukl , mts mamamig (asthma), mumwas , naiu2 , nami ttkttk , hug evtetrn • nalmtlaan (mental ), nau2 , l naumwus , ntruw, ntte, hull nik0 . nouanelpwe ltpw (scabies ), 3 pukapuka , surisuri (mump s ), hum amwunamwun (of people), taga lual · apuk (of insects ). image nanmw-. human n. ieramrm; ieramimpa , iavtnpa. imitate astgtvtn (an action ), s�g�v�n (the way someone humidi ty nakapwanaan. speaks ). hunger naumw us. important see ttieet. important man ieramasuul , hungry, be naumwus rtk�s , aumwus, tenkapwa niko. ameek . imported ituga . hunt eukp�n, rou ; 0 I p�sk� I. impregnate oftn kova kam. hurricane n�ma taag asuul . 137

impress v. see olnfmkfn. int errogative prefix etu-. in Ie. intersex (of pigs ) ieramwaan- peravfn . incantation tfmavha. intestines nfsgaa-. increase in number ilak (of a population) . intoxicated apus , akona . indigenous ietfk. iron iain. inexperienced ownaan. isLand tfn; tfnmurh (not Tanna ). infant kovako va . isLand-cabbage nuhua . Varieties: kauhia, keapfn, koapl iin, infection (of ear) see kig. momar, nfkfvfk2 ' nfmwanelpwe lfp� nfpi otuan2 ' nfsi ihiuan , inform fn i apnrn . nfsii menuk, nouanimhatak, noua tf ramraml • initiate exchanges opsapfs. isoLated pLace lfmwnaan . injury nfmakum. it in. inLet nouanhulfn. itch, be itchy aviaraviar. insect see iapikfnsfm. itchy skin see nfruw. inside n. nakani- ; netpfne lm­ its -n . (of elbow); nouan tmwa (of house) . be ins ide ai imwa .

J insides nfsga a-. jaw -kauga , kauga2 • insignificant tanpfn. jeaLous apwkeen . insoLent see araua . jerk v. evievi . instep tuinelk-. jiggLe evievi . instruct ftuk un. job uok. ins truction nakaraan. join lfpun. instrumental k- (prefix) ; 1 e (preposition ) . joined, be avin2 ' inteLligent alpwakau. joint (of finger) nfvhivhinelm­ (top). nounouanelm- (lower ). intend amwa . jump ivfk; olkatkat (down into intensifier pfk. sea); evkavhern (with fright ); aatpfn, ivfkoko (over ); intentional prefi x na- . al ikoal iko (from place to place ); aat (into sea); intercourse, have es ; av is. eukapwf I (into water . contin­ uously) . intermediary iem fr. junc tion suatupfsiak. internaL see ai imwa . just adv. am. interpre ter iohuopraai. 1 3 8

K knot n. nipwatln; kuiapuk (bow-knot ) . karong (fish) vfl iv�s. kno t v. ipwa tln, 01 kui apuk. kava nfkava . Va rieties: nakivam (wild kava ), nfkava iap�� know hinatin. n�kavaiauus, nfkavaifi la, know of (or about) hinatln. nfkavakaval , n�kavapw,a, nfkavatuan, tfpuga , tute . know how hinatln, ouhiaau. kava-roo t nousu. ret know �niapnln. kava-strainer n�vhau. no t know �t�ktfk. keep hiapftln. know'ledge nhinatinaan . keep away from mig . l knuck'le nounouanpfsp�s ; keep out of sight of alhfmrf-. nfvhivhinelm- (top , on finger ); nounouane lm- (lower , on finger ). kick ho (Ie ne lk-); see also ahopas. kidney noua noukouk. L ki'l'l hO , hoapwn,n; fruapwn ,n 'ladder keavfn; lata. (by shooting ); ownapwn,n (by throwing at something hard) . raid down, have been amelmel . ki'l'ler ioho ti I, iohoapwn ln ti I. rake nfslu, tamwi nfs lu. to/at/in the rake islu. kind adj . see asakln. ramp n�sia; lam. kind n. see netg-, huap�npfsfnp�sfn. rand n. nfmoptfn (= dirt ; homeland); t � n (homeland); kingfish tiapfn. nua t�n (tribal land ). kingfisher kauite. rand v. vaat, eukpaat. kinsman ieramaa-. rand-crab iaghaig, iak�m, ieieva iev, pa ranpaat. kiss v. apwa ih nhul-. 'language nakaraan ; netvaar kitchen nimwa esuaas taha n�kom ; (the Lenakel language ). kisfn.

rap n. nfva-. knead halak. 'lap'lap (k.o. pudding ) nelual . knee noul-; netp�nelk- (back of Va rieties : ka lel, kan�m (meat knee ) • filling) , kara i 2 , kati (coco­ nut filling ), netkaslan, nfsoro , kneecap nfkl fnelk-. tffa (co conut filling). kneel. sin, ren�m noul -. make 'lap 'lap halak nelual . knife nau ; nau �pwomh , nisa 'large asuul , ipwfr. (bushkni e); i aus i top�k (cane­ become 'large ipwfr; at (of knife ); rnau kepwa ik (pocket­ 2 yams ) . kni fe); nau uos uos (small knife ) . 'large number nahuto. knock fru�ru (as on a door ); 'larynx -tiva. ho i ai in (unconscious ). 139

ddj . las t oat isf9 2 . left (side) mull ' last-born child napur2 , nautfn, nfs i i nfpfn. left-handed mull ' last quar ter (of moon) mouk leg nelk-. rfnapinap . las t (year, month) ka . legend nouanage .

las t v.int. artk lilfn, os Lena ke l language netvaar. nian fpwomh . lend oHn. late see tan , 1 et . let eghfn, vftal ' pwas . laugh flhieelh. let alone pwas. laugh at flhiapnrn. let go vfta l · lavalava lapa lapa . let know fniapnln . lavatory see nfki nhamra . letter nauo ua . law noa ; 10. tiar ieiua. lay = lay down: hatfk . tick apwa ih. lay down head: aluga . lid -nfmwanar. lay eggs : euai . lie n. noarhuatln. lay a complaint: olsamfnrn . lie v. = tell a lie: eiua, kou2 , layer negra-. fni noa rhuatrn. lazy alfa. = lie down : amel .

life nami uhaan ( = existence), lead v. ir, aupwfnl . narfkaan ( = way of life). leader iaupw fn. lift OS lt, pw ig; pw igarou (and leaf nfmwal-, ntmwa - ; kumum th en replace ). (banana ); nfmwanse t fragrant ), kapwia (often smoked), niepwtr light adj . aluka l uk (not (used to indicate a tabu). heavy ) . lose leaves hiatagtag . light n. nfsia; lam. leaf-medicine tight v. ha 1 kom (a fire ), as iapfn leak v. a1. (a light ). lean ateta-, enpfn . lighten (of lightning) alukomw, asiapumel , frouaip. leave = go away : rer; vfta 2 (usu. of birds ). light-hearted aluka l uk (esp. after mourning ). = leave behind : apwas; aiokorn (acci dentally ); hapwu peau lightning nal ukomwaan, (leave a wake , of a boat). nas i apumelaan , nfroua ipaan . lecher i ek i hua. like adv. mwa 2 , nfmwa . leek sflat. be/become like olkamwa , ftikl , avi2 , va rol kamwa , 01 , 01 left (behind) ftag . In. 140

like this (near me ) mwok lan, locative phrase-introducer : mw haklan, mopwf lan. apwa3 ' apwan2 ' like tha t (near you) mwou lan. prefix : nfki-. like that (yonder) mwea lan. preposition: Ie, to.

like v. olk eikei; � mta to (of locus t kfno. a woman ). log see nfmkelelui-. lime (tree 01' fr uit) nfmf l huosuas. long adj . fpwomh . limp v. askfn, ali uokame lamel, n uh u. al iuok ahuohua , al iuok taat. long ago long time uh u. line n. = fishing-line : long isou, isou isou . nouanouka , sftri ig. way long yam ne l fmnuw . genealogica l: nouanul. row : nel ii-, lain. look uag- (in certain direc­ tion); eit-, eitag- (in the line up v.tr. alhaauaukfr. distance ). Zook after alkalfk, aamh; lip nfv hivhinhul- (upper ), osnres (other people 's netpfnhul - (lower). 2 affairs); aus+kl (a recently circumcised boy). liquid n. nih i - . look around for egfs. liquor, alcoho lic nfkava ituga , look at aamh ; eitanfm (re­ nfkava aus fkausfk . flection); arfp (e.g. , as a tourist). listen ate Hg . look back eitai t. litter n. namkfmfk ( = rubbish). look befo re you le ap ! ttnakowta ma tel fg Vtt in! little adj . esuaas. look for aitrn, atkuigtn ; little finger pfsesuaas. revgfn (but not find).

little n. takrfn, tamhun. look out! am arou iik!

live amruh ( = exist ), arfk loosen vftavfta . ( = dwell). lose alurn, ataktn; hiat agtag liver nakanmop-. (leaves , of a tree); ntki in rtka (he has lost his voice ). lizard kinds: iamesoute, iaroukalhiavfn, kapwitmeruk, lost elu e 2 ; ataka (at sea) . mu Iiak. a lot aktn, ptk, pfstpts , load n. kasul iel (carried on ntvintvin. shoulders ), kat lpa (carried on back). loud fpwomh .

loaded gun nakanikopwi el . louse kur.

0 • loan v. f f n love 0 Ike i ke i . lobe (of ear) nouanoukouk. low see I ahau.

lobster hi le the . low tid e , be mha .

loca tion i kfn. lower v. arpwfrfpw (the head).

\ 141

see mwa tu. �uak good: Ma �ay-app�e nfkfvi-kl . bad: see mul l ' psi-n . ma�e adj . ieramwaan2 ' Lung (s) tupwalukaluk. ma�e n. i eramwaanl ; tema 1 ua �ungfish nouau ikulk. (young ) .

�urk avi-n ma n iuan. ma�evo�ent spirit see iarmi-s.

�us tv. man = human being: ieramlm . ma�e adu�t: i eramwaan1 , uus1 ; iarfk. beaome a man aramwaan . M maakere� mumwas; kar iag, mandarin (fruit) manti-riin. ma tamata . mango magko. madman ialmi- i-l . manioa ma iako . Va rieties : madness nalmi-+laan ; ka 1. imw al i-nuosuos , ki-ki-nmi-ra, kuanel pwa2 , ma iakoapfn, maggot sili-t; ti-kii-v (in bananas ). ma iakotuan , pisket , plaksan, siale, s+lokl . make 01 ; see also olasi-gi-vi-n. many ipw+r, pi-k, asuul . make a aanoe arai ki-nu. not many nouanfvin. make aopra arate nien. too many nahuto . make a fenae huatosi-g. see pi i, karenum. make fi sh-poison auun . marb �es make �ap �ap ha lak nel u al . marah v. olmaas . make a mistake olrog . mark n. namwinelfk; kafi 1 1 make new amari-vi . (on body ); nfsi pi-n2 (painted on face ). make (a) noise akarakar (people ), usulusul (engine ), v. olmakfm. +rfk+ri-k (se a) . mark

make onese�f sma ��er erupwerupwl. marked a f i 1 (striped ) , a uo ua (scarred) , i-mta (branded) . make pregnant ofi-n kova kam. 2 make preparations to �eave marriage ni-rueaan . euateuat . . married, be frue; i-rfk (of make rain-magia aski-tam. woman only). make room offn ni-mhaua . married person ierue. make rope/skirts aru. married woman peraierue. make someone do something hal ha1 . marrow nenouri-k. make a sound asak · 2 marry v.t. ir peravfn, os make a spout avtapilgi-n . peravfn (of man only ). make a torah as i a. v.int. ofi-n nimwa (custom), oln ailaan (Christian). make a treUis for yam-vines ep iag, offn nuv i g. masked huapfnpi-si-n . ma�aria mumuk massaare v. ho+pus . 142

mas t ti l a. midnight lalukTn , lap+n lalukTn , lalu k+n etuatu. mas turbate l+satu. midrib nakau2 ( of coconut ) . mat tavheta , n�mw atavheta . mi ldewed etiepfn , etiep+netiep+n. match v. auk�r. mi lk naha-; nihinien ( of coco­ material lapal apa . nut ) .

Mauitikitiki Mwatiktrk . Mi lky Way n+pe rauosuoslapnumwan. maybe takamwa2 ' takamo, rolp�n. mimic v. s+g +v+n . me i o. mind n. n+ki i-. meal naug�naan . miscarriage, miscarry atak+n kova . mean adj . everfs. miser iaumwus, iever+s . meaning nupwe lak- . missionary misi. meas les mi se! . mist n. noroaan. measure v. aamhaukfr. mistake, make ol rog ; araua ( in meat nauga . saying something) . medicine n+gounnar , n+mwanar2 ' misty oro; pt+g ( of eyes ) . give medicine to olgoun . mix olp flhp +lh; halakrn ( cement ) ; as+pien ( food, languages ) ; medium n. i anmw i i k. av+nfumw ( people ) . meet ausiak, aamh ( as of two moan epTt . people ) ; huafugfn2 ( of a group at a fixed plac e ) . moiety see nikol · meeting nhuafug+na an, n+mr+m+r; money man i . mi t i g. month mo uk. Twelve names of member (of a church) nahua ak. months have been elicited ; in order from the beginning of the memorial see nalu. Western calendar these are tamtam , iouagmee i, nus2 ' iat, menstrual hut nimwa iamta . iepaklepak+ l, mo uki , iouagmaa i, moukuia, kat+kmukos , naur2 ' menstruate amtal ; olnluh ( for first time ) . ramourauar, vertam. moon mo uk . mental illness nalm+�laan , ka l ; Ka luaas . first quarter mouk rfnail etuatu. mess up asuulasuul . fu ll moon mo uk rame pwepw n+mwanuv ie. message nouau. last quarter mouk r+napinap. midday lalukiaat, lalukiaat new moon mo uk vi . etuatu. mop the brow araita. middle nakan i-l , ne luk-. in the middle i luk+n . more see api tal , mun . 143

morning lakapnfpfn. muscle nouanul . good-morning ! rfvft lakapnfpfn. mushroom ka lelfg, lalelfgpren, morning-star fetukai or hetuk al . kalelfgtaat , nfpavfnfmhlfv, pftue . morrow lauk. must akaikeil. mosquito mumuk . mutter in anger atmunmun . moss netfgatfg. mutton-bird tfkfrka . mo th pwapwauk . my -k. mother in- (reference ), iemwa (address ), mama (usu. address , my nah-bird kflaplaptn . sometimes reference ). my th nouanage . mother-in- law uhu-. mouldy ou lpfn; lugfn (of food) . N mountain touar. (anat.); mountain-side nail pfsi uul nouan ll nakau3 . (carpentry ) . mourning see narpisu. nambas kovtrl· mous tache nfmomwinh ul-. name n. netg-. mou th noua-l, nfpwagnoua­ name v. hi n ' aun!n. (inside); nhul - (outside ). 2 name a day/time oftn n I an. move namesake move in certain direction lan hin-. frk i -. nanga lat ntvir o. move in jerks evlevi . na kamal i i mwa i i mw . move to side of road ikokal f n. move to outflank apakol . naked eipwrapwra . move in womb kiuklu . 2 narrate ausito. much (very much ), akfn ptsfpfs narrow (too much ). evtetrn2 .

native adj . iettk. mucus nasfpwi l (in eye ). navel nfprfg-. mud namtfg, nfmft . near luokttl . mullet ieramiru. nearby iuokttl' -pn aan . mu lticoloured akl fmwak ltmw , (of fowls ol pfsfnpfsfn; mw anfm nearly only ) .

neck -rou , ntmulkenua-. mumb le in anger atmunmun.

negative postclitic : -aan2 . mumps sur i sur I . tense-prefix: fs-. murderer iohoapwnrn ti l, ioho ti l. neigh v. asak2 . 144

nephew see ner-, nouu-, ieuanien, non-indigenous, non-Tannese kuku. ituga .

nest nimwa-l . no-one k+ka ; see also nouanamltg.

ne t n. nakapun , kavi in; net . north ihiu, iikhu; lahau. northwards ne t v. v+sl ' arattg , ausam. -hiu; -h iaav . North Tanna Vhitat, niko isula. new vi3 . north wind luatu; iouiertn2. make new amartvi . nor theast wind luatuaml aai . new at ownaan . northwest wind luatumwttua . new moon mouk vi . nose (inside), New Testament ntmteti in vi . ntpwagnhag- nouanhag- (outside ), tulhag­ (bridge ) . next oatist92. next day lauk, laukin . noseb leed nhagtlua.

nice v+t, ouai , keikei . no"!; +s-, -aan2. no t answer niece see ner-, nouu, ieuan ien, apnaptnl. kuku. no t aware of tttkttk. no t to be, no t to be there night lap+n. tka . nightmare nar Ipwai. no t biologica l kaltn (of re­ lationship) . have a nightmare aamh nar Ipwai, amelait taat, eukahua . no t care apwas, al f a, avheHsun. nine ka tilum-kuvtr. no t confess huasuun. nine teen katilum-kat ilum­ no t cooked mt ra . katilum-kuvtr. not exist tka . nipp le ntvh ivhinaha-. not fe el like alfa. no t frightened ttga . nit kilha. not know HtkHk. no kapwa . not many nouantvin. no good at estvia. not true ka ltn (of relation- ship ) . nobody k+ka ; see also nouanamltg. not want apwas. nod anuanu. nothing ntka . node (of sugarcane) ntpl-. for nothing apnaptn2. noise naml tg (small amount ), now int. ra . u iIi9 u iIi9 (a lot). adv. toue , touek . make noise akaraka r (a lot), usulusul (of engine ), trtk+rtk (of sea) . nurse n. nos .

nurs e v. emwakin . nominalising pr efix i-l, ia-l, io- (actor); pera- (female nut (k.o.) karenum, nouanptrptr. actor); n-4 (plural actor ); k-3 (instrument ); n-l' n-..-aan (general ); ir- (to adjectives and adjuncts). 14 5

o opening noua-l ; nouanmurhin (in reef) . oak (?) n lei 3 . operculum nouanmi tmoug . oath nouanavt l. opposite auktr; see also obey 01 noa taha . ntkavhe-.

object n. nar. or ua .

obstruction see toS tg . orange n. ntm ;'lh.

occasion nianl . orchid ntktskts.

occur atkak ial (of something orphaned ttag. bad ) • other see pstn. octopus i hi . each other -atu; mi in. offspring nelhal- (of animals ). other side Itvtai-. ntvtai-. oil (coconut ), kal uk kris ought akaikeil . (other ) . our inclusive : -Iau (dual ), oily flu. -thel (trial ), -tar (plural ). exclus ive : (dual ), okay see vtt . aukfr. i ta . -ml au -mhel 2 (trial), -ma r (plural ). old (animates ), ahigtl owas2 (inanimates ) . out iattv; tpuS (as of fire , light) • of old aupwtn . 2 out of breath, be amigo old man iahigtl . outflank apakol . Old Te stament ntmtetiin owa s. old woman perahigtl . outrigger -boom: ntkiatu. nouantkiatu. older sib l ing nork- (either sex); pw ia- (same sex, refer­ -float: rtmtr. ence ); tuta (same sex, address ). -stanchions : nouanulGI . oldest child ier am iripwtr. outside i attv. i 1 ua . on 1 e. ou ts ide the reef ntpwagntmrtntmha . once nian karena. outs tanding, be ai laupwtn. one karenal • ker. the one who oven ieram2 . nouanumwan. one another -atu; mi in. over (of a fruit-season) mwagtt . only am. overflow etiauh mtnamaih. open adj . owag. atit a 2 . open v.t. atita ; hapwu (by � smashing, break1ng or untying ); p hapwuapiaal (shell, coconut ). pack v. as iin a siin. v.int. ; tpwtlua (fruit atita l of nouk (q.v. )). paddle n. ntvea . 146

paddLe v. asua . pawpaw kes i . pain n. (in = buy); (bride­ namheaan ; nuvia pay arou3 ( olnar back ) • price ); r�s�n (pay out a rope). pain v.int. amha; amha mamha peace, peacetime name l inuaan ; (severely); uma tak (arthritic ); n�prooul (original time of �k (from a boil ); auiik, peace before tribal conflicts iak�l iakfl (in jOints ). began ) .

peacefuL amel inu. paint the face avh�12' peanut telh ituga . I paLe-skinned 1+v 2 ' pebb Le n�mwakflak�l . paLm of hand: t+page-, peeL v.t. au ig; arval (with nouanetp;'nelm-. knife ); avil (bark from nuvo (q.v. )) . tree: nouanamw;'l . v.int. pw igpwig, vtal (of pan pank+n. sunburned skin). peeLed skin iaia. pandanus n;'mwank;'viu. Varieties: namop , n+mwank;'vlurou (seaside), pen, penci L • nuiu, nuvie. pen s';1 pant v. penis nakan-; -pelaua , lakmun amig, ehegeheg. (vulgar ) . pants t+rausas. penis sheath kovfrl • papaya kes i . peopLe neramfm mi in, namiin. paper pepa , n+mwa pepa . perceive aroul ' pare ake . perfective tense prefix n-2 ' parrot-fish mak+m. perform sorcery l�s net+k . part takr+n, noutakr�n. perhaps takamwa2 ' takarno , ro lptn . part-cooked akamrena. permanent (of marriage ) +1 1 is partnership see asltuasitu. Ie nepwka . par ty (poLitica L) pati. permit v. eghfn, v+tal ' pass = go pas t: apikh al� n. person ieramlm. = give: see of�n, Hf�n. perspiration namhnokaan. passage (naut.) nouanhul �n, nouanmurhin, nuheafe . perspire amhnok. passionfruit sampuru; pasenfrut . persuade akaikei2 . past tense prefix �m- . pestLe katia. pat epwepw ; oshiaav (of yam­ phases of moon mo uk vi (new heap only). moon ), mouk rtnail etuatu (first quarter), mouk ramepwepw path s uatul . n+mwanuvie (full moon), mouk rfnap inap (last quarter ). 147

phlegm nouanelpwa . pZace v. alhaau; huarpul (place a tabu on ). phosphorescence sel sel . pZacenta nimwa -l . photograph n. nanmw- . pZaice iemal;'vin photograph v. os nanmw-. pZane ( = aerop Zane) plen. pick v. ;'Ihl (fruit ); Hs (pick up ); suI (pick the teeth ). pZan t n. Kin ds: naravhruvh , (cycad ), picked m;'rua (of fruit which nervhato, nhanh;'p, n;'m;'1 is ripening ). n;'mour (white ginger ), nfmwanrhuiu (ti), nouanaug, picked dry hiaiagiag (of n uSl . tree ). pZant v. su (seeds ), haul piece takr;'n; nouan;'k (of wood ). (anything but seeds ). pierce Hik. pZantation nfkit;'n. piercing asIa (of voice ). pZay avfk;'I, 01 ; fru (marbles ); ahopas (a game involving pig pukas ; k;'pwia (hairless); kicking each other ); ftkapas kouasouas (very little hair ); (a game with toy spears ). (short and fat ); pispis pZay a trick on n;'mwakal evha (an old sow). asfmle. excess of pigs at a fe ast see pZease into see ru. kuusuus . pZenty asuul , ipwfr, n�vi n;'vin. pigeon mwa k. plural marker mi in; a-, ai-, piggyback lak;'s . a r - . pile n. niel2 (of food); hip. pocketknife nau kepwaik. pi le v. ;'rieri , atetuln ; tou2 point n. geog. : nfmha ;'pwomh ; (food) . po in.

= sharp tip : nfvhivhi-, nfmr-, pi How ka I uga . n;'pwagnfmr-. pilot-fish tagitofa . point v. huatukun . pimple, have elualua. point at, point out huatukun. pinch k;'n;'m; k;'n;'mk ;'n;'m (pinch poison n. noun (fish); netk­ designs into a still wet (so rcery ); po isfn. skirt ). poison v. oun rn (fish); Hs pineapp le nouanu iu. netk-, esai , esaiet;'k (people , through sorcery ). pink emta . poisoned akona . pins-and-needles, have mi l;'n. poke suI (with stick , esp . of pipe noua teta l (musical ), pa ip a fire ). (smoking ). poZe see kueria. place n. i k;'n; I ;'mwnaan (dis­ tant place ); lamkarena (the poZice (man) pol is, pol i sman. same place ). poZicy nakaraan. 148

pond, pooZ rfmtfmok rfv . present, as a apnapfn2 . poor see nasfs . pretend fvh iatln . poor person iavfntaat. pretty vft, araiita. pork pukas. prevent anhi aau . possession-marker nfmw- (drink­ previous day nenavl n. ab le ), nfk- (edible ), i i mwa-2 (locative ), taha- (neutral ), pride naus iitaan . ne- (plantable), -ln2 (semi­ alienable), Ie (semi-alienable). proceed in certain direction asou- . possessions nauta . product noua- . pound (currency ) paun. 2 prohibition see huarp ul . pound v. at i a, as i in, asiin a siin. project v.int. ftik iatfv . pour vi . 2 promise v. arupfn . pout vi netpfnhul-. proper(Zy) power navi-, nasanfna an, naghi-. prophet pfro feta . powerfu Z asanfn. proud ausiit. prac tise sorcery eviak. proverb s, speak in vhin nakaraan. prawn man. provider of feast noul nlel . pray ahuaak (Christian), os t fmavha (custom) . provoke olvfkvfk. prayer tfma vha (to spirits), pubic hair nouni i-. nouake iahia (over newly­ harvested yams ); nahuakaan pudding ZapZap) (Christian ). (= nelual .

puddZe rfmtfmokrfv. preach akar Ie nfmrfmfr (custom); akar Ie nhuafugfnaan (Christian ). puZZ vil; iakru , iakruiakru (to break); viapnln (slowly ); precede aupwfnl ' eaupwfn. aki i 1 (with a stick); viedn, (tight ); (a pregnant autrn 2 erkatrn 1u12 ' sinfn. trigger ). be months pregnant apwas X puZZ in jerks evievi . mouk X. puZZ someone 's Zeg asfmle. make pregnant offn kova kam. puz.z off woman pregnant for fi rst time eakru. kuv i l · pu ZZ out evil; owai , a u a i ' os (grass, weeds , scrub , etc . l.). premature baby, give birth to va i hakru . puZZed down, be aikpfknln , atpfknln (as by wet clothes, prepara tion nepinapineaan . while in the sea) ; atpfkamw (by fish , of a net). prepare ep inapina; epina (a bed); hal kom (a fire ); euateuat (to puZse n. nouanu 1. leave ) . 1 49

pulse v. rfk. R pumice ue i a i . rabbit-fish mihin. pumpkin nouanelu lu2 ' pamkfn. race v. apita2 ' ak+mwtfnln. punch frul . raft nouananmwfniko. punish koul , alkiamta , offn rafter(s ) nouanetan; rafta. nalpunaan kam. rag nfmtfmft . punishment nal punaan . rain n. nihinl • pupi l (of eye) nouanhal fnakanfmr- irapfn. rain v. fPl ; olkaripfnrn (continuously); elohaloh purified aua . ( = drizzle). stop raining purposive preopsotion to . ahan . rainbow pus nahua . mara imarai . rain-magic, make askftam. push atkrn; frki- (in certain direction ); erkatln (down ); rain-tree ponuar. agdtln (into a heap). ram v. put alhaau. atgfn. put arms around evtalpun; rap hoho. owakfl (someone 's neck ). rat kahau . put down alhaau ; hatfk (of many things ); (at a osh i aav (of dead contest) . rattle avhi lfglfg branches of a tree ). put an end to anhiaau. razor re isa. put one 's hand towards ea- .

put on fVlu (clothes ); atovft reach = arrive: aroat is, (by wrapping ); apiag (skirt ); euka t aai , etiauhl . offn, vfn Ie (trouse rs ). = put out hand: see ea-. put in the sun alalflatrn. read put up (as umbre lla) avhln. hin3 . ready matak (to be eaten); anmwanfmw (to have another child ) . Q get ready epinapina. quarrel v. amou . reason nupwelak- . quarter (of moon) first quarter: mo u k r f n ail e t u atu . recently namuk . last quarter: mouk rfnapinap . reciprocal-marker mi in; -atu. Qu eensland Kune lhan . reco ndi tion 01 vi . quick (ly) hua ihue . red l+vl+v; emta (light red). quick-tempered niamha iuokft. red-hot 1 hl . quiet apnapfnl (of people ), red soil nfmftfk. akmfn (of sea) . reed nuvig. quotative verb fmwa . 150

reef nfmha , n�mr�nfmha. res t v. ami go be busy on reef ol timha. restore the sight fmnait. outside the reef nfpw agnfmrfn�mha . return = give back: of�n.

reef-crabs iasuamaim�r, k�vl�s, = come back: s�m- , leHg; al iko luiag, uurumi ie. (sooner than expected ). reflection nanmw- . rheuma tism iaskun . reflexive suffix -atu. rib nakauI ' nouanakau; nakaupw�s, nakauerupwerupw (lowest rib). refracted ail iko. rice rais. refuge see nourask�m . ricoche t arpfrp�r, asivf1 . refuse n. nfm�sm�s-. riddles. speak in hopsap�s , refuse v. apwas. vh in nakara an . regain consciousness amnuumw ride asua ; fruea i (a horse ne ta . bareback ) • regulations noa . ridge nuat�n. re lapse huaulul . ridge-pole luau. re late (a story ) ausito. rifle kopwiel ituga . relative. relation i e rama a -. right = correct: etuatu, auk�r, fnal · relative pronoun i e ramI . = right hand : mwatu. remains (of things from napur righteous which the ju�ce+ has been ex­ etuatu. tracted ), n�mfsmfs- (of food ). right-handed mwatu. remember nfki i- rakamho . ring v.int. asak2 . remove (foreskin) , arou4 euok�n rip v. (roots from ground ). evtelinl .

ripe ma tak; afka (almost ). renew ama r�vi, olnarvi . ripening mfrua . repair ipwan (a tool ), vilak�n (something built ). ripple rs) navi-. rep lace atkeek ( = change ), rise n. nfpwagnhagfnfmopt�n. av i n�m ( = take place of) .

rise v. armwig ( = get up ); reply v. a ramw . e iau l (of celestial bodies ); alal� uln� (of water ). report v. see olsam�n(n . have already risen ahak (of sun ) . respect v. siai . river nahopkom . river-bank nfklhiinar, respiratory illness. have mfs n f pw a n hag n . mamami g. 9 i-t f 151

rivulet{s) iapiuan. ( liquids ) ; aietkrn ( fast ) . run ahead of aktmw. ro ad suatul . Named roads in­ clude Kigrot , He lp+n, and run in all directions asis Hahap irot. ( of sea ) . exchang e-road suatu2 ; see also run away akfmw. kua Iinapwf r, nfpwagnoukaus+k. Named exchange-roads are listed run a swell asasaau, vialh. under 'exchange-road '. rusted amta2 . roast vaan . robbery nakl heaan . s rock kopwiel . sacred aus-lim. rock-cod hialakfn. sad nfkii- ramamha, ntkii­ rapou, nfki i - rtpkom. ro ll v. t. aruaru, ahuiahuil , ekek. sail n. nivtn; ne lmtktl l v.int. asooupflp+I , asoou, ( foresail ) . asupwopwom. saliva nh inoua-. room nouanimwa . salt make room offn nfmhaua . ntgal . same auktr, karena ' root nuk-2 ; nousu ( of kava ) ; 2 nukusuiu ( of pandanus ) . same place lamkarena. rope nul , toula; nularuoou ( used sanctuary see nourasktm. in braiding hair ) ; khel ( on woman 's skirt ) ; s+tri ig. sand ntmwaktlaktl ( coarse ) , ntsikt aita ( fine ) . ro tten amramfr. sandalwood ntkpts. rough (of sea) asasaau , espeau. sap nihin+k, nouanehapwi it. round adj . owa towta . sapling ne lhal-. adv. kalau alau. sardine i es t I . row ( = line) ne l ii-; lain. rub ( so Sa turday (nian taha) nepinapi neaan hape l l , ra i; aua ias+stn Christian . that the thing rubb ed even­ ( ) tually tatters ) ; ettvhia, 01 saucepan sosptn . ka luk ( with coconut oil) ; ttpi ( with ointment or medicine ) ; save atkftrn. ua i ( as rub one's back on a tree) . saw v. kfs3 . rubbish ne lestg ( household ) , say akar, tni; tmwa ( quotative ( , clean ' namktmik ), ntp i a tu verb ) . ( smelly ) • say bad things olmusmus . rule rs) noa . say goodbye to auietuln. rumb le arkartk ; aihmi Imi I ( of say something by mistake araua . stomach ) . scab see ntta a-. run a i ( people , animals ) , a i h 152

scabies nouane lpwelfp. second v. i I na Sts.

second person subject marker n-3 ' scale n. ntvi 1 g-. secre t adj . man iuan . seale v. viigtn ( = clean scales secret n. naka raan ma n iuan . off), ft ( = climb). see aamh ; tP2 (inland dial.); scar n. namwinelfk, kafi l l . eit-, eitag- (see in the dis­ tance ); aamhesuaas (by screwing scarred auoua . up the eyes ). have to see scatter v.t. hatekar iir, usus . os nar rn. see how big/much aamhauk;'r. scorch mhan. see if one can almfnsfgfvfn. scorpion iesa iettk. see to aamh to. scrap of cloth ntmttmtt. seed uikar. scrape ake , aua i 2 ; auainr uh seek egfs , atkuigtn . (banana leaves, while making skirts ); eku (with hands ); -self -a tu. arva i (with knife); arptk (coco­ nut meat out of shell); see sell avra . also auaiaststn, iaul iis. semen ntptknts i-. coconu t-scraper kourfs. send hal scratch aki (to relieve itch); l ' ua i (with something ); alk;'l (of fowls, scratch the ground ). seni le see vtnhenap. sentence n. screw up the eyes aamhesuaas . nakaraan . separate (ly) pstn, pfl hptlh. scrub n. ntma I, nouanvhaa I. separate v. ot i. scrub v. artgrfg. seque nt ial tense prefix sea tehe . ep-. towards the sea irhe , -paha. serve a chief olatkokunar. chief 's servant seab ird menuk irhe, men uk taha iolatkokunar . tehe. set of sun: i vtk2 . seagull itoua ru. put: alhaau. set down sea-mullet iera miru. alhaau . set free vita mun . search atkuigtn, egts . settle on (of volcanic ash) ren , seated ow ta . avhe. sea-urchin suevha . seven kati lum-kiu. seaweed ltmus ; nievtr (k.o.). seventeen katilum-kat ilu m­ katilum-kiu. second adj . oatist9 2 ' sever second-born chi ld ieram ara kru, hoakru. rarouptn. 15 3

sexual intercourse, have es , v.int. frouaip; amf l (of moon ); avis. see also rakrak. shade n. narkanpusaan . shining, shiny alhfl. shade v. arkanpus . ship niko 3 ; manuuaa. shake v. t. atfgtfg, kiukiul ; shirt sfft, sot . o I s e k an, i a p n elm- (sh ak e hands ) . shiver atamnfmwan . v.int. atamnfmwan, asioou; shoo t n. avfr (with fright ); anuanu nelhal-, nouanhale-; (the hea d). nouanpaav (of taro onl y) . shoot v.t. shallot sflat. fru ; fruapwn rn (kill by shootlng� ). shallow water loa ki l is. v.int. tivl (of bananas ), as uus (of water ). share v. see avra, oti. shop n. sftoa. shar k ka lhiavfn . shop v. see

sick m�s ; m�sm�sl (continually ); Siwi (lake) nfslu. see also ntmr- rap�n. six kat ilum-karena . sickness ntmtsaan . For names of various kinds , see under sixteen katilum-katilum­ 'illness '. kat ilum-ka rena . side ntkal-, n�kavhe-. n�vtai-; skin ntvig-. nakau (of mountain). 3 itchy skin ntruw. on th e side of Itvtai-. pee led skin iaia. opposite side see n�kavhe-. skin disease pukapuka , laklak. other side ntvtai-. on the other side I�vtai-. skip stones on wa ter arptrp tr. sight, keep out of see alh�mr�-. skirt niuh; nouanukova (worn by mother at son's circum­ sign n�mt eti in. cision) . sky neai. signal 01 + directional suffix. silence see nouanaml� g. slack mfsmfs2 . sin n. nar taat. nar mul . slacken vttav�ta . sinew nouanul . slander v. olmusmus . sing t n ina p uk. slap epw2 .

slaughter v. ho�pus . single ( = unmarried), be av�n am . sleep apul ; apulalu (soundly ). sing let s i 9 Itt. 'sleep ' in the eyes nas�pwi l. sink v.t. auktrantmwln. aruatetln . arivar. sleeping-place n�mhaual ' apul ivtk. v.int. amnum. sleep-walk sip amnuumwnuumw . sling, slingshot tel iv. sister nork- (oldest ); pw ia­ slide evkak ia. (older , of woman , reference ); tuta (older , of woman , address); slip evkakia. norh- (younger , of woman ); nou in- (of man , reference ); slippery amtkla. kaka (of man , address ); see slough the skin ouiek . also perav�nl (twin sister ). sister-in-law see ioug-. slow mt ruk. slow to anger nramha isou . sit ow ta . slowly mtruk. sit by fire aroukom. sit down ow ta . tehiaau. slug mim. ptrisin, pul �kl ' sit on owattt. sluggard ialf a. sit on eggs uw (of hen) . slur the speech akar taha sit in shade of owthatg�n. napusaan . akar taha nalm t�laan . sit under ow thatgtn. smack al i is; ali Isal i is (hard). 155

small esua as; takrfn, noutakrfn; soldier sol tia. tanpfn (extremely ). soldier-ant kasfk. make oneself seem smaller erupwe rupwl · sole tfpage-, nouanetpfnelk-. smartly dressed astl2 . some nfvi n, ker. smash v.t. hapwu, ownasfsfn. someone v.int. mhfsfn (after falling ). somersault epkonatu mahorn . sme ll v. t. arou . l something nar ker; ierapsfn v. int. fpien. (something different ). smi le v. i gh . somewhere nouanvfrfn . smitten, be anipfn. son ner- (reference), kuku (address ) . smoke n. nouah, nhankom . son-in-law ieuan ien (of man), smoke v. hal 2 · nouu- (of woman ). smooth adj . pwi a, ame l inu. song napuk. smooth-skinned pw ia. soon pwi pwom, i uakf t 2 . smooth v. eh iahia. soraerer lemnait. snag v.t. fkhi latai. soraery netfk, netk-, numw anakfn. v.int. i a i . praatiae soraery eviak. snail nalfk . 2 sore adj . amha ; fk (from a boil) . snake taga lual . n. uiuau; karamagfn snap ark flh. sore (from head-lice ); koualfn (on leg); samaha (sore throat ). snapper ( = fi sh) nfpot . have a ao ld-sore mhal . snatah ev ita. sorry nfki i- ramamha. sneak up on alhfmrf-. sort out at i . sneeze amwta . soul nanmw-. sniff hegf trn. sound n. nauiaa-. snore as i erap, eheg pfk , vi nouanalhfl . sound v. asak2 • s no t n f s i i n hag - . sound asleep, be apulal u. so that mwal , mamwa . soup sup, lasup. soft mfrukmfruk ; mftfs (of sour siu, agfn; ulfk (of coco­ cooked vegetables ). nuts ) . soften kfskfs (by biting ). sourae (of stream) nfmrfnu. soil nfmoptfn; nfmhfk (re d). soursop nfm ituga . 156

south ilis. spit agh . South Tanna Ikut; vhatu (people see ahuohua . from south Tanna ). spitefuL

southwards -pils, -rt, -h . spittLe nihinoua-. south wind tokolau, v. t. ma taag iastm tt, ntpwelaapw , spLash aulepwas. peravtn2 · v.int . epwa pwas . southeast wind uri toga . sp Latter v.int. pwa lhepwa lhe. southwest wind uriphapha . spLinter n. ntvi l gtntk . sow n. ntmwaka levha . spLit arprai . sow v. suo spoi L ataktn, asuulasuul nar; space nouanmurhi- (between huakamkamun (roof of a house , things ); nouanmurh in (between of leaves ). thighs ). spokesman i en i . spade stpet. spouse nami r- . span v. see evtalpun. spout, make a avtapilgtn. speak akar, tni . spread v.t. huaturn. speak angri Ly to ataat mataat mownalh ntk Ie. v.int . al tlau, apl tlau. speak cheekiLy akar mamaraua . spread taLes usus nakaraan . speak a Language akarapktts2 . spread wings huaturn . speak in riddLes hopsapts . spring n. unab L e/unwiLLing to speak akumw fLow from a spring auolauol . kopwiel ton . hot springs rus . spear n. suk; suksuk (toy); see spring-wa ter nu auolauol . also kaktl . spring onion stlat. spear v. ttik. sprinkLe auiaui . speech nakaraan. sprout v. raktr (of nasts spend avra iavrai . tree ) . spider ka tamn tmwa n (black ), spy n. see kouatkasua . makal (brown ) . square auktr. spiderweb liel ie. squash v. eukalhe. spi n atag. squat ow t apretplet. spirit of person: nanmw-.

of dead: nanmw ttil. squeeze avtt, evtetrn l ; avtetrn (squeeze juice out o f). of gardens : iavtnptn, pe ravtnptn . squid ihi . maLevoLent: i arm ts, i armts Ie t u i t e he, i armt s aumw us , i arm t s squint aitapwtl , apuletln owas ; nouna . ntkavhe ntmr- . 157

stab ;'ti k. start n. naruoanaan . stack n. negra-. start = begin: aruoan . staff kasUn. = jump : evkavhe in. stagger al iuok agienagien. stay ar;'k; olu k (here ); olun, olaan (there ). stained etiep;'netiep;'n, stay away from migl . huap;'np;'s;'n, etiep;'n . stay for ever ar;'k lil;'n. stake n. kak;'l . steady t;'mt;'m2 . sta�e ag;'n , aha I. stea� aklha, ;'vnak. sta�k (of cocon ut) n;'kouehem, nHo uis;'l . steam nouah . iain. stammer amaiamai . stee � nul uvagvag . stamp euk, eukeuk. steep p�ace

stamp at begi nning of dance steer I;'stfa ; al;'l r n l (steer eukeuk . away ) . stamp at end of dance euka alh. stem (of pipe) nelk-. stamp on wood to break it eukaalh. step over eUkpwag. stanchions (of outrigger) steri�e akan;'k, iasia. nouanulu1 . stern n. n;'pik-. stand v.t. owh2 , epwl • stick n. nouan;'k; kuvhe (for v.int. ai l, armwig. picking up hot stones); kaki ii, stand aside ailkal;' n. karese (for pulling fruit off tree ); kak;'1 (sharpened); stand crooked/out of �ine kavha (for throwing at fruit ). ai I iko, ai Imul . fire-stick nourask;'m. stand in front ai laupw;'n . wa�king-stick kask;'n . stand on euk.

stand on the head epkonatu. stick v. = ho�d tight: apwi it, apwi itetai. stand out ai l aupw;'n. = pierce: ;'tik. stand sideways ai lin n;'kal-. stick out ;'tik iat;'v. stand in shade of ailhatg;'n. stand under ai Ihatg;'n. stiff kumkum. stand on unstab �e p�a tform sti�� adj . apnap;'n . ai l akeake . l sti�� adv. ;'na . star mahau; keaui ta (evening 2 star); n;'perauosuoslapnumwa n sti��born> die m;'sp;'n Ie netp;'n , (Mi lky Way); fetukai , hetukai aitaat. (morning star); see also iaiapom . give birth to sti��born baby va lhakru. stare e i t -, e ita 9 - ; e ite ta i (into spa ce ). sting kfsl . 158

stingray v�raau. strange apsfpfs. stink v. �pie n. stranger ieram ituga, iapsfpts. stink-bug mw il�gplen . strangZe evtetln -rou, evtlnakruu; ati l (with rope ). stir alkiil; asuulasuul (per­ functorily ); 1 u l (stir up strength naghi-, nasantnaan . water , of something deep in the sea) . stretch oneseZf huatu, viatuln . stirred up amkfn (of water). stre tcher vtlfvla. stomach tfpweual . strike ho ; frufru (softly). stomach-ache netp- rapou . string n. sftri ig. stone n. kopwiel ; no uankopwiel , string v. kapntn (flat); lulu (on beach ); nfviau (with hole in centre ); 2 string-figures ktmwha l. nuver i-, nianmtra (with magical powers ); iaru (used in earth­ af i l, afi lafi1. oven ); nuvavfv (name of a striped sacred stone); mwatiktlk, ne lua, strong asanfn, ausfkausfk. nouanauiua (irrupt ed fr om vol­ cano); uikar (stone of fruit ). strong-wit Zed -kapwa ausfkausfk. stone v. fru Ie nouakopwie1 . stub (toe) asuofl In. stonefish 1u ' 2 stubborn ntki i- rausfkaustk. stoop aiamelamel . stump (of tree) nfpupu-. stop anhiaau. stupid enoeno , eitouau. stop do ing apwas. stutter amaiamai. stop raining ahan. substance nupwe lak-. store n. sftoa . suck tfm; amwha (at breast only); storm nfma taag asuul . tfmtfml (coc onut -water). stormy ev ierap. suck in the stomach iga. story naus i toaan (about recent sucker-fish tag i tofa . local happening ), namsu (about another place or time ), suffer nfki i- rapou . nouanage (myth , legend ). sufficient aukfr. te ZZ a taZZ story naka raan ro 1 nfmagoago In. sugarcane nfruw. Varieties: momwikahau, nalfv, nfmnava , eUkpwag . straddZe ntmwata i akfm, nusua . straight etuatu. suicide v. hoatu, fruatu. straighten kou , kou etuatu. l suit v. see aukfr. s tra i n v. t . v f 5 ; a v hi 1 u 1 e 2 suZZen see amtfp. (kava) . suZphurous springs rus . strainer (for kava) nfvhau. summer tfra. 159

sun m;'t. swe lling nouanavra (in groin ). put in the sun al'al;'latfn. have a swe lling/pimp le elualua. sunshine n;'m;'nkuaat, n;'m;'nkaat. swim aik, aiuk, eai (of people or animals ); ai (of fish); support il nas;.s (someone ). aipwa lpwa l (of fish , in all directions ); 01 nouankarier surf n. neto ul . (of a school of mullet, near the surface ). surf v. ea i nfmkelelui nfk. swing n. see kasuke . surface v. ahut . swing v. asuke . surpass araiita, api tal , as;'1 1 . swo ZZen asi is; akanan (of leg, surprised, be iar mfs rir. with filariasis ). surroun d ftfk , hoa r, apakol . have swollen glands -rou 2 ramasi is. surrounding ka lau alau. swordfish lago , pwaru. suspend see huata i. sympathetic, be asakfn. swa llow v. tfga i . swamp namtfg , n;'m;'t. T swap n. na l p;'naan. tabZe n;'mwativhata ; tep;'l. swap v. alpf n . tabu adj . ausiim. sway asueiavfn; see also tabu-place nfmreiarmfs. ag ienagien . tabu v. huarpul . swear avf l ( = take an oath), epaua ( = use vulgar language ). tail- nfpik- . swear-words hasnfm, iowag, tail-feathers kaio. nakanfk, nakanfm. take OS ; evtafug;'n (both or sweat n. namhnokaan. all); ;'pk afugfn (everything ); asul (hot stone s out of earth­ swea t v. amh nok . oven ); os nanmw- (a photograph ). take a long time os nian sweep hoiatfv, hopurum; huatfn fpwomh . (into a heap). take off rfs;'n ; eg (out side sweet ;'rfv hien. covering off bunch of bananas ). take place of av i nfm. sweet potato ko leil . Va rieties: kamkan, kasul ie , ko leitenaur, 2 t fmw+t . ma ipo, ma tlf n, nihin;'mrfnou ia tales nfvinfnaan ' p;'tete , ros , l talk n. nakaraan . tahaion i uuan , tanpe laua loniuan. have a talk with fni nakaraan sweet-talk v. vfn2 . to . taZking- to, give akar Ie. swe ll n. peaupeau (of sea). talk v. akar; akar;'pwomh swe ll v. asi ls, aghigh ( = swell (loudly ); akarakar (too much ). up ); asasaau, vialh (of the sea). 160

taZk about akarapkttsl ' tear v. evtel t n l . tn i apkHs. tear down hapwu. taZk in one 's sZeep apul mamaka r. tear off eakru. taZk through the nose akar Ie tease tvhiattn. ntpwagnhag-. teZZ tni ; aka rapkasu (tell news ta Zking-chief ieniniko. before it reaches its rightful recipient ) . taU ipwtr. teU a Zie eiua, tni ta Z Zer ttieet. noarhuatfn . taZZ story nakaraan rol teZZ a story ausito, ho namsu. ntmagoago In. tempZe (anat.) ntkavhentmr-. tame adj . apoul ' tame animaZ iapou. temper n. bad-tempered ntamha iuoktt, tame v. 01 i apou. -kapwa rtta at. tangerine (fruit) manttriin. good-tempered ntamha isou , -kapwa rtvtt. tang Ze v.int. ahuiahui • 2 tempt oftnoftn, almtn. Tanna Ttn. ten kati l um-kat ilum. tantrum, throw owkt I kt I. tentacZe nouarthi-. tap v. hoho . termite iaskun. tapioca ma iako . For varieties , see under 'manioc '. test truth of huopsapts. Testament ntmteti in. taro ntte. Va riet ies: kama toa (elephant-ear ), ntte erupwerupw, ntte Ie I1 tmtt (wet-taro), testic Ze (s) nouanhal-. nuvia. have testicZes ouiertn. taro-shoot nouanpaav . than Ie. taste v. amnuumwnuumw, amnuumwastgtvtn (a drink); thank see eh iau, tagiu. ktnast9tVtn (food) . that = demonstrative : un , u tas ty auhte . (near addressee); aan , aa (yonder ); apwa2 , apwanl (in­ ta ttoo n. netetau. dicated ); ka (previously men­ tioned) • tattoo v. ho netetau Ie. = relative : ieraml . tea nu akapwan. = complement-introducer: mwal ' mamwa . teach ttukun . = purpose : mamwa . teacher ietukun . theft naklheaan. teapot tipot . their -ni lau (dual ), -ni lhel (trial) , -ni lar (plural ). tear n. nihintm r- . them ilau (dual), ilh el (trial), ilar (plural ). 161

then ra . as to dry); atfk (throw up soil to make yam-heap ). there un, iktn un, -pna (near addressee); aan, i ktn aan, -pn throw away ahua 2 , alak. (yonder ); apwa2 , apwanl (indi­ throw out alak, aru!n; vitag cated); lktn ka (previously (water ). mentioned ) . throw a tantrum owktlktl . be there ti l 2 ' not be there tka . through iattv.

they ila u (dual ), ilhel (trial ), thumb pfsasuul . ilar (plural ). thunder n. kalvtlva. thiak ptk, asuul , ipwtr. ti (p lant) mau iame ta . thief iaklha, ievnak. tiakZe outUIUI . thigh n;.va-. tida l wave siosio. thin aktlUI ; avi ltg, ielmtntpwomh (due to illness ); tide nouanea ih. esuaas (of inanimates ). be high tide eluelu 2 ' tam. thing nar, naramnar. be low tide mha . think ntkii- rho. tie ;,Ii is; 01 kuiapuk (a bow­ knot ); ipwatfn (a knot ). third-born ahild ieram rarouptn tie up a r ua r u, ;'1i is. i I au. tight mamha, tfmtfm2 • third person singular subject prefix r-. timber noutakrtntk. third person non-singular subject time nianl ' prefix k- . 2 be a long time uhu. thirsty auaua . tip n. nfvhivhi-; ntmrfnuw thirteen kati lum-kati l um-ktsil. (of growing yam). this uk (near speak er); hua tip out/over v.t. atag. (near speaker , indicated); un (near addressee). tiptoe eukaa I eukaa I . thorn nilh-. tired, be apou2 , apkas . thrash v.t. hoiaiin. to to , Ie, kam. v.int. arpiko. tobaaao tfpaka, ttpaak , takapa. three Usi I. today touek, toue . throat nouanulne- -rou. toe no uanelk-, ptspts. throb rtk, ktsl . toenail ph i uul . throw atkfn, arufn; ahofn (not together -uas . a stone ); tru+ (and hit ); a roro i in (indl.scrimi nately ); toi let see ntkinhamra . ownapwn fn (and kill ); etavtt (throw on top of something so toma to ttmat, ttmata. 162

tomorrow tolauk. iatkapukopwiel , kalaka , kifakta, kflma, ko lau, koulapwtg, day after tomorrow tonh i. koupwa , kul u, lipog, nage day after day after tomorrow (almond ), nahal , nahoa , naifv tonh iksi I. (flame ), name l pwan (Christmas bush), nami 10, namop (k.o. to ngue nam- . pandanus ), napgfn (fruit tree - generic ), nasiis2 , nasfs, tonight tolapfn. natfm, natri isl , naurl ' nelmfkfl2 (island teak), too = also: mun . ne lulu, nenumien , nerfg, neses , netan , netuan, niel (oak ? ), very : akfn . 3 nien (coconut ), nik, nilha, too many/much : pfsfpfs, nimh , nip, nfkfvfkl (Malay­ nahuto . apple ), nfkfvfkrfpwo , nfkpaat (Barringtonia) , nfkpfs (sandal­ tooth ne 1 u- ; 1 fvapa (back teeth). wood), nfm (breadfruit ), nfmhifv, nfmwankfviu (pandanus ), top tui-l ; tui- 2 (of head). nfmwankfvi urou (k.o. pandanus ), nfpiotuanl , n;'p;'n (banana ), torch nouas ia; tos . nfproou2 " nfviro (nangalat ), nouanamwfl (palm) , nouankarier, go torch-fishing asi akapun nam. nouanul , nouk , nuiu (k.o. make a torch asia. pandanus ), nuvie (k.o. pan­ danus ), nuvo (burau), ponuar toss and turn vh lu. (rain-tree), telh, tfra . be on a tree ativhata . touch iap, iapiap (with hand) ; ek (with finger ); iepa tu (one­ tre llis nfpwfrpw ;'r . self) . 2 make a trellis ep iag. tough ausfkausfk; ulfk (of food). trevally toutau. tourist turis. trial marker mihel (after nouns ); toy nanmw-. ha- hai- hal- (prefix to

ver s). ' track n. road: suatul . b tribe see nouanul , nuatfn. = trace: namwi -. trick v. ;'vhiatln, asfmle. tradition(s) see Ils l , kaha. trip v.t. aplthfl . tradi tiona Z(ly) liHn; kasHm2 . v.int . hopsap;'s , aprt;'t;'1 tramp le euk , eukasfsfn. mautln. transitive postclitic -rnl ' -I. triplets mw ilmwll mihel . trans late huopraai . trochus ka l ikau; taknu (small ).

trans la tor iohuopraai. trouble, bring ahuohua . troubled times nahuoh ueaan . trap n. nal fkl ; kaulu, nouankulu2 ' nouankuluiavfn, troub le-maker ieram ahuohua . nouankululowtal ilfn (for birds ). trousers t;'rausas . trap v. vi Hk. truck loto , tfraak. travel see asua . true pw;'rhien. tree nfk. Va riet ies: 163

trumpe t (conch) u trunk (of tree) nupwe lak-. ugly taa t. truth nfpwfrhienaan. ulcer vinl (tropical ). try alkuut. amwa ; see al so ru. have an ulcer on tongue mig 2 • try but fai l fpkfpfk. umbilical cord ntprtg-. try to make/build olasfgfvfn. unab le, be tpktptk. siei . tryst, make trunptn . estvia; akumw kopwiel ton (to speak ) . tuber tapi las (of growing yam) . l unbalanced ailakeake . tuna tuna. uncertain tttkttk. ownaan . turn v. t. vh in (around , over ); uncle rtm- (father 's brother ); hua1tlr n (round ); altlrn 2 (back); atag (over ); asuofl In mfra- (father 's sister 's hus­ (over ); ega sun (a page ). band , mother 's brother, mother 's sister 's husband). v.int. a1tl r nl ; hua1tl l n (around ); evtrn (away in shy­ unconscious mtsea i. ness ); ikol (off a ro�d); asupwopwom (over ); vh lu (1. n knock unconscious hoiaiin. one 's s l eep); kiukiu (in the 2 ego womb ) . uncover bananas lahau. turtle iau; ntmtaau ( l ong); under, underneath ko lei (short ). 2 underdone akamrena. turtle-shell earring ntviau ' l understand hinatln. tusk ttnapaat. understanding nhinatinaan . tussle akalultn. underwater ntki the . twe lve katilum-kati lum-kiu. underwor ld Negrattn . Ipwai. Ivtraau . twenty ieramrm karena rtka . unintelligent eitouau. twice nian kiu. uninterested avheltsun. twig neluiagiag . unloaded gun nimwakopwiel twin mw ilmwrl (of animate ); kavin. kavinavin (of plant ); unmarried avtn am (of mal e), see al so peravtn . l euanhtn (of femal e) . twist v.t. avtt; evtrn (to unripe amra ; puka . break ) . 2 v.int . evtrn (twist away in unsure tttkttk. ownaan . shyness). untang le r;'stn. twisted ik0 2 • ikoiko. untie rtstn . hapwu . twitch avt r. unti l ma roatis. twi tter see asak2 . untru th noar huatln . two kiu. 164

unwrap avfs. (on beach ), n-tp;'r;'m, nol u (on beach ), nouanutkou , noug;'n-tktu, up ilis, n;'magoago . nuia- (yam), nulkas;'k . upwards -;'t, -rt. virgin adj . euanh;'n. be up (of sun) ahak, ans;'l . virgin n. ieuanh;'n, iowanhfn. upper arm nel uka-, nel ukanelm-. visit v. eitagp;'nln , uagp;'nln . upper teeth nelu- ieram ilis. voice nouiaa-. urinate ami, amiami i 1. vo 'lcano hiau. urine nami-. vo 'lcanic ash n;'si i hiau. us inclus ive : ka lau (dual ), ka thel (trial) , katar (plural ). vomit eua . exclusive : kamlau (dual ), vote OS lt nelm-. kamhel (trial ), kama r (plural ). use 01 Ie, of;'n.

use up see auaias;'s;' n . w v. k i uki u . use 'less forfor. wag l pwas , huin. utterance nakaraan . wait wait for huin, etanrn; revgfn (unsuccessfully ).

wake n. nhapwu peau (of ship). v vagina -uua ; -enar, -kip, luag-, 'leave a wake hapwu peau. t;'namk;' l. wake up v.t. sf9l . va'l'ley napinu. v.int. aitl . variety see p;'lhp ;'lh. wa'lk aliuok . s'leepwa 'lk apul iv-tk. vehic'le loto , t;'raak. wa'lk about/around av-tn. venerea'l disease n;'m;'saan taha av;'ni perav;'n. wa'lk backwards taa-. wa'lk bent over al iuokamelamel . Venus keau ita. wa'lk confused'ly hopsap;'s. very ak;'n. wa'lk pecu'liar'ly al iuok ahuohua , al i uok taat. very much ak;'n. wa'lk to and fro av;'n. very nice v;'tmo u ai . wa'lk up a creek-bed ho-napinu. vesse'l n;'vigfnar (drinking ); wa 'lk with a stick askfn. nik0 3 (seagoing ). wa 'lking-stick kask;'n . Vita Ifila. wa'l'l napw;'r (thatched), nohar vi'l'lage nauanu. (unthatched) . to/in the vi'l'lage lauanu. wander ar;'kav;'n ; v;'nhenap (of vine ielk;'n (aerial roots ), the mind). kasuke , namlet, n;'ktu, n;'mwanolu 165

wanderer iarfkmavfn. wa n t 0 Ike ike i . wear fvlu. want to amwa . weary apkas. no t want apwas . weather nlan l . war nfvh i knfn (local ), naluakfnaan (foreign). cLoudy/dirty wea ther namkfmfkaan . warm adj . ativan . weave owh l . warm v. ftik (of fire); eeg ( food) ; aroukom, ativan (one- web (spider 's) lie lie. self) . weed n. nfvhaal taat. warship manuuaa . weed v. auai nt-vhaal , os nfvhaal . wash hape l l ; aik (self) ; arfgrfg , eikuaas (things ). week nahuaakaan . wasp purmat, purma t ituga. weep asakl . wasted (due to iLLness) avilfg. weighed down see atpfkamw. watch (over) v. alkaHk. weLcome n. nfniviaan . water nu (fresh ), tehe (salt ); nihinien (of coconut ); niatfv weLcome v. fnivi, fnivivi, (deep water outside reef); offn nfniviaan kam, ol sekan. namkfn (dirty) ; nenmwan (on ground after rain); nauar we U adv. vft. (seepage ) . we U into ita 2 ' ro l kamwa , water taro nfte Ie nfm ft . rol mamwa . wa tercress uotakris. we LL n. nfml l nu.

nuhia. waterfaLL west I rhe . irhe , -paha. wa terme Lon mfren . westwards west wind iasfpha , wave n. tehe rakav i; peau nt-ma taag iasis, hiapwu kopwiel . (whitecap ) . wet adj . ptfg; mfra (of wood ). tida L wave sios io. wet taro nfte Ie nfm ft. wave v. ki u klul · wet v. atl . way suatul ( = road); narfkaan ( = way of life). whaLe tou I haa i . in the way tost-g. what? netal ' neta2 ; pehe (of humans ) . we inclusive : kalau (dual ), ka the l (trial ), katar (plural ). whatsisname narapwfla. exclusive : kamlau (dual), kamhe l (trial ), kama r (plural ). when? nian petuen ; tonhfn (future ); nahan (past ). weak see forfo r, asaas2 . when conj . nlan , kapamwa , weaL thy nauta ripwfr. takamwal ' 166

where ? -hie, Ihie, iktn pet uen . north wind luatu, iouiertn2 . northeast wind where conj . i ktn. luatuaml aai . east wind natoga , iastpaat. which? petuen, neta ; pehe 2 sou theast wind (humans ) . uri toga . south wind tokolau, ntpwe laapw, n. whip uip. mataag iastmtt, peravtn2 . southwest wind whip v. ahuinar. uriphapha. west wind ntmataagiasis, whisk nouanktlktl (for fl ies). iastpha , hiapwu kopwiel . northwest wind whisper as iuan . luatumwttua . window kua I. whistle avhtll ; vi nhul- (with fingers in mouth ). wing ntkavkav-; ntmwt lmwtl i­ l white adj . tuan . (f ying-fox) . white ants iaskun, mweamwea wink apuletln. tuan . winter nouanelulul . white-hot ltvl . wipe white (of eye) nouanhaltn akantmr­ hape l l ; ara ita (the brow); i rttuan . atel (after de fecating). wire ua ia. who (m) ? pehe. wise inertk, anmwi ik. who (m) (re lative ) ieraml • wise man ianmwi ik. who le pw iapwia. wish v. olkeikei. whore pera i euanhtn. with mtne (accompaniment ), why ? etu- , tonhd ; see al so Ie (instrument ). nupwe lak-. without payment, without result wide asuu I. apnaptn2 · widow ielmts . witness i I nasts . widowed hag. woman peravtn , peran; nami in l lauanu, menuk Ie ttn pstn wife peravtn , peran, nami r-, (metaphorical usage ); misis nuaia-; uaskom (of a chief). (European ); pera ierue (married) ; kuvi l (pregnant for first time ); wi ld perahigtl (ol d); perasuaas wild animal iatipun. (young ) . women wild-cane nuvig; ntpiep (k.o. ); perami l (two) ; peramihel (three ); perami in. nulul (drie d) . become a woman wild kava nakivam. aperavtn. woman-chaser iekihua. wi ld yam ntmanru . womb ka rtm . wi lderness leluan, ltmwnaan. 2 wonder htkttk. win olwln. wood wind n. ntmataag ; navi- (of ntk, noutakrtntk; nouantk something passing). (piece of wood ). 167

wood-rose nul tepwan. yam-harvest time rtne itpfn Ilmwaga. word nakaraan; see al so noa , nouanavf l. yam-heap tou3 ' owagtaat. work n. uok. yawn yaws. have owaltn. work v. t. ha lapnln , olmfta (work someone hard ). year nuw. v.int. asumw (in garden ). yell vintn. world tu i dn. yellow auhia. worm mw atikalo; kig (in dead wood); tapi las 2 (small ); tfki fv yes ouaah . (in bananas ). yes terday nenav. worn out apou2 ' day before yesterday nihin2 ' worthless see tanpfn. day befo re day before yesterday nh iksil. wound n. nfmakum. yet tna2 ' wrap arua ru. yolk of egg nouaneamtk. wrestle akalulfn. you iik (sing. ), kamilau (dual ), wring avft; evti nakruu (the kamh iel (trial), kamiar (plural ). neck ) . young atemalu a; amtamta (very). wrinkled uigfr, uigtruigfr, u1+kultk. youngest child nfsiintptn , nautfn, napur 2 ' wri?t raml tpun iktn . your -m (sing.), -m ilau (dual ), wri te ra i . -mhiel (trial ), -miar (plural ). wrong. be taat, ol rog. youth temalua (young male ); natema lueaan (time when one is do wrong ly eluel . young ) . be pronounced wrong ly mu l 2 .

z y zipper nouanehapwi it. yam nuw. Major Var ieties: nel fmnuw, nouanurtk, tanptntanptn, ntmanru. See under each of these for sub­ varieties .

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Series A, Nos . 1-9 , Series B, No s. 1-6 , Series C, No s. 1 and 3, and Bulletins 1 and 2 were called LINGUISTIC CIRCLE OF CANBER RA PUBLICATIONS . All publications (including reprints of earl ier items ) subsequent to Ju ly 1967 bear the new name PACIFIC LINGUISTICS.

After each entry , ISBN numbers have been added . Where there are two ISBN numbers given , the first one refers to the complete set of volume s, and the second to the individual volume or part .

Pr ices are subj ect to alteration without prior not ification .

SER IES A - OCCAS IONAL PAPERS

No . 1 WURM, S.A. Some Rema�k� on �he Role 06 Language in �he $1 . 00 A��imila�ion 06 Au���alian Abo�igine� . 1963 ; 12 pp .

Reprinted 1966 . ISBN 0 85883 006 X

NO . 2 HEALEY , Alan Handling Un�ophi� �ica�ed Ling ui��ic In6 0�man�� . $1. 50

1964 ; iii + 30 pp . Reprinted 1967 , 1972, 1973, 1975.

ISBN 0 85883 007 8

No . 3 PENCE , Alan , Ellis Deibler Jr , Phyl lis M. Healey , and Bruce $1. 50

A. Hooley Pape�� in New Guinea Ling ui��ic� No .1. 1964 ;

iv + 42 pp . Reprinted 19 71. ISBN 0 85883 008 6

No . 4 WURM , S.A. Pape�� in New Guinea Lingui� �ic� No .2. 1964 ; $1 . 50 iv + 41 pp .; 1 map . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 009 4

No . 5 HEALEY , Phyllis M. Pap�� in New Guinea Ling ui��ic� No .3. $2 .00

1965; iv + 53 pp . Reprinted 1972 . ISBN 0 85883 010 8

NO . 6 BEE , Darlene Pape�� in New Guinea Ling ui��ic� No .4. 1965; $2 .50

iv + 68 pp . Reprinted 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 01 I 6

No . 7 FRANTZ, C.l. and M.E. , D. and J. Oatridge, R. Loving , $3.00 J. Swick , A. Pence , P. Staalsen , and H. and M. Boxwell

Pape4� in New Guinea Ling ui��ic� No .5. 1966; viii + 93 pp .

Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 012 4

No . 8 SHETLER, J. , R. Pittman , V. Forsberg , and J. Hussey Pape�� $1. 50 in Philippine Ling ui��ic� No .1. 1966 ; iv � 38 pp . Reprinted

1971. ISBN 0 85883 013 2

No. 9 NGUYEN DANG LlEM, A. Tran Huong Mai, and David W. Dellinger $3.50 Pape�� in Sou�h Ea�� A�ian Ling u i��ic� No .1. 1967 ;

iv + 43 pp . + 30 tables + 3 chart tables + 27 chart s. Re- pr inted 1970. ISBN 0 85883 014 0 2

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Occasional Papers - continued

No .l0 GLASGOW , D. and K. , Jean F. Kirton , W.J. Oates , and B.A. and $ 2.00 E.G. Sommer Pape�6 �n AU6t�al�an L�n9u�6t�e6 No. 1. 19 67 ;

v + 59 pp . Reprinted 197 2. ISBN 0 85883 015 9

No .ll VON BRANDENSTE IN , C.G. , A. Capell, and K. Hale Pape�6 �n $3.00

AU6t�al�an L�n9u�6t�e6 No. 2. 196 7; iii + 73 pp . + 7 maps . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 016 7

No .12 McELHANON , K.A. and G. Renck Pape�6 �n New Gu�nea L�n9u�6t�e6 $ 2.00

No. 6. 19 67; iv + 4 8 pp . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 017 5

No .13 GODDARD , J. and K.J. Franklin Pape�6 �n New Gu�nea L�n9u�6 - $2.50

t�e6 No. 7. 1967; iv + 59 pp . Reprinted 19 71. ISBN 0 85883 018 3

No .14 AGUAS , E.F. and D.T. Tryon Pape�6 �n AU6t�al�an L�n9u�6t�e� $ 2. 00 No. 3. 19 68; iii + 46 pp . + 1 map . Reprinted 19 71. ISBN 0 85883 019

No .1S CAPELL , A. , G.J. Parker , and A.J. Schlitz Pape�� �n L�n9u�� ­ $2.00

t�e6 06 Melane��a No. 1. 19 68; iii + 52 pp . + 1 map . Re - printed 19 71. ISBN 0 85883 020 5

No .16 VOORHOEVE , C.L. , K.J. Franklin, and G. Scott Pape�� �n New $2. 50

Gu�nea Un9u��t�e� No . 8. 1968; iv + 62 pp . ; 2 map s. Re- printed 1971. ISBN 0 85883 02 1 3

No .17 KINSLOW HARRIS, J. , S.A. Wurm , and D.C. Laycock Pape�� �n $3 .50

Au�t�al�an Un9 u��t�e� No. 4. 196 9; vi + 97 pp . ; 3 maps . Re- 1971. printed ISBN 0 85883 022 I

No .la CAPELL , A. ; A. Healey , A. Isoroembo , and M. Chittleborough; $ 3 .50 and D.B. Wilson Pape�� �n New Gu�nea L�n9 u��t�e� No. 9. 19 69;

vi + 110 pp . ; 1 map . Reprinted 19 71. ISBN 0 85883 023 X

No .19 MILLER, J. and H.W. Miller Pape�� �n Ph�l�pp�ne L�n9u���e� $1. 50

No. 2. 1969; iii + 32 pp . Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 024 8

No .20 PRENTICE , D.J. Pape�� �n Bo�neo L� n9 u����� No. 1. 1969; $2.00

iv + 41 pp . Reprinted 19 71. ISBN 0 85883 025 6

No .21 CAPELL , A. , A. Chowning , and S.A. Wurm Pape�� �n L�n9 u��t�e� $3. 50

06 Melane� �a No. 2. 19 70; v + 10 5 pp . ; 5 maps . ISBN 0 85883 002 7 3

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Occasional Papers - continued

No .22 LAYCOCK, D.C. , Richard G. Lloyd, and Philip Staalsen PapeJl.� $ 3. 00

in New Guinea Lingui�tie� No. 10. 19 69; v + 84 pp . ISBN 0 85883 026 4

No .23 BUNN , G. and R. ; Alan Pence , Elaine Geary , and Doris Bjorkman; $ 3.00 H. and N. Weimer ; and O.R. Claassen and K.A. McElhanon Pape��

in New Guinea Ling ui�tie� No. ll. 1970; v + 78 pp . ; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 001 9

No .24 ABRAMS , N. , J. Forster , and R. Brichoux Pape�� in Philippine $3. 00

Lingui�tic� No. 3. 1970; vi + 77 pp . ISBN 0 85883 000 0

No .2S VOORHOEVE , C.L. , K.A. McElhanon , and Bruce L. and Ruth Blowers $ 2.50

Pape�� in New Guinea Lingui�tie� No. 12. 19 70; iv + 60 pp . + 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 027 2

No .26 BLOWERS , B.L. , Margie Griffin , and K.A. McElhanon Pape�� in $2.00 New Guinea Lingui�tie� No. 13. 19 70; iv + 48 pp .

ISBN 0 85883 028 0

No .27 KIRTON , Jean F. Pape�� in Au�t�alian Ling ui�tie� No. 5. 19 71; $2.50

iv + 70 pp . ISBN 0 85883 029 9

No .28 DUTTON , T. , C.L. Voorhoeve , and S.A. Wurm Pape�� in New $5. 50

Guinea Ling ui�tie� No. 14. 1971; vi + 17 2 pp .; 8 maps . ISBN 0 85883 030 2

No .29 GLOVE R, Warren W. , Maria Hari , and E.R. Hope Pape�� in South $ 3.00

Ea�t A�ian Li ng ui�tie� No. 2. 1971; iv + 78 pp . ; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 031 0

No .30 DELLINGER , D.W. , E.R. Hope , Makio Katsura , and Tatsuo Nishida $3.00

Pape�� in South Ea�t A�ian Ling ui�tie� No.3. 1973; iv + 82 pp . ISBN 0 85883 09 1 4

No .31 LEWIS, R.K. , Sandra C. Lewis, Shirley Litteral , and P. Staalsen $2. 50

Pape�� in New Guinea Lingui�tie� No. 15. 197 2; v + 69 pp . ISBN 0 85883 032 9

No .32 HOHULIN, R.M. and Lou Hohulin Pape�� in Philippine Lingui�tie� $1.50

No. 4. 19 71; iv + 32 pp . ISBN 0 85883 033 7

No .33 COURT , C. and R.A. Blust, and F.S. Watuseke Pape�� in Bo�neo $5 .00

and We�te�n Au�t�o n�ian Lingui�tie� No. 2. 19 77 ; vi + 13 2 pp .;

1 map . ISBN 0 85883 164 3 4

PACIFIC LINGUISTI CS

Deeas; ana 1 Papers - continued

No .34 ALLEN , Janice and M. Lawrence PapeA� in New Guinea Lingui��ie� $2 .00

No .16. 19 72; iii + 46 pp . ISBN 0 85883 08 1 7

No .35 BEAUMONT , C. , D.T. Tryon , and S.A. Wurm PapeA� in Ling ui��i e� $4 .00

06 Melane�ia No .3. 19 72; vii + 113 pp . + 6 maps . ISBN 0 85883 083 3

No .36 SCHEBECK , B. ; and L.A. Hercus and I.M. Wh ite Pape�� in Au� ­ $3.00

��alian Ling ui��ie� No .6. 1973; iv + 72 pp . + 4 pages of photographs + 2 maps . ISBN 0 85883 095 7

No .37 FURBY , Christine E. , Luise A. Hercus , and Christine Kilham $3.00

Pape�� in Au���alian Ling ui��ie� No .7. 19 74; iv + 73 pp . + 1 map + 3 photographs . ISBN 0 85883 116 3

No .38 HOLZKNECHT , K.G. and D.J. Phillips Pape�� in New Guinea Lin- $3.00

gui��ie� No .17. 1973; iii + 78 pp . ISBN 0 85883 097 3

No .39 SHARPE , M.C. , L. Jagst, and D.B.W. Birk Pape�� in Au���alian $3.50

Ung ui��ie� No. 8. 19 75; v + 78 pp . ISBN 0 85883 126 0

No .40 CONRAD , R. and W. Dye ; N.P. Thomson; and L.P. Bruce Jr Pape�� $4 .00

in New Guinea Ling ui��ie� No .18. 19 75; iv + 10 2 pp . + 5 maps . ISBN 0 85883 118 X

No .41 CHANDLER , Donna Hettick , E. Ruch , and Jeannette Witucki Pape�� $3.00

in Philippine Lingui� �ie� No .5. 19 74; iv + 74 pp . ISBN 0 85883 114 7

No .42 HUDSON , Joyce and Barbara J. Sayers Pape�� in Au� ��alian Lin­ $3.50

gui��ie� No. 9. 19 76 ; iv + 79 pp . ISBN 0 85883 140 6

No .43 HEADLAND , T.N. and A. Healey; and Jeannette Witucki Pape�� in $3.00

Philippine Lingui�tie� No.6. 19 74 ; iii + 74 pp .; 1 ma p.

ISBN 0 85883 108 2

No .44 HOOKER, B. , D. Behrens , and P.M. Hartung Pape�� in Philippine $3.00

Ungui�tie� No .7. 19 75 ; iv + 60 pp . ISBN 0 85883 135 X

No .45 REESINK, G.P., L. Flei schmann , S. Turpeinen, and P.C. Lincoln $4 .50

Pape�� in New Guinea Lingui� tie� No. 19. 19 76 ; v + 105 pp .; 2 maps . ISBN 0 85883 156 2

No .46 WITUCKI , Jeannette , M.R. Wa lrod , and Jean Shand Pape�� in $4 .00

Philippine Lingui� tie� No .8. 19 76 ; iv + 89 pp . ISBN 0 85 883 146 5 5

PACIFIC LIN GUISTICS

Occas ional Papers - continued

No .47 KIRTON , Je an i B. Sommeri S.A. Wurrn and Luise Hercus i and $3 .50 P. Austin, R. Ellis and Luise Hercus Pape�6 in AU6 t�alian Lin­

gui6 tic6 No .l0. 1976 ; iv + 78 pp .; 3 maps ; 11 photographs . ISBN 0 85883 153 8

No .48 THOMAS , D.O. , E.W. Lee and Nguyen Dang Liem, eds Pape�6 in $5 .00 South Ea6t A6ian Lingui6tic6 No .4: Chamic Studie6 . 1977 ;

x + 124 pp . ISBN 0.85883 163 5

No .49 BRADLEY , D. Pape�6 in South Ea6 t A6 ian Lingui6tic6 No .5. $4 .00

19 77; iv + 98 pp . ISBN 0 85883 158 9

In preparation :

No .50 JOHNSTON , E.C., H. Weins , Jo Ann Gault, P. Green and B. Grayden

Pape�6 in Philippine Lingui6tic6 No .9

No .51 KIRTON , Jean F., R.K. Wood and Luise Hercus Pape�6 in AU6�alian Lin­ gui6tic6 No .ll

No .52 GETHING , T.W. and Nguyen Dang Liem, eds Pape�6 in South Ea6t A6ian Lingui6 tic6 No .6; Tai Studie6 in Honou� On William J. Gedney

No .53 TRAIL, R. L. , H.T. Rathod , G. Chand, C. Roy , I. Shrestha and N.M.

Tuladhar i P.J. Graingeri W.W. Glover and J.K. Landon i A. Hale and T. Manandhari and B. Schottelndreyer Pape�6 in South Ea6 t A6ian Lin­ gui6 tic6 No . 7

SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS

No . 1 WURM, S.A. and J.B. Harris PO LICE MOTU, an int�oductio n to the $3.00 T�ade Language on Papua (New Guinea ) no� anth�opologi6t6 and

othe� nieldwo�ke�6 . 196 3; vi + 81 pp . Reprinted 1964, 1965, 19 66, 1967, 1969 , 19 70 , 1971, 19 73 . ISBN 0 85883 034 5

No . 2 WURM, S.A. Phonological Vive�6 inication in AU6 t�alian New $3.00

Guinea Highland6 Languag e6 . 1964 ; iii + 87 pp .; 1 ma p. Reprinted 1971. ISBN 0 85883 035 3

No . 3 HEAL EY, Alan Telenol Phonology. 1964 ; iii + 1 figure + $2 .50

53 pp . + 5 tables . Reprinted 1972. ISBN 0 85883 036

No . 4 HEALEY , Phyllis M. Telenol Noun Ph�a6 e6 . 19 65 ; iii + 51 pp . $2 .00 Reprinted 19 72. ISBN 0 85883 037 X 6

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Monographs - continued

No . S HEALEY, Phyllis M. Level¢ and Chaining in Tele60l Sentence¢ . $2.50

19 66; iv + 64 pp . Reprinted 19 71. ISBN 0 85883 038 8

No . 6 TRYON , Darrell T. Nengone GJtammaIL . 19 67; x + 91 pp . Reprinted $ 3.50

19 71. ISBN 0 85883 039 6

No . 7 TRYON , Darrell T. Vehu GILammaIL . 19 68 ; ix + 111 pp . Reprinted $4.00

19 71. ISBN 0 85883 040 X

No . 8 TRYON , Darrell T. Iai GILammaIL . 19 68; xii + 12 5 pp . Reprinted $4 .50

19 71. ISBN 0 85883 04 1 8

No . 9 DUTTON , T.E. The Peopling 06 CentILal Papua: ¢ome PILeliminalLY $5.50 Ob¢ eILvatio n¢ . 19 69 ; viii + 18 2 pp . Reprinted 19 70, 19 71.

ISBN 0 85883 042 6

No .lO FRANKLIN , K.J. The Vialect¢ 06 Kewa . 19 68; iv + 72 pp .; $3.50

20 maps . Reprinted 19 71. ISBN 0 85883 043 4

No .l1 SOMMER, B.A. Kunjen Phonology: SynchILo nic and ViachILonic. $3.00

19 69; iv + 72 pp .; 3 maps . ISBN 0 85883 044 2

No .12 KLOKE ID, T.J. ThaILgaILi Phonology and MOILpholo gy. 19 69 ; $ 2.50

viii + 56 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 045 0

No .13 TREFRY , D. A CompalLative Study 06 Kuman and Pawaian. 19 69 ; $3 .50

iv + 94 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 046 9

No .14 McELHANON , K.A. Selepet Phonology. 19 70 ; v + 47 pp .; 1 map . $2.00

ISBN 0 85883 003 5

No .lS TRYON , D.T. An IntILoduction to MaILanung�u (NolLthelLn Au¢tILalia ). $4.00

19 70 ; vi + III pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 047 7

No .16 McELHANON , K.A. and C.L. Voorhoeve The TILan¢ -New-Guinea Phylum : $4 .00 ExplolLation¢ in Veep-level Genetic Relation¢ hip¢ . 19 70;

v + 10 7 pp .; 4 maps . Reprinted 19 78 . ISBN 0 85883 048 5

No .17 KUKI, Hiroshi Tuamotuan Phonology. 19 70; ix + 119 pp .; 2 maps . $4 .00 ISBN 0 85883 049 3

No .18 YOUNG, R.A. The VeILb in Bena-Be.na : it¢ FOILm and Functio n. $2.50

19 71; v + 68 pp . ISBN 0 85883 050 7

No .19 PATON , W.F. AmbILym (Lonwolwol) GILammaIL . 19 71; xi + 12 8 pp .; $4.50 5 1 map. ISBN 0 85883 05 1 7

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Monographs - aontinued

No .20 CAPELL , A. A�o�i G�amma� . 19 71; iv + 90 pp .; 1 map . $3.50 ISBN 0 85883 052 3

No .21 McELHANON , K.A. Selepe� G�amma� . Pa�� 1: F�om Roo� �o Ph�a� e. $4 .00 19 72; vi + 116 pp . ISBN 0 85883 085 X and ISBN 0 85883 086 8

No .22 McELHANON , K.A. Towa�d� a Tifpol09if 06 �he Fini��e��e-Huon $3.00

Languag e� , New Guinea . 19 73; vii + 73 pp .; 1 map . ISB� 0 85883 094 9

No .23 SCOTT , Graham Highe� Level� 06 Fo�e G�amma� . Edited by Robert $ 3.50

E. Longacre . 19 73; x + 88 pp . ISBN 0 85883 088 4

No .24 DUTTON , T.E. A Checkli� � 06 Languag e� and P� e� en�-daif Villag e� $3.00

06 Cen��al and Sou�h-Ea�� Mainland Papua. 19 73; iv + 80 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 090 6

No .2S LAYCOCK , D.C. Sepik Languag e� - Checkl�� and P� elimina�if $4 .50

Cla��i6ica�ion. 19 73; iv + 130 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 084

No .26 MUHLHAUSLER, P. Pidginiza�io n and Simpli6ica�io n 06 Languag e. $5.00

19 74; v + 16 1 pp . Reprinted 19 78. ISBN 0 85883 113 9

NO .27 RAMOS , Teresita V. The Ca� e Sif��em 06 Tagalog Ve�b� . 19 74; $5.50

viii + 168 pp . ISBN 0 85883 115 5

No .28 WEST , Dorothy Wojoke�o Sen�ence, Pa�ag�aph, and Vi� cou�� e $6 .00

Analif� i� . Edited by Robert E. Longacre . 19 73; x + 181 pp . ISBN 0 85883 089 2

No .29 ELBERT , Samuel H. Puluwa� G�amma� . 19 74; v + 137 pp . $ 4.50

ISBN 0 85883 103 I

No .30 METCALFE , C.D. Ba1di Ve�b Mo�phol09if (No��hwe��e�n Au��alia ). $6.50

19 75 ; x + 215 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 121 X

No .31 VOORHOEVE , C.L. Languag e� 06 l�ian Jaifa : Checkli��. $5 .00 P� elimina�if Cla��i6ica�ion, Language Map� , Wo�dl��� . 19 75;

iv + 129 pp .; 17 maps . ISBN 0 85883 128 7

$ No .32 WALTON , Janice Binongan l�neg Sen�ence� . 19 75; vi + 70 pp . 3. 00

ISBN 0 85883 I 17 I

No .33 GUY , J.B.M. A G�amma� 06 �he No��he�n Vialec� 06 Sakao . 19 74 ; $3.50

ix + 99 pp .; 2 maps . ISBN 0 85883 104 X 8

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Monographs - continued

No .34 HOPE , E.R. The Veep Sy»�a x 06 Li�u Se»�e»ce� . A T�a»� 60�ma­ $6 .00

�io»al Ca� e G�amma� . 19 74; viii + 184 pp . + 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 I 10 4

No .35 IRWIN , Barry Sal�- Yui G�amma� . 19 74; iv + 151 pp . $5.00 ISBN 0 85883 I I I 2

No .36 PHILLIPS, D.J. Wahgi Pho»ology a»d Mo�phology. 19 76 ; $5 .50

x + 16 5 pp . ISBN 0 85883 141 4

No .37 NGUYEN DANG LIEM Ca� e� , Clau� e� a»d Se»�e»ce� i» Vie�»ame� e. $3.50

19 75 ; v + 8 9 pp . ISBN 0 85883 133 3

No .38 SNEDDON , J.N. To»da»o Pho»ology a»d G�amma� . 19 75; $8 .00

viii + 264 pp . ISBN 0 85883 125 2

No .39 LANG, Adrianne The Sema»�ic� 06 Cla�6i6ica�0�y Ve�b� in Enga $7 .00

(and o�he� Papua New Guinea La»guag e� ). 19 75 ; xii + 234 pp .; 2 ma ps . ISBN 0 85883 123 6

No .40 RENCK , G.L. A G�amma� 06 Yaga�ia . 19 75; xiii + 235 pp .; $7.00

1 map. ISBN 0 85883 130 9

No .41 Z'GRAGGEN , J.A. The La»guag e6 06 the Mada»g Vi� t�ict, Papua $5. 00

New Guinea . 19 75; vi + 15 4 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 134 I

No .42 FURBY , E.S. and C.E. A P�elimina�y A»aly�i6 06 Ga�awa Ph�a6 e� $3.50

a»d Clau6 e� . 19 77; viii + 101 pp . ISBN 0 85883 151 I

No .43 STOKHOF , W.A.L. P�elimi»a�y Note6 on the Alo� and Panta� $3.00

La»guag e� (Ea6 t l»do»e�ia) . 19 75 ; vi + 73 pp . + 2 maps . ISBN 0 85883 124 4

No .44 SAYERS , Barbara The Sente»ce i» Wik-Mu»ka»: a Ve� c�iptio n 06 $6 .00

P�opo�itio»al Relatio»� hip� . 19 76; xvii + 185 pp . ISBN 0 85883 138 4

No .45 BIRK , D.B.W. The Malakmalak Languag e, Valy Rive� (We��e�n $6 .00

A�»hem La»d ) . 19 76 ; xii + 179 pp . ; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 150 3

No .46 GLISSMEYER, Gloria A Tagmemic Analy�i� 06 Hawaii Engli� h $5 .00

Clau� e6 . 19 76 ; viii + 14 9 pp . ISBN 0 85883 142 2

No .55 LYNCH , John A G�amma� 06 Le»akel . 19 77; vii + 135 pp .; 1 map . $4 .50

ISBN 0 85883 1 66 X 9

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Monographs in preparation:

No .47 BEAUMONT, C.H. The Tiga� Languag e 06 New I4eland

No .48 CLARK , Marybeth Cove4b6 and Ca6 e in Vietname6 e

No .49 FILBECK , David T'in: a Hi6t04ical Study

No .50 SMITH , Kenneth D. Sedang G4amma4 : Phonological and Syntactic St4uctu4e

No .5l LEE , Jennifer R. Note6 on Li Hawu (Ea6te4n Indone6ia )

No .52 KILHAM, Christine A. Thematic 04ganization 06 Wik-Mun�an Vi6 COU46 e

No .53 VESALAINEN , Olavi and Marja Clau4 e Patte4n4 in Lhomi

No .54 SNEDDON , J. P40to- Minaha4an: Phonology, M04phology and W04d Li4t

No .56 ROS S, M. and John Natu Paol Wa4 kia G4amma4 S�etch and Vocabula4Y

No .57 CHAN-YAP , Gloria Ho�kien Chine4 e B0440wing4 in Tagalog

No .58 GONZALE Z, Andrew Pampangan: Outlin e 06 a Gene4ativ e Semantic Ve4c4iption

No .59 LUZARES , Casilda E. The M04phology 06 Select ed Cebuano Ve4b6 : a Ca4 e Analy6�

No .60 SOBERANO , Rosa The Vialect4 06 Ma4induque Tagalog

SERIES C - BOOKS

No . 1 LAYCOCK, D.C. The Ndu Language Family (Sepi� Vi4 t4ict, New $7 .00

Guinea) . 1965 ; xi + 224 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 053

No . 2 GRACE , George W. Canala Victio na4Y (New Caledonia). 19 75; $4 .50

x + 128 pp . ISBN 0 85883 122 8

No . 3 NGUYEN DANG LIEM Engli6 h G4amma4 (A Cont4a4tive AnalY4i4 06 $6 .50

Engl� h and Vietname4 e vo l.l) . 1966 ; xliv + 177 pp . Reprinted

1970 . ISBN 0 85883 054 X and ISBN 0 85883 055 8

No . 4 NGUYEN DANG LIEM Vietname4 e G4amma4 (A Cont4a4 tive AnalY4i4 06 $7 .50

Engli4 h and Vietname4 e vo l.2) . 1969 ; xlvi + 209 pp . Reprinted

1975 . ISBN 0 85883 054 X and ISBN 0 85883 p56 6

No . 5 NGUYEN DANG LIEM A Cont4a4 tive G4ammatical AnalY4i4 06 Engli4 h $5 .00 and Vietname4 e (A Cont4a4tive AnalY4i6 06 Engli4 h and Vietname4 e

vo l.3) . 1967; xv + 151 pp . Reprinted 1971 .

ISBN 0 85883 054 X and ISBN 0 85883 057 4 10

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Books - continued

No . 6 TRYON , Darrell T. V�hu-Engll� h Vlctlo na��. 1967; v + 137 pp . $4.50 Reprinted 1971 . ISBN 0 85883 058 2

No . 7 TRYON , Darrell T. Engll� h-V�hu Vlctlo na��. 1967; iii + 162 pp . $5 .00 Reprinted 19 71 . ISBN 0 85883 059 0

No . 8 NGUYEN DANG LIEM A ContAa�tlv � Phonological Anal��l� 06 $6 .50 Engll� h and Vl�tnam�� � (A Cont�a�tlv� Anal��l� 06 Engll� h and

Vl�tnam�� � vo l.4) . 1970; xv + 206 pp . ISBN 0 85883 054 X and ISBN 0 85883 004 3

No . 9 TRYON , D.T. and M.-J. Dubois N�ngon� Vlctlo na��. Pa�t I: $12 .50

N�ngon�-Engll� h. 1969 ; vii + 445 pp . ISBN 0 85883 060 4 and

ISBN 0 85883 06 1 2

No .lO OATES, W. and L. Oates Kapau P�dagoglcal G�amma� . 1968; $5.50

v + 178 pp . Reprinted 19 71 . ISBN 0 85883 062 0

No .ll FOX , C.E. A�o�l-Engll� h Vlctlo na��. 1970; iv + 406 pp .; $11 . 00

1 map . ISBN 0 85883 063 9

No .12 GRACE , George W. G�and Coull Vlctlo na� � (N�w Cal�donla ). $6 .00

1976 ; vii + 113 pp . ISBN 0 85883 154 6

No .13 WURM, S.A. and D.C. Laycock , eds Pacl61c Llngul�tlc Studl�� $35 .50 in Honou� 06 A�thu� Cap�ll . 19 70 ; viii + 1292 pp .; 25 maps ;

1 photograph . Reprinted 19 75 . ISBN 0 85883 005 I

Articles authored , or co-authored, by : B.W. Bender , Catherine M. Berndt , R.M. Berndt , H. Bluhme , J.E. Bolt , C.G. von Brandenstein , tC .D. Chretien, J.R. Cleverly , C. Court , R.M.W. Dixon , W.H. Douglas, T.E. Dutton , I. Dyen , S.H. Elbert , A.P. Elkin, E.H. Flint , K.J. Franklin , Marie Godfrey , G.W. Grace , K. Hale , Joy Harris , A. Healey, H. Hershberger , Ruth Hershberger, W.G. Hoddinot , P.W. Hohepa , N.M. Holmer , B.A. Hooley, Dorothy J. James , H. Kahler , Susan Kaldor , H. Kerr , Jean F. Kirton , D.C. Laycock , Nguyen Dang Liem, K.A. McElhanon , H. McKaughan , G.N. O'Grady , A. Pawley , Eunice V. Pike , R. Pittman , D.J. Prentice, A.J. SchUtz, M.C. Sharpe , tW .E . Smythe , A.J. Taylor , D.T. Tryon, E.M. Uhlenbeck , C.F. Voegelin , F.M. Voegelin, C.L. Voorhoeve , S.A. Wurm, J. Z'graggen .

A a No .14 GEERTS , P. ' ��' �� Vlctlona��. 1970 ; iv + 185 pp .; 1 map . $5.50 ISBN 0 85883 064 7

No .lS McELHANON , K.A. and N.A. S�l�p�t- Engll� h Vlctlona��. 1970; $5 .00

xxi + 144 pp . ISBN 0 85883 065 5 11

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Books - continued

No .16 FRANKLIN , K.J. A G�amma� 06 Kewa, New Guinea . 1971; $4 .50

ix oj 138 pp . ISBN 0 85883 066 3

No .17 PARKE R, G.J. Southea� t Amb�ym Vietio na�y. 19 71 ; xiii + 60 pp . $2 .50

ISBN 0 85883 067 I

No .18 PRENTICE , D.J. The Mu�ut Lang uag e� 06 Sabah. 1971; $9 .00

+ xi 311 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 068 X

NO .19 Z'GRAGGEN , J.A. Cla��i6ieato�y and Typologieal Studie� in $5 .50

Language� 06 the Madang Vi�t�iet . 1971 ; viii + 179 pp .;

4 ma ps . ISBN 0 85883 069 8

No .20 LANG , Adrianne Enga Vietiona�y with Engli� h Index. 1973; $10 .00

Ivi + 219 pp . + 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 093 0

No .21 PATON , W.F. Amb�ym (Lonwolwol) Vietiona�y. 1973; $11 . 50

ix + 337 pp . + 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 092 2

No .22 LONGACRE , Robe rt E., ed . Philippine Vi� eou�� e and Pa�ag�aph $10.50

Studie� in Memo�y 06 Betty MeLaehlin . 19 71 ; xv + 366 pp .;

1 photograph . ISBN 0 85883 070 I Articles authored by : tBetty McLachlin and Barbara Blackburn , Hazel Wrigglesworth , Claudia Whittle , Charles Walton .

No .23 TRYON , D.T. and M.-J. Dubois Nengone Vietiona�y. Pa�t II: $6 .00

Engti� h-Nengone. 1971; iii + 202 pp . ISBN 0 85883 060 4

and ISBN 0 85883 07 1 X

No .24 ELBERT , Samuel H. Puluwat Vietio na�y. 19 72; ix + 401 pp . $13 .00

ISBN 0 85883 082 5

No .25 FOX, Charles E. Lau Vietio na�y, with English Index . 19 74; $9 .50

vi + 260 pp . Reprinted 1976 . ISBN 0 85883 101 5

No .26 FRANKLIN , Karl, ed . in cooperation with M. Brown , T. Dutton, $18 .00

R. Lloyd , G. McDonald , D. Shaw , C. Voorhoeve , S. Wurm The Lingu�tie Situation in the Gul 6 Vi�t�iet and Adjaeent A�ea� , Papua New Gui�ea. 1973; x + 597 pp .; 8 map s.

ISBN 0 85883 100 7

No .27 HO-MIN SOHN and B.W. Bender A Ulithian G�amma� . 19 73; $13 .50

xv + 398 pp . ; 2 maps . ISBN 0 85883 098 I

No .28 HEADLAND, Thomas N. and Janet D. A Vumagat (Ca�ig�an) - $10 .50

Engli� h Vietio na�y. 1974 ; 1xii + 232 pp .; 1 map .

ISBN 0 85883 107 4 12

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Books - continued

No .29 DUTTON , T.E. , ed . S�udie4 in Languag e4 06 Cen�al and Sou�h­ $25 .50

Ea4� Papua . 1975 ; xviii + 834 pp .; 5 maps .

ISBN 0 85883 I 19 8

A collection of illustrative sketches of many hitherto un­ described languages of Central and South-East Papua by J. Austing , R.E. Cooper, T.E. Dutton , J. and C. Farr , R. and S. Garland , J.E. Henderson , J."A. Kolia (formerly Collier) , M. Olsen , A. Pawley , E.L. Richert , N.P. Thomson , R. Upia , H. and N. Weimer .

No .3D LOVING , Richard and Aretta Awa Vic�io na�y . 1975 ; xliv + $9 .00

203 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 137 6

No .31 NGUYEN DANG LIEM, ed . Sou�h-Ea4 � A4 ian Lingui4�ic S�udie4 , $9 .50

vol .l. 19 74 ; vii + 213 pp . Reprinted 19 78 .

ISBN 0 85883 144 9 a nd ISBN 0 85883 099 X Articles authored by : Soenjono Dard jowidjojo, Cesar A. Hidalgo , Arthur G. Crisfield , Philip N. Jenner, Marybeth Clark , Nguyen Dang Liem, Saveros Pou.

No .32 TRYON , D.T. Valy Family Languag e4 , AU4��alia . 1974 ; $11 . 00

xvii + 303 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 106 6

No .33 WURM, S.A. and B. Wilson Engli4 h Finde�li4� 06 Reco n4 ��uc�ion4 $10 .00

in AU4��one4ian Language4 (p04� 8�and4 �e��e�) . 19 75 ; xxxii +

246 pp . ISBN 0 85883 129 5

No .34 GUY , J.B.M. Handbook 06 8ichelama� - Manuel de 8ichelama� . $9 .50

1974 ; iii + 256 pp . Reprinted 19 75. ISBN 0 85883 109 0

No .35 KEESING, R.M. Kwaio Vic�io na�y. 1975 ; xxxiv + 296 pp . ; $11.50

1 map . ISBN 0 85883 120 I

No .36 REID, Lawrence A. 80 n�o k-Engli4 h Vic�iona�y. 1976 ; xxiv + $16 .00

500 pp . ISBN 0 85883 145 7

No .37 RENCK , G.L. Yaga�ia Vic�iona�y wi�h Engli4 h Index . 1977 ; $12 .00

xxx + 327 pp .; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 161 9

No .38 WURM, S.A. , ed . Papuan Languag e4 and �he New Guinea Lingui4 �ic $32.00 Scene (New Guinea A�ea Lang uag e4 and Langu�ge S�udy, vo l.l) . 1975 ; xlvi + 10 38 pp .; 28 maps . Reprinted 19 77 .

ISBN 0 85883 131 7 and ISBN 0 85883 132 5

No .39 WURM , S.A. , ed . AU4��one4ian Languag e4 (New Guinea A�ea Lan­ $23.50

guage4 and Languag e S�udy, vol.2) . 1976 ; xxxv + 736 pp .;

21 maps . ISBN 0 85883 131 7 and ISBN 0 85883 155 4 13

PAC IFIC LINGUISTIC S

Books - aontinued

No .40 WURM, S.A. , ed . Languag e, Cultu�e, Society, and the Mode�n $44 .00

Wo�ld (New Guinea A�ea Language� and Languag e Study, vo l.3) .

19 77; lxxxvi + 1449 pp . in two fascicles ; 3 maps ; 40 photo- graphs . ISBN 0 85883 131 7 and ISBN 0 85883 159 7

No .4l FLIERL , tW o and H. Strauss , eds Kate Victio na�y . 1977 ; $16 .00

xxxvi + 499 pp . ; 1 map . ISBN 0 85883 149 X

No .42 NGUYEN DANG LIEM, ed . South- Ea�t A�ian Ling ui� tic Studie� , $10 .50

vol .2. 1976; iv + 262 pp . ; 2 maps . ISBN 0 85883 144 9 and

ISBN 0 85883 143 0

Articles authored by : Eugenie J.A. Henderson , Judith M. Jacob , P.N. Jenner , G. Diffloth , Sidharta (Sie Ing Dj iang) , T.A. Llamzon, M. Teresita Martin , J.F. Kess, M.W. Mintz , H.L. Shorto , J.U. Wolff, P.K. Benedict , Lili Rabel-Heyman .

No .43 SMALLEY , W.A. , ed . Phoneme� and O�thog�aphy: Languag e Plan- $13 .00

ning in Ten Mino�ity Languag e� 06 Thailand . 1976; xi + 347 pp . ISBN 0 85883 144 9

Articles authored by : W.A. Smalley , E.R. Hope , P. Wys s, J.R. Cooke , J.E. Hudspith , J.A. Morris , Lo is Callaway , C.W. Callaway , D. Filbeck, B.M. Johnston , D. Schlatter, D.W. Hogan .

No .44 ZORC , R.D.P. The Bi� ayan Vialect� 06 the Philippine� : Sub­ $11 .50

g�ouping and Recolt� �uctio n. 1977 ; xxi + 328 pp .; 9 maps . ISBN 0 85883 157 0

No .46 HEALEY , Phyllis and Alan Tele60l Victiona�y. 1977 ; xix + $12 .50 358 pp . ISBN 0 85883 160 0

No .50 TRYON , D.T. New f{eb�ide� Languag e� : an Inte�nal Cla��i6ica- $17 .00

tio n. 19 76 ; v + 545 pp . ; 7 maps . ISBN 0 85883 152 X

No .51 GLOVE R, W.W. , J.R. Glover, and Deu Bahadur Gurung Gu�ung- $11 .50 Nepali- Engli� h Victiona�y with E ngli� h- Gu�ung and Nepali- Gu�ung

I ndexe� . 1977 ; xiii + 316 pp . ISBN 0 85883 147 3

No .55 LYNCH , John Lenakel Victiona�y. 1977 ; vii + 16 7 pp . $5 .50 ISBN 0 85883 165 I

In preparation :

No .45 NGUYEN DANG LIEM , ed . South- Ea�t A�ian Lingui� tic Studie� , vo l .3

No .47 PEREZ , A.Q. , A.O. Santiago , and Nguyen Dang Liem, eds Pape�� 6�om the Con6e�ence on the Standa�dization 06 A�ian Languag e� , Manila,

Phil.i.ppineJ. , Vecembe� 16-21, 1974 14

PACIFIC LINGUIST ICS

Books in preparation - aontinued

No .48 WURM , S.A. , ed ., with P. Muhlhaus ler , D.C. Laycock , and T.E. Dutton Handbook 06 New Guinea Pidgin

No .49 LAYCOCK , D.C. Ba4ic Mate�ial4 in Buin : G�amma�, Text4 and Victiona�y

No .52 MUHLHAUSLER, P. G�owth and St�uctu�e 06 the Lexicon 06 New Guinea Pidgin

No .53 FRANKLIN , Karl J. and Joice Franklin Kewa Victio na�y (with Supplementa�y Mate�ial4 )

No .54 THARP , J.A. and Y'Bham Buon-Ya A Rhade- Engli4 h Victiona�y with Eng li4 h-Rhade Find� Li4t

No .56 CAPELL , A. Futuna Victiona�y

No .57 BAUTISTA, Maria L.S. The Filipino Bilingual '4 Competence: a Model Ba4 ed on an AnalY4i4 06 Tagalog-Engli4 h Code Switching

SERIES - SPEC IAL PUBLICATIONS 0 (Bulleti ns , archival ma teri als and other publ ications)

No . 1 Bulletin No .1. 19 64; 9 pp . ISBN 0 85883 072 8 $0 .50

No . 2 Bulletin No .2. 1965 ; 84 pp . ISBN 0 85883 073 6 $3.00

No . 3 WURM, S.A. New Guinea Highland4 Pidgin : COU�4 e Mate�ial4 . $5.50

19 71 ; vii + 175 pp . ISBN 0 85883 074 4

No . 4 WURM, S.A. Languag e Map 06 the Ea4te�n, We4te�n and Southe�n $1. 00 Highland4 , Te��ito�y 06 Papua and New Guinea . In 14 colours .

1961. ISBN 0 85883 075 2

No . 5 LAYCOCK , Don Mate�ial4 in New Guinea Pidgin (Coa4tal and Low­ $3 .50

land4 ). 1970 ; xxxvii + 62 pp . Reprinted 19 74 .

ISBN 0 85883 076 0

No . 6 NGUYEN DANG LIEM Fou�-Syllable Idiomatic Exp�e44ion4 in $2 .50 Vietname4 e. 1970 ; v + 60 pp . ISBN 0 85883 077 9

No . 7 ELBERT , S.H. Th�ee Leg end4 06 Puluwat and a Bit 06 Talk. $3.50

19 71 ; viii + 85 pp .; 1 map ; 1 photograph . 'ISBN 0 85883 078 7

No . 8 LANG, A. , K.E.W. Mather , and M.L. Rose In60�mation Sto�ag e and $5 .00 Ret�ieval: a Victio na�y P�o ject . 19 73; vii + 151 pp .

ISBN 0 85883 087 6

No . 9 Index to Paci6ic Lingui4tic4 , Se�ie4 A-V, a4 at the end 06 $3 .00

1970. 1971; iv + 75 pp . ISBN 0 85883 079 5 1 5

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Special Publ i cati ons - continued

No .10 PATON , W.F. T�le4 06 Amb�ym . 19 71; xiii + 82 pp .; 1 map . $3.50 ISBN 0 85883 080 9

No .12 DUTTON , T.E. Conve�4 ��ion�l New Guine� Pidgin . 19 73; $8.50

xviii + 292 pp . Re printed 19 74 , 1977 . ISBN 0 85883 096 5

No .21 SCHEBECK , B. Tex�4 on �he Soci�l SY4�em 06 �he A�YnY�m����� $8 .50

People. Wi�h G��mm��ic�l No�e4 . 19 74 ; xviii + 278 pp .

+ 1 photograph . ISBN 0 85883 102 3

No .23 CLYNE , Michael , colI . and ed . AU4 ���li� T�l�4 : E44�Y4 on �he $8.00 Sociology 06 AU4���li�n Immig��n� �nd Abo�igin�l L�ng u�g e4 .

19 76 ; viii + 244 pp . Reprinted 1978 . ISBN 0 85883 148 I

No .24 DUTTON , T.E. and C.L. Voorhoeve Beginning Hi�i Mo�u. 1974 ; $8.00

xvii + 259 pp . Reprinted 1975 . ISBN 0 85883 112 0

No .2S Z'GRAGGEN , J.A. L�ngu�g e M�p 06 �he M�d�ng Vi4��C�, P�pu� $1 .00

New Guine�. 19 73. ISBN 0 85883 105 8

No .26 LAYCOCK , D. L�ngu�g e4 06 �he Sepi� Region, P�pu� New Guine� $1 .00

(map). 1975 . ISBN 0 85883 136 8

No .27 WURM , S.A. Sp�e�ding 06 L�ngu�g e4 in �he Sou�hwe4�e�n P�ci6ic $1 .00

(map) . 1975 . ISBN 0 85883 127 9

In preparation:

No .11 PATON , W.F. CU4�om4 06 Amb�ym (Tex�4 , Song4 , G�me4 �nd V��wing4J

No .13 GLOVER, Je ssie R. and Deu Bahadur Gurung Conve�4��ion�l Gu�ung

No .14 Z'GRAGGEN , J.A. A Comp����ive Wo�d Li4 � 06 �he No��he�n Adelbe�� R�nge L�ngu�g e4 , M�d�ng Vi4 ��ic�, P�pu� New Guine�

NO .1S ------R�ng e L�ngu�ge4 , M�d�ng Vi4 ��ic� , P�pu� New Guine�

No .16 ------A Comp����ive Wo�d Li4 � 06 �he M�bu4 0 L�ngu�ge4 , M�d�ng Vi4��ic�, P�pu� New Guine�

No .17 ------M�d�ng Vi4 ��ic�, P�pu� New Guine�

No .lS STANHOPE , J.M. The L�ngu�ge 06 �he R�o People, G�eng�bu, M�d�ng Vi4 ��ic�, P�pu� New Guine�

No .19 STOKHOF , W.A.L. WOi4 i�� I: �n E�hno g��phic In�� oduc�ion 16

PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Speci al Publ ications in prepara tion - eontinued

NO .20 CAPELL , A. and J. Layard Mate�ial� in Aitehin, Male�ula : G�amma�, Voeabula�y and Text�

Lynch, J. Lenakel dictionary. C-55, viii + 177 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1977. DOI:10.15144/PL-C55.1 ©1977 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.