( to ^ :3 m

MANUAL

OF PALESTINEAN ARABIC

FOR SELF-INSTRUCTION

BY

H. H. SPOER M. A. PH. D. (N. Y. Univ.) B. D. (Rutgers CoU.)

Sometime Fellow of The American School of Archaeology and Oriental Research in Jerusalem.

AND

E.^NASRALLAH HADDAD

Teacher of Arabic at the Teachers' Seminary of the Syrisches Waisenhaus in Jerusalem.

JERUSALEM 1909.

PREFACE. stanctan

The present volume has grown out of a need — which I have abundant reason to suppose that others as well as myself have experienced — for some means of acquiring a knowledge of the Arabic dialect spoken, not only in Jerusalem, but with some slight variations, in the whole of Palestine, to-day. Such manuals as already exist in English are, for the most part, adapted for the Egyptian Arabic, or for the Libanese such as is spoken in Beirut and in the north, or for other special districts, and may be misleading, especially in nomenclature, to such as have learnt no Arabic whatever; and confusing to those who, like my- self, when I came into this part of the country six years ago, are students of the classical language only. Such manuals, moreover, contain many words which occur only in modern, literary Arabic, and which, as not belonging to the vernacular and not understood by the populace, have, in this volume, been carefully excluded. I have sought to adapt this work to the Arabic student interested in the dialect as such, as well as to those requiring the language for daily use iu Palestine ; also to the passing traveller seeking to make himself understood, and to understand those about him. In these days of multiplication of railways, hotels, and other conveniences of travel, when the often obtrusive dragoman is happily becoming less of a necessity, the demand for a practical phrase-book is increasingly urgent. The necessary limits of such a Manual obviously preclude the possibility of presenting a Grammar which is exhaustive, even in regard to the vernacular; it is how- ever hoped that it may be found to include all that is necessary for such practical use as has been suggested. The Latin script has been used throughout, in order to give the precise pronounciation, each word being transliterated as uttered in the vernacular, regardless of its form in literary Arabic from which there are many deviations, especially in the s sounds. The literary - IV -

Arabic gives us, for example, faias "a mare" while the vernacular has fara§. The cojisonant t is sometimes pronounced as t, d as a, or s as z. These changes being characteristic of the c^i' ^quial Arabic, the fact of such differences is not indicated, as th nual has no concern but with the spoken language of to-day. It m^.^ be remarked that vowels are not always used consistently, especially the do sound

and short i, which are often interchanged even in the same district.

One may hear koblle as well as kille, himl as well as hdbml. It is therefore the more important that the beginner should pay attention to the correct pronouuciation of consonants, as well as to the placing of the accent, which we have indicated whenever a word occurs for the first time, and often, later. While, in regard to consonants, we have followed the trans- literation employed in Wright's Arabic Grammar, that of vowels follows no scientific system, but has been carefully adapted to English analogies, in view of its use by those who are not philo- logists, and who wish to study without a teacher. The philologist will have no difficulty in recognising the Arabic original. It has not been thought necessary to give any indication of the very short e or i sound, which is often all that remains, in the dialect, of the full vowel between two consonants, at the beginning of certain words, especially of Form VIII.

In all cases when doubt as to the representation of sounds has arisen we have followed the practical method of submitting the question to educated English friends, not Arabic scholars, by the double process of showing the written form we suggest and asking '"how would you pronounce this?" and by pronouncing the word and asking, "how would you write this?"

It is imperative that the learner, who wishes to read and write Arabic, should study the language in its own script, but the fact of its being usually written without vowels makes it evident, especially in view of the inadequacy of the Arabic vowels, that the differences between the literary and the vernacular, and the comparison of the two— which for the student is of utmost interest and importance— can be afforded only by careful transliteration into a foreign script. My task of acccumulating grammatical and syntactical vari- ations has been the work of many years and is the fruit of con- - V -

tinuous observation. Though it has been my privilege to associate freely with Arabs of all classes in town and country, I should have felt less hope as to the usefulness of the result, without the final assistance of my friend Elias Nasrallah Haddad, teacher of Arabic in the Teachers' Seminary of the Syrisches Waisenhaus, Jerusalem, whose knowledge of the classical language has enabled him to appreciate changes and distinctions which might have es- caped even an Arab whose scholarship was less, while his intimacy with Palestineau and Libanese Arabic, in various dialects, has given him an insight into his own language, practically unattainable by a European however long his residence, or however profound bis observation. The conversations and vocabularies to be found in the Second

Part will, it is hoped, be useful to the traveller in his hotel, and also to the large and increasing number of English-speaking resi- dents, mainly clergy, missionaries and teachers, who, obliged to communicate with the people in their vernacular, have often not the leisure to undertake a more profound study of the language.

It is suggested that by covering up one column, English or Arabic as the case may be, the conversations may also serve the student for exercise in translation. Care has been taken, so far as the exigences of illustrating rules have allowed, to employ, even in the grammar, such phrases as may conceivably be of use in daily life. The small collection of idioms, stories, rhymes and proverbs is intended for reading-exercise, and will, it is hoped, be in itself of interest to the student, as also the lists of animals and plants belonging to the country. The English-Arabic Vocabulary, which contains, besides others, all the Arabic words which occur in the

Grammar, is intended to serve, at the same time, as an index. I and my collaborator have to thank Director Pastor Schneller and the Printing-master of the Syrisches Waisenhaus for under- taking the printing of this work under considerable mechanical difficulty, as well as that of the fact that the young printers know nothing of the English language. We would also thank Mrs. Haddad for the collection of tales and proverbs, and my wife for general help and encouragement, in a task in which there have been many unforseen difficulties.

Feast of the Epiphany, 1909 H. H. Spoer. Table of Contents Part First

Transliteration, of Consonants § 1

Transliteration of Vowels . 2 Miscellaneous Remarks 3 The Article 4—7

Pronouns.

Personal, Suffixed, and Possesive 8 — 17 Demonstrative 18 — 21 Interrogative, 22 — 27 Relative 28—29 Various Pronominal Expressions, etc 30—36

Numerals.

Cardinal Numbers 37—38 Numbers 3—10 39

Change of the Numeral in the Counting of Things . . 40

Dual of the Noun instead of tnaiu, and Counting in Commercial Transactions 41 Numbers 11 to 19 42 The Noun in Connection with Numbers 43 Cardinal Numbers treated like Adjectives 44 Date 45 Ordinal Numbers 46 Cardinals serving as Ordinals 47—48 Adverbial Phrases of Number and Time 49 Fractions 50—51

Fractions whose Numerator is 2 52

Fractions whose Denominator is above 10 53 Time 54 vir — r

Percentage § 55 "Double", "triple" etc 56 "One by one" etc 57—58 Arithmetical Signs 59 Verbs expressing arithmetical Eelations 60 Days of the Week 61

Prepositions.

List of regular Prepositions 62 Prepositions with Suffixes 63

ma', 'ind, la/ 64 Prepositions followed by the Article 65 Paradigms of Prepositions with Suffixes 66

Use of bain 67

Present Tense of "to have." . 68

Past Tense of "to have". . 69 "To be right — wrong; to owe; ought" 70 "There is" 71

• "To be able, may, can, will" . . . 71R. Lists of Compound Prepositions 72 — 73

Adjectives formed from Prepositions 74

Adverbs^

Lists of Adverbs 75— 79 "Alone" 80 Adverbial use of baka and ad 81

Negations.

Negation of the Verb 82 Negation of the other parts of Speech 83 Negative Expressions 84 "No" in answer to a Question 85 The Negation rair. 86

Interjections and Exlamations.

Calling a Person 87-88 Admiration, Surprise and Woe 89 — YIII —

Comparative and Superlative Degrees.

Comparative. Paradigms § 90 —92 Comparative of Adjectives denoting physical Defects or Colours 93 "The more ... the more" 94 "Than" of Comparison 95 Comparative of Inferiority. 96 Superlative 97—98

Verb General Remarks 99—100 Formation of the Perfect 101

„ Imperfect 102

„ Imperative 103

„ Pres. Participle 104

,, Past Participle 105

„ Participles, feminine form 106 Plural of Participles 107 Division of the Verb 108—110

The Strong Verb The Regular Strong Verb 117—115 The Doubled Verb 116

Verbs which have a as l^t or 2"'^ Rad 117—120

The Weak Verb Verbs l^t Radical w 121—122 Verbs l^t Radical y 123 Verbs whose 2'^^ Radical is a 124—126

3'^^ Verbs which have a or i as Radical 127

The Doubly Weak Verb

Verb having a as l^t and 'S^^^ Radical 128

l^t a Verbs whose Rad. is w and the S''^ . . . . 129 2""^ 3"^^ Verbs whose Rad. is w and the a or i. . . 130 2"^ Verbs whose Rad. is y and the S'"'' a or i. . . . 131 ——

— IX —

Derived Forms

Oeneral Kemarks § 132—133 Forms II—X 134—153 The Strong Verb of Four Radicals 154

The Substantive

DerivatioD 155

• Regular Feminine Singular . . 156

Nouns feminine in Gender, although not in Form , . 157 Plural and Dual 158—159 Collective nouns 160 161

Adjectives formed from collective Nouns of Peoples . 16 IR Names of Professionals etc. formed by means of the Nisbe 162 Nisbe used to form new Nouns 163

Sound Plural

Sound Plural of masculine Nouns 165 Sound Plural of feminine Nouns 166

Sound Plural of Nouns of four or more Radicals . . 167

Broken Plural

The Broken Plural 168 Nouns of four or more Consonants 169 174

Adjective

Adjectives formed by means of the }\isbe .... 175 Sound Plural of Adjectives 176 Broken Plural of Adjectives 177 — 182 Adjectives denoting Materials 183

Syntactical and other Remarks The Noun 184—189 Possessive Case, idafe 190— 191 Insertion of helping Vowel 192 The Adjective 193 — 194 — X —

The Verb Eelatioii of the Verb to its Noun §195-197 "Doing" or "about to do" 198—199 "The following, the next, the coming" 200 Participles corresponding to an English Noun or Ad- jective 201 Present or Past Tenses 202 Infinitive 203 Imperfect Tense 204

Pluperfect Tense . 205 Future Tense 208 Future Perfect 207 Conditional Sentences 208 Hypothetical Sentences 209 Imperative with the Negation 2L0 "Let us", (let ^permit) 211

The Impersonal Form of Expression in English . , 212 The Passive Voice 213 Position of Adverbs and adverbial Phrases .... 214 The Past and Future Tenses of "to have" and "to be" 215—216

Generalisation of Interrogative Pronouns and Adverbs . 217 The Conditional "If I am" 218

.' Use of the Verb sar . 219 Loss of Prefix of second Verb 220 Diminutives 221

Use of aboo, dbmm, ibn, bint and sahib 222

Part Second. Page

The Verb "to be" Present, Past and Future Tenses . 87—90 The Verb "to have" Present Tense formed with Pre- positions 90—93 Ditto Past and Future Tenses 93—95 The Verbs to be, become (sar) 95 Personal Pronouns in the Nominative and Accusative Cases 96—97 Can ('know how) 97—9S Can (=to be able) 98—99 Will, wish 99—100 — XI —

Page Possessive Pionouns and Phrases 100— 101 Verb with the pronominal Suffix 101 — 102

Demonstrative Interrogative and Relative Pronouns . 102 — 104 Self, the same 105 Each other, some, after 106 — 107 All, every 107—108

Other, another, any . 108—109 Cardinal Numerals 109 — 110 Oidinal Numerals, Dates and Fractions Ill — 112 Time and Percentage 112 — 113 Prepositions 113 — 114 To be right, to be wrong, to owe, ought 114— 115

Compound Prepositions, Adverbs Negations etc . . . 115— 117 Illustrations with rair 117 — 118 Interjections and Exclamations 118 Comparative and Superlative Degrees 119 — 120 Adjectives of Materials, Phj'sical Defects and Colours 121 Derived Forms of the Verb 122 — 125

Verbs with four Radicals with and without the Prefix t 125 — 126

Conversations etc.

Inquiries as to Health etc 126 — 129 Travel by Train 129—131 Riding and Driving I3l — 134 At the Hotel 135—137 Breakfast 137-139 Lunch 139—143 Bedroom-Service 143— 146 In the Drawing Room 146 — 148 The Kitchen 148—151 Washing 151—153 Sewing Room 154— 156

Meteorological, Phrases . 156 — 159 Salutations, Compliments etc 159 — 163 Stories 164—173 Names of the Months 173 Songs and Rhymes 173 — 178 — XII —

Proverbs and Sayings 178 — 181 Idioms 181—184 Imprecations and Curses 184— 185 Street Cries 185—187 National Dishes 187—188

Vocabularies Animals 189—190 Plants and Fruits 190—192 General 192—223 Additions and Corrections 224—226 Part First

Grammar

m

§ 1. Transliteration of tlie Consonants.

Arabic. 2 —

Arabic. - 3 —

ee is pronounced like the preceding, and represents, in most instances, S preceded by kesra.

To avoid error, u is generally rendered by ob, oo or oo, short, medium or long, do represents \ oo ^, oo i\

u is used only for the conjunction "and" and is pronounced oo.

u is to be pronounced like u in "up".

The letters e, a or i at the end of a feminine noun are not actually vowels, but take the place of an original t {cf. § 163) which, under certain conditions, reappears.

§ 3. Miscellaneous Remarks.

The letter h at the end of a syllable or word must be pro- nounced. There are no silent letters.

If t and h stand together they must be pronounced separately, likewise sch, as in the English word "eschew." aw must not be regarded as a diphthong, but the letters are to be pronounced separately.

To distinguish the article to the eye, it is always followed by a hyphen e, g. el-hakeem "the doctor".

The Arabs run the words together in all cases where a consonant and vowel meet. This is generally indicated by -^.

The long syllable has always the accent. If the word has two long sj'llables the accent falls upon the second, e. g. kareem "generous", shareef "noble", ameeneen "faithful" (plur.), hakmeen "rulers".

is , The accent generally indicated by the sign ' except in the case of long syllables.

The Article.

§ 4. The definite article is al, el or ii. The 1 of the article is assimilated with the 1*^ letter of the noun to which it belongs, if it is t, t, j, d, d, r, z, s, sh, §, d, t, S, 1, n.

e. g. et-tajir The merchant - 4 —

ed-dill The shadow et-tama' The greed

es-sillll „ opinion el-lookme „ morsel, bite

en-nar „ fire

For prepositions with assimilated article cf. § 65.

§ 5. Words which end in a vowel likewise assimilate the article, the vowel of the article being omitted:

e. ^. jo(:)wa,^l-balad Inside of the village barra^l-mdeene Outside of the town il-bakara^^l-balda The white cow.

§ 6. The Arabic language has no indefinite article. To ii render the noun indefinite, the article is simply omitted, e. g, dar % a house {cf. also the idafe § 191. about the omission of the article).

§ 7. The article is also omitted before a noun with a pronominal suff'ix cf. § 9. Remark 1.

Pronouns.

Personal Pronouns ed-dameer lit\ the conscience

§ 8. a) Separate Pronouns.

Sing: 1 p. ana, I Plur: 1. p. nahna or ihna we

2 m. int, or, inte thou 2. p. ) . ''„ . /. llltOO „ into you \ t { ^ „ „ f. inti „ m. and f. J

3 „ m. hoo or hoowe he 3. p. \ hoomme

„ „ f. hee, hiye she m. and f. J hoom orhonnethey These pronouns stand alone.

e, g. hoo ameeu He is faithful hoomme fellaheen They are peasants int' 'afreet You are a rogue ual.ina mabsooteen We are well.

§ 9. b) Suifixed Pronouns.

Sing : 1 p. i Plur : 1 p. na

2 „ m. ak 2 p. | kot)m „ „ f. ek m. and f. )

3 3 1 „' m. p. hoom, hon, or, on , n p r f. „ „ f. ha m. and J

Remark 1. These pronouns do not stand alone, but are suffixed to the nouns to which they belong, and which do not, in this case, take the article. - 5 -

e. g. jazmitkd'om Your ridiug-boots 'aiizitna Our goat mal.ibarti My inkstand meezano His scales halakhit Her eanings chassitho'om Their property

Remark 2. In the sing, they take a different form when the noun ends in a vowel:

1

e.g. — 6 —

Sing: ill :

- 1 —

filimato She has understood hini.

fhimnakoom We have „ you (plur.\

fliimtooliobm You „ „ them.

fihmooki They „ „ you (f.)

b) Imperfect with pronominal suffixes

byifhamni He understands me.

btifhamak She „ you(m.).

btifliamha You (m.) understand her.

btifhameeh „ (f.) „ him.

bafhamkolDn i „ you.

byifliamoona They „ us.

btifliamooh You „ him.

mnifhamkoon We „ you.

Demonstrative Pronouns.

Ism^il-ishara lit: noun of the pointing out.

§ 18. The demonstrative pronouns are as follows:

Sing: m. hada This Plur: hadol, or liadola These

f. hadi m. hadak That hadoleek Those

f. hadeek

For the letter d of these pronouns cf. § 1.

§ 19. The demonstrative pronoun is always followed by the article: e.g. hada^l-bait This house liadi^_,l-bint This girl. had61,_,en-naddarat These eyeglasses had61._,el-0t>hsne Thesehorses. hadak _,il-beer That cistern hadeek^ el-fara That mouse. hadoleek,^el-ro"'oslan Those gazelles hadoleek^ ed-dalyat Those vines-

§ 20. The contraction of the dem. pron. with the following article is more usual, the distinction of gender and number is thereby effaced. We thus have

hal-bait This house for hada^l-bait had-dchool This entrance for liada^^d-dchool

has-shoon These plates „ hadol^es-slioon

§ 21. "Here is" when followed by a personal pronoun or noun

is, hi or hiya which is unchangeable:

Sing: e. y. hini or hiyani Here I am.

hiak „ hiyak „ you are

hiyik(f.) „ hiyaki „ you are

hioo „ hiyo „ he is

hiha „ hiyaha ,. she is

Plur: hina or hiyana Here we are

hikoom „ hiyakoom „ you are

hiboom ,, hiyahoom „ they are

e. g. hi ed-dra" Here is the dra (s27 inch.) hi el-karrosa Here is the carnage-

hiboom hon Here they are' hiyaha barra There she is outside.

Interrogative Pronouns. adawat il-istifham § 22. The regular interrogative pronouns are:

meen who? mal, shoo (sho^o), or, aish what? i, iya (ni. f. and pi.) which?

For the other interrogative particles cf. § 75 ff.

e. g. meen byiji TMio comes? i no' biddik What kind do shoo ism hal-mara What you wish?

is the name of this woman? iya ktab ahsan Which book is better? aish fee hon what is up . here? Remark: The inter, pron. ma "what?" is used only with the pers. pron. in connection with the preposition i.

«. g. malak what is the matter with you? malo what is the matter with him?

§ 23. meen is used with prepositions: lameen To whom? la 'iud meen To whom? ma' meen with whom? 'an meen Of whom?

min meen From whom? 'ala meen cf. § 70. Use of 'an meen:

'an meen hakait Of whom are you speaking?

'an meen katabt hada in place of whom did you write this? "Wbose?" is rendered by meen followed by the pronoun referring to the noun. — 9 —

e. g. bint meen hee? Whose daughter is she? lit: daughter who she?

§ 24, Instead of shoo with prepositious, aish is preferred.

laish, or, la aish for wliat? whj? 'an aish about what? bi aish or

mill fi aish in what? with what? ma' aish with wliat? aish of what (material)?

e. g. la aish hal- kooffe For what does this basket serve? 'an aish btillki About what are you speaking?

bi aish btiktib With what are you WTiting?

bi aish hattait^el-leera in what did you put the lira?

fl aish kassaito With what did you cut it?

ma' aish cbalato With what did he mix it?

min aish ma'mool hal-bab Of what is this door made?

§ 25. aish? is the familiar form of na'am "please?" for, "I have not understood", shoo?, often used in the same sense, is impolite.

§ 26. The fellaheen instead of i, iya use: enoo or enhoo (m), eni or enhi (f), eno'bm enboljm (plur.)

e. g. i walad or enoo walad Which boy?

iya chaime „ eni chaime Which tent?

iya ashchas „ enlioom ashchas Which persons?

iya barameel ,, enho'om barameel AVhich ban-els are farreen farreen empty?

§ 27. A question without an interrogative pronoun is expres- sed by simple intonation. Therefore: hal-kol)rsi may mean "this chair" or ''this chair?"

The Relative Pronoun.

ism,__^il-mowsool lit: the connected noun

§ 28. The relative pronoun, for all genders and numbers,

is illi.

e.g. er-rajo'ol illi aja The man who came,

en-niswan illi rannoo The women who sang, et-talmeedilliakram m'allmo The pupil that honoured his teacher.

el- hsan illi harab The horse which ran away. — 10 —

§ 29. The rel. pron. with the pers. pron. is used for "the next", "the following", "the coming"; cf. also § 200.

e. g. eKaskari illi ba'do inkatal The uext soldier was killed,

es-sana illi ba'dha The following year.

el-marra^j-jai The (coming) next time,

el-fobrsa^-jai The coming holidays.

Various Pronominal Expressions.

§ 30. "Self", is rendered by nafs "soul"; dat "essence"; Ml "state, condition"; eed „hand".

1. nafs or dat are used if self is the object of reflexive verbs or, if it is in apposition, when b is generally prefixed: bnafs, bdat.

2. hal can only be used when self is the object of refl. verbs.

3. eed can only be used when self is in apposition and a manual action is implied. e.g. el-chawaja aja bnafso or bdato The gentleman came himself.

ana 'amilto bnafsi, or bdati or bi eedi i did it myself,

(reflexive) il-harami sallam nafso or dato or halo la^d-dole The thief

gave himself over to the goverment.

§ 31. "The same" is also expressed by dat: e.g. er-rajool shtara dat^el-kamoos The man bought the same lexicon,

hal-walad shaf dat daftar.^es-SOOWar This boy saw the same picture-book,

irkibt 'ala dat el-hsan I rode the same horse,

nimshi 'ala dat ed-darb We take the same road.

§ 32. "Each other", often rendered by the VI Form of the verb, which is reciprocal, (cf. § 147) may also be expressed by ba'd with the pronominal sufiix, often followed by ii-bad. The verb is put in the 3''*^ pers. plural. e.g. ez-zlam biktloo ba'dhot)m The men kill each other.

el-'askar haraboo baVlliOOn The soldiers warred with each other

sallamoo 'ala ba'dhot)n il-ba'd They greeted each other.

la'antOO ba'dko'bm il-ba'd You have cursed each other.

§ 33. "A few", or "some", is rendered by ba'd, with or without tlie article followed by a noun: e. g. ba'd el-owlad Some of the boys. ba'dna Some of us.

ba'd el-mj-allafat iksar kteer A few of these envelopes are too short. .

— 11 —

Remark: "Some" may also be rpdered by idsm mia "part of:

e.g. kism mia^^el-hadreen liakoo Some of those present spoke.

kism min,^el-msafreen matoo Some of the travellers died.

§ 34. "AH" or "every" is rendered by ko^oU "entirety":

e.g. kooU^en-nas All the people.

ko't)!! chiyal Every horseman.

kolDl^ed-dinya All the world.

ko't)!! yom Everyday.

§ 35. "Other", "another" or "besides" is rendered by rair with the suffixed pronoun:

e. g. shoo bichooss rairhoom "\Miat does it concern the others? meen kan rairak hon Who was there heside you?

inba'at rair mirsal Another messenger was sent.

§ 36. "Any" is rendered by a) shee (c/. § 82)

e. g. ta'ali shee yom Come (f.) any day. b) hiyallah

e. g. hiyallah hadiye btikfl Any present suffices.

hiyallall Chadim lazim yiji Any of the servants shall come

Cardinal Numbers. el-a'dad^il-asliye § 37. The cardinal numbers are as follows:

1. — 12 —

80. 13 —

§ 42. The numbers 11 to Intake the ending ar when follow- ed b}^ a noun:

e. g. tamanta'shar walad is boys;

tiatta'shar bab 13 doors;

chamsta'shar kalb 15 dogs;

sitta'shar kasr 16 castles;

§ 43. The noun is put into the plural after the numbers 3 to 10, and into the singular after all the other numbers. For illustrations see §§ 39. 40. 42. 44.

Remark: The rules laid down in §§ 42. 43 apply also to these numbers when compounded with hundreds.

e. g. miye ii_tlat bral 103 mules;

mitain u^tlatta'shar mahboos 213 prisoners.

§ 44. The cardinal numbers are treated like adjectives if the object numbered is a noun with ttie article;

e. g. es-sitt bawareed The six guns.

el-arba" fsool The four chapters, or, the four seasons.

§ 45. A date is expressed in cardinal numbers:

e. g. sab'a u Mshreen neesan 27th of April,

arba'a iyar 4th of May. wahad ab i^t of August.

Ordinal Numbers and Fractions. a'dad tarteebiye w^iksoor.

§ 46. The ordinal numbers which have both a masc. and fem. form are as follows: Masc: el-owwal Fem: el-oola et-taui

et-talit

er-rabi' el-chamis es-sadis es-sabi' et-tamin

et-tasi' el-'asher 14 —

Masc: el-hadi 'ashar Fern: el-hadye 'ashar The eleventh et-tani 'ashar „ et-taiiye 'ashar The twelfth

article, from 10 § 47. The cardinal numbers, witli the upwards, serve for ordinals, but in compound numbers the unit is an ordinal, as in English:

e.g. el-'eshreen (m. and f.) Tlie el-hadi \v_^el-'eshreen (m.)

el-hadye w_el-'eshreeu (f.) et-tani w_et-tlateen (m.)

et-tanye w_et-tlateen (f.)

el-arba°een (m. and f.) es-sabi' w^is-sab'een (m.)

es-sab'a w^is-sab'een (f.)

§ 48. The use of the cardinal number with the article, to express the ordinal, for the numbei'S beginning with the eleventh

is much more frequent than the use of the ordinal number proper:

el-wal.iad w^il-'eshreen The tweuty-first.

et-tlati W_lt-tlateen The thirty-third. — 15 —

Sing: — 16 —

Remark 2. The meaning of imda'af is "twofold"

e. g. baddi akafik imda af I will repay your kindness twofold,

§ 57. "One by one", "two by two" etc. may be expressed either by wahad wahad; tuaintoaiu; or by the insertion of the con- junction u between the numerals:

wahad u wahad;. tlati u tlati.

Instead of wahad wahad One may also say wahad ba'^d et-tani {lit: one after the second.)

§ 58. Note the following expressions:

chatra or marra once; bchatra walide or bmarra walide at one time ; bass marra or marra vvahde a single time-

§ 59. Arithmetical signs are expressed by: or wa -f-j miu ma — ; fe:e x; 'aia -f- ; tsawi :=;

e.g. tlate min chamse 3 from 5; chamse ilia tlate SjlessS;

arba'a 'ala tnain 4 divided by 2.

§ 60. I.^he verbs by which these arithmetical relations are expressed are:

jama' to add; tarah subtract; kasam divide;

darab multiply; tsawi or fadil it equals.

The Days of the Week. iyam il-joom'a.

§61.

el-ahad {lit: the first vz. day) Sunday

et-tuain „ „ second „ „ Monday

et-talata „ Tuesday

el-arba'a „ Wednesday

el-chamees „ Thursday

el-joom'a „ the assembly Friday es-sabt Sabbath, Saturday. The word yom, day, is generally put before these names,

e.g. y6m,^e]-ahad etc. .

— 17 —

Prepositions.

hroof ij-jarr lit: particles of the genitive.

§ 62. The following are the regular prepositions: bi with (instrument) 'and or '^ind with

ma" with (a person) Wara behind (of place) in feeorfi ko'bddam before ( „ „ )

la to (also sign of dative) 'ala shortened to 'a upon

min from 11 or wa by (in oaths)

'an from .(a place downward) janb beside, by the side of bain between

§ 63. Pronominal suffixes may be added to these prepositions. fee with the suffix of the I** pers. sing: is fiyi. min and 'an double their u before the suffixes of the 1^* pers. singular and plural.

lii with a suffix becomes il. 'ala becomes 'alai before suffixes.

§ 64. ma' conveys the idea of having something on the person,

'ind „ „ „ „ „ „ in the house

la „ „ „ „ permanent possession. e. g. ma'koom^el-mastara You have the ruler.

'indi er-reeshe I have the pen.

ilo kalb He has courage, he has the heart to do a thing.

§ 65. The prepositions hi, fee, la, wara, 'ala, and u, w or wa assimilate the article, {cf. § 4). fee with the article is alwa3'S short, fi: e.g. fi^l-koods in Jerusalem.

Paradigms. § 66.

Sing: I Pers. II Pers. (m.) II Pers. (f.) m Pers. (m.) IH Pers. (f.)

'indi — 18

Plur: II Pers. (m.) n Pers. (f.) Ill Pers. (m. and f.)

'indua or 'iuna 'indktfbm 'illdlltft)!!] ma'ua ma'ktfbm ma'hoom ilna ilkobm ilhobm 'alaina 'alaiktfbm 'alaihobm feena feekoom feehobm warana warakot)!!! warahtfiDm

§ 67. bain "between" is used in the following manner,

hadi mas' ale bainak U baini This is a matter between you and me.

§ 68. ma , 'iud or la in Connection with a pers. pronoun express the present tense of the verb "to have".

§ 69. The past tense of "to have" is formed by adding to the prepositions ma', 'ind and la the verb kan:

e.g. el-koorsi kanat 'iudkoom. You bad the chair. el-masari kanat ma'na. We bad the money.

§ 70. The expressions "to be right" — "to be wrong" — "to

owe" or "ought" (i. e. duty) are rendered by ma', la or 'ala

e. g. el hakk ma koom. You are right {Jit : the right is with you).

kan el-hakk ma'koom. You were right.

el-hakk 'alaiua. We are wrong? {lit: the right is against us) kan el-hakk 'alaina. We were wrong.

'alameeu el-hakk? Who is wrong?

ma' meen el-hakk? Who is right?

Una 'alaih arba' frankat. He owes us 4 francs {lit: to us against him are 4

la meen 'alaihoom masari? To whom do they owe money? [francs.) 'ala meen ilak masari? Who owes you money?

meen 'alaiha tkannis hou? Who ought to sweep here?

§ 7l. fee expresses also the idea "there is"; ma fee or ma fish or fish express that of "there is not". These phrases may be equi-

valent to our "yes" and "no", {cf. § 82).

e. g, fee nbeed? Is there any wine?

ma fee or ma tish or lish There is none= no.

fee preceded by the unchangeable kan means "there was." — 19 — e.g. kan fee batteech hiloo? Were there any sweet melons?

Remark, fee with the suffix of the pers. pron., referring to the verb following', may also express the idea of "to be able, may, can or will". e. g. feek tiktib ? Are you able (may, can, will,) to write ?

feeha tirashi Can she walk? ma feeha No. (/rt: not in her)

ma feeh yiji? May he not come? feekoom trannoo You can sino-.

Compound Prepositions.

§ 72. 'aia shan because of minshan foi', for the sake of ilia, bidoou or miu ^ada except, without bisabab on acCOUnt of 'alayadd because Mda 'an besides 'anyadd through, by means of bichKoos concerning

§ 73. The following words serve as both Prepositions and Adverbs. Pi (over; fbefore. ^^^ (overhead. kabP ' 1 in • l^ooner. reference ^^^ reference ^^^""^^^'^ to taht place. baM P^'' to time. ' \underncath, below. (afterward.

""' "}'' ""«='' ^'^ la barra( kadd pers. pron. ("' • +' (outwards. ( equally.

shwiye or nitfe slowly, little. ^^^^^^^' ri-Hd I ^^'^^'^'ily- Shwi Shwi slowly, little by little. ' (

§ 74. Adjectives may be formed from most of these preposi- tions by adding the endings ani or aue (m.) and auiyi or anlye (f.)

e. g. el-bait ^el-fokani The upper house.

el-hait^el-warrani The farther wall, el-oda^t-tahtaniye The lower room. el-bab^el-barrani The outer door.

Remark: The fem. ending serves also as common plur. ending

in the case of all of these adjectives which end in a vowel.

The maSC. plur. of fokani is fawakui, that of tahtaui is tahatui. 20 —

Adverbs and Adverbial Expressions.

§ 75. a) — 21 -

li,_^l-balash vaiuly bass only, enongh

'al-kteer at the most kaman yet, also

bala hiss noiselessly kawani quickly

bi^^l-arade intentionally keef? how?

bi,_^l-clialis entirely kfai enough

bi^l-kotilliye entirely kteer much

bi,^t-tamam exactly bi^l-liakk justly

chalis completely mitl like, as

cho'osoosaii especially sawa sawa together

kadd so much as yamm entirely kaddaish how much?

bi^zyade or fi _,zyade too much miu rair hakk unjustly

bi 1-kteer (with the comparative) much more than.

§ 79. 4) additional adverbial expressions and conjunctions, amma in willa either .... or

bhait or niin halt so ... as, so ,. . that, because

ishi . . . ishi partly . . partly

min kooll bid assuredly, unavoidably

u ma' had a in spite of, in this respect

fi ramshet 'aiu in a moment

mitl^el-bark like lightning

low if (in hypothetical sentences cf. % 208.)

fa'idan then, therefore liait kan at any rate

fidil still ida if

lakin, walakin but, yet (conditional) imbala yet, no doubt

hatta, ta (rarely la) that, because in that, whether if

iushallah it is to be hoped kool ma as often as

ma" had a nevertheless moomkin possibly

ma' in or wa low in though tool ma so long as maslaha or yimkin perhaps u or wa, and

§ 80. "Alone" is rendered by wahd with a pronominal suftix.

e. g. wahdi I alone, hoo walldo fi^l-oda He is alone in the room.

§ 81. The verb baka "to remain", is also used adverbially in the sense of a threatening "do" or a temporal "yet, still." It is not conjugated.

With a negation (baka being conjugated; it means "no more, not". — 22 —

The verb 'ad "to return", may be used iu the same sense as baka: e. koblli or 'ad (J. baka Do tell me.

malak baki hon Why are you still here?

ma bakash or 'ad iseer ahsan it will (no more) not become better.

ma bakait or 'idt tiliki You will speak no more.

Negations.

en- nafi.

§ 82. All verbal forms, except the imperative cf. § 208, are put into the negative by ma or ma "not." Sometimes sh, which is an original ishi or shee, "thing", is suffixed to the verb; and the vowel immediately preceding it, is generally lengthened: (cf. also feesh § 71). e. g. ma biddnash We will not. ma tchafsh Do not fear. lissa ma zirnahoosh We have not yet visited him. ma "azamnash He has not invited us,

§ 83. All other parts of speech are put into the negative form by the negation mo^osh, except when a preposition follows, iu which case ma is used: e. g. hoo moosh mabsoot He is not well. nahna mottsh jdo'aneen We are not hungry.

ma loo or maloosh chanjar He has no dagger. ma ilha or malash chatim She has no ring.

§ 84. Other negatives and negative expressions are:

ma . . . abadan never willa if not lissa ma not yet

hatta ma that not illi hatta ma or illi ma not even

ma., .shi or wala ishi nothing ma , . . wala neither . . . nor

mii'alaish it does not matter wala shee . . . rair nothing else

ishi kaleel it is a small matter (in answer to an apology or thanks.)

§ 85. '"No", in answer to a question, is la; "yes" is na'am ina'am or, less politely, iwa. For "I do not care," the phrases

sitteen sane, or sitteen sane u arb'een yom are USed.

§ 86. rair "difference, another thing", denotes the reverse of that which is expressed by the noun following. It corresponds

to our prefixes un, dis, in, non, the privative «; etc. !

— 23 —

e. g. rairormtfbsh masboot Not exact, rairormobshma'dood Uncountable,

rair m'addab Impolite, u rair ishi And another thing sefc.

Interjections and Exclamations.

§ 87. A person is called by placing before the name or noun the particle ya "o!" used also as a nominative of address, ya seedi master! ya mhammed Muhammedl

§ 88. A frequent abbreviation of ya abooi my father! ya o"ommi my mother! is yaba! yamma! A mother will often call her boy, or girl, carressingly, ya abooi, yaba, or yamma

§ 89. 1) "How" expressing admiration or surprise is ren-

dered by ma the adjective following in the comparative cf. § 90.

e.g. ma ajmal How beautiful! . ma afdal How gracious!

ma achyar How liberal! ma aksa How cruel!

2) "Oh that!", expressing a wish impossible to be realized, is rendered by yarait {for ya lait) with the pers. prou. refer-

ring to the one spoken of: e.g. ya raitO yijthid that be were diligent! ya raitna nikdar nrooh that we could go

3) "Alas!" or "woe!" is rendered by ya wail! which must always be connected with either a noun or a pers. pronoun-

e.g. yawaili! Woe is me! ya wail^el-banat! Alas, the girls!

4) A general exclamation of surprise such as "what!"

""well!" "really!" etc. may be rendered by ya tara {lit: "o thou who

art seeing"; no reference to God is implied). e.g. ya tara byikdar yiinshi? What! can he walk?

ya tara meen hon? Well! who is here?

Wain^_^en- nas ya tara? Where are the people, eh?

For Exclamations and Phrases of Courtesy see the Conversational Part.

Comparative and Superlative Degrees.

§ 90. The comparative is formed by the prefixing of a to the adjective, and the making of certain inner changes. — 24 — a) In - 25 —

e. g. hadi^l-wardi hami'a aktarmin hadeek This rose is redder than thatone.

ha sail akta" aktar min saleem Hasan is more maimed in the arm than

aua ta'ban (m.) aktar miunak i am more tired than you. [Selim.

nal.iua ta'baueen aktar mialioom We are more tired than they.

§ 94. Our "the more . . . the more" or the comparative with the article may be expressed

1) by ko^.U ma . . . kdoll mii followed by aktar xa aktar. e. g. kooll ma hakaito kooll ma kisi aktar u aktar The more you speak with him, the severer he will become. kotdl ma rattaltoo kooll ma Itil aktar u aktar

The more you sing the worse it becomes. kot)ll ma btitkasal kooll ma chsirt aktar u aktar The lazier you are the more you will lose.

2) by ko'oll ma . . . kdoll mii aud the comparative form of the adjective: e. g. kooll ma ko'ont ahda kooll ma kan aliabb 'alaina

The quieter you are, the pleasanter it will be for us. kooll ma kan abkar ko'bll ma kan ahsan The sooner the better. kot)ll ma sarat ish-sh^ara akbar ko"oll ma sarat atchau.

The greater the tree becomes the thicker it becomes.

3) by ko~bll ma . . . ko^oll ma (the first verb preferably in the

perf. tense) the adjective being repeated and connected by ii. e. g. kooll ma wabbachto kooll ma sar kalbo aksa u aksa The more I admonish him the harder becomes his heart, ko'bll ma niktib kooll ma sar chattnii a'tal u a'tal The more we write the worse becomes our writing.

4) by kd7;)ll ma . . . kooll ma and the positive of the adjective. e. g. ko^oll ma towwal ed-dawa kooll ma sar achaff

The older the medicine becomes the weaker it becomes, ko^bll ma 'itik^il-mbeed kooll ma sar tiyib

The older the wine the better it becomes.

§ 95. The "than" of comparison is expressed by min; "more than" by bikteer. e. g. hoo akbar minni He is bigger than I.

hee ashtar minnak She is more diligent than you. :

— 26 —

hot)!!! as^ad minkd'om They are happier than you. nihna a man minkobm bikteer We are much truer than you. "Very", "exceedingly", must also be rendered by kteer:

e. g. kteer iij'ih. Very good. kteer shatir Very clever.

kteer mwaff'ir. Very ecouomical. kteer safi Exceedingly clear.

§ 96. The comparative of inferiority is formed

1) by akall with the noun corresponding to the adjective, but without the article,

e. g. akall irtoobe Less damp. akall tawadoV Less humble,

akall 'oomr Less old. akall joo' Less hungry.

2) by akta' min "worse than".

e,g, hoo akta' min^el-kooll. He is worse than all.

meen akta' minnak? Who is worse than you?

§ 97. The superlative is formed by prefixing the article to the comparative. Like the comparative it is unchangeable.

e. g. hadol_,il-aslha_^l-allsan These are the best weapons,

hash-shreet hoo^l-akwa niin_il-kot)ll This wire is the strongest of all.

§ 98. Note the following expressions aktar min^el-lazim Too much, too many.

in kattarat or bi^l-kteer At the most (^/^; when it has become much).

in kallalat or bi^l-kaleele At the least (^2#.- when it has become little).

The Verb.

al-fin.

§ 99. Everyverb has eitherthree or four consonants, in its Simple or Ground-form, which is the S'"^ p. m. sing.perf. called "root", radix.

The ground-form is always given in lists of verbs with the translation in the infinitive, e. g. barak "to congratulate", instead of "he has congratulated."

§ 100. Every verb has a perfect and an imperfect tense. The perfect corresponds to our perf., and the inipf. to our present, tense.

§ 101. The persons of the perf. are formed by adding suf- fixes to the root. These suffixes are: t

- 27 -

1. Pers. 2. Pers. (m.) 2. Pers. (f.) 8. Pers. (m.) 3. Pers. (f.)

Sing: — t — — 28 —

§ 104. The present participle is formed by inserting an a 1^* 2''^ after the radical, and an i between the and S'*^.

e. g. katil killing; fatih openiug; sami' heariug; hafir digging;

§ 105. The past participle is formed b}- prefixing- m to the verb and inserting oo between the 2°<^ and 3*''' radicals.

e. g. maktool killed; maftooh opened; maktoob written; makbool accepted:

§ 106. The feminine of the participles is formed by adding

the syllable a or e to the masc. form. The second syllable of the

pres. part, is shortened also.

e. g. farsha spreading (f.) maftoolia (opened (f.) kadha boring (f.)

mabsoota satisfied (f.) sakne dwelling (f.) majrooha cut (f.)

§ 107. The plur. ending is the same for both genders, een:

e. g. sakneen; mabsobteeu; mahrooteeu cf. § 165. 2.

The Verb.

al-fln.

§ 108. The Arabic Language has two kinds of verbs: I) the Strong Verb II) the Weak Verb.

§ 109. The "Strong Verb" is divided into three classes: A) the regular Strong Verb B) the Doubled Verb 2"^^ C) Verbs which have a {- "'s) as P* oi- radical.

§ 110. The "Weak Verb" is divided into four classes: A) Verbs I''* rad. w or y B) Verbs 2^"^ rad. w or y C) Verbs S'"'* rad. w or y (a) D) Verbs which have two or three weak radicals and are therefore called "doubly" or "trebly" weak.

I. The Strong Verb.

al-fi'l is-salim lit the sound verb.

A. The Regular Strong Verb.

§ 111. This is so called because its radicals are not semi- vowels (a, w or y) and because it shows none of the characteristics mentioned under B and C. — 29 —

§ 112. The "Eeg. Strong Verbs" are divided into two classes having iu the perfect

1) the vowels a 2) the vowels /.

§ 113. The verbs of the 1'* class may take iu the impf. the following vowels:

1) i i e. g. kasam*) divide Impf. byiksim, kadab or kazab lie impf. byikzib kasar break 'ajan knead farak separate

sharak rise (sun) jalas sit kalab turn (page)

rasal wash sarak steal halab milk

kashaf uncover nakar deny, lie chasam subtract

dafan bury falat let loose 'akad make a knot, arch

kabas preserve (fruit) search (house) jabal mix (liquid with solid)

2) When the P* rad. is a guttural, h, h, ch or '' the vowel 2°'' of the V^ syllable will be a aud that of the i. e. g. hafar dig ImpfImpf. byahflrbyahtir liamal carry Impf. byalimil

chat am seal hazam pack 'adar excuse

hasab calculate hamad praise 'alak chew

chabaz bake halaf swear liabas arrest

'azam invite hafas protect 'azal depose.

3) When the 2°^ or S"""^ rad. is a guttural, the vowel of 2""^ the P^ syllable will be i and that of the a.

e. g. masah wipe lmp>f.Im2}f. byimsah sahar appear impf. byishar

fatah open kadah bore nahab ba'at send bala swallow

taba' print dabah slaughter

najah succeed bachash pierce

jahal be ignorant nadah call

kara' knock nachaz prik, goad 4) The following verbs, which have no gutturals are con-

jugated like those given under No. 3. There are only a few verbs

of this kind. e. g. sabak overtake Impf. byisbak

fatar breakfiist basar see

Note: basar el-bacht reveal the future. — 30 —

00 .... 00

e,g. ka'ad sit Impf. byobk'd'od dachal enter Impf. byoodchd'ol )

labat kick out, kick cliabaz bake rafas kick (horse)

chatab betroth Cbalas finish darab beat

nafach blow barad hate sabar dye farash spread sa'al cough fasad bleed

barab flee rakad leap rakad precipitate, settle

kasad intend tabach cook tarak forsake

talab ask, request ratas fl dive farat unstich, pick (fruit)

katab write laham solder chabat beat

§ 114. The verbs of the 2'^'^ class may take ia the impf. * the foil owing vowels:

1) i a

e. g. sihir watch hnpf. byisbar kifil give security Impf. byikfal

kibil accept kisib acquire, gain nidim"'^""'"^ repent— —*

fillim understand luMb play till' go out

flrill rejoice sfib be difficult yiblS become dry

fitin remember lihik fcdiow dil.lik laugh

ridib be angry dibil wither kirif loathe

lil.lis lick zHl be angry ribih win

firir be empty shirib drink rikib ride

Shihid testify fidil remain tibf perish

2) When the 1'* radical is a guttural both vowels are a:

e. g. 'irif know Impf. bya'raf hilim dream Impf. byahlam

hizir guess Hlim know hizin be sad 'irik sweat

hidir be present 'idim suffer loss

2"^'^ § 115. Only a few verbs of the class retain the i vowel in the 2"^^ syllable of the imperfect:

e.g. nizil descend Impf. byinziP:

misik catch libis dress filit* become loose kidir* be able B. The Doubled Verb. il-fi'l^il-nida'af

§ 116. This is so called because the 2»'^ and S"^ rad. are alike. Verbs of this class have, throughout theperf., the vowel a

or its modification.

*) have also a as 2nd vowel in the imperfect

I — 31

Before endings which begin with a consonant, ai is inserted;

this syllable is always long.

3. p. m. sing, dall to show 1 , \ plur. dalloo f dallat

2. m. dallait „ „ dallaitoo f dallaiti

dallait dallaina

The vowel of the impf. is either i or o"o

3. p. m. sing. bidill bidookk from dakk to pound,

to knock. f. „ bitdill bitdobkk

2. „ m. „ bitdUl bitdookk bitdilli bitdookki

1. „ m.&f. „ baddill badoljkk

3. „ „ „ „pliir. bidilloo bidookkoo 2. bitdilloo bitdot)kkoo V V V 11

V v n n mindill mindookk

The imp. is formed in the regular manner:

2. p. m. sing. dill doT^kk

„ f. „ dilli dookki plur. dilloo dookkoo.

Pres. Part.: dalil dakik Past. Part. madlool madkook

Verbs which are conjugated in the impf. tense like bidill:

sahh recover laff wrap up, wind sann sharpen

saun think karr confess kann be quiet

shakk doubt dass touch, insinuate shamm smell

sadd close(aholej jann become mad fazz leap

liass touch, cun-y (horse) Shadd tie ball moisten

"add count lamm gather madd sti'etch

J add harvest olives, be industrious, happen

Verbs which are conjugated in the impf. tense like bidook

kabb pour out sabb pour out, dip jachch decorate oneself

rashsh deceive shakk split liabb love

'add hite dakk load a gun mass suck kass — 33 — I 2"*^ § 119. In verbs which liave 'a as radical no change of vowel takes place in the impf. tense.

3. p. m. sing, byis'al \ ^^^^^ byis'aloo

f. „ btis'al j

1. „m. andf.„ bas'al „ mnis'al

§ 120. The impf. is regular, except in the case of the verbs achad "to take" and akal "to eat" when it is as follows:

2 p. — 34 —

§ 122. The 1*^ radical iv is changed iu the impf. to oo, serving 2°'^ at the same time as the P' vowel of the verb, the being a.

3. p. m. sing. byoozau or boozau byoosal or basal

f- „ btoozan btoosal

2. „ m. „ btoozan btoosal

f. „ btoozani btoosali

1. ,, m.&f. ,, boozan or bozau boosal or bosai

pliir. byol)saloo 3. „ „It „I) byoozanoo 2. btoozanoo btoosaloo

1. muoozan mnobsal 11 n n

Imperative:

2 p. m. sing oozan oosal oozaui oosali plur: oozanoo oosaloo

Pres. Part: wazin wasil Past. Part: mowzoon mowsool

Verbs whose 1^*^ radical is w: wasal arrive wirit inherit wafad come in sight (only of a man) wa'ad promise Waja' liiirt wajad find wakaf stand wilid bear (young) wakad heat, stoke waka' fall wa'as admonish, preach wada put down wisi'' be wide, contain willil sink into mire, be entrapped, "'be had" wihil may also be used in the following sense: oohilt ma' jama'a akta' min ish-shayateen

I got into the hands of a crew worse than devils.

The impf. of all verbs of this class may be used without the yorf\.

1®* § 123. 2) Verbs whose radical is y. al-mital^il-ya'i

There are only two verbs of this type in the Palestineau

Dialect: yibis to become dry; yi'is to despair. Perfect: Imperfect:

3. p. m. sing. yibis beebas

f. ,, yibsat or yibsit bteebas

2. „ m. „ ibist bteebas

2. p. f. sing. ibisti bteebasi :

- 35 —

1. p. m.&f. sing, ibist beebas

8. pliir. yibsoo beebasoo „ „ n ri

2. „ „ „ „ „ ibistoo bteebasoo

1. „ „ „ ,, „ ibisna mneebas Imperative

eebas (m.) eebasi (f.) eebasoo (plur.) Pres. Part: yabis

B. The Hollow Verbs or Verbs whose 2'*'^ Radical is a:

al-fl'l^il-ajwaf.

§ 124. I'he rad. a of the "Hollow Verbs" changes in the 2^^^ and P' p. sing, and plur. perf. to obo/-i. — The rad. a is really w, y or ', as is seen in the impf. where the original consonants reappear,

2'^'^ lengthened into oo, ee or a, these being the vowels of the syllable of the impf. throughout.. Perfect:

3. p. m. sing. — 36

The midtlle rati, of these verbs is changed in the pres. part, to a consonantal y. kayil j^yih chayif.

§ 125. The [last. part, of verbs conjugated like kal and jab is minimal and minjab, that uf verbs conjugated like chaf is moocheef.

§ 126 37 —

3. p. ni.&f. plur. — 38 —

Verb whose 1^* and 3'^ rad. is a.

Perf. 3. p. m. s'mg. aja beeji or biyi to come

f. „ ajat bteeji

2. „ m. „ jeet bteeji jeeti bteeji

I. „ m.&f. „ jeet baji

3. „ plur. ajoo beejoo " „ri »„ „rt 2. jeetoo bteejoo n " " )) 1. jeeua mneeji

The ee is more commonly pronounced short: biji, btiji etc.

Pres. Part.: jai (used also as adv. cf. § 75).

This verb has no other forms. The impf. is expressed by ta'a (ra.) ta'i (f.) ta'oo (plur.) or by taal (m.) ta'ali (f.) ta'aloo (plur.)

§ 129. Verbs whose I — 39 ~

Perf. — 40 —

§ 133. The simple form, or root, is usually indicated by the number I, aud the derived forms, of which there are ten in use in the Dialect, by the numbers which follow. Although all these derived forms are grammatically possible they are not all in use, of all the verbs.

Form II.

§ 134. The 2"^ rad. of a verb is doubled to put it into the

II Form. The meaning of this form is:

1) causative: e. g-. katal to kill; kattal to cause to kill.

2) putative: „ „ kadab to lie; kaddab to declare some one a liar.

3) intensive: „ „ kasar to break; kassar to break into pieces. Verbs which are intransitive in the I Form, become transitive in the II Form. e. g. I Form chaf to fear II Form chawwaf to frighten some one.

The vowels of the perf. are a ... a and of the impf. a . . .i for all verbs.

Perfect 3. p. m. sing, jarrab Imperfect bijarrib to attempt

f. ,, jarrabat bitjanib

2, ,, m. „ jarrabt bitjarrib

f. „ jarrabti bitjarbi

1. ,, m.&f.„ jarrabt baj arrib

3. ,, „plur. jarraboo hijarrboo 2. 11 j> 11 11 11 jarrabtoo bitjarrboo 1. 11 11 11 11 11 jarrabna minj arrib

§ 135. The imperative is formed in all the "Derived Forms" from the impf. by the omission of its prefix.

e. g. jarrib (m.) jarrbi (f.) jarrboo (plur.)

§ 136. The present and past participles, of all the derived forms are formed by the prefix m, the pres. part, having i and the past part, a as 2'^'^ vowel.

Pres. Part; mjarrib Past Part: mjarrab

Verbs which are conjugated like jarrab.

1) Regular Strong Verbs: — 41 — barrad — 42 -

e, g, dowwar Impf. bidowwir turu, make round; with 'ala seek; from dar. diya' Impf. bidiyi' lose; froindk'. Their conjugation is, in all other respects, regular. Verbs of this 43 —

§ 139. The vowels of all verbs in the perf. Ill F. are d . . . a.

Those verbs however which have, iu the I Form, as 3"^ radical a or i

retain it; cf. § 127. All veibs have i as 2°^ vowel in the imper- 2'^'^ 1st fect. The verbs 1^^ or rad. w or y or j-ad. a retain these semi-vowels as strong consonants throughout.

Perf. 3. p. m. sing. samali Impf. l)isamili to forgive

f. „ samahat bit samih 2. „ m. „ samaht bitsamih

f. „ samahti bitsamhi

1. ,, m.&f. ,, samaht basamih

>> )> ii n plur samahoo bitsamhoo

>) 5> i> )) samahtoo minsamih

^' n ;} n i) 5> samalma

Imperative: samih (m.) samhi (f.) samhoo (plur.) Pres. Part: msamih Past Part: msamah. Verbs of the III form conjugated like samah

1. Eegular strong Verbs:

barak bless 'alaj cure lataf treat kindly

rafak accompany shamat quarrel rahan bet, wager 'anak embrace dafa' defend harab wage war sa'ad help, support batali wrestle kasas punish

katal light with samah forgive kabal receive kindly

farak separate from sharat bet, wager dadad offer resistance hasar besiege Sabak run a race

2. Verbs whose l^t rad. is 'a. (= l)

achad take offence at aman believe

akal eat with somebody ajar let

3. Verbs wliose 1^^ radical is w

wasal continue Wafak be suitable Warab slant

2^*^ 4. Verbs whose radical is w ar y. shawar take counsel jawab answer

kawal give work by the piece tawab yawTi

nawal hand something to dawam *ala persevere in

sawam trade, barter layam soften

dayan last, be durable.

§ 140. Verbs whose S'*^ rad. is a or i are conjugated like bana cf. § 127. '

— 44 —

e.g. sawa Impf. bisawi make, do f(r. straighten matters

Imperative: sawi (m.) sawi ff.) sawoo (plur.) Pres. Part. msawi Past Part. nisawa.

Verbs of the III Form whose S'*^ rati, is a semi-vowel:

jaza retaliate, punish nada call liawa drive away

kafa recompense laka meet afa be kept well (by God.i

haka speak witli some one

Form IV.

§ 141. The IV Form is formed by the prefixing of a before the "Simple Verb" which loses its l^t vowel, and is causative in meaning. It is of very rare occurrence and, in its stead, the I. II. or III. Forms are used. The verbs are conjugated in accordance with the "Simple Form" from which they are derived. The accent falls upon the 1^* syllable in the 3. p. m. sing, perfect.

1) The regular "Strong Verb." as^ad make bappy amhal give respite. amtarat it rains adliak make laugh a'ajab please askar make drunk afab cause trouble atlajat* it snows an'am be gracious

2) Verbs whose l^t radical is w:

OWJa"" cause pain, hurt OWda' give into custody

3) Verb whose 3'*^ radical is a.

ashtat it rains

Note tlie verb ib.sar contraction of hoo ab?ar lit: "He (/. e. God)

has seen" used in the sense of perhaps or 1 do not know.

Form V.

§ 142. The V Form is formed by prefixing t to the II Form. In meaning it is reflexive and passive. The vowels of this Form are, in both the perf, and impf. a ... a.

* 3. p. f. sing, because tlie noun ed-d'viija "the w.orld" is either used with

it or is implied, cf. § 212 d.

\ — 45 —

1) Regular Sti-oiig Verbs coujugated like tharrak: tsamma' 46 —

Foim VI.

§ 143. The VIFoi'in may make a transitive verb of the II Form reflexive, or may give it the meaning of "to pretend a thing."

It also makes the action reciprocal.* It is formed by prefixing t to the III Form: e. g. Ill F. salah "to make peace" VII F. tsalah "make peace together' The vowels of the impf. are a ... a throughout. e. Perf. (J. tkatal Impf. byitkatal to fight, quarrel

Impf. itkatal (m.) itkatali (f.) itkataloo (plur.) Pres.Part: mootkatilt Past Part: mo~otkatal

1) Strong verbs conjugated like tkatal: fanak — 47 —

thaka talk together tlaka meet each other

tfaua devote oue self to tliama fee take refuge with

Remark: Au i is ofteu pretixed to tlie t of the VI Form as in the case of the V.

Form VII.

§ 14:4. The VII Form is the regular passim of the verb and can be formed from ahnost all verbs. It also expresses that a thing or person is adapted to the idea contained in the I Form. It is formed by prefixing' iu to the I P^orm. The vowels of the perf. 2°*^ are a ... a and of the impf. mostly i; a few verbs have a as vowel. The accent is never on the prefix in, but is placed as in the case of the verb of the Simple form:

The P* vowel is dropped in the impf. in the case of those persons which have no suffix. Those with a suffix omit the 2^^ vowel.

1) The regular "Strong Verb'

Perf. 3 p. m. sing, injarah Impf. byinjrih be wounded

„ f. „ injarahat btiujj'ih

2. „ m. „ injaralit btinjrih

„ f. „ injarahti btinjirhi

1. „ m.&f. „ injaralit banjrih

3. „ ,, „ plur. injarahoo binjirhoo

2. „ „ ,, „ injarahtoo btinjirhoo

1. ,, ,, ,, ,, injarahna muinjrih

Imp. iujrih (m.) injirhi (f.) injirhoo (plur.)

Past Part: minjrih

Strong Verbs conjugated like injarah:

inbahash* be dug inba'at" be sent inbasat be satisfied inhazam have escaped intaba'* be printed infasad spoiled

intarad be driven away inmasak'* be held, caught insaraf** be changed, spent (money)

* These verbs take in the impf. a or i as 2°^ vowel.

insaraf with a in the impf. means "to be exchanged"; with i in the impf. "to go away, leave". — 48 —

2. Verbs with middle rad. a are conjugated like chaf cf. §124. — 49

2) to d, if the 1^* rad, is d, d orz: da'a :

— 50 ~

€. g. imtadd Impf. byimtadd to spread oaeself

Imp: imtadd (m.) imtaddi (f.) imtaddoo (plur.) Fart mimtadd

Verbs coujugated like imtadd:

irtamm grieve ibtall become wet ihtadd get into a rage ihtall conquer ijtarr ruminate Ishtadd become firm

istaff be put in line, put oneself in line

§ 147. Verbs whose middle rad- is a retain it throughout the impf. and in the 3. p. sing, and plur. of the perfect.

Perf. 3. p. m. — 51 —

Imperative: ishtki (m.) ishtki (f.) ishtkoo (plur.) Pies. Part: mobshtki Past Part: mooshtaka

Verbs conjugated like ishtaka: iltaka meet some one ibtada begiu ichtasiia fear to do islltara purchase imtala fill oneself ishtafa rejoice malignantly

Remark: istawa Impf. byistwi "become ripe, become done"

(food), a doubly weak verb, is also conjugated like ishtaka.

Form IX.

§ 149. The IX Form is constructed by the prefixing of i and the doubling of the 3'''^ radical. It intensifies the meaning of the

Simple Verb and is used only of words which denote colours orphy- sical defects. These verbs are conjugated in the following manner:

Perfect: :

— 52 —

The X Form is constructed b}^ prefixing the syllable ista to tlie verb, which loses its 1^* vowel.

2'^'^ The Strong- Verb has the vowel i between the and S'^^ radical in the imperfect.

Perfect — 53

2. p. f. sing. ista'arti btisfeeri

1. „ m.&f.„ ista'art bast'eer

3. „ ,. „ plur. ista'aroo byisfeeroo o "• >) n n 5) ita'artoo btisfeeroo ista'arna miiist'eer

Imperative: ist'eer (m.) isfeeri (f.) ist'oeroo (plur). Pres. Part: niisfeer Past Part: mist'ar

Verbs conjugated like ist'ar: istarah rest istashar ask counsel istajab grant istamal gain over

§ 153. Verbs whose 3''«^> rad. is a are conjugated like bana

. .i. (cf. § 127.) in the perfect. They have in the impf. the vowels a . e. g. Perf. istarja to dare Impf. byistarji

Verbs conjugated like istarja:. istahla find agreeable istatna exempt istauua (from ana) wait.

ISta fa ask for one's dismissal.

The Strong Verb of four Radicals.

al-fi'l ir-rdbba'i._,s-salim.

§ 15-I-. Veibs of this kind have, in tbe perf. the vowels a . . a and in the impf. a 54 -

Verbs conjugated like dakdak; hamliam neigh tabtab clap the hands sha'lab smoke (lamp) bahdar squander Shaklab upset sliamsham sniff at laklak lap(byadog) rarbal sift masmar nail tarjani translate falfal pepper bartal bribe niaiiinad make smooth marmar embitter shanhak bray zahzaV stir without removing bltar practice farriery kartas squat, putting the hands around the legs barta kick up the heels (from overfeeding).

The Substantive.

il-ism lit: the name.

§ 155. Most uouns are derived from verb stems either of the simple or derived form {cf. §§ 201. 203.)

§ 156. All substantives and adjectives are of masc. or fern, gender. The regular feminine singular, el moljfrad, is formed by adding the ending i, e, or a to the masc. noun, e. g. armal widower armale widow; 'abd slave 'abdi female slave

tiyib good (m.) tiybe (f.) kbeerbig,old kbeeri (f.)

§ 157. Some nouns, although not feminine in form or mean- ing, are commonly regarded as such: e.g. ard earth shams sun reeh wind

dar house jahannam hell nar fire

SOOllam ladder darb path, road nafs soul

tai^oon mill rooh spirit 'ain eye

§ 158. The Arabic language has two kinds of plural:

1). The Regular Plural. The ending of this plural, for the masc. uouns, adjectives, etc. is eeni, for the fem. at.

2). The Broken Plural. The larger number of words form the plural according to the jam' et-takseer, "broken plural," SO called because, in addition to the fact that it has prefixes and suffixes, it has inner changes. 00

Its varieties are numerous cf. § 168.

§ 159. lu addition to the sing', and plural, the Arabic language

possesses another number, the dual, el-mrnitannii. The Dual is used

when two of a kind are meant. The ending- of the mdbtanna is, for both g-euders, ain. The fern, ending "e, i or a is changed before ain to t, {cf. also §§ 2., 192 a, b). e.g. sahir — 56 —

el-frauj the Europeans el-franji the European el-fran}'ijl the European woman

es-shwam the Syrians esh-shami the Syrian

esh-shamiyi the Syrian woman

el- bacloo the Beduins el-badawi the Bednin el-badawiyi the Beduin woman

Remark: The nisbe (cf. § 162) of collective nouns of peoples

serves also as the adjective : e.g. fraujl a European (m.), also adjective masc.; franjiyi fem.adjective

§ 162. The name ol a professional, tradesman, etc. is formed by adding- the ending i fern, iyi ( or lyc) to the noun (sing, or plur.) which expresses that with which they are occupied in tlieir work.

Such nouns are called nisbe "relationship": e. g. sa'at watches sa'ati watchmaker

srcToj saddles srooji saddler

kootoob books kootOObi book-dealer

foochchar earthen vessels foochchari or fachoori potter

lialawi name of sweetmeat halawatl maker of halawi

donkey saddles tl maker of donkey saddles.

§ 163. The fem. ending of the nisbe is added to a noun or adjective to form a new word, involving the special meaning of something appertaining to the first;

y- shams :

— 57 — e.g, kdbndra shoe kdbndarji shoemaker

kobmrd'ok custom, duty kobmrookji custom-house official

SOOfra table SObfraji waiter

kahwe coffee kahwaji or kahwati coffee-house keeper 'arbaji coachman

The Regular or "Sound Plural"

aj-jam' is-salim

§ 165. The "Sound Plural" is used A. with masculine substantives:

1) With all proper names of men: e.g. chah^l i)iur. chaleeleen Khaleel 'eed pUir. 'eedeen Eed

2) With all part, which have retained their participial meaning: e. g. sami' plur. sanfeen hearing tali' plur. tareen ascending

radid „ raddeeu answering madid „ maddeen stretching out

saniu „ sanneen thinking marik „ markeen passing by

hasid „ hasdeen harvesting uatik „ natkeen vomiting

Remark: This plural serves also in place of the feminine, cf. § 166. 2. Remark.

3) With almost all names of those who follow a profession e. g bahri plur. bahriyeen sailor chabbaz plur. chabbazeen baker.

'attal carrier haddad smith tabba' printer

'attar grocer ma'moor official biya' seller

Chiyat tailor mjallid bookbinder Siyad hunter

charrat turner najjar carpenter hiyak weaver

dabbar tanner sarraf money-changer liammar donkey-driver

Remark: The word sanii "year", which has a fern, form in

the sing, has sneen in the plural {cf. § 166. 6).

§ 166. B. with feminine substantives:

1) The names of women, as well as of men, ending in a.

e. g. fatme pi. fatmat talha pi. talhat (man's name)

'azeeze „ 'azeezat ni'me „ ni'mat „ „

salmii „ salmat 'ode „ 'odat — 58 —

2) All the participles form a regular fern, plural: e. g, rajif (m.) rajfe (f.) raj fat (f. plur.) trembling.

fern, plur., the masc. Remark : Although this is the regular

form is more frequently used, cf. § 107.

3) All names of those who follow a profession {cf. § 165. 3) form a regular fem. plural: e. g. 'ashshi cook (m.) ashshiye (f.) 'ashshiyat (f. plur.)

4) Words which, in the singular, have no feminine ending: e. g. 'amar building hiwan animal oljjak stove

bhar spice hsab bill ral lock bat shoulder lizam girth nasam law

chan khan (inn) kar trade salam salutation

5) Titles and nouns which are of foreign origin. The letter w is often inserted between the last consonant and the plur. ending: e. g. basha plur. bashawat Pasha baik plur. baikawat Bey

ara „ arawat Agha baba ,, babawat Pope

baboor „ baboorat Steamer fatoora „ fatoorat Invoice

6) Arabic nouns which form the plur. in the same manner as those of No. 5; e. g. sama plur. samawat heaven sala plur, salawat prayer

o'bcht „ oochwat {or chiyat) sister kiri „ karwat rent

Sana „ sanawat {or sneen) year cf. § 165. 3, Remark

7) The names of the arable months: e. g. mooharram plur. mot)harramat Muharram {cf. Part II).

§ 167. Some nouns of four or more consonants have the plur. in either een or at although they have no fem. ending in the singular. Words whose plur. ending is een. cf. § 165. 3.

'amraar mason chaddam servant

kaddab liar halawi a kind of sweetmeat

m'allim teacher mliibb lover

mh^ndis architect m'allif writer — 59 —

mnadi* caller out mnasir mdoslim moslem mobstashfa hospital nassab scoundrel

Saukari* tinsmith

2) Words whose plural ending- is at: — 60 —

lizam* girth izar** mautle for women Hiaf bed-i-over

sraj clay lamp tareek*** road

b) feminine nouns:

The fern, ending is dropped in the plural e. g. haseere piur. hobsol)r or hottsr straw-mat mdeene town mrara cave 'abaye plur.. 'obbi abai (cloak of peasants;

2. The following nouns with fern, ending, having only a short vowel in the l^^ syllable, take a as vowel between the 2°*^ and S""*^ radicals, the fern, ending being dropped: e. g. cniro — 61 — e.g. 'amoel patron, buyer plur. "oomala aseer* prisoner chateeb orator Stlfeer ambassador

'aleeni learned man hakeem doctor shaheed witness, martyr ameer prince kafeel surety shareek associate rafeek companion

Remark: The following two nouns form their plural in the same manner: sha'ii' pinr. shoVara poet chaleefi piur. ehoblafa Caliph

*Nouns l«t rad. a change the a in the plur. to do e.g. ameer plur. OOmara.

4. Nouns which have only a short vowel in the sing, and insert a after the 2"'^ consonant: e. g. rajot»l plur. rjal man.

a) Masculine nouns: 'asm ;

— 62 — .

Remark: The noun §ahib "friend" forms its pliir. like the preceding words, ^hab. cf. § 220.

5. Many nouns which have only short vowels in the sing,

07' 1=^^ form their plur. by the prefix a \, the omission of the vowel, 2"^^ and the insertion of a between the and S'"'^ consonants.

a) with the prefix a e. g. doo'f plur. ad'af weakness 'adad 63 -- dawa — 64 — karm — 65 —

salim — 66 —

Note: Words ending in i (cf. § 157) change it in the plur. to y e.g. sAbi plur. so'bbjan.

Note also the following words: mara plur. uiswan woman wadi plur. widyan valley

12. Some nouns having a long vowel in the 2°<^ syllable of

2'^'^ the sing, form their plur. by the insertion of aji between the

and 3'"'* consonants. The long vowel of the sing, is dropped. Those

nouns which have a fern, ending drop it in the plural:

e.g. 'aroos plur. "ai'ayis bride, jnaze ^^wr. janayiz funeral service

'ajeebe wonder hamoole clan kneese church

'ajOOZ old woman jazeere island nirara* cave

'azeeme invitation jdeele plait of hair mseebe ill-fate

bda a merchandise kabeele tribe mteele lesson, task

dakeeka minute kaddoom axe saheefe** sheet (paper)

flooka boat kareeb relative sarafe giraffe

fteele wick kaseede a kind of poem waseefe office

fteeri mould of vegetables shbeen god-father, best-man

13. The following nouns which have a long vowel in the

1st syllable and a short one in the 2'^'^, shorten the long vowel, insert the syllable wa between this short vowel and the '2^^ rad. 3"^ and take, in the syllable, the vowel i. The feni. ending is drop- ped in the plural.

1) Nouns derived from "Strong Verbs": e. g. kalib plur. kawalib form, mould hadti plur. hawadi t event amr .

— 67 —

2) Nouns derived from "Hollow Verbs" insert y after wa:

'ade plur. 'awayid custom dairi plur. dawayir circle faide fawayid ,, rate of interest haji „ hawayij clothes, luggage, things

3) Nouns whose S'^ rad. is a semi-vowel, take always i in the plur. as S""*^ radical: e. g. nahyi plur. nawahi district jani criminal S^kye channel shati cost kafye rhyme sari mast tanye second (time).

Note also the following nouns: choori plur. chawarni priest dabbe plur. dawab riding-animal johar „ jawahir jewellery laili „ layali night

moorani plur. mawarni Maronite.

14. The following nouns— otherwise like No. 13— takegeinstead of i between the 2°^ and S'*^ consonants: e. g. taboon plur. tawabeen Palestinean oven for the baking of bread

'amood column doolab wheel taboot coffin babo"©) slipper jamoos buffalo tahoon mill baroode gun k^moos lexicon taoos peacock dalool guide kanoon law zaroob passage, lane deewan coll. of poems natoor watchman.

Note also : tareech plur. tawareech date (time)

Remark: Nouns with fern, endings lose them in the plural; e. g. baroode phir. bwareed gun na'oora plur. nawa'eer water-wheel

15. Some nouns, names of parts of the human body, take the ending ain. These are:

'ain plur. 'ainain eye dain plur. dainain ear

eed „ eedain hand rijl „ rijlain foot.

Remark: To avoid confusion with the plural, the letter t is inserted before the dual ending: e. g. plur. "ain ain dual 'aintain two eyes.

Substantives of four or more Consonants.

§ 169. Besides those substantives which are derived from roots of three consonants, there are also some which have four or — 68 — more. Some of the nouns in No. 14 belong to this class of nouns having however a different plural. Many of these words are of foreign origin, while others are really participles cf. § 201. The plur. of all these nouns is formed by the insertion of a between

2'^'^ 3"* the and consonants, and of i in the S'*^ syllable: e. g. ta'lab plur. ta'alib. fox.

"akrab scorpion koorsi chair manzil guest-house boorko^b' face-veil laklak stork markab ship chandak ditch mablar sum of money markaz centre chanjar dagger mabrad file masdar temple (head) daftar note-book machzau magazine, shop masjid mosque dimlij glass bracelet maMan metal masna' factory dirham dirhem (weight) madbah altar masnid sofa-bolster dbbldotil hedgehog madfa' cannon mimbar chancel farsach ameasure(8.13Km.)malkat fire-tongs mish'al torch kbbnso^ol consul mansar view shankal book.

Note: zanbak plur. zanabik lily.

The n, according to the universal rule, changes to m before h

{cf. also § 168. 6 domb).

§ 170. This plur. is used for the following nouns which have the same form as the above but with the endings e, i, or a: e. g. mashnaka plur. mashanik gallows, chdbnfse a beetle mahrame handkerchief mirwaha fan difda'a frog manshafe towel sinsli loose wall, jimjmi skull maschara taunt [spine, chain madrase school mastara sample, ruler zalzali earthquake, mahbara inkstand matba^a printing-press makbara grave yard

3"^ § 171. The following nouns with a between the and 4*^^ consonants take ee as the vowel of the last S3^11able;

e. g. timsah plur. tmaseeh crocodile. birwaz frame mikdaf rudder mo1}tran bishop bot)St^n garden minchar nose ro'brbal sieve

chol)lchal ankle-ring minkar beak shirwal native trousers

finj4n Arab, coffee-cup mishwar drive, ride, walk sinsal chisel

fo^ostan woman's dress mismar nail watwat bat miftah key misran intestine ZO'bnnar girdle, belt — 69 —

Remark: The following nouns {cf. for the sing. § 171,) form the plur. like those in § 170. is war plur. asawir bracelet 'asfoor flur. 'asafeer sparrow

Note also the words: shitan plur. shayateen devil, Satan soollam plur. salalim ladder neeshlin nayasheen target, official decoration.

§ 172. The following nouns which have oo in the last syllable follow in the plur. § 171. e. g. jardoou plur. jaradeen rat. dabboor hornet kalkool infant shoes matbooch calendar da'bool any round thing majnoon idiot salta'on crab

[or being maksood intention Sandook trunk, box tircloon gecko maktoob letter sarsoor cricket (insect) kaddoom adze masroof expenditure zaFoom throat

§ 173. The following nouns which have ee in the last syl- lable of the sing, form their plural like those in § 172. e. g. kalsheen plur. kalasheen galoshes.

'afreet evil spirit, — 70 —

Note the plural forms of the following nouns batrak phir. batarka Patriarch soonisar plur. samasra or bankaji „ bnookjiyi banker [so'omsariye broker dbsko^of „ asakfi bishop chaime chiyam tent filasoof ,, falasfi philosopher malak malaike angel. shammas „ shamamse deacon

The Adjective,

es-sifa lit: quality

§ 175. In addition to the regular adjective others may be formed from nouns by means of the nisbe cf. § 162, balad 71 —

Remark: 2. Other adjectives of the same class insert an before the "iiisbe" ending {cf. also § 74.): e.g. rooh — 72 ~

Remark: Compound adjectives of which the adjectives proper take the jam'is-salim: mo~OSh marshoosh unadulterated, genuine rair ma'dood dayir bal + the pron. suff. attentive moosh badi disquiet rair shakoor ungrateful

The following- compound adjectives are unchangeable:

'ar-reek fasting (condition before breakfast)

'ala ahsau tarz oi- 'al il-'al excellent.

2) of adjectives ending in au: e. g. bardan plur. (m.) bardaiieen, (f.) bardanat cold. lateef* — 74 —

§ 181. 1) The following adjectives substitute a for ee between

the 2°"^ and S""*^ rad. and omit — if there be one — the vowel after the l^t consonant: e. g. kbeer plur. kbar great, big

'afeef — 75 —

Remark 1. The Arabic language is not rich in adjectives expressing a moral idea; compound phrases are therefore frequently used, {cf. § 129) such as: kbeer^er-ras pig-hended, stiff-necked kaleel^el-adab uucuitured kaleel_, el-haya impertinent

ralees^ed-danab cocksure {lit thick of tail) mleeh^el-kalb kind-hearted

tkeel^ed-damm boring {lit: heavy of blood) taweel^er-rooh long-suffering

Remark 2. The following form may also be used to express the same idea. In this construction the noun may be put in the plur. the adjective follows it in the same number and gender; {cf. § 194); the sing, of both noun and adjective is preferable:

e. g. r^SO kbeer Ut: his head is big, for, he is pig-headed

^'*' ^^^"' ^"^^^^'^^ ^'^ ""^^ ^dabho^on kaleeleen [ ^,. I for, they are uncultured; adabhoon kaleel ^>t'- their culture is little.

Syntactical and other Remarks.

The Noun.

al-ism

§ 184. A noun may be determined by the article, a personal pronoun, or another noun.

§ 185. If a noun is qualified by several adjectives, they are connected by the conjugation wa or u:

e.g. en-natoor_el-ameen w^il-kawi w^il-mleeli The faithful, strong, and good watchman.

§ 186. When a noun, which is qualified by an adjective, is followed by another noun in the genitive, the adj. is placed after the second noun:

e.g. jooch el-biya' el-abrash The grey cloth of the dealer.

bait il-basha_l-mleeh The beautiful house of the Pasha.

boostaU^il-bo'OStanji^j-jameel The luxuriant garden of the gardener. — 76 —

§ 187. When a uoun m the genitive is qualified by an adjective, the adjective is placed after it: e. g. bait _,er- raj obi el-rani The house of the rich man.

karam_il-ameer esh-shareef The liberality of the noble emir.

§ 188. When two uouus, the second being in the genitive, are both qualified by adjectives, the adjectives come last in the sentence in the order of the nouns to which they belong; cf. §§ 186. 187. e. g. jobch,_el-biya' el-abrash el-raui The giey cloth of the lich dealer. faras^el-badawi_l-kawiye^S-reereThestrongmareof theyoungBeduin.

§ 189. An alternative construction with mi "which" is in frequent use:

e.g. ej-joocl I ^el-abrash illi la^l-biya' The grey cloth which is to (^belongs to) the rich dealer,

el-faras^el-kawiye illi la_l-badawi_s-sreer

The strong mare which is to (- belongs to) the young Beduiu.

The Possessive Case.

§ 190. The construction in which a noun is limited by an- other noun in the possessive case, or by a suffixed pronoun, is called in Arabic, idafe ""addition". The article is omitted in the idafe before the noun which is limited, while the noun standing, in English, in the Genitive receives it. e. g. maktOOb^et-tol)rjO"'oman The letter of the dragoman. bd'OStan^el-chawaja The garden of the gentleman.

tarbobsh^iKaskari The tarboosh of the soldier.

wata^l-fallah The shoes of the peasant.

§ 191. The form of the first noun is not changed in the

idafe unless

(a) it is feminine, when the ending i, e, or a becomes t: e.g. sa'at_,ed-dahab The gold watch; odat^er-rajo'ol The room of the man.

'dblbe box; 'dblbti my box. reeshi pen; reeshti my pen.

(b) the first noun ends in i, or iye when the ending is

changed in the idafe to get or iyet:

e. g, shamsiye, shamseet^el-dbcht The parasol of the sister, kabliye, kableet^il-mareed The appetite of the sick. — 77 —

jamMye, jam'iyit^il-Volama The assembly of the learned. or shamsiyet, kabliyet, jam'iyet.

§ 192. If, the case of a fern, noun which stands in the idafe, two OF more consonants come together, a helping vowel is inserted before the fem. ending- t, cj-. § 191. e. g. shakfe, shaktit^ej-janzeer a piece of chain.

bandora, bandorit jarna The tomato of our neighbour.

bakara bakarit^er-ra'i The cow of the herdaman.

Remark : The word beni occurs only in the idafe: e.g. beni sachr the 'BemSachr"^«Y; sons of Sachr, an Arab tribe.

The Adjective.

es-sifa

§ 193 The attributive adjective takes the article, if the noun to which it belongs is determined. e. g. el-bait _,el-kbeer The big house; el-mara^s-sa'eede The happy woman

el-'amm^el-chiyir The liberal uncle, farasak es-sareefe Your beautiful mare.

§ 194-. The adjective, attributive and predicative, agrees in gender and number with its noun:

e. g. el-bot)ldan_el-kbar The large countries; el-bral es-srar The small mules.

el-OWlad kbar The boys are big ; el-alwah SOOd The slates are black.

The Verb.

el-fi'l lit: the doing.

§ 195. The Verb agrees with its noun in gender and number:

e. g. er-rjal rij'oo "a^shoorlho'bm The men returned to their work.

el-0"OCht kamat 'an^el-ko*orsi The sister rose fiom the chair,

el-'asakir rahoo 'al-mdeene The soldiers went into the city, el-klab lihsoo ed-damm The dogs licked the blood.

§ 196. The predicate, instead of following, may precede the subject:

e. g- shirboo^j-jmal The camels drank.

ijoo^l-msafreeu The travellers came. :

— 78 —

haraboo_l-har&miye The thieves fled,

taroo^n-nahlat The bees flew away.

§ 197. When two verbs are dependent upon the same

nominative they follow it, as in English

e. g. el-fallaheenharatOOll^zara'oo The peasants ploughed and sowed.

§ 198. 'animal, or its abbreviation 'am "doing", with the impf.,

conveys the idea that someting is being done, or is happening at the moment of speaking:

e. g. 'am btikra Are you reading? 'ammal tchiyit She is sewing. 'am niktib We are writing 'ammal yidhakoo They are laughing.

Remark: The same idea may be conveyed by repeating the subject of the sentence as a pers. pron. suffixed to 'ammai:

e. g. 'ammalha tirsil? Is she washing? 'aramalha timsali* she is scrubbing.

§ 199. The participle raih of rah "to go", with the impf. indicates that some one is about to do something, or that some-

thing is about to happen:

e. g. raih bakra I am going to read, raiha tistreeh she is going to rest,

raiheen ishimmoo_l-hawa They are going to take a drive,

raiheen nakot)l We are about to dine.

§ 200. The participles jai, of aja "to come", and tabi. of taba'

"to follow", with the article, express, like iiii with a pers. pron.,

{cf. § 29) "the following, the next, the coming:"

e. g. el-yom ej-jai The coming day. el-malik ej-jai The next king.

el-harf_et-tabi' The next following letter.

An exception is: ej-jobm'a^t-tara The coming, lit: rising, week.

§ 201. The participles frequently correspond to an English substantive or adjective: e. g, katib writer; kaflr unbeliever hakim judge, matloob demand maktoob letter ma'moor official

''means also, "to plane wood". — 79 —

§ 202. The participles, in conjunction witii a separate pronoun, express a condition or state, corresponding to our present or past tenses: e. g. hee t^bcha She is cooking, hee '^mli liraouada Sheia making lemonade, hoo niarsoob He was being forced, nalma makbooleen We are accepted.

§ 20ii. The infinitive following a verb must always be translated in Arabic by the impf. agreeing with the subject in number and gender. The Arabic infinitive is a noun, and is not used in the dialect as a verb form; {cf. also §§ 155. 201): e.g. jarrab inoott 'an_,el-hait He attempted to jump over the wall

{lit: he attempted, he jumps over the wall). biddna nishtril We wish to work {lit: we wish we work).

For other illustrations see § 211.

§ 204. The past, tense— our impf. —may be expressed by kan with the imperfect: e. g. kan yikra He read kan yivmi He threw kan yinsa He forgot; koonna nrattil We sang (hymns) koont tisbali You swam koout amshi I ran.

205. Our pluperfect is expressed by kan with the present participle: e. g. kanoo fatheen_,el"bab lamma koonna naimeen They had opened the door while we slept

koonna m'owkeeno yom We had delayed him one day. •

§ 206. The future is expressed

1) by the imperfect tense, e. g. bashoof = I see or I will see.

2) by rayih (m.), raiha (f.), raiheen (plur.) with the imperfect tense: e. g. rayih yi'zimna He will visit us. raiha tzoorna She will visit us.

raiheen inrajji'_.il-ktab We shall return the book.

3) by bidd {cf. § 116 Remark)

§ 207. Our future perfect is expressed by the imperfect of kiin, yikoon, placed before the pres. participle: — 80 —

e.g. binkoon imkaddfeen ntfbss farsach. We shall have rowed half a

farsach. (1 farsach - 8,13 Km.),

bitkoonoo tchallasto minilO You will be relieved of him.

§ 208. The irapf. tense is used in conditional sentences, which are introduced with lamma or Ma: e. g. kaddaish baddi afrah lamma bijeebo How I would rejoice if he

should bring it! e. g. kaddaish bitriyar il-hal ida bisafir il-basha min hon. How the

conditions would change if the Pasha would go from here!

§ 209. Hypothetical sentences are introduced by low the verb being in the imperfect. If a pronoun follows, in, before pron. suffixes inn, is inserted: e. g. low inno birja' kobnna mnifrah if he would return we should rejoice,

low biji_^r-rajo"ol kobnna minkaddiralo hadiye if the man would come we should give him a present.

§ .210. The imperative form can never be used with a nega- tion, the imperfect with la or ma is used instead:

e. g. la tot)trdbksh ishabak Do not forsake your friends.

la tikta'sh ij-jisir Do (plur.) not cross {lit: cut) the bridge,

la tisbahsh fi^U-nahr You shall not bathe in the river.

la titla'oosh la barra el-yom Do not go out to-day.

ma tro'ohsh min hon Do not go away from here.

§ 211. The English "let us" is rendered by the inperatives imshi "go" yalla"come!" in the pers. and number of the addressed.

The verb which follows, the Eng. infinitive, is put in the impf.

(§ 203.) "ms" becoming its subject. e.g. imshoo nitrook _ il-bait Let us leave the house (Nt: go ye, we leave the house),

yalla nrooli barra Let us go outside.

Remark: "Let" for "to permit" is challa; for the conjuga-

tion cf. § 137,2; it must always have a personal pronoun.

e. g. cha]leeho1)m yistreehoo Let them rest (Ut: let them, they rest).

challeena na'mal has-safra Let us take this journey {Ut: let us, we do this journey). :

- 81 —

§ 212. The impersonal form of expression is rendered always by a personal:

3''^ I 1) by the pers. plural: e. g, rahoo one went biroohoo one goes

kaloo one said, it was said bikooloo one says, it is said.

The Arabic is therefore equivalent to the colloquial "they say", and "they said", for one says, and one said:

2) by wahad "some one":

e. g. wahad kad^el-chail Some one led the horses round

wahad min^el-aMa 'imlo Some one of the enemies has done it.

3) by el-wahad. which is like the impersonal "one":

e. g. el-wahad ma byikdar yishrab^el-inai One cannot drink the water

el-wahad ma byikdar yisbah la tani mail One cannot swim to the other side.

4) by the personification of the impersonal pronoun:

e. g. ed-dinya 'am btitlij The world is snowing l. e. it is snowing

ed-dinya 'am btishti The world is raining i. e. it is raining.

§ 213. The VII Form is the regular Passive Voice of the

Vulgar Arabic, cf. § 144. The regular "Strong Verbs" of the 2°^^ I Form which in the active impf. have ^ in the syllable, cf. §§

1 13. 1. 2; 115, have however the usual passive voice for the Present

and Future, formed by substituting a for i in the 2^^ syllable of the imperfect. The Past is expressed by the VII Form:

e. g. katal Impf. Act. byiktil, Impf. Pass, byiktal

hamal „ „ byihmil ,, „ byihmal

katab „ „ byiktib „ „ byiktab.

Remark 1. The present and future tenses, passive voice, may be expressed also by the personal pronoun with the past participle

e. g. ana madroob I am beaten or I shall be beaten

int matrood You are expelled or You will be expelled.

Remark 2. The past tense, passive voice, may be expressed, in addition to the VII F., by kan and the past participle:

A Manual of Palestinean Arabic. 6 — 82 — e. g. kobnna madroobeen We were beaten. wain kdbntOO majrooheen where were you wounded? kauoo ma'zooleen min hadak esh-shahr They were deposed since last month.

3. The future teuse, passive voice, may also be expressed by yikoon and the past participle:

e. g. bdbkra bikoon el-'adoo marloob The enemy will be beaten to-morrow.

b^'d moodde kaseere bikoon msa'ad in a short time he will be helped.

§ 214. Adverbial phrases, or adverbs, are often put at the beginning of the sentence together with the predicate;

e.g. la wain harab el-mahboos Whither has the prisoner fled?

fl^l-masa akaloo They dined in the evening.

ho^Dnak kanat reeshti My pen was there.

bookrabiroohoo_n-nas'al-koods The people will go to-morrow to Jeru- salem.

The Auxiliary Verbs "to have" and "to be".

§ 215. The present tense of "to have" is formed, as we have seen (c/l §§ 68. 69.), by means of certain prepositions, the past tense by the addition of kan, and the future tense by the addition

of bikoon cf. § 126. I.

§ 216. The auxiliary verb '•'to be", in certain English con- structions, must, as we have seen, be rendered also by a preposition

{cf. § 71); the Arabic language possesses no verb for it.

Remark 1. The English inipf. wa?, is rendered by kan, and the future will he by bikoon, the impf. of kan.

Remark 2. kan is frequently used in combination with the

preposition li and the pers. pronoun, in which case it is shortened,

c/. also§ 218:

e. g. kanlo he had /. e. possessed.

§ 217. The verb kan with ma or ma generalizes interrogative pronouns and adverbs with which it may be connected:

e. g. meen ma kan whoever it be aimta ma, kan whenever it be : )

83 —

§ 218. The conditional "if I am" etc. is expressed by the following forms

in kanni {or ko'ont ) If I am

in kannak ( „ ko'bnt ) „ you are (m.)

in kaunik ( „ kobnti ) „ you are (f.)

in kanno ( „ kan ) „ he is

in kanha ( „ kanal ) „ she is

in kanna ( „ kdbnna „ we are

in kanko'om kdbntoo) „ you are

in kanho^om kanoo ) „ they are

§ 319. The Verb §ar "to become", cf. § 1 26. 2, is employed in various ways:

1) It is used with a participle or adjective, instead of an intransitive verb, to express the condition or state, of some one or something:

9- sar marloot It is faulty. sar makdoob it is pierced.

Sar sakran He is drunk. skr 'iyan He is ill.

biseeroo dbmana They become faithful.

biseer farhan He becomes joyful.

2) It has also the meaning of to begin to do a thing: e.g. sar yisbah He began to swim, biseer yimshi He begins to walk,

minseer nihki fransawi We begin to speak French.

Sarat til'ab She began to play.

Remarkr This construction, in the perf. only, may also mean to attain to the doing of what is conveyed by the verb: e. g. Sar yisbah may mean also, he can swim.

3) gar or gayir (act. part.) followed by li, with the personal pronoun, expresses the idea of "to have": e. g. Sar li waja' ras I tiave a headache. Sar lak sho'brl? Did you get work?

sar li shahr rayih It is a month that I have been away from here, lit: It has become to me a month that I went from here.

Note the i)hrases:

shoo biseer What will happen? shoO sar What has happened?

shoo Sayir what is happening? shoo rayih iseer What will happen?

6* — 84 —

§ 220. If a verb follows upon another verb {cf. also §208), the second verb loses its prefix hi, b or m as the case may be:

e. g. bareed arooli kawam i wish to go quickly

ma bakdir aji^l-y5m I cannot come to-day.

For other illustrations cf. § 203.

§ 221. Diminutives are used in the Dialect, only in a few terms of endearment and depreciation, nicknames and proper names:

e.g. o^olaid little child 'wain little eye

Sfiyar little one Sdair little breast

hlaiwa a fine looking person (man or woman)

Z air small person {lit: little tail) iktaish said of one who has lost

a member of the body, from katash to cut off

ibaid said of a person of dark complexion, from abd negro.

Proper names:

d'aibis from da'bo'bs imbecile hsain from hasan Hasan

hnain „ l.ianna Hanna irnaim „ the .verb rinim gain

zbaidi „ zibdi butter shliaibir „ „ „ shahbar scratch

no'bSS ijbail, a village nearNablus, lit: half a little mountain.

§ 222. The nouns aboo father, o^omm mother, ibn sou, bint daugh- ter and §ahib friend are used to denote some prominent fact in regard to them which may be abstract or concrete: e. g. aboo kabra Father of pride, /. e. an overbearing person. aboo batn or karsh Father of the belly, i. e. a glutton.

O'omm ifjoor Mother of quarrel, i. e. a quarrelsome woman. sahib akl Friend of understanding, i. e. an intelligent person. sahib namoOS Friend of the law i. e. an honourable man. ibn haram Son of the forbidden /. c. scoundrel. bint jah Daughter of air i. e. prostitute.

Such phrases may be used either in the masc. or fem. and must sometimes be rendered in English by an adjective cf. § 183

Remark I. Part Second

Phrases Conversation

etc.

— 87 —

il-fi'l "sar' The Verb "to be'*

I. il-wakt il-hadir 1. Present Tense: cf. §§ 68 ff.

215 sq. ana joo'Hn I am hungry (m.). ana'atshaui I am thirsty (f.). inl shatir or mijthid You are diligent (m. sing.). inti 'iyaiie or mareeda You are ill (f. sing.). il-kalb ameen u faheem The dog is faithful and intelligent. hoo mkiyif He is happy. il-bint^is-sreere fl^l-bait The little girl is at home. hiye na'sane She is sleepy. nihna bardaneen We are cold. intoo ta'baneen You are tired (plur.). hoom hamdeen They are sour. il-'inab mtfbsh mistwi The grapes are not ripe. id-dtfbrrak ba'do achdar The peaches are still green. il-ward ahmar Eoses are red. iz-zanbak abyad Lilies are white. id-doolab imdowwar A wheel is round. sath or wijh il-mai hadi The surface of the water is smooth. har-rajobl moosh mhaddab This man is uneducated. id-deeb w_it-ta'lab hiwauat The wolf and the fox are wild barriye beasts. ij-jamal w^il-barl hiwauat baitiye The camel and the mule are domestic animals.

hsabo moosh masboot His bill is incorrect. tabariya b'eede 'an^il-koods Tibeiias is far from Jerusalem. ba'd b'eed min hon la baitna It is still a long way to our home. ba'd ma sarat soochne It is not yet warm (water). il-mai fatre The water is luke-warm. ish-shoraba sdbchne The soup is hot. it-taks shob The weather is hot. il-bachchobi no' so'omr Incense is a kind of gum. is-salam barake kbeere Peace is a great blessing. is-sadaka kdbwe Friendship is strength.

objo^'Grto or karooto kaleele His wages are small. shbeene mleeh ma'i My godfather is good to me. — 88 ~

il-fihris or il-lailia bala ralat The list is faultless.

doolab-ilbiyara jdeed The water-wheel is new.

ko''orbaj^il-chi3'al kaseer The whip of the rider is short.

il-balat mills Flagstones are flat.

falleenet hadl_l-kanneene The cork of this bottle is broken. makroonie hamm hal-oojak kteer The heat of this stove is great. il-ahram bnayat facheeme. The pyramids are majestic structures. miyet balir^^il-miyet mallia The water of the Dead-Sea is salt.

11-obrdo'on nahr kbeer The Jordan is a big river. rfoof il-kootb matlaneen The book-shelves are full.

II. il-wakt il-madi II. Past Tense: c/. §§ 2l.j sq. koont fee libnan I was in the Lebanon. ko^ont tafran minha You (m. sing.) were angry with her. koonti wikha You (f. sing.) were impertinent. kan barid kteer He was very slow (lit: cold). kanat hafye She was barefoot. koonua fee baitak hadak^il-yom We were at your (m.) house on that day. ma kot)ntoosh abadan farhaneen You (plur.) were never happy

fl hada about this. kanoo owlad sahibna They were the children of our friend. meen kan hoonak? Who was there? iaish is-sooltau kan sho^oja' The army of the Sultan was brave. ua'am hoo kan wazeer iz-zira'a Yes, he was minister of agri- culture. koonna haznaneen 'alaih or 'alaiha We were sad about it (m. or {.). il-mai kanat watye or raa kanat The water was low, (or, not high). 'alye is-sarame kanoo makneen The shoes were durable {lit: firm). ir-rajool kan baMo 'ar-reek The man was still fasting. il-hakeem kan hou imbarha The doctor was here yesterday. hoo kan ma^na He was with us. 'ammitna kanat fi^J-bot»stan Our (paternal) aunt was in the garden. — 89 —

kanat tool in-nh4r fi^l-madrase She was the whole day at school.

kot)oua owwal imbareh fi karye We were the day before yester-

'arabiye sreere day in a little Arabic village. laish ma koonteesh fi_l-'azeeme Why were you not at the recep- il-laile il-madye tion last night? hobni ma kaiioosh kaslaueeu They were not lazy. ish-sharreele kanoo mtfbjtihdeen The workmen were diligent. k^n 'ammal or 'amm yfrak He was sweating.

kail waliad hamil He was a good-for-nothing. kaiioo soofr iiiitl_il-miteen They were deathly pale. odit^il-markab kanat m'attati The cabin was nicely furnished. mleeh kauoo robraba fi hal-blad They were strangers in this land. kan fi hot)iiak makateeb la abooye There were letters for my father. is-sliobn il-mkassareen kanoo Ttak The broken plates were old. slobko kali mftir His conduct was reprehensible. il-kalb kail marboot fi_l-chaime The dog was tied to the tent. il-raiiam w^il-mfza kanoo il-yom The sheep and goat were this

is-so1)bli fi hadak il-hakl morning in that field. il-chail ma kanoosh hon The horses were not here. bakarat_il-fallali kanat sreere The farmer's cow was young. fi^l-'obmr ibni kan il-yom fl^l-madrase My son was at school to-day. it-talaraeed kanoo imbarili ma' The pupils with their teacher

m'allimhoon fi 'ain tara were yesterday at "Ain Fara. kan ahsan Sahib ill He was my best friend. il-miftali kan fi^l-ral The key was in the lock. il-mazhariye kanat fi chazanet The flower-bowl was in the cup- il-awaue board. ir-roozname kanat 'ala^l-liait The calendar was on the wall* il-ale kanat fi jaibto The instrument was in his pocket* ish-shabaki kanat fi^l-boostan The hammock (lit: net) was in the garden. il-kastal il-ma'dani ma kansh hon The metal pipe was not here. il-kadobs kan 'ind il-fachobre The (earthenware) pipe was at the potter's. mii kansh fi fi fi^l-hakl There was no shade in the field. ma kansh fi bol^rhau 'ala rishsho There was no proof of his deception. — 90 - il-yom is-so"obh ko*orma ind il- We were this morning at the ruins. char^yib il-owlad kanoo fl iKfoss is-sakye The boys were in the middle of the brook, il-mooncho'bl kan fi eedha The flour-sieve was in her hand, il-choorj ma kansh fl^l-machzau The saddle-bags were not in the barn, ma kansh fl masari fadda fl jisdani There was no silver in my purse.

III. il-wakt ij-jaye IIL Future Tense: cf. §216 R. bakoonbobkrabakkeerli_l-mdeene I shall be in town to-morrow morning. bitkoou lajo^tl mfeed ida btibka You (m. sing.) will be a useful

mashi ala^d-darb il-mleeha man if you continue to walk in the right path, ma bitkooneesh owwal bint fi You will never be the first girl safiik in your class, il-bisse ma Vomrha bitkoon ameene A cat will never be so faithful mitl^il-kalb as a dog. minkoon ho^onak ida ma shattatsh We shall be there if it will not rain. bitkoonoo rooraba fi hadeek You will be strangers in that il^blad country. biko'onoo koowjid sha'bholjn They will be the leaders of their people. ma minkdbnsh sabab 'aktak 'an We shall be no obstacle to your

hoobb is-shdbhra • ambition. btichsar ida ko'ont btitba' amyalak You will be a loser if you follow your inclinations, bikoon min shani mitl ach He will be a brother to me.

'ind, ma', li The Verb "to have"

I. il-wakt il-hadir T. Present Tense:

a) mrakkab ma' "ind" a) formed with 'ind cf. § 68. indi rreef cho^obz I have a loaf of bread. indak jdbbne u zibde You (m. sing.) have cheese and butter.

'indik daftar kitabe You (f. sing.) have a writing-book. 91 —

*mdo seeniye He has a tray. j'mdha salle sreere She has a little basket. I'indna ibre u chait We have a needle and thread. I'jndkoom shoke u ma^laka You have a fork and spoon. rindhoom chazaiiet ty^b mleeha They have a nice ward-robe. I'iiido ktab sobwar? Has he a picture book? Mndha shamsiye soda She has a black parasol.

*indkot)m ko^oshtban? Have you (f. pi.) a thimble? 'indho^oni sikkeeii u balta They have a knife and hatchet

Mndna soofra ii karasi We have a table and chairs. ma Mndho-om sharch They have no axe. 'in dak wakt? Have you (m. sing.) time?

Mndi wakt kaleel I have little time. jahsh (m.) 'in do or kdbrro'osh He has a young donkey. jal.ishe (f.)

il-mkari 'iudo bral The mukari has mules.

ma 'iiidash lisaii wala moohr, She has no horse and no foal,

mot)hra. filly. 'indna masket reeshe u hibr We have a penholder and ink. ma MndhooDsh riyash walakio klain They have no pens, but lead- rsas pencils. i!-ot»m 'inda marwaliat reesh na'am The mother has a fan of ostrich- feathers. il-oocht Mnda zihre The sister has a flower. il-bo'ostaaje 'indo kawa^veer The gardener has flower-pots.

'indi koowar kishane I have a china-flowerpot. Indna fanajeen w_ishoou We have cups and plates.

Mudik fiujan ii sahn You -J.) have one cup and one plate. chali 'indo 'arabiye My maternal uncle has a carrriage. ma 'indeesh kfoof 1 have no gloves. il-fa'el ma 'indbbsh fas The workman has no lioe.

b) mrakkab ma" ''ma" b) formed with ma' cf. § 68. ma ma'eesh masari I have no money. ma'o mijwiz He has a double-flute. ma'ha shakfit cholDbz? Has she a piece of bread? ma'ha izar She has an izar. in-najjar ma'o masameer The carpenter has nails. — 92 — il-'askari ma'o bo"ondaira u tabl The soldier has a flag and drum il-bint ma'ha satl The girl has a pail. ma'na ka'k We have cake. il-chaddaine ina'ha fteele? Has the servant (f.) a lamp-wick? il-mhaudis ma'o sillam The builder has a ladder. il-bauDa ma'o mastareen The mason has a trowel. il-beetar ma o hadwe The farrier has a horse-shoe. ma ma'kobnsh la dot)chchan wala They have neither tobacco nor pipe ralyoon ma'ak haweu Have you (m. sing.) a metal mortar? la, ma'na jtfbrn No, we have a stone mortar. il-mbiyid ma'o barari The tinsmith has screws. il- msowwir ma'o fd'orshai The painter has a brush. "ammal is-sakakeen ma'o makassat The cutler has scissors and knives. u sakakeen il-mara ma'ha kabkoob cheetan The woman has a ball of thread. is-sayer ma'o kammashe The goldsmith has a pair of pincers. ir-rjal ma'hoou barreeme la^l- The men have a corkscrew. falleen meen ma'o mamlaha Who has a salt-cellar? il-owlad ma'ho'bn kobrsi sreer The children have a stool. il-bint ij-jameele ma'ha swara The beautifnl girl has a bracelet. ra'i^l-ranam ma'o charoof sreer The shepherd has a lamb. il-hallak ma'o moos u tasmi The barber has a razor and a strop. il-katib ma'o daftar mlahasat The writer has a note-book. il-'arbaji ma'o ko^orbaj The driver has a whip. il-haddad ma'o mhadde The blacksmith has a sledge -hammer. il-hajjar ma'o matabbi The stone-cutter has a hammer. il-charrat ma'o mooashar The joiner has a saw.

c) mrakkab ma' "li" c) formed with "li" cf. § 68. il-m'allim ilo ma'arif The teacher has knowledge. il-kadi ilo fahm (liikme) The judge has wisdom. il-istad ilo^ichtibar The professor has experience. J ^ il-miehtiri' ilo irade The inventor has energy. itr^abeeb ilo mahara The physician has skill. — 93 — ish-sha'ir ilo mtfbjoon The poet has wit.

Ihada^sh-shabb ilo idrak This youth has understanding. jhadeek il-bint ila sabr That maiden has patience. ma ilosh eemau He has no faith. ma ilha or ila fadayel She has no virtue. il-ralib nia ilosh farah The victor has no joy.

Una tika fi koodirtak We have confidence in your strength. ma ildbnsh idrak la fahm rooh They have no insight into human in-nas nature. ilkoom tabee'a zihrawiye You have a happy disposition. Una amal nshoofak 'an kareeb We have hope of seeingyou soon.

II. il-wakt il-madi II. Past Tense: cf. § 69. kanli idn miu abooi or abooye I have the pei-missiou from my father. kanat maM baroodet 'ammi I had my (paternal) uncle's gun. kan ma'ak ij-jisdan You (m. sing ) had the pui se. kan ma'ik kol)l ishi You (f. sing.) had everything. kauat ma'ak il-bo"ole or warakat Had you the postage-stamp? il-bool

faris ma kansb ma'o_^l-habl it- Faris had not the thick rope. tcheen nasir kan ma'o izmeel n sharch Xasirhadachisel and a sharp axe. madi

kan ila ko'oshtban u oobar She had a thimble and needles. in-niswan kan 'iudhot»n rabtet The woman had a beautiful rakabe shalabiye? necklace. kan ilna daloo jdeed We had a new bucket. ma kansh 'indna ishi We had nothing. kan'indakil-mo"bknsiw_il-majrood You (f. sing.) had the broom and dust-pan. kan 'indkol3n dawab tiybe? Had you (plur.) good riding animals? kan 'indhoon chail tiybe kteer They had very quiet horses. il-chaddamat kan ma'hol3n The maid-servants had dusters. sharayet rabara il-kot)btan kanlo karib The captain had a boat. — 94 — il-bo^ombashi kanlo saif The major had a sword. wakeel il-manara ma kansh ma'o The lighthouse-man had no light. dow kanlik ddbmmet ward You had (f.) a bouquet of roses. it-tabbacba kan 'indha kidre The cook had an earthen cooking. pot. il-haramiye kan ma'ho'on dababees The thieves had clubs. il-hr^m kan fih choozk min mail The ceiling had a crack from la mail one end to the other. il-kandeel ma kansh fib kaz The lamp had no oil. il-fanoos ma ilo kazaz The lantern has no glass. is-sako kan fih chtfbzk fi^l-ko'omm The coat had a hole in the sleeve.

III. wakt il-istikbal. III. Future Tense c/". § 286. 1. bikoon 'indi wakt I shall have time. bikoon Mndi takm ijdeed I shall have a new suit. bikoon "indak soora You (m. sing.) will have a picture. bitreed ikoon 'indak bsat ijdeed? Will you (f. sing.) have a new carpet? bikoon 'iudo fara He will have a plane. miryam ma bikot)nsh "indha tob Mary will not have a new dress ijdeed has-sana this year. bikoon 'indna mai taza ii tamar We shall have fresh water and fruit. taza bikoon ilna bot)kra dars Shall we have lessons to-morrow? ma bikolDnsh ilkot)m matrah You will not have room. bikoon 'indhot)n chamseen frank, They v\ill have 40 francs. ma biko'bnsh ilho'on abadau tika They will never have confidence

fi insan kaddab in a liar. is-sikke bikoon flha rol)kkab ktar The train will have many passengers. il-mjallid bikoon 'indo warak The bookbinder will have coloured mlowwan paper. bikoon 'indo kaitiye hamra He will have a red head-cloth.

'an kareeb bikoon 'indna 'inab We shall soon have grapes. . bikoon indi Ihafat min harder I will have silk bed-covers. bikoon 'indha bait mrattab mleeli She will have a convenient house. bikoon Indhd'ou saif mnashshif They will have a dry summer. — 95 —

hikoon ilak ada hasoodeen You will have jealous enemies.

bikoon 'indi wakt fadawi kteer I shall have much spare time.

P sar Be, become, c/. §§ 126. 2. 219. ana sirt fakeer I have become poor. int sirt m allim You (m.) have become teacher.

inti sirti shatra You (f.) have become diligent. hoo ma sar adami ba'd He has not yet become decent,

(lit ; Adam or man like).

hee sarat lateefi kteer She has become very friendly.

nihna sirna \yaDeen We became ill.

intoo sirtoo arinya la achir daraji You became exceedingly rich,

(lit: to the last step). honne ba'd ma saroosh ahsan They have not yet become better. waiu sirt li_j-jabr How far have you gone in algebra? ba'd ma sirtish at allam jabr I have not yet learned algebra.

ta al m.a1 shoo biseer idashammait Come with me! what does it

il-3^om il-hawa? matter if you take a walk to-day? ma bisirsh arobh la barra I am not allowed to go out.

sar is-so'blir? Is it noon?

la ba'd ma saratsh is-sa'a hda'sh No, it is not yet half past eleven. u nolDSS kaddaish sarlak fi^^l-kobds? How long have you been in .Jerusalem ?

shoo sarlak ya shaich? What is ailing you o Sheikh? wala ishi Nothing. ma'lobra sarlak ishi Something has happened to you.

kol^lli ida ko'bnt bitho'bbb Tell me, if you please. hoo biseer yit'allam toorki He begins tu study Turkish. hee bitseer tihki 'arabi ba'd sane She will perhaps speak Arabic yimkin after one year- aimtan or aimta bitseeroo tihkoo When will you begin to speak 1-hakk? the truth?

shoo biseer ida koont basafir^il- What does it mattter when I yom? depart to-day? biseer minnak ishi? Will you ever be anything?

ma'loom ana baseer mhaudiz Of course I will become a good mahir architect. .

— 96 —

id-damayer il-marfoo'a "The Personal Pronoun in the

Nominative Case. c/". § 8

bithassil aktar minni She earns more than I. int riyis il-madrase? Are 3^ou the principal? ana mistreeh 'ala hal-kaifiye I am comfortable in this position.

ho'bm shobraka or msahmeen fl They are partners in his business. sharilto

hoo rafeeki He is my companion. ma Indnash wakt la^l-hareebe We have no time for flight. int u obmmak bitzobrbbna You (m. sing.) and your mother

will visit us. hee u ana katta'na zhobr She and I picked flowers. ihna sowwarna u hot)m yistreelioo We photographed while they rested, hdbnne u dawabhbbn kauoo They, as well as their riding 'atshaneen kteer animals, were very thirsty,

hoo II sahbo 'imloo safra He and his friend made a journey, ihnau hdbnne ma koonnash nifham We and they could not under-

ba'd • stand each other,

int II hee u oochot)tak lazim You, she and your (m.) bro+hers tjawboo 'ala has-soValat must answer these quesfions.

hoo biktib ahsan iiiin yom la-yom He writes better from daj^ to day. yommin il-iyam riji' la lialo la wara One day he returned alone, the il-bakyeien rahoo oosara rest were taken prisoner, hiye wahdha sahhilha hadiye She alone received a present, ho'bm u mo'bsh nihna kassaroo^s- She, and not we, broke theplates. shobn

id-damayer il-mansoobe The Personal Pronoun in the Accusative Case. c/. § 9 chabbarni 'an matlobbo He made known to me his wish. ana babrdo kteer I hate him much. il-'adoo liliikhoon tool in-nhar The enemy pursued them all day. mat kabl ma wajadobh He died before we found him o^dsilna 'ala safhit ij-jabal u We reached the precipice and

shobfnah wkki' la taht saw him fall down. chiyalt b'ajali l.iatta asal la 'indo I rode fast to reach him. sabaknaho'om bi ko'brb ij-jisir Weovertookthem nearthe bridge 97

min kasarhtfbn Who has broken them?

! dowwa'thtf'on mbaril.i 'ala darb I lost them yesterday in the street. il-karrosa tchalleeho'onsh yikta'oo han- Let them not cross this river. I ma uahr

rajji" ij-jareede baM ma tikraha Bring (sing.) the newspaper back

I

when you have read it. baM ma zara'na_z-zhoor After we planted the flowers we sakiuaho'on watered them.

il-chail ta'baneen challeehoom The horses are tired, let them rest. yistreelioo ma tsarrijhobnsh hatta nithiya Do not saddle them until we las-safar. are ready to start.

iltakait ma'hoon li hal-matrah? Did you meet them at this place?

la, marakt 'auhoom bi_l-koorb No, I passed them near the min^il-hirsh woods.

shobfthtfon ka'deen "ala hajar I found {lit: saw) her sitting on a stone. ishtarooh bi leertain. They bought it for 2 lira. bfto bi ntfbss it-taman I sold it for half the price.

•irif. Can (=know how) § 114.2 ma ba'rafsh aktib 'arabi I cannot write Arabic. inti ya fareedi bta'rfi tiktbi You, Fereede, can write and

wlihki 'arabi, mtfbsh hakk? speak Arabic. Is it cot so? ba'raf yirkab w^ikowwis kteer He can ride and shoot very well. tiyib chadeeji bta'rif totttbobch kteer Chadeeje can cook very well, she mleeh, hee bta'^rif kamaii tishtril also knows how to do housework shoorl^il-bait 'ala ahsan tarz excellently. bass mna'rif nikra inkleezi We can only read English. ma bta'rfobsh tikroo wala tiktboo You (plur.) can neither read, write wala tihsboo nor reckon. bta'rif meen wajad or ichtara' Do you (sing.) know who invented it-tba'a the art of printing? ism il-michtri" ma'roof 'indi amma Thename ofthe inventor is known ma bakdarsh akool wain kau to me but I cannot tell where he Xyish lived.

A Manual of Palestinean Arabic. — 9B — is'al il-chadim ida kaa bya'rif Ask the servant whether he can 3'ishwi jaje? roast a chicken? ba'raf anso^ob^il-chaime u ba'raf I can set up and strike a tent,

adobbbha walakia ma bakdarsh but I cannot do it alone. a'mal hada la hali bta'raf inna safarna^^l-j^om tna'- Do you know that we have tra- sliar Dieel, badol tlat myal aktar velled to-day twelve miles, that

min^^enibarih is three miles more than yester- day? bakdar atsowwar hada mleeh, I can well imagine this, the road laish inn^id-darb kanat sihle was smooth, while yesterday we bainama mbarih ma kdirnash could not go fast on account of

nsafir a"ja], laish inn_id-darb the rough road. kanat wfri

kidir Can (=to be able)c/: §115.

ana bikdar ahmil hal-kees it-theen I can carry this bag of flour "ala sahri upon my back, \

nia btikdareesh tihmli hal-bdbkje Can you (f.) not carry this package ' lal-bosta? hee chafeefe to the post? It is light. ykiktoie btikdareesh tnassfi^l-oda Fatima, can you not clean the ahsan? il-rabara ba'dha mlabbdi room better? The dust is still 'al-ard upon the floor.

yaliya byikdarsh yirfa' has-san- Yahya cannot lift this case, it : dook hee tkeeli kteer is too heavy. il-chaddame ma btikdarsh timsah The maid cannot clean the whole ko"oll_il-bait la halha lazim^ilha house alone, she must have help. m'ooni ma mnikdarsh nimrobk min hal- We cannot go through this field, hakl laish inno mihjir kteer as it is too stony. ma btikdaroosh tsafroo^l-ydmmin You cannot begin your journey ish-shita^l-kawi to-day on account of the heavy rain.

il-chail ma byikdaroosh yihmloo The horses cannot carry all the

kol)ll il-'afsh fi kita' kteere luggage, there are too many pieces.

il-kadi hakam 'al-mijirm Thejudge condemned the criminal, walakin ma kidirsh ichalleeh but could not make him repent. itoob btikdar tdbkftfbz 'an hal-chandak? Can you leap over this ditch? 99 bachaf inni ma akdarsh I am afraid I cannot. ma kdirtish aftal.i il-bab, il-ral I could not open the door, both w^^il-miftah kauoo tnainhobm lock and key were broken. maksooreen byitsallahoo has-sarami baM 'ala Can these shoes be mended any shee tareeka, immazza'een kteer more? they are badly torn. mihma ista'jalt fl_,l-mashi ma However fast you walk, you can- btikdaish tisal la^l-wad kabl not reach the valley before ma iseer 'itme nightfall. ma mnikdarsh uitla' 'aj-jabal We cannot ascend the mountain

kabl tloo'' ish-shams laish inno before sun-rise, it is too dangerous. moochtir kteer ida kdirt achallis shoorli bakkeer If I can finish my work at an mnikdar nrtfbh inshoomm il-hawa early hour, we can take a walk.

rad, bidd. Will, wish, cf. §§ 116 Remark 126. 2, 206.3. bareed iuuak tiji^l-yom bad is- I wish you (m.) to come to me sobhr la 1iidi this afternoon.

shoo biddik or bitreedi ta mli fi What will you (f.) do with, this has-sikkeen^il-mtallame blunt knife?

biddi akobss feeha warak I will cut paper with it.

ida koonti bitreedi mnitba' hat- If you (f.) wish, we may follow

tareek illi feeha fi this shady path. ibraheem bireed or biddo yanial Ibrahim will erect a wall around rab'a hawala moolko his property. rad yifhas dafatrak or hsabatak He wished to examine your account-books. biddi astanna 'alaik 'ind^il-koorni I will cut for you at the corner

hatta tiji until you come.

biddnash shee min hada illi We will not have anything of thassal bi^l-haram what was unjustly acquired. biddi adfa' lak objirtak; ta al 'ala I will pay you your wages: come maktabi to my office. shoo btoVmo'or, sar lak wakif hon What do you wish ? Youhave been aktar min saa standing here for over an hour. biddeesh innak tistamil haik I do not wish you to use such haki siflh bi hdobri vile language in my presence. 100 —

il-banua biddo yistlim bina baitna The mason wishes to undertake the building of our house. minreed nistamil bass ahsan teen We will use only the best mortar

II min shall takseem_.il-lieetan and for the dividing walls we minreed nistamil shameento will use cement. kan biddo yiji walakin dbmmo raa He wished to come, but his challatoosh mother would not let him go.

damayer moblk ii yoomal Possessive Pronouns and

bitdill 'al-moblk. Phrases cf. §§ 9—15.

sa'ti 'ind is-sa'ati? Is my watch at the watchmakers?

la useet achdbdha la hoonak, No, I forgot to take it, it is in

hee fi odti my room. hadi chaimtak^ij-jdeede? Is this your new tent?

la, hee la achooi No, it belongs to my brother.

markaz baiti ahsan min markaz The situation of my house is shaitak better than yours.

ashjar it-teen illi fi boostanko''on The fig-trees in your garden are

matlaneen tamar full of fruit.

farastak 'al kteer Your mare is very beautiful. minhibb klabna w_ibsasna We are fond of our dogs and cats.

dbchtna asrar min o^bchtkobm Our sister is younger than yours. il-karrosa taba' jarna mobsh The carriage of our neighbour

mleelia mitl taba'na is not so handsome as ours. iKashshi kasar jat ish-shoraba The cook has broken your tureen. shaitktfbm waddi-sarji las-srobji Take my saddle to the saddler. bitshikk bi'inni bahfas kalami? Do you doubt that I shall keep my word? kalamak mleeli mitl id-dahab Your word is as good as gold. ij-jamal ilo jras min fadda The camel has silver bells on 'ala_l-mailtain min rakbto both sides of his neck. rajji' madhalitna lazim nidhal Return our roller, we must roll baitna kabl ish-shita our roof before the rain. matlobbak tamm Your wish has been realized. hal-hakl taba'hoon This field belongs to them. rayathobn il-'atli ma marakatsh Their evil intentions have been

or salakatsli frustrated {lU: have not passed by). — 101 —

a'liialktf'on il-raleeha btitkafa Your ^ood works will be rewarded, ahsan mo^oktanayatna moosh Our best possessions are not dahab wala fadda o-old and silver.

arsan ashjar il-kraish w^il-arz The branches of our fir and cedar

illi ilna tkassaroo min^il-hawa trees are broken by the wind.

il-fi'l ma'_id-damayer The Verb with the Pronominal

Sufiix cf. § 17.

hoo ma sim'oosh He has not heard it. sho^ofnah limmin fat 'al-oda He saw him as he entered the room, a'taitha iyah You gave it to her. arjaui manasir il-mdeene We showed me the views of the town,

il-'ashshi charrabo min kitr il- The cook spoiled it by too much hamm heat, sa'alto wain darb^il-karrosa 'ala I asked him, "Where is the areeha road to Jericho?",

ishtarah min 'ind il-'attar He bought it at the grocer's.

ismJ'tak tikrah I have heard you read it. achadooh miuni They took it away from me.

low ana matrahkol)n koont If I were in your place I should

ba'ajroo let it.

ma bakdarsh asta'jroo bikallif 1 cannot hire it, it costs too much. kteer

hal-'afreet charrabo This fellow has spoilt it. bee'o ii ma bifo^ozsh tinhamm Sell it and you will be without further care,

bartalo, amma^l-mwassafeennaba- He bribed him, but the officials

sho'b^l-mas'ale discovered it {lit: the matter), ma koonnash nikdar inbarhno We could not prove it. kd'oll wahad kan 'arif il-hakeeka Every one knew it, but none amma ma hadan sallamo betrayed him. sbalah so'brmaito u hattha 'ala He took oflf his shoes and put janb them by his side. zdbrto kabl yom I visited him the day before. — 102 —

il-m^i 'ammal tirli, sheelha The water is boiling, take it off. il-lahra mistwi nawilni^iyah The meat is done, hand it to me. naddif ish-shababeek u ba dain Clean the windows and shut them sakkirhtfbn afterwards* mallaina has-satl u joobnalak iyah We have filled this pail and

brought it to you.

asami il-ish^ra. Demonstrative Pronouns

cf. §§ 18—20. hadak ir-rajoTol kal hal-mas'ali ma This matter, that man said, need

bit'obzish titlahak not be discussed {lit: followedup), achoo hadak il-ma'moor kd'obtan The brother of that official is a sea-captain. awani^z-zeene hadol moorjan These ornaments are corals. hadolak il-charazat il-beed looloo Those white beads are pearls. Mdi^d-darb 'ala hadeekil-karye? Is this the road to that village? la, hadeek is-sikke bitwaddi la No, that road leads to it. htf'onak shoo kan il-chabar illi wislak What was that message you (sing, m.) received? is-sa'i jab hada^l-maktoob The messenger broughtthis letter. hadoleek rassalat Those are washerwomen. byishtirlo minshanna haj-joom'a They are working for us this week. hada^l-matloob kteer This is asking too much (lit: this j demanded is much).'?; hadeek il-akle ta'mitha chall That dish tastes of vinegar. | ta'mto tibe hada This has a good taste, j hadak il-breek ma tnaddafsh That jar has not been cleaned. hada makbool Indi or hada^illi That is agreeable to me. biddi^iyah h^da_,l-walad 'azeez 'alaiyi This child is dear to me. J * hada haki bala ta'me This is empty talk (lit: without tasteh hadol il-owlad ijoo min hadeek These boys have come from that ij-jihha district. a'teeni shwi min hash-shikl Give me a little of this kind. fl hadak il-yom irji'na 'al-bait On that day we returned home. 103

kool latrtabbacha hatta tdbtbobch Tell the cook (f.) to stew these hadol it-to"offahat apples. moosh 'ala hal-kaifij^e bareed iuu That is not the way in which

hadol il-6wad yitnaddafoo I wish these rooms cleaned. sheel bsatat ir-rijlain hadol min Take these bed-side rugs out of

il-6da u uaftidho~t)ii the room and shake them. hadol is-sdbwar moosh m'allakeen These pictures are not hanjiing doorre straight^

adwat il-istifham. Interrogative Pronouns

cf. §§ 22-27. meen sa'al 'auni^l-yom 'kabl is- Who called forme this forenoon? soohr? shoo haKaita or has-syah? What noise is that?

*an meeu inhakat hal-kidbe? About whomhas this lie been told? min aish mamool tobak? Of what material is your (f.) dress made? lameen hakait hal-hadti? To whom did you report this accident? bi aish irlitt limmin hakait kooss- In what did you err when you tak or tareech hayatak? told your story {or life-story)? bi aish bitbarrid^iu-nas feek? About what are you making yourself disliked? aimta^^rjit min fobrstak? When did you return from your holidays? wain kaddaitoo layaleekd'on limmin Where did they pass their nights safartoo fi^l-barr? when travelling over-laud? 'ala iya^tareeka kisboo? By what means did they win? meen jai _s6bna? Who is coming there toward us? is-sabi illi ba'atnah hatta yishtri It is the boy whom we sent to mooni buy provisions. keef sar feek min^ir-ro^okb? How have you borne the ride? jareedit meen 'ammal tdbkroo? Whose newspaper are you reading? shoo ammal yinfa'ni ida shtaralt What does it profit me if I toil

tool^in-nhar bjadd kawi? (lit: work with strong energy) all day? shoo^d-da'we ma'^il-'arbaje? What is the matter Jwith the driver? 104 —

shoo ilak malika or sho''orl ma' What have you to do (= lit: a

shachs illi seeto haik Itil? conversation or work) with a person who has sucii a bad reputation? keef mdbmkin inno wobsil bhaik How is it possible that he has mobddi kaseere? arrived in so short a time?^ keef bit'allil slookoV How do ^ou explain his conduct? keef bitbiyin it^t'ichchir fee How do you account for the deficit madchoolna hadi^s-sana? in our income this year? min meen t'azzart? From whom did you get a rebuke?

il-asaini_^l-mowsoole. The Relative Pronoun,

cf. §§ 28. 29: il-ho"ojjaj illi safaroo 'ala makka The pilgrims who departed for aktarhoon min hal-blad Mekka are mostly from this country. ir-rajo'bl illi byisrot)k harame The man who steals is a thief. il-mara illi btishhad shahhade The woman who begs is a beggar. il-insan illi byishrab kteer hoo The person who drinks too much

sikkeer is a drunkard. il-hoorriye illi a'taha^s-sooltan The liberty which the Sultan

hee barake gave to the people is a blessing. il-oommeillima bithafis 'al-kanoon The nation which does not obey im'akkad btitlasha the law will surely perish. ii-msafreen illi safaroo tool in- The travellers who had been

nhar ta'baneen travelling all day were tired. ir-rajool illi_indarr min^ish-shob The man who had been over- 'awad tab come by the heat has recovered. is-soo'alat illi btis'alha mt md'osh The questions which you ask moomkin ijawib 'alaiha insan cannot be answered by a sage. hakeem illi byiji mit owwik byitkasas He who comes late will be pun- ished. kata' la_sh-sharreel illi ma ajash He deducted one day's wages

'ash-shoorl oojrit yom from the labourer who stayed _ away from his work. il-hsab illi ba'ato^l-'attar kan The bill which the grocer sent marloot was incorrect. il-eed illi^tattalat min il-wik' The hand which was injured by .

— 105 —

iurabtat imbareh a fall was bandaged yesterday.

il-bait illi 'ammalua nibneeh hadd The house which we are build-

btfbstan il-baladij'e ing is near the public garden. saraft kobll^il-masare illia'taitak Did you spend all the money, iyahtfbm? which I gave you?

la aua bass ishtarait daftar^il- No, I only bought the note-book

mlahasat illi shoofto iut which you saw. laish ma kaddamtish la_d-daif Why did you not offer a cup of

illi kan hon finjan kahwe coftee to the guest who was here?

talli sandook^il-mai illi taht Fill the reservoir which is in is-sath the garret. il-hawa kasar esb-shtf'obbak illi The wind brokethe window which challaitooh maftoob you left open. daffet esh-sbdbbbak illi nseena The shutter which we forgot to iumakkinhabi^l-liait wik'at la taht fasten to the wall fell down.

nafs or buafs; dat or bd^t; Self: cf. § 30 lial; eed or bleed, iut bnafsak or bi eedak or bdatak You yourself shut the gate. sakkart^il-bowwabe roohna bnafsna or bdatna hatta We went ourselves to inquire nibliat 'ala hal-mas'ale^l-'ajeebe into this mysterious matter. ida rooht bnafsi or bdati shoo If I go myself, what more can mo1)rakin yin'mil ba'd aktar^min be done than has already been el-ma'mool? done? auii rot)bt 'ala^l-mhatta ashoof I went to the railway station bdati or bnafsi airata bisafroo to see for myself when the trains 1-bwabeer leave. byikdar_il-insau iraiyii- halo or Can a man make himself other uafso or dato than he is? a'mlo int la halak or buafsak or Do it yourself and then it will bdatak u ba'dain bikoou ahsau be done in the best way. ma^ikoon i'raf nafsak or halak or datak Know thyself. katal nafso or halo or dato He killed_^ himself.

dat The same cf. § 31 dat ir-rajol)l illi ajram sarak The same man ^who committed the crime, ^stole.

A Manual of Palestinean Arabic. — 106 —

harabna fi dat^il mowka'a We fought in the same battle. kan fi dat^is-sana illi harab It was in the same year in which feeha mliaramad 'ala^l-madeena Muhammed fled to Medina. kooll^in-nas bitilboo dat il- All men make the same demands. mataleeb minsalli la dat il-ilah We worship the same God. hakait li dat il-kobssa kteer marrat You have told me the same story ainma anaraabakdarsh asaddkak often, but I cannot believe you. akaloo miii dat il-akl illi akalna They ate of the same food as we. miuno

'ammalha tikra dat il-kobssa illi She is now reading the same story

kreetha ana which I read. ba'do dat il-mb'osheer il-hakeem He is still the same sagacious

mitl i»a kan bi^z-zaman il-madi counsellor as of old. ili dat it-tika feek illi la m allmak I have the same confidence in you as your master has. a'teeni dat ij-jtfttrnal illi 'ammalo .Give me the same journal which

yikrah hoo he is reading.

baM u kism. Each other, some, after,

cf. §§ 32. 33., R. and Addenda. walow ihtakartoo baVlko'on ma You may despise each other, hada intoo ichwe or ichwan nevertheless you are brothers. ma fhimuash tba' ba'dna^l-ba'd We have not understood each

other ('s character). wa'adoo ba'dhou in ^imshoo They promised each other to bhasab^il-kanoou carry out the spirit of the law. ij-jyoosh^ijtama'oo ma' ba'd fi^l- The armies met each other on marj or sahl the plain. la tchownoosh il-wahad it-tane Do not distrust each other, or" will a ma bitkcTonoosh soVada you will never be happy. abadan hdbbboo ba'dkoon il-ba'd w^itjan- Love each other and banish naboo^l-reere jealousy. il-milal illi byittalla'oo 'ala The nations which look with ba'dhon bidoou tika bisabbiboo suspicion upon each other cause haUkhoon il-chass their own destruction. .

107 — la tidtihdoosh ba'dkobu miii_.il- Do not pursue each other with hasad envy. kism niiu^ir-rjal mowloodeen Some men are born leaders. hatta^ikoonoo koowwad akammmin wahad min^il-'adoo A few of the defeated enemy il-marloob chilsoo escaped. ba'd_il-ralbeen kanoo shoorafa Some of the victors were mag- nanimous. kism min^illi wik'oo fi^n-nahr Some of those who fell into the rirkoo river were drowned. ba'atna kism min^el-chaddameeii We sent some of the servants to hatta^ijeeboo mai min_il-'aiu fetch water from the spring. a'teeni kism min_il-masameer Give me a few nails with flat

illi rooshtf'on imbaltaha heads. tfbchtak jabat li kism min wara- Your sister brought me a few kak^il-kitabe sheets of your writing paper. kism min^il-chail nattoo 'aa^is- Some of the horses leaped over syaj the fence. ba'd ir-rtfbkkab bikvoo wara A few of the passengers remained behind.

ko^oll. All, every cf § 34. ko^oll ishi byinthi mleeh bikoon All is well that ends well. mleeh ktfbllhadol^il-astolDr mowroobeen All the lines are slanting. kooll insan ma'o hakk fi i-ayo Every man has a right to his or sinno opinion. kobll id^dinya bitbiyin la^s- All the world seems fair to the sa'eed mleeha or jameele happy. ib'at kooll^il-bo'okaj or so'orar Send all the parcels to my room. 'ala odti ktfbll 'asfoor or tair u kd'oll hiwau Every bird and every beast byifrah bi "eeshto rejoices in his life. ihki kobll kilme wadha w^imafs- Pronounce every word clearly

sara and distinctly {lit : explained) kooll shdbrlak bass nol)Ss 'a nooss All your work is only half done

{lit: half upon half). ko^oU^it-talameed lazim yikafoo All pupils must rise when the ^ 108 —

owwal ma^ifoot^il-m'allim 'al- teacher eaters the school-room, madrase nassif odit is-so'bkQa kooll yom Cleau the drawing--room every itnain Monday. fatayil il-kanadeel lazim yinkassoo The lamp- wicks must be trimmed

w^il-kanadeel lazim yit'abboo kaz and the lamps filled with oil kdoll yom every day.

rair. Other, another cf. § 35

btikdarsh ta'teene jawab rair haj- Can you not give me another jawab? answer than this, ma sho'oftish abadan hsan yirko^od I never saw another horse run mitl hada like this, ej-jdbm'a^l-madye kan fee rair There was another disturbance, 'ajka or haiza'a last week. ib'at jeeb rair shoke u ma'laka Send for another fork and spoon, hi rair flnj4n ma fish rairhon Here is another cup, there are no others, ihsiltoo 'ala rair achbar min im- Have they received other news bareh since yesterday? ilbsi rair fo'bstan hada mwassach Put on another dress, this one

is soiled. btikdar trooh rair yom, il-yom You may go another day; to-day lazim tibka fl^l-bait you must stay at home. ib'at li rair makass hada mtallam Hand me another pair of scissors, these are blunt.

I shee or shi, hiyallah. Any cf. § 36. fi hiyallah yom limmin tshoof Any day that you feel strong halak kawi kfai bidna na'mal enough, we will take a long walk, shatha taweele a'ti^sh-shahhad hiyallah ishi bit- Give to the beggar anything

reedeeh 3^ou (f.) wish. inna shi no' mbeed fi_,l-mach- Have we any wine in the cellar? zan^il-ardi mobsh \kz\m tihki wala la insan You must not tell any person aish^ismi t what you heard.j — 109 —

ilha shee atar raja bi'inn achdoha Has she aay hope {lit: any trace

byirja"? of) that her brother will return?

il-harame kadir ya'mal hiyallah The robber is capable of comit- darar ting any wrong,

koont hasil 'ala shi min_ir-raha? Did you have (///: in possession) any comfort?

el-chabbaz ma indobsh wala slii The baker had not any flour min^et-theen hatta yichbiz ka'k to bake a cake.

a'dad asliye. C ardiual Numerals, cf. §§87—44

la wain raiheen hadol it-tlat oolad? Where are these 3 boys going? raiheen 'ala karye btib'id min hou They are going to a village which

tman myal is 8 miles from here.

iya 'ad ad hada? Which numeral is that?

hada iidbmro 'ashara That is number lO. jariilli'an^il-yameen noomro tis'a My neighbour to the right has No. 9.

shoo noomrit jartak illi 'an_ish- What is the number of your

shmal? neighbour (f.) to the left?

no~bmrha tnain Her number is 2.

hoonak ala^^s-soofra fi sitta'shar There, on the table, are 16 cigar- sikara ettes. dayirt^il-broojilhatnashar'alame The zodiac has 12 signs. tna shar baida bitsawi dazzeeuet Twelve eggs are equal to one baid dozen eggs. ish-shahr^il-kamari bass tamauye A lunar month has only 28 days.

II 'ishreen yom is-sana ish-shamsiye ilha tlat miye The solar year has 365 days. u chamse u sitteen yom el-chaddam saff is-so^ofra la sab' The servant has laid the table ishchas for 7 persons.

aoa ma kdbntish fl^l-kot)ds min I have not been in Jerusalem mot)ddit Sana u sitt_ishhoor for 1 year and 6 months.

el-masafebainil-koods ii yafabi_s- The distance from Jerusalem to sikke takreeban tis'een kilomitr Jaffa by railway is about 90 kilo- metres.

btikdar tisal la maksdodak bsa'a You can reach your destination in an hour. !!

— no — iya no' dd'ochch^n btishrabV What quality of tobacco do you smoke? badachchiu nolDinro brinji or brinji I smoke first quality Turkish no' tobacco. achir taman la hal-kobrsi 'ashar The last price of this chair is frankat 10 francs. id-dr4' min hal-kmash bi arba One ell of this cloth costs 4

frankat u. arb'een santeem francs and 40 centimes. int dafa t ehda shar kirsh aktar You paid eleven piasters more min^illi 'alaina than we owed. el-hasil min hal-majmoo' bi'adil The sum of this addition equals mitain u chamsta'sh 215. hkki dainak byiblar alf w^itlat The remainder of your debt is miye u sab'a u Ishreen leera 1327 English pounds. or neera inkleeziye raart^il-fallah bitdabbirmin shan- The peasant-woman supplies us

na ko'oll jobm'a chams wak zibde every week with 5 okiye of butter. in-nashtariye inhakamoo The highwaymen were condemned 'ishreen sana to 20 years imprisonment. esh-shahr ilo bi__,l-'^de tlateen A month has, as a rule, 30 or willa wahad wi^tlateen yom 3L days, never 32, sometimes walakin wala marra tnain wi^t- 28 or 29. kteen; u bad marr^t tamanye u'ishreen willa tis'a u'ishreen yoni

fl miyet rati hatab tamam There are exactly 100 rotl of fi^l-hosh kindling wood in the yard. ana ftakart il-kobbr arba ta'shar I thought the size was only mitr badal wahad u 'ishreen 14 metres instead of 21. es-s^'a ilha sitteen dakeeka u kd'oll An hour has 60 minutes and dakeeka ila sitteen tanye every minute has 60 seconds.

kol)ll arb'a u 'ishreen sk'a. mak- Every 24 hours are divided in-

soomeen la lail w^inhar to night and day. et-tajir ba'at saba'tashar himl The merchant sent 17 loads of

bo^ordkan la 'ameelo oranges to his agent, i

Mndik chams irtyet sdbfar You (f.) have 5 beautiful table- shalabiyat covers- imbareh wisil tna shar msafir There arrived yesterday twelve

travellers, i - Ill —

a'dad tarteebiye, taw^reech Ordinal Numbers, Dates and

w^iksoor. Fractions, cf. §§ 45—53 il-6wwal illi byijtaz hada_,l-liadd The first who passes this line byitrajja will be sent back. tani yom tfbsilna la ras ij-jabal On the second day we reached the top of the mountain. shoo hoo^l-harf is-sabi' fee hroof What is the seventh letter of the il-hija or alef ba alphabet? hoo wisil fee tamanta sh tishreea He arrived on the IS'^ of October il-owwal la filsteen in Palestine. itjowwazoo fi sab'a ii 'ishreen They were married on the 27*^

neesan sanat alf ii tis' miye ii of April 1905. chamse shottft fee iya yom rain iy^m ij- Have you looked up on what day jo"bm'a bikoon il-chamis w_il- of the week the twenty-fifth of

'ishreen rain shahr kanoon il- December falls in the comingyear?

owwal li^s-sana ij-jai achooi ir-rabi' fl_s-saff ii ba'daiu My brother is the fourth in the

ana class and than come I. min shan hada int is-sadis You are therefore the sixth. sahar Ii bi^l-owwal bi'inno raoosh It appeared to me at first that

raistkeem ii acheeran lahast bi he was not truthful; at last I iano kan raltan observed that he was only mis- taken. intoo t'addaitoo^l-wasij'e owwal You (plur.) have transgressed for

marra inshallah bitkoon karaan the first tirae, may it be the acher marra last time too. bi_l-6wwal ma kano"osh yikdaroo At the beginning they could not ishobofoo shee rain ish-shita^l- see anything because of the kateef heavy rain. fi^l-iyam^il-kadeeme k^noo In ancient times often every Imarrat kteere yiktloo ko'bll 'ashir tenth prisoner was killed. aseer

'hadi tani marra illi o"o'lin feeha_l- This is the second time a Con- hookm in-niyabe la_sh-shab_il- stitution has been granted to

'o'btraani the people of Turkey.

ilo keeratain or sihraain fi hal- He owns two karats or shares

raolDlk of this property. 112 —

bisihhillak rdbb' il-wirte You will receive one quarter of the inheritance.

chtf'oms^il-majeede arba^ikroosh A fifth of a mejeedi is 4^5 piastres. u tlat ichmas jiz' min tna'sh min is-sana shahr The twelfth part of a year is a month.

"ala akall ma^ikoou to'oltain il- At least two thirds of those present liadreen ma fihmoosh lafsit misunderstood the word "liberty". "hoorriye" jiz' mia tuain n chamseen min _.is- A fifty-second part of a year is saua joom'a a week.

soods had61_it-teenat m'affin, miu One sixth 01 these figs is decayed;

il-baki^n-ntf'oss mdbsh mistAve of the rest one half is^ unripe w^in-nooss^it-tane mtVas and the other half bruised. tis' ij-jaish koollo matoo li^l- One ninth of all the army fell mowkaa in battle. el-ralib fakad toomu asakro The victor lost one eighth of his soldiers. ktfbll mtfoktaaai tlat irba'^il- My whole possession is three majeede quarters of a mejeedi.

wakt u fayed Time and Precentage

cf. §§ 54. 55. sikket il- liadeed tiYsit miu^il- The train left the station ten mahatta mitowka 'ashar dakayek minutes late. uihua t'achcharDa sarat is-sa'a We are late, it is already a sab'a u robb' quarter past 7. il owlad biroohoo^s-sa a tamanye The children go to bed at a

ilia rtfbb' 'ala tchoothoon u quarter to eight, and rise at bikoomoo sitte u uobss half-past six. koblt iuaa sarat is-sa'a aktar miu Did you say, it is already after chamse? five o'clock? iwa Sarat is-sa'a "chamse u sitt Yes, it is six minutes past five- dakayek sa'ti wakfe kaddaish es-sa'a? My watch stopped, what time

is it? issa_s-sobhr It is noon now. sa'tak masbobta? Is your watch right? — 113 —

sk'ti daiman btitachchar My watch always loses. s&'tik 'adatan bitsabbikorbitkaddim Your (f.) watch is generally fast. esli-sliams ba'd ma rabatsh The Sim has not yet set and u mia shan hada ba d ma saratsh therefore it is not yet six o'clock. is-sa'a sitte bitreed feerni or tikridui masare? Will you lend me money? iwa kaddaish biddak? Yes, how much do you wish? hada mit'allik min^il-fayid illi That depends upon what percen- btitlbo tage you ask. ida kdlDQt bta'teeni rahn mleeh If you can give me a good

ba teek il mablar bi chamse fl^l- security, I shall give the sum miye kol3ll sana at 570 per annum. btikdarsh ta'milhtf'on tlate u no'oss Can you not make it 37-2 7°^

fl^l-miye ? hada mo'osh mtfbmkin aktar il- That is impossible, most money- mdaineen byitlboo tis'a fl^l-miye lenders demand 97o, some ask il-ba'd byitlboo marrtain ow tlat double or treble as much. marrat aktar laish inti boo chood il-masare bi Because it is you, take the money arba'a u uot)ss fl^^l-miye? at 472 7o. chiyatti^l-chyata 'a takain? Have you sewn the seam doubled? chiyatta 'ala tlat took I have sewn it triple. in-naml fatoo bi saff taweel wahde The ants entered the ant-hill one baM et-tanye 'ala wikr en-naml by one in a long procession. rij'oo^l-harbeeu wahad ba'd^it- The fugitives returned one by taui or wahad wahad halkaneen one, exhausted and disheartened. u ya'saneen kaddmoo wahad ba'd wahad u Step near, one after the other cho'bdoo haday^koom and receive your presents. ana sho^oft.bass marra wahde razale I have seen a gazelle only once. kanoo yiushafoo jama'at tlati tlati They appeared in troops of threes

II arba'a arba'a and fours. m'allmo a'tah marrtain aktar miu His master gave him double ma byisthikk what he earned.

Prepositions c/". §§ 62 sqq. jobmal ma' harf ij-jarr 'ala. Phrases compounded with -ala

'aib 'alaik It is a shame for you.

A Manual of Palestinean Arabic. 114 — ma'laish It does not matter. 'ala hal-kaifiye In this manner. id-dor 'alaina It is our turn. 'ala mahlak ya 'arbaji Slowly driver! mashait 'ala mahli I have walked slowly. ana mtfbsh mirtah 'ala yaddha I am anxious concerning her.

"ala^s-sakt or 'as-sakt Silent! (lit: in silence). 'ala or liasab sinni According to my opinion. 'ala hsabak At your expense. chafeef or sihiP or hiyin^ 'alaik It is easy for you. tkeeP or sa'ib'^ 'alaiho'om It is difficult for them.

'ala^l-balash or 'al-fadi In vain [lit: for nothing or upon the emptiness).

'ala rasi or taht amrak At your order (lit: upon my head or under your command). "ala kaifak At your pleasure. 'alaihobm yamloo hsabain They have to make two examples. 'alaina mteele la bobkra? Have we a lesson to do for to- morrow? ^alaina nidfa' ishi? Have we anything to pay? 'alaiktfbm chamseen majeede dain You owe fifty mejeedi. la tikdib 'alaina! Do not lie to us!

'ala kooU hal mleeh minnak haik In any case, it is good of you.

'k\3i meen shakait? Whom did you denounce? sabb immo 'ala aboo He cursed his mother upon his

father {i. e. mother as well as father^). marra 'ala marra Time after time. lakaito 'ala^d-darb I met him in the road. kobll insan 'alaih w^jbat Every one has duties.

"Toberight", "to be wrong", "to owe", "ought" (i.e. duty).

cf. § 70. ma kansh mleeh minnak innak It was wrong of you to go out

titla' la halak la barra ba d ma alone after it had become dark. sar 'itme

mental aud physical ^ mental. -* a fretiuent cui'se — 115 —

hakyak kan ralat kan mabne 'ala Your assertion {lit: speech) was

tso*OAvir marloot or 'ala snoon wrong, it was based upon a false impression. k4n ma o^l-hakk iniio yitrikhoon He was right to leave them in ma' 'adam ikboolhd{)m hada spite of their protestations. 'alainaba'd la_,l-biya charaseeu We still owe the merchant fifty frank mdbchmal francs for velvet.

idfa' la^r-rajobl ida kan ilo 'alaik Pay the man if you owe him ishi anything. meen k4n lazim ijeeb il-makateeb Who ought to have fetched the min^il-bosta? letters from the post-office?

wajbatkobn tkoonoo ktf'oll yom You ought to be ready every is-sa'a sab'a chalseen morning at seven o'clock. mady ooneen la ahilna bi^sh-shdokr We owe gratitude to our parents. limmin ma biktfbnsh maak hakk When you are in the wrong,

tjarra' hatta ti'tirif feeh have the courage to acknowledge it. il-insan 'alaih daiman wajbat esh- Man will always owe a debt of

sliobkr nahoo illi 'allamooh gratitude to those who taught him. ma hadan byikdar ikool ma 'alaiyi No one can say, I do not owe wala ishi min il-wajbat la hadan anything to any one.

il-insan illi ma o hakk lazim ikoon The man who is in the right .

shareef nahoo illi ma kansh ma'o should be generous to the one hakk who was in the wrong.

'alaiyi akaddim lak Idri 'ala_l- I owe you an apology for the

ralat illi i'milto mistake which I made.

' Compound Prepositions Adverbs, N egatious etc. 72—86.

it-tyoor illi taireen fok nsoora The birds which are flying over- head are eagles-

illi 'ammalak tamalo didd il- What you are doing is contrary kanoon to the law.

mashaina "ala darb^il-karrosa^l- We took {lit: we walked) the fok^niye badal it-tahtaniye upper road instead of the lower. fee mobddit ish-shita mno^osko^on During the winter we live in

fi l-obwad^ij-jo^bwaniyat laish the inner rooms because the il-barraniyat bardat kteer outer rooms are too cold. ^ 116

kablma nisal lal-maliall illi btinfsil Before we reached the place feeh darb il-karrosa nbaratna where the road divides, we min ish-shita were overtaken by rain. la titiiknash issa ba'd bakkeer Do not yet leave us, it is still early. limmin marakna 'an id-dral fazz As we passed the bushes a wolf minbaiiihobm'alafardmarradeeb suddenly sprang- out of them. ma shiftisb acliooi min zamau I have not seen my brother for taweel a long time. kan wakif kbal is-soor (ir-rab'a) He stood opposite the wall (dry wall). imshi'alahad-darb dobrre umrfftsh Follow this path straight and mdbmkin tirlat 'an il-mahall you cannot miss the place. il-badawi ija la hon hatta ifar- The Bedu came hither to show jeena shoo misik us what he had caught. fee hadak il-wadi rad fee 'aia In yonder valley is a fine spring. mleeha

ta'al la hon 'ala^l-harik ii ma Come here at once and do not tit'achcharsh delay. owwal ma tobchlo^os shoorlak As soon as you have finished rooh la jihhit el-mdeene your work, go towards the town. limmin kauat tistansir ni'sat While she was waiting she fell asleep. a'teeni kadd ma a'taito Give me as much as you have given him. matrah ma bitkoon, koon daiman Wherever you are be on your

'ala i.iadar guard. ya 'arbaji challi^l-chail timshi 'ala Driver, walk the horses; the

mahlha id-darb charbane kteer road is too rough. kablhabiyomtsharrafna bi zyarto Ou the previous day we had the pleasure of his visit. el-m'allim kllafni cho'bsoosi hatta The teacher told me especially adeer ball 'ala slooko to watch over his conduct. is-sabi tkasas hadi 1-marra birair The boy was punished unjustly hakk this time. taman id-dra' min hada^l-bo'brko'o'' The price of a dra of this veiling tm^n rroosh taraam is exactly 8Y2 piasters. kaddaish talab bi hadol il-'inbat? How^ much did he demand for these grapes? — 117 — il-ookiye bi nd'oss rirsh walakin an? Half a piaster an okiye, but I bashoof hada kteer kteer consider this too much. il-'adoo jarrab 'al-balash inuo The enemy tried vainly to get 3'ihtall_il-kal a possession of the fortress. bass min shaja'et il-k4yed ma It was only by the courage of hilkatsh^^il-hamj'e the leader that the expedition

did not fail. isma' baka "ala iiiashooret nks Do listen to the advice of miclitibreen experienced people. laish ba'dhoon hon ba'd? ana Why are they still here? I amartobn iroohoo ordered them to leave. kaddamli kafai mashobrat mleeha He gave me enough good advice amma ana yamm bala wasayet but I am entirely without means

hatta asta'milhobn to avail myself of it. muit'ammal innak "an kareeb It is to be hoped that soon you blikdar tichrij afkarak la hijiz will be able to carry out your il-'amal plans. ma kansh mo'bmkinni a'mal shi I was unavoidably delayed in hatta ihdar^il-ihtif&l attending the ceremony. kdbnna bi l-6wwal wahdna We were at first alone, but soon walakin ba'd moodde kaseere we were joined by the rest. indammoo_,l-bakyeen ma'na rahoo sawa 'ala_l-bait They walked together to the house. il-hsan wahdo marak 'anna mitl The horse alone ran past us il-bark like lightning. ma tinkihirsh bi hal-mookdar ma Do not be so cross, it was not n'amalsh bi_l-arade done intentionally. ba'd ma lammatsh kisar^il-finjan Has she not yet gathered together the fragments of the cup?

amtal 'ala "rair" Illustrations with rair rami il-bahr rair kabil il-'add The sands of the sea are innumerable, rair mbbmkin inni arobh_,il-yom It is impossible that I go to-day. fee kaman rair ko'btb hon Are there still other books here? meen rairna sowwat la hal-mas'ale? Who besides ourselves has voted for this matter? — 118 —

ma biddosh ibattil kabl ma He will not stop imtil he has yoochlol)s finished, ma hadansh rairak biseer ifoot la None beside you may enter. jdbwa

Interjections and Exclamations

c/".§§ 87-89.

ya nas ma smi'toosh srach il- men! have you not heard the waja? cry of distress? ma ahsan hadi is-soora, il-hiwan How beautiful is the picture, the bibiyin ka'inno tiyib animal appears to be alive! ma ashlab mashyitha bibiyin shi How graceful is her walk, she inna btid'as 'al-ard scarcely seems to touch the earth! y^ biye keef is-sama 'an kareeb How threatening {lit: my father yiji raMiye -how!) is the sky! there will soon be a storm. ma ajra" hal-kalb bi mask^il- How courageous of this dog, to haramiye attack the thieves! ya raitua nikdar inshoofo kaman that we were able to see him marra once more! ya raitna nlakeeh kabl ma iseer that we might find him

wachri kteer before it is too late. ma akbaro ! ana ftakart inna rai- How old! I thought we should

jtieen inshoof rajo'ol 'obmro cham- see a man of fifty years. seen sana yk wailna! shoo i'milna hatta Woe is us! what have we done biseebna haik? to deserve this? ya wail^il-oblad dowwa'oo^d- Alas, the children, they lost the

darb, wik'oo fl^l-m^i u pirkoo way, fell into the water and were drowned!

shoo or keef, hakk riji' 'ala baito What! is it true that he has baM hal-raibe^t-taweele? returned home after so long an absence? aha! 'idt "rift acheeran inn it-ta'a Well! have you at last come to ahsan min ko'bbr ir-ras? the conclusion that obedience

is better than disobedience? — 119

Comparative and Superlative

Degrees, cf. §§ 90—98 kd'oll ma sar il-wahad ya'rif aktar The more a person knows the ko'bll ma kan a'dab more modest he will be. koolli iyah atwal u armak nahr Tell me what is the longest and fee filsteen? deepest river in Palestine. achaff mteele ma bitkdbnsh dai- The easiest task is not always man il-marroobe aktar ma ikoon the most desirable. ma ajmal hal^mansar hoo ajmal How beautiful is this view! mansar sho'ofto it is the finest I have ever seen. kan 'inna {or 'indna) imbareh We had yesterday the hottest ashwab yom fl^s-sana day of the year. htfbtt il-lahme 'ala raif a la hat- Put the meat on a higher shelf, ta^l-bsasmayikdarooshyachdooha so that the cats may not take it. il-kamh hada^Kam archas min Wheat is cheaper this year than

IKam el-made amma^ sh-sh'eer aria last, but barley is dearer. il-chail byimshoo "ajale kteer The horses are running too fast,

shiddoolhoom iljamathd'om shwi pull (plur.) in their reins a little. ko^oll ma wsilna abkar 'al-madafe The sooner we reach the guest- ktfbll ma kan 'indna wakt aktar house the more time we shall hatta nirtah have to rest. ktfbll ma 'ajjalt bi tark 'obsharak The sooner you leave your bad

il-hobmmal kobll ma kan ahsan companions the better it will ilak be for you. saheeh^il-likobme^j-jdeede ahsan It is true, the new government

min^il-'ateeka or kadeeme is better than the old. ma 'oomri friht bi yom mitl hal- I have never enjoyed any day yom more than to-day.

it-tabbach biwaffir kteer bi achd The cook is very economical in iz-zibde the use of butter. byihkoo kteer u ma bikirrilho'bn They talk too much and never Yki abadan reach a decision. 'al-kaleele lazim titrik in-namm At the least you might refrain from slander.

sahl sarona achsab aktar kteer The Plain of Sharon is much

min ij-jbal illi hoi il-koods more fertile than the mountains round Jerusalem. — 120 hada^l-bait ritib kteer lazim This bouse is too damp, we must indowwir 'ala waliad nashif aktar seek a dryer one.

idoorak hals bi hals, u ma btich- Your excuses are obvious lies

feesh makasdak il-hakeekiye {lit: lies witb lies) and do not bide your real intentions. has-s§.ko immaza' kteer ma Tbis coat is too mucb torn, do

t'tf'odsh tsallho not mend it.

'al-kteer rkibna tamaa sa'at ii ba'd We bave ridden at tbe most,

fee kiddamna 'al-kaleele tlat sa'at eight hours, and bave still at

least three hours before us. ma byikdarsh il-wahad ikoon One cannot be too careful in

hidir ikfai fee iutichab cbadim choosing a servant.

kotdl ma ktfbut a'man ktfbll ma The more faithful you are the

kd'ont mirtali aktar more contented you will be. hadol^in-nas mo'omkin ikoonoo These people may be richer than

arna minnak amma ana basbikk you, but I doubt whether they

fee ida molDmkia ikoonoo as'ad can be happier than you. minnak

shoorlak^il-acheer mo'osh mleeh Your last work is less good than

kadd^il-owwal the first. koon arjal walakin ma tifaddash Be more manly, but never over- ihdoodak abadan step your bounds.

ittakal kteer 'ala lataflt jaro He presumed too much upon the good-nature of bis neighbour.

afkar waliad boo illi fakad tikat The most destitute is he, who

ashabo has lost the confidence of his friends. kobll ma stajal^il-wahad bi^sb- The faster one works tbe quicker

shdbrl ko'oll ma marr il-wakt the hours pass.

a'jal

hada aktar mimma ilak hakk This is more than you dared to tintisir hope.

bada chabar ahsau mimma ko'ont It is better news than I antisir expected.

akwa insan ma biko^onsh daiman The strongest man is not always asA,bh insau the healthiest. — 121 —

sifat bitchdbss il-mawad Adjectives of Materials w^il-i'yoob w^il-alwan Physical Defects and Colours

cf. § 183.

hada fo'ostan min sobf This is a woollen dress.

hee labse wazra min liareer She is wearing a silk apron. 'inna or Mndna sharashif kittan We have linen bed-sheets. il-oolad labseen awa'e kittan The boys are wearing cotton suits.

ir-rajo"ol dachchan fee ralyoon min The man smoked a silver pipe. fidda farjani shakfet Mmle min dahab He showed me a gold coin. il-fallaheen byakloo bi mala'ek The peasants eat with wooden chashab spoons.

il-bait illi 'am nibneeii ilo heetan The house which we are building min hajar has stone walls. Mnna wjak min hadeed fee We have an iron stove in our odatna^s-sookna sitting-room. jabat li Mlbe min kartoon ma' inni She brought me a paper box talabt wahde min chashab though I asked for a wooden one. finjan^in-nasik kan min trab The cup of the hermit was of earthenware. sarj hsani ilo hzam min jild w^illi The saddle of my horse has a i!ak min soof leathern girth, yours a woollen one. ma byilzamnash awani min nhas We do not need brass dishes. ii-malik sakin fi kasr min racham The king dwells in a marble palace. is-sama ila fi^s-saif Ion azrak The sky is in summer of a deep kteer blue colour- ish-shalihad a'war bi *aino^l- The beggar is blind in his righ^ yameen eye. hoo kan atrash min limmin wilid He was deaf from his birth. arjeeni^z-zhoor^il-beed illi Show me the white flowers which bi eedak are in your hand. kishrat hadol^il-baidat mnak- The shells of these eggs are kasheen bi nookat so'bmr sprinkled with brown spots- iz-zibde safra mitl^id-dahab Butter is yellow like gold. jild il-'abeed aswad Negroes have a black skin. lameeu hadi_l-faras iz-zarka Whose grey mare is this?

A ManuEil of Palestinean Arabic. 10 — 122 —

il-mazeedat Derived Forms, cf. §§ 132 sq,

fa''a): n Form: cf, §§ 134-137. harraj 'alaina hatta ma ua'malsh He forbade us distiuctly to do shee abadan anything. farrir barmeel^il-chall Empty the vinegar-barrel. il-fallah kassar^il-hatab The peasant has split the wood kowwast uees w^irrairi I shot a porcupine and a badger bfowwi kalbkcfon fi^l-lail? Does your dog bark at night? in-nowar bya'rfoo itabbloo The gipsies know how to play u the drum. ij-jarad bicharrib ko^'oll ishi The locusts destroy everything la^tdachchinsh kteer Do not smoke much. fattinui ida nseet Remind me, if I should forget.

fa'al: Ill Form: cf. §§ 138—140. bihasib 'ala achir bara He takes his due to the last para. hal-walad bihibb ish^mit This child loves to quarrel. la tkatilsh ktfbll iiisan Do not quarrel with everybody. boo daiman biliawil yimloos He always tries to shirk his work. min^isb-shobrl meen bi'alij achook il-mareed? Who is attending your sick brother? mtfbsh lazim it'ando You must not be disobedient to him. bitreed itkatibni mia mdbdde la Will you write to me from time mdbdde? to time? nihna sharatn^k We have made a bet (or agree- ment) with you. haz-zalame bifasil kteer This man haggles much as to price. m'allimna bi amilna mleeh Our teacher treats us well.

afal: IV Form: cf. § 141. atla'na^l-bahri 'al-barr The boatman has brought us to the land- imbareh amtarat^ed-dobnya It rained yesterday. iktarab minna^l-cbatar The danger lias come nearer to us. ij-jarayed a'lauat id-dastoor il- The newspapers have announced the Osmanli Constitution. — 123 —

atlakat ashjar ir-rtf'omman The pomegranate trees have budded. aftarna^l-yom sabr We have breakfasted on prickly- pears to-day. akaltoo lahm razal? Have you eaten gazelle meat? la tihmloosh wajbatktfbn Do not neglect 3'onr duties. afhamto^l-lisab? Have you explained to him the arithmetical example?

fareed bi'anis kteer mleeh Fareed is very entertaining.

tafa'^al: V Form-.cf. § 142. ithazzar meen jai? Guess tvho is coming? itfakkar b^illi biddak tihkeeh Think of what you wish to say. tchiyib min hon Take yourself away from here. btitkaddam shwi shwi You will make progress by and by. iut btitkabbar 'alaina You show yourself haughty to- ward us. hada^l-chashabbyitcharrat mleeh This wood can be easily worked by the joiner. il-yachoor lazim yit azzal The [horse-] stable must be cleaned. hadi_,t-tanjara lazim titbiyad This metal pot must be tinned. ala hal-hal rayih id-dalo yitkassar In this manner the [well-] bucket will be broken. beerna lazim yitfarrar hadi^s-sana Our cistern must be emptied this year.

tafa'al: VI. Form: cf. § 143. la twachidna ya seedi Do not take it amiss in us, Sir! tshataroo ya ooUd Be diligent, children! hotim daiman byitfacharoo bi They are always proud of their loomho'on studies. ma hadan bihibb yitnazal 'an None likes to forego his rights. hkobko bidna^l-yom nitsabak sowa sowa We will race together to-day. itkasalt la issa kteer You have been now lazy enough. bitreed nitsharak ma' ba'd? Do you wish that we enter into partnership ? :

124 — hadi ^1-mdeene mobsh mo'omkiu It is impossible to besiege this tithasar town, itsahabna ma' akbar a'daua We have made friends with our greatest enemies.

infa'al Vir Form: cf. § 144. injarah^il-'askari bi rijlo The soldier has been wounded in his foot. inharatat^il-ard The land has been ploughed. insarakat dikkanit 'eesa moosa The shop of Isa Musa has been robbed. in'azal^ il-ma'moor The official has been dismissed. intalabt la_l-mahkame I have been cited to the court. inchada't feek I was mistaken in you. insalabt min ihkooki I have been robbed of my rights. injabart a'mal haik I was compelled to act thus. in'azamt imbareli I was invited yesterday.

ifta'al: VIII Form: cf.%% 145—148. iktarabna laj-jabal We have approached the mountain. intasarnakoom imbareh We expected you yesterday. rajool almaui ichtara' faun it-tab' A German invented the art of printing. ishtabakat uar^il-harb The torch of war was burning. istalam waseefto Ke assumed office. iftakar fee achir iyam hayato He became poor in the last days

of his life. ishta'alat in-nar The fire burnt. iftakaroo feena They thought of us.

if'all: IX Form: cf.% 149. ihmarrat^il-bandora The tomatoes have become red. ichdarr^il-hakl The field has become green. ibyadd il-kmash The stuff (woven) has become white. isfarrat owrak il-ashjar The leaves of the trees have become yellow. isw^dd id-dhan kteer The colour has become very dark. :

125 — i'wajj fikro His thought has become distorted.

Twarrat 'aino^il-yameen He lost his right eye (lit: he became blind in his right eye). izrakket is-sama The sky has become blue.

istaf al X Form: cf. §§ 150—153. istakbalna mleeh la achir daraje He received us very well. istansartak tlat sa'at I have waited for you three hours. taffartni la achir daraje You have tried me very much. istajalua kteer We have hurried ourselves greatly. ista'malna kot)ll ko'odritna We used all our strength. istachbarna 'annak We enquired after you. hada^r-ajo^bl ista'jar baiti This man hired my house. il-mareed istafrar kolDll shi The sick person vomitted every- thing. istarjaitoo tsafroo fi l-lail? Did you dare to travel by night? istahsan fikrak? Your thought pleased him.

fa'lal: Verbs with four Radicals.

cf. § 154. marmar 'eeshto bi eedo He himself embittered his own

life. meen bya'ret ifalfil roozz? Who knows [how] to steam rice? moosh lazim itdahrij ihjar 'al- You must not roll stones into wad the valley. laish bitshamshim kol3ll ishi? Why do you smell at everything? 'arbij mleeh ya 'arbaji Drive well, o driver. tmachmad ko^oll yom marrtain Gargle twice daily. meen illi tabtablak ala sahrak Who patted you on the back? btikdar tzahzihna min matrahna? Can you shift us (i. e. by lifting) from our place? laish bitcharbish haik? Why do you scratch so? (only used of the pen).

tafa'lal: Verbs of four Radicals

with the Prefix t. ko^oll ishi lazim yitmasmar mleeh Everything must be well nailed. — 126 —

suauak byitchalchaloo Your teeth are loose.

md'osh mleeh titbarbak It is not nice to pretend that

you are so badly oft.

moToshmleehitshatshit^it-tabeech It is not nice to let food spill

'al-ard on to the floor. laish daiman bitkzakizcala snanak? Why do you always clench the teeth?

bal-hajar mtfbsh mobmkin yit- It is impossible to move this stone. za'za' abadan habb. ir-robmman itfarfat The seeds of the pomegranate have been taken out of their husks. la titsarsabsh ya walad Do not be frightened my boy. min aish tbalbal id-daftar? With what has the copy-book been wetted?

stfb'alat 'anis-sihha Inquiries as to Health u halobmma jarran. etc. keef halak or int or sahbtak How are you? il-hamdillali kteer mleeh Thank God, quite well. bafainmal or inshallah bitkoon I hope (or if it please God,) that mabsoot? you are well? inshallah fafait min ra btak I hope that you have recovered from your fright. bitshoof halak issa shwi ahsan? Do you find {lit: see) yourself a

little better now? mamnoon or kattir chairak il- Thank you I am well again {lit:

hamdilla sihliti rij'at li my health has returned to me). keef ahwal il-mitshowwish? How are things going with the invalid? sihhet abook 'am btithassau? Does your father make progress in recovery? mamnoon la sot)'alak, 'am byit iiassan Thank you for your kind enquiry

shwi shwi he is progressing slowly. towwalat kteer hatta rij'atlo'afeeto His recovery took a long time. keef hatta sihrak 'owwar halo? How did your brother-in-law injure himself?

hs4no jifil u wiki' 'al-ard His horse shied and he fell. — 127 — jroohak byishfoo 'an kareeb Your wounds will soon be healed.

na'am ij-jarab illi fi rijli biteeb Yes, the scratches on my leg will

kawam, amma ij-joorh illi fi heal quickly, but the cut in my wijhi bilowwil aktar cheek will take longer. mit'allmi sittak kteer? Is your grandmother suffering much pain?

hee chalye min^il-waja', amma She is free from pain, but greatly mdayaka kteer min faksh mafsal inconvenienced by the dislocation eedha of her wrist. lazim nobrbobtha bi rabta We must put on a bandage. challeek hadi u ana achiyit lak Keep quiet while I sew up jbbrhak your wound.

fatlha nasra fl bahimha btikdar She got a thorn in her thumb tsheela? can you pull it out? il-habbe^l-m'ammleflobsba'ak_^il- The gathering on your middle- wastani lazim tinfitih finger must be lanced. shoo mal') mart 'ammak? What ails your mother in-law?

rasa byo"bja ha kteer She is suffering from a severe headache.

ho^otti lazka barde 'ala jibhtik Put (f.) a cold compress on your w^itjannabi^ish-shamsil-Mmye forehead and stay out of the u ba'dain bitteebi kawam hot sun and you will soon be better.

nassfi^j-jolDrh bit'inni bi mai fatre Cleanse the wound carefully with luke-warm water. ma 'dbmrak tikbal inn ifoot shee Do not allow anything to get bi jo'brh maftobh into an open wound.

ida kot)ntoo tamaloo hasab amri If they will follow my orders bitteeboo 'an kareeb they will soon be well again. ma 'oomrak tikshir kishrit jdbrli Never scratch a scar or wound,

w j o'brh, 1 aish moomkin yitsabbab it may easily produce blood- 'anno tsimmim poisoning. la tshilsh har-rabta hatta a'dinlak Do not remove this bandage

ta'malo until I allow you to do it.

hi da'boblet dowa, hee btinfa'ak Here is a tabloid, it will relieve you.

1* cf. § 22. Addenda. — 128 — dowwibhad-dawa bimai w^ishrab Dissolve this medicine in water tlat marrat kooll yom min^id- and take the solution three dowa_l- mdowwab times a day. ma fish ishi mobchtir hee ma'ha It is nothing serious, she is taja"obk wakti suffering from a temporary in- disposition. hi katra o'oktri nobkta fl kooll 'ain Here are drops, put one drop

ko^bll sa'taiu into each eye every two hours. il-mareed lazira yibka nayim hadi The patient must lie quiet for a akammin yom few days. kan mai hobmma^j-jobm'a^l- I had fever last week, but the madye, amma^l-liakeem a'tani doctor gave me quinine which

dawa illi nifi'ni cured me. aimta lazim tochod^^id-dowa? When shall she take the medicine? lazim tochdo ^chir ko^oU ishi kabl The last thing before she goes ma trooh 'at tacht to bed. chod had-da'boole sa'a kabl ow Take the tabloids either an hour ba'd^il-akl before or an hour after meals. kadaish sarla ma'o hal-kahha? How long has he already had this cough V kan ikd'ohh mobdde taweele He has been coughing a long time. silihtik mo'bsh mill ma lazim, Your health is not what it ought lazim itdeeri balik aktar to be, you must take greater care. deer balak hatta ma yinballoosh Take care not to get wet, for you rijlaik willa bitrfishshih will get a cold in the head. is-sana il-madye kkn fl jadari fi^l- There was small-pox in Jerusalem koods last year. ida ma sar waja' snauak ahsan If your tootl'.ache is not better "an kareeb rooli la 'iud hakeem soon, go to a dentist. is-snan waram rijlak jai rain faksh mafsal The swelling on your foot is due rijlak to the spraining of your ankle. bard baseet bisabbib fl manach A simple cold will often produce hal-blad marrat kteere bardiye fever and chill in this climate. u hoomma kan at 'an kareeb tirma lammau She was near fainting when she

sim'at il-achbar il-'atle heard the bad news., bat'ammal tseer 'au kareeb ahsan I hope you will soon be better.' — 129 —

ma'o ftkk u min shan hada moosh He has a rupture and therefore l&zim yihmil hmal tkeele he must not carry heavy burdens.

safar fi^s-sikke Travel by Train.

ana bareed as&flr 'ala yafa aimtan' I wish to ^0 to Jaifa, when does btimshi^s-sikke? the train leave? es-sikke bitsafir es-sa'a tl^te 'arabi The train leaves at 3 o'clock in fl^s-stf'obh the morning, Arabic time. hadi bit'adil iya sa'a franjiye? What hour is that according to European time? esh-shams btitla' issa es-sa'a sitte The sun rises now at 6.30 so

u noiDSS u min shan hada bitkoon that the third hour, Arabic, is es-sa'a tlate 'arabiye m'adle 9.30 European. la^s-sa'a tis'a u nooss franjiye bikoon mleeh ida bitdabbir hatta You had better supply yourself

ikoou Indak srafe laishinn illi with change, as the ticket clerk

bibee" il-bilyettat moosh majboor is not obliged to change money. yoosrdof masare kallif chatrak a'teeni bilyett la yafa Please give me a ticket for Jaffa. bi iya daraje bithibb itsaflr? What class do you wish to travel?

Ida kan fi tlat darajat, baliibb If there are three classes, I wish arooh fl^t-tanje to go second. 'indna bass darjatain minshan We have only two classes for

il-msafreen fl has-sikke passengers on this railway. moljmkin yitsafar fi_d-daraje_t- It is possible then to travel tanye? second class? mo^bsh kteer makbool laish amrar It is not very pleasant, as one kteere byinzihim el-wahad ma' often comes into close contact

nas min jamee' esh-shislian (lit : is pressed) with all sorts. laish inn il-hal haik a teeui bilyett In that case, give me a ticket for

fi^d-daraje^l-oola the first class. bahibb ikoon 'indi bilyett min I should like to have a return- shan_ir-raj'a ticket. la akamm min yom btichdim? How many days does it last? btichdim bass la yoniain. ya'ne It lasts only for two days; that

talit yom min ba'd ma tachod il- is, on the third day after you

bilyett lazim tirja" take the ticket you must return.

'* or aimta.

A Manual of Palestiuean Arabic. 11 130

Mda ma bikaffeesh 'ala ktfbll That is by no means enough. Ml. il-bilyett lazim tichdim 'al- A ticket should be available for

kaleeletlat^iyam miu yomachdha at least three full days from the day of issue. killet ma biy'tnoo bi^rahet^il- The convenience of travellers is

msafreeu fi has-sikke little considered by this railway. baftkir iniio lazim il-wahad isallira I suppose one must submit to

bi^l-ishi illi mtfbsh moomkin what one cannot change. yitriyar byikdaroo^l-msafreen imarrkoo Have travellers any free luggage?

shee min^il-'afsh balash? (lit: can the travellers let slip through any luggage). na'am ya seedi walakin bass Yes sir, but only a few kilos are akammiii keelo byitmarrakoo free, and the rate for overweight

balash li dbjret ed-darb la^l- {lit: over the weight which is

bizeed 'an^il-'iyar^il-ma'roof known) is high. ralye kteer fi Indak 'afsh kteer Have you much luggage? Mndi bass sandook kbeer u shwiyet I have only one large trunk and 'afsh byiiihimloo bi^l-eed some small hand-luggage. btikdar tachod il-'afsh illi byinli- You may take the hand-luggage mil bi^l-eed ma'ak "al-'arabiye into your compartment, your sandookak lazim yinliatt bi trunk must be put into the van. karroosit el-'afsh sandookak imwazzan ii fl 'iyar Your trunk was weighed. It is zayid "an il-ma'roof u lazim tidfa' over-weight and you must pay

chams fi ankat choosol)siye 5 francs extra. chasamt il-keeme illi ilna hakk Did you deduct what is allowed feeha? as free luggage? na'am ya seedi ana chasamt Yes sir, I deducted all that is

kooll illi lazim u hi hon waslak necessary and here is your receipt. saffar il-babor owwal marra min Has the locomotive whistled,

shan mashiwS-sikke? the first time, for the departure of the train? issa 'ammaloon ya'too 'alame u There! they are giving a signal; ba'd akammin dakeeka bisaffir and in a few minutes the guard

il-mo^odeer min shan isaflr will whistle for the train il-babor to start. — 131 —

ya hadret il-mtf'odeer ana rayih Guard, I am going to Jaffa;

'ala yafa lazim ahowwil fl shee must I change any where? mat rah?

la ya seedi hada^l-babor bibka No sir, this is a through train

mishi ma bit'dbzsh tinzil {lit: this locomotive continues going) you need not change.

er-robkb 'al-chail u fi^l- Riding and Driving. 'arabiye.

btikdar twasseeni bi mkare mleeh Can you recommend me a good u byittakal 'alaih? and faitliful mukari [groom]? naam ana ba"raf w^had mleeh Yes, I know a good one, I will biddi adillak 'ala mahallo show you his place. 'indak chail lar-rdbkb min shan Have you riding-horses on hire? el-ajar?

na'am ya seedi 'indi chail mlah Yes sir, I have very good horses,

kteer u kooUhobn m'owwadeen and tliey have all been trained yimshoo rahwan to amble.

hada 'kl kteer ana bihimmni kteer That is very good. I am anxious hatta ikoonoo^l-chail mobsh the animals should not be galled. m'akwareen dawabi byin'tiui feehobm kteer My animals are well cared for,

mleelj fi int bitshoof innou' mitl and you will find that they are ma koolltillak 'anhou what I represented tliem to be. ya kamil mashshi^l-chail Kamil, lead the horses round. hadol il-chailbibiyin iunomtf'o'tana These horses seem to be well feehon mleeh u bibinoo kawaya cared for and appear to be strong. hobm kteer kawaya ii byikdaroo They are very strong and can

isafroo md'odde taweele bidoon endure long journeys (lit: can ma yit'aboo work for a long time) without much fatigue. hal-chail feehoon shee chisle mo'osh Have these horses any bad liabits? mleeha? la hobm 'S-kleen mitl^l-ranam No they are as gentle as lambs; ma bi'iddoo wala byirfsoo they neither bite nor kick. hada^l-hsau bibiyin 'aueed ma This horse seems to be stubborn, biddobsh yimshi la kot)ddam he refuses to go on.

1* for inhdbn. — 132 hada bass laish inno kan fi_l- This is only because he has been yachoor u min md'odde ma in the stable and has not lately tsarrajsh been saddled. bibiyin li inno raddar ma bahibbish He seems to me to look vicious;

arkab 'ala lis^n 'atil and I should not like to ride a bad horse. bakdar a'akkid lak inno ahda I can assure you he is the hsan mtfbmkin yinwajad quietest liorse which can be found. challi hal-hsan yitsarraj u challi Have this horse saddled and let

es-sayes illi 'indak ijarrib hada your groom try him. 'indak bass srooj 'arabiye? Have you only Arabic saddles? la 'iudna srooj franjiye jdad la No, we have new European zabayiuna, nihna datna minfaddil saddles for our customers, but we srooj 'arabiye ourselves prefei- Arabic saddles. lazim tdeer balak min sh^n tib'at ]i You must be careful to send me

sarj mleeh laish iuni ma baridsh a well-fitting saddle; for 1 do

inn sahr il-hsan illi barkab 'alaih not wish that the back of the yitdabbar or yifakwar horse which I ride be galled. t'akkad ya seedi bisihh lak^il- Be assured Sir, you will receive

ahsan min il-kot)ll. hsanak bikot)n everything of the best. Your

ilo kaman Ijam franje horse will also have a European rein. shoo jins^il-hadwat illi la chailak? What shoes have your horses? il-ba'd ilo'bn hadwat 'arabiye w^il- Some have the Arabic shoes and ba'd hadwat franjiye others have the European. shoof hatta ikoonoo^l-hadwat See to it, that the shoes are

maknat mleeh fl hal-blad^il- well fastened; in this stony mihjre bidiyi' il-hsan hadot)too country a horse can easily lose bi kooll chooife u biseer araj his shoe and get lame. iiua badabbir kol3ll hal-ashya I shall attend to all these things

bi^t-tamam promptly. ; bareed asboof 'ala kshatat I wish to examine the straps of er-rakk4bat the stirrups. towwil er-iakkabe^l-yameeniye Lengthen the right stirrup a

u kassir^er-rakkabe_sh- little and shorten the left one. shamaliye shwi ib'at il-cbail illi nakkaitho1:)n ma' Send the horses with the har- il-'dbdad bdbkra bakkeer es-sa'a ness (plur). which I have selected chamse to-morrow morning at five o'clock. — 133 —

il-'arabiye Carriage

ko'olt la mdbstafa liatta ihiyi^l- Did you order Mustafa to 'arabiye? prepare the carriage?

na'am ko'olt^illo (for i\o) amma shaf Yes, I told iiim, but he found inn reeshe min^er-riyash kanat that one of the springs was bro- maksoora lazim titsallah kabl ken. It has to be mended, before ma nikdar nista'mil 'arabiyitna we can use our carriage again.

rool.i fi wa§si 'ala 'arabiye min Go and order a carriage from

illi bi'ajjir^il-'arabiyat the livery-stable-man.

hadi^l-'arabiye mobsh mleeha bee This carriage is not good! It is

wischa w^iJ-masanid immazza'een dirty, tiie cusliions are torn and

u 'iddit il-chail balyane the harness of the horses is falling to pieces.

rajji' 'arabeetak ya 'arbaji u kool Take your carriage back, driver,

la m'allmak min shan yib'at and tell your master to send 'arabiye nseefe ma' j5z chail a clean carriage with a pair of Mddithol3n mleeha well-harnessed horses.

il-'arabiye ijat ft hee mitl ma The carriage has come and is wassaita as you ordered. sook la jihhit ramallah Drive in the direction of Ram-

allali. wakkif orhasib'ya arbaji minreed Stop driver! we wish to descend

ninzil min shan^in-shoof lial- and examine tliis ruin. chirbe sook la tidribsli il-chail, bi_,l- Drive on! Do not whip the horses

kol3rbaj ; limmin yiuzaloo "an-et- when going down hill ; hold tall la taht wakkifhou! them in! bireedoo^s-sitUt yirkaboo la Do the ladies wish to drivrt further? ko'bddam ? na'am walakin lazim tintibih aktar Yes, but you must be more care-

lam'amalt^el-chail uma titka'sh ful in the management of the bi koorb^jak horses and do not crack your whip. inhar il-chail darb^il-karroosa Urge on the horses, tlie road is

mleeha ft lazim nisal 'al-'ain kabl good and we must reach the

is-so~ohr ho^ouak u ni'lif il-chail spring before noon, as we wish to rest there and feed the horses.

1* lit: settle account. 134 —

btikdar itdeer_,iKarabiye hou? Can you turn the carriage here?

biddi ajarrib adeerha shwi fok I will try to turn it a little

matrah ma darb il-karrosa shwi further on, where the road is a'rad wider.

btikdar itdeer il-'arabiye bi^t- You can back the carriage here, tarjee" la wara lakin deer balak but be caretul not to back too "ala yadd il-chandak far on account of the ditch.

btil>dar issa tit" am u tiski^l-chail You will now feed and water the u baM ma nitfarraj "al-balad horses and after we have biddna nirja' 'al-bait explored this village we will drive liome again.

fi^l-lokanda. At the Hotel. wain il-lokandaji? Where is the hotel-keeper? ba'att warah "ammalo bishiyi' I have sent for him, he is seeing akammin daif oft some guests. hiyo jai Here, he is coming. allah ma'ko'on ya seedi ana mab- Good afternoon, sir, I am glad soot bshoftak shoo btoVmo^br? to see you. How can I serve you? fi Mndak akammin oda fadye? Have you any rooms vacant? na'am ya seedi issa rahat jama'^a Yes, sir, a party has just left u ana 'indi akammin oda mak- and I have some pleasant rooms. boole ba'ooz oda la akammin yom I need a room for a few days. fl iya tabik il-dbwad? On which floor are the rooms? ba'dlio'on fi^t-tabik^il-owwal am- Some are in the first story, but ma^l-ahsan fl^t-tabik it-tani the best rooms are in the second. hada mlayimni kteer ma bahibb This suits me well. I should not oda fi^l-ardiye wala taht is-sath like to have a room on the ground-floor or under the roof. hal-o^a bittooll 'ala^l-liosli u This room looks upon the court, hadeek feelia mansar 'ala darb that one has a view of the prin il-karrosa^l-asli cipal street. la hada wala had^k mUyimni Neither the one nor the other darb il-karrosa wil-hosh feehoon suits me. The street and court rosh kteer are both too noisy. !

— 135 hi hon rair oda bittdt)!! 'ala^l- Here is another room which looks bo'ostau w^il-bahr bibiyin 'ala over gardens, and in the distance boVd you can see tlie sea. i&da bi'jibni la achir daraje. ma That will suit me exceedingly ajmal hal-mansar! well. what a wonderful view il-bait taht amrak. ba'd nas bifadd- The house is at your service. loo^l-mansar 'ala darb_^il-karro- Some people prefer a view of the

sa walakiu kol)!! v/ahad hasab street, but every one to his taste.

doko. ana mabsdot illi int radi I am glad that you are satisfied. ib'at 'afslii 'ala odti. hoo bi^- Send my luggage to my room. jdbmli chams kita' There are five pieces in all. tikram yk seedi! Certainly, sir. (lit: you shall be honoured!) la tinseesh ithiyi^ l-6da min shan Do not forget to have tbe room

el-lail w it-challeeha tithowwa put in order for the night and mleeli to have it well aired.

11 hon sanadeekak u shanttak. Here are your boxes and travel- wain btob'moor ahdbtthoon? ling bags. Where do you wish me to put them? hobtt es-sandook il-kbeer fi hal- Put the large box into this corner, kdbrne walakin mdosh kareeb but not too near to the wall, bi^zyade 'ala_l-hait haik hatta so that I may open it conveniently. akdar aftaho bi chiffe. btikdar You may put the travelling-bag thoott ish-shanta 'ala^l-kdbrsi upon the chair near the window. hadd esh-shtfbbbak

el-'attal ba'd ma achadsh objd'orto The porter has not been paid, hoo talab ed-dar^him he asked for the money.

hi ed-darahim. hoo tkaffal "ala Here is the money, he agreed to nafso in yihmil 'afshi bi frankain carry my luggage for two francs.

idfa= kaman oojret el-'arbaji illi Pay the driver who has driven j4bni miu^el-mahatta la hon me from the station as well. objo^orto kanat kaman frankain His price was also two francs.

daf^'t la^r-rjal ft hoom kauoo I have paid the men, they were radyeen satisfied.

jeeb li mai ^soochne biddi '^arassil Bring me warm water, I will

hali ft ahlook wash and shave myself.

^* '^* instead of

kabl ma tinzal sheel es-sair or Before you go down take the el-kshat 'an shantti strap off my box.

wain il-mobstarah? Where is the W. C?

imshi fi haz-zakook u ilfit ma' Follow this corridor and take

owwal lafti la^l-yameen u fi the first turn to your right, at acliir iz-zakook bitlaki_l-mahall the end of the passage you will find the place.

kaddaish objrit hal-oda fl^l-yom What is the rent of this room u kaddaish fi^j-jobm'a? by the day, and how much by the week? fiiyam il-m6sam bikoonoo_,l-as'ar During the season the charges marrtain aktar minima^ mno'ot- are double what we are asking lobb issa now. biddak akl u maname* Do you wish board and lodging? laish inni bakoon tool en-nhar As I shall be out sightseeing

b^rra hatta ashoof el-ashya_l- all day, I wish to take only

rareebe bareed &chood bass the room and pay extra for such oda wabde u badfa' cho'osoose meals as I shall take. minshanel-wak'at^illibalidarhol)n 'ala hal-hal bitkallif el-oda bi^^l- In this case the room with chidme w^ed-dow tlat frankat service and light will cost three yomiyi francs per day.

11 kaddaish btot)tloob 'al-wak'at And what do you charge for the meals? el-ftoor bi frank el-rada bi frank Breakfast is one franc, lunch

u chamseen w^el-'asha ma' il- 1.50 francs and dinner with mbeed frankain wine 2.00 francs. kaddaish 'an kooll el-wak'at ii How much is the full board 'au^.el-maname? and lodging? fl hal-wakt chams frankat yomiyi At this time five francs per day. tiyib ana biddi akl u maname Very well, I shall take board and lodging. ana bi bali asaflr ma' il-babor illi I intend to leave to-morrow by

byimshi bakkeer, wasseeli ala the early train ; order a carriage 'arabiye for me. hi hsabak ya seedi Here is your account, sir.

1* for min ma 2* lit: place for sleeping 3* lit: falls — 137 a'teeni kaime mfassale hatta Give me a detailed statement,

akdar a'rif shoo saraft that I may know what I spent. iina kdbnt mabsoot kteer min I was very well satisfied with my

oojoodi fi lokandtakil-owadkanoo stay at your hotel. The rooms mrattabeen mleeh w^il-chidme were well kept, the service was kanat mleeha w^il-akl ladeed good and the food tasty. biseer attrajja jauab^el-chaw^ja May I ask the gentleman to min shan yib'at* sliabo 'ala baiti recommend my modest house to

hal-hakeer ida kanoo shee marra his friends, if they should ever b3ijoo la lion? come into this neighbourhood? ma*l6om ba'mal hada bi kooll farab Most assuredly, I shall do that with pleasure. 'arabiyet^el-chawaja "ammal The carriage of the gentleman is tistansir waiting. inhatt 'afshi fl^l-'arabiye? Has my luggage been put in the carriage? kooll ishi bi^t-tarteeb ; ma inta- Everything is in order; nothing

sasli islii. hi shamseetak u 'asatak has been forgotten. Here are your umbrella and walking-stick. la tshilsh "ainak 'an jol)sdani ana Do not lose sight of my hand-bag bakoon taht ba'd dakeeka I shall be down in a minute. ish-shanta^l-kbeere marboota The large box has been tied wara fi^l-'arabiye w^is-reere behind the carriage, the little

ma' el-'arbaji barra one is with the driver on the box. bchatrak Good bye. inschalla btinbsit A pleasant journey.

ftoor Breakfast. is-sa'a kaddaish il-ftoor? At what hour is breakfast? btikdar tooftoor bain is-sa'a sab'a You can breakfast between 7

u tis'a. min ish-shob mno^oftotir and 9 o'clock. We breakfast bakkeer early on account of the heat. ana hadir. yalla niuzal *ala odit I am ready. Let us go down

il-akl into the dining-room. btoVmo'br shai willa kahwe? Do you wish tea or coffee?

1* lit: to send.

A Mcinual of Palestineau Arabic. 12 — 138 —

'al-ftoor ranishrab kahwe franjiye At breakfast we drink European ma' haleeb mfowwar coffee with hot milk. kallif ch^trak iskdbb li finjan Please pour out a cup of coffee kahwe for me nawilni flnjan^il-kahwe Pass me the coffee cup. hattait sobkkar? Do you take sugar? btoo'mtfbr baid? Do you wish for eggs? kallif chatrak or final ma'roof Please (lit: let it cost your will). keef btob'mo'or ikoonoo hobm? How would you like them? btikdar tihsal "alaihobn masloo- You can have them {lit: take keen, makliyeen, mashwiyeen wa them) boiled, fried, baked in haldomma jarran ashes etc. kallif chatrak baid maslook Boiled eggs, if you please. biddak il-baid jamid willa brisht? Do you want the eggs hard or soft? bareedhdbm brisht amma haik I waat them soft, but so that hatta ma ikoonoosh niyeen they are not raw. li sob' il-hass bakdarsh akaddim Unfortunately (lit: to the mis-

lak lahm lal-ftobi' ma fish 'ade fortune of the happiness) I can-

fi hal-blad innbbu yakloo lahm not offer you meat for breakfast.

'al-ftobr It is not customary to eat meat for breakfast in this country. fi hon bdbrrobl Here is burghul^

biseer akaddim lak minno? May I help you to some? il-bbbrrd'ol akl mraddi w^imleeh Burghul is a nutritious and la^s-sDiha 'al-ftbor wholesome food for breakfast. laish ma bitjeeb il-chaddame^l- Why does the servant not bring baid? the eggs? bitreed itdookk ij-jaras la^l- Will you be so good as to ring chaddame? for the servant? ya maryam laish hal-'aka kabl ma Mary, why is it so long before yiji^l-baid? the eggs come? in-nar 'atle u ma ikdirtish The fire is bad and I could not

aclialli^l-mai tirli get the water to boil. haik shi ma. bisirsh iseer karaan This must not happen again. You marra. inti bta'rfi inna min'obz know that we always wish

dairaan mai tirli la ,1-ftobr boiling water for breakfast.

1* cf. National dishes. — 139 —

naooleeni iz-zibde Pass me the butter.

il-'asal^il-baladi kteer mleeh The honey of this country is

bikdar ooseek feeh very good. I can recommend it

(lit: I can inform you about it). bitreed itjarrib hat-tatle? Will you try this preserve?

aish hoo or h^da? What is it? (or, this?)

dibs, hoo byin'mil bkammiyat It is grape honey. It is made in kbeere w^in-nas bihibbooh kteer great quantities and the people

like it much.

biddi adooko I will try it.

ma'ak l.iakk id-dibs kieer mleeh You are right; grape-honey is u ta'mto ladeede kteer very good and of delicious taste.

bitreed tnawilni hadirtak tatlit^il- Will you (lit : your honour) pass

boordkan ? me the orange marmalade?

istanna shwi, issa byiji kam&n Wait a moment, there is yet shwiyet cholDbz mhammas coming some toasted bread.

hona fi chot)bz asmar hoo shwi Here is black bread, it is a little mhammid sour. ma Mndaksh karadeesh mitl ma Have you no flap-cakes such as byichbzoo fi^l-ko'bra? they bake in the villages? ma'loom hihot)n jaibeenhoon yes! Here they bring them!

il-cho"obz il-'arabi kteer ladeed Arabic bread is very tasty if it

ida kan taza u so'bchn is fresh and warm.

ya maryam kaddmi la_,s-sitt ij-jat Mary, hand the lady the dish

illi feeh il-karadeesh or il-kmaj with the flap-cakes. jeebi kammin sahn isreer baM u Bring a few more small plates akammin maFaket shai walakin and a few tea-spoons, but not mo'bsh mala'ik la_l-akl dessert spoons. kattir chairak Thank you.

wakt^il-rada Lunch-Time (Midday-meal).

il-rada t'owwak il-yom. dakk ij- Lunch is late to-day. Has the jaras or skr dakik ij-jaras? bell rung? issa bidookk ij-jaras, yalla ninzel The bell is now ringing, come, la taht let us go down.

bitreed tdbk'ol^d haddi? or janbi? Will you sit by the side of me? - 140 - biddi akool las-sobfraji hatta isdbif I will tell the waiter to lay a kaman la daifna plate for our guest also. hasau jeeb sikkeen ikbeere li Hasan! bring a large knife also

sikkeentain srar ii kaman shoki two small ones, one large and kbeere u shoktain srar u ma'laket two small forks, a soup-spoon shoraba u ma laka sreere and a desert-spoon. hi il-fowat u koobbai lal-mai u Here are the napkins, a water- ko'bbbai lal-mbeed u kam^n milh, glass and a wine-glass and also

filfll, chardal u choobz salt, pepper, mustard and bread. ma biddaksh nitfet shoraba? Will you not take a little soup? hadi shorabet nabat? il-yom 'inna Is it vegetable soup? We have syam a fast to-day. ma fish lahme fi^sh-shoraba There is no meat in the soup. ana mabsoot laish fi ilna samak I am glad that we have fisli to-

il-yom, ma bisihhilnash fi ko'bll day, one cannot always get it. wakt samak is-samak nadir fl hal-blad? Is fish rare in this country? na'am or iwa lazim ijeebooh min Yes, one must bring it from yafa willa min tabariya, willa Jaff'a or from Tiberias, or from

min il-o^ordolDn u min has-sabab the Jordan ; and for this reason bisihh lal-wahed samak taza bass one can have fresh fish only limin bikoon it-taks barid when the weather is cold. fi lion samak immallah? Is there salt-fish? na'am fi samak immallah ashkal Yes, there are many kinds of

kteere u fi kaman samak ton u salt-fish, there are also tunny sardeen min bahr yafa or min and sardines from the Medi- bahr ir-room terranean. il-yom fi rosto bakar. lahm il- There is to-day roast-beef. bakar bikoon marrat kteere 'asi Roast-beef is frequently tough; amma lahm^il-ranam ahsan but lamb is better. il-'arab byamaloo aklat kteere The Arabs make many dishes min lahm il-fachd^il-makli of meat; roast joints and cut-

w^il-kastaleta ii lahm maslook lets, boiled meat, and zarb\ u zarb ya 'awad hadol sho~okaf lahm Awad, these are pieces of meat mas h we roasted on a skewer!

1* zarb is a whole animal roasted in an oven built of loose stones; the stove is also called zarb. — 141 — shoo byaVif hamad yootbol)ch? What can Hamad cook? bya'raf yootbooch: shoraba, rot)zz He can cook soup, steamed rice, imfalfal, habash u jaj mal.ishe, turkeys and stuffed chickens, makaroone u yachue min jamee' macaroons and all kinds of ish-shkal vegetables. mistwi hal-lalim mleeh? ma Is this meat well done? I do not

bhibbish il-lahm illi mo^bsli like underdone meat. mistwi fi hal-blad byakloo bass il-lahm In this country they eat meat il-makle w^il-maslook mleeh well roasted and well boiled. byisbroo^r-robzz marrat kte'ere Rice is often dyed with Safiiower. bi 'obsfor shoo hal-hboob il-ladeede? What are these tasty seeds? ismhon suobar u ft hal-blad bihib- They are called snobar and in

boo ihittooo habb is-snobar fi_,l- this country they like to put akl snobar-seed in the food. il-'arab bi wijih^il-ijmal shatreen The Arabs are, on the whole, fi_,t-tabeech good cooks. yimkin r^yeh tizhak min ij-jaj You will perhaps become tired w^il-hamaa laish bisihhillna min of chickens and pigeons, as we it-tnain kteer have both frequently. fi said fi filsteen? Is there game in Palestine? na'am fi hon jins shot)niiar kbeer Yes, there is a large kind of

u kamaii jaj barri ii araoeb u partridge and also francolins

so'bmman u jaj il-rab u ro'ozlan {lit: wild chickens) hares, quails,

woodcocks {lit: chickens of the woods) and gazelles. btob'mo'or akaddim lak yacline? May I offer you some vegetables? *indak ashkal chdbdra kteer? Have you many kinds of vegetables? iwa u 'ada 'an hada byakloo^n- Yes, and besides the people eat

uas hon nabat barri kteer, matalan many wild plants e. g. the leaf

warak cho"obbaize, illi ta'mo mitl of the mallow which tastes like ta'm is-sabanech w^ibyakloo jins spinach. They also eat a kind

shok ta mo mitl il-halyoon ismo of thistle, its taste is like that

'akkoob of the asparagus, its name is globe-thistle. byizra'oo hon halyoon? Do they raise asparagus here? — 142

la II ma inno fl fi hal-blad halj'oon No, although the wild asparagus barri kteer ma ta"amoohoosh grows here in large quantity

they have not cultivated it. matboocha hal-chobdra? Has this vegetable been boiled? la, makliye bi seerij No, it has been fried in sesame-oil. btob'moor akaddimlak shwiyet. May I offer you some pudding bo'odeen willa bid dak atmar or do you wish for cooked fruit? matboocha? hal-mishmshat shofithon bitsliahlie These apricots look attractive. ho^om moosh mitl il-mislimish il- They are not like the European franji bibaidoo wa lakin mo'osh apricot; they are refreshing, but kteer mlah la^s-so^ohha are not very wholesome. hi choch u toot matbooch Here are peaches and cooked mulberries. byakloo kteer tabeech hooloo fl Do they eat many sweet dishes hal-blad? here? na'am il-'arab bya'maloo aslikal Yes, the Arabs make many kinds

ka'k kteere ii hd'olwayat of cake and sweetmeat. bahibbil-baklawew^il-knafe kteer I like baklawi and knafl much. ma btishrabsh ishi You do not drink anything. hada^l-mbeed kteer chafeef This wine is very light and w^imleeli la^s-soohha kteer very wholesome. la mamnoou. ana bishrab shwiyet Thank yon. I will take a little

mai Ida kanat marliye water, if it has been boiled. hadi mat marliye w^imkarrara This water has been boiled as u min beerna^l-chass well as filtered and comes from our own cistern. iya atmar 'indko'on? What kind of fruit have you? Mnna fi^sli-shita bo^ordkan, lemoon We have in winter oranges, sweet ho'oloo, joz, loz, kol)ttain 'ajwe lemons, nuts, almonds, dried

w_izbeeb figs, dried dates and raisins. fi^s-saif fi toot, balah choch, There are in summer mulberries, swaida, mishmish, do'brrak, teen fresh dates, peaches, plums,

so'obbair u ba'dain Mnab illi apricots, nectarines, fresh figs, byibka min haziran hatta tak- cactus figs and later, grapes

reeban la ""eed il-meelad which last from June till almost Christmas, — 143 —

btob'mot)r kahwe franjiye willa Do you wish for European coffee 'arabiye? or Arabic?

hal-kaliwe illi fi^l-fanajeeu is-srar This coffee in the small cups is

mamoole to"'orki3^e made in the Turkish manner.

hal-kahwe bala sookkar. il-'arab This coffee is without sugar.

bisammooha mdbrra. btikdar The Arabs call it "bitter". You tihsal kaman 'ala kahwe hilwe can also have sweet coffee.

il-kahwe^,l-mooiTa ahsan la_l- Bitter coffee is better for the hadm. il-'arab byishraboo kahwe digestion. The Arabs drink moorra ba'd il-akl bitter coffee after food. challoona usalli w^inkoom 'an Let us say grace and leave the is-sobfra table.

il-chidme fi odit in-nom. Bedroom-Service.

wassi^l-chaddam hatta^^ifij'ikni Order the servant to call me bdbkra bakkeer early to-morrow. biddi asaflr u min shan hada I shall start on a journey and biddi^l-ftoor fi_,l-wakt therefore wish the breakfast in time. iya sa^a bitreed^itfeek? At what hour do you wish to be

awakened ? mo'bsh ba'd is-sji'a chamse Not later than 5 o'clock. bitreed ftoor mitl^il-'ade willa Do you wish the regular break- shi choosoosi? fast or anything special? il-ftoor il-baseet byikfeeni bi^t- The simple breakfast is sufficient tamam for me. taht amrak ya seedi As you desire, sir, ya jobrji farshi owa'iye bi t'inni George, brush my clothes care- u shoof hatta ma yibkash 'alai- fully and see that no dust hobn rabara remains upon them. biseer min issa achod soormaitak May I take your shoes with me ma'i min shan amsalia? now to polish? iwa so'ormaiti fi^l-koorne Yes, my shoes are in the corner. riji'^il-raseel min^il-kawer Has the washing come back from the laundry? naam walakin nakis akammin Y^es, but there are still missing

kabbe u akammin koomm a few collars and cuffs. — 144 —

fi ba'd kabbat w^ikmam usaf kfai Are there still enough fresh

fl^l-biro '? collars and cuffs in the chest of drawers? fi ba'd bass sitt kabbat ii jozain There are only six collars and

kmam two pairs of cuffs. fi hal-hale lazim itrooh 'ala ma- In that case you must go to the hall _il-kawe w_itjeeb il-raseel laundry and fetch the missing

illi nakis, laish ma bikaft'eesh la linen, as it is not sufficient for safra the journey, badabbir^il-mas'ale kawam I shall do it at once. meen rattab^il-yom odit^ia-aom Who arranged this bed-room to- hadi? day? fareede Fareede. keef mo'omkintkixin mo"ohmli haik! How is it possible that she is l.iatta iunawala hattat mai jdeede so careless! She has not even

la^^sli-shoorb 'ala tawlet il- put drinking water on the wash- raseel stand. il-oda ituadddfat^il-yom fi^s- The room has been cleaned this

stfbbh II fareede achadat^il-rar- morning and Fareede took the

rafe ma'ha rain shan^itnassifha water-bottle away to clean it. mahtoot fi^t-tacht sharashif jdad? Has the bed been freshly sheeted? naara ya seedi fi sharashif jdad Yes sir, there are fresh sheets w^ibyobt_il-mchaddat kamau and the pillow-slips have also itjaddadoo been renewed. achadoo hramat is-sobf? Have the blankets been taken away? na'am it-taks^irtafa'at harartoo Yes, the temperature has risen fi^l-iy^m^il-acheere bi hal- so much during the last days, mobkdar hatta inn_is-sitt amarat that Mistress ordered that the hatta yibdloo hramat ^is-sobf bi woollen covers should be hramat achafi" replaced by lighter ones. liada mleeh. ihraraat is-soof issa That is good. Woollen covers harayeeii bi zyade are now too hot. jeeb 11 kaman koobbayet mai taza Bring me yet a glass of fresh u sham'a water and a candle. byob'moor^il- cli awaj akaman ishi ? Does the gentleman wish any- thing else? 145 —

la, la tinsasli tfiyikni fi_l-wakt No; do not forget to awake me il-m'aiyan at the appointed hour.

dd'okk^ij-jaras la^l-chaddame illi Ring for the chambermaid. The

'alaiha^l-obwad, is-sitt bitljoobb mistress wishes to see her. itshoofha btikdar itrooh You may go now.

il-hawayij illi 'ala sobfrit^il-loobs The things upon my dressing-table mo'osli mrattabeen mleeli have not been well arranged. byilzam is-soofia rata nseef The table requires a clean cover. farashi^sli-sha'rmdoshmarsooleen The hairbrushes have not been u ma fish dababees 'ala^l- washed and there are no pins mchadde upon the pin-cushion.

hal-awa'o mtf'osli lazim ikoonoo These garments should not be mahtooteen "ala^t-tacht. 'allik- lying upon the bed. Hang them

htfbn fi chaz^nt^it-tyab in the wardrobe. wain hattait kameesi in-nom? Where did you put my night- gown? fi^j-jaibi^l-mtarraze Into the embroidered pocket.

fl raanashif nsaf m'allakeen? Have clean towels been hung up'? naam u ana tallait il-breek mai Yes, and I have filled the jug

taza u hattait shakflt saboou fl wish fresh water, and put a sahn is-saboon piece of soap in the soap-dish. la tinsash abadan tjeeb min sliani Never forget to bring me hot mai so~ochne la^l-raseel kabl^il- water for washing before break- ftoor w^il-rada fast and lunch. ko'obb il-mai^l-wischa min sahn Pour the dirty water from the

il-raseel fl_,s-satl washing-basin into the pail.

ko'obb^is-satl ktfbll yom marrtain Empty the pail twice a day. aimta btoVmo'or hammam? When do you want a bath?

bareed hammam barid fl_s-so'obh I wish a cold bath in the morning u hammam sobchn fl_l-'ashiye and a hot bath in the evening

bitreed ikoou ish-sho'obbak Do you wish the window open maftooh willa msakkar? or shut?

' bareed ikoon maftooh I wish it open. kindeel willa sham'a? Do you wish for a lamp or a ii biddak candle? sham'a A candle. n^zzle^n-namoosiye kabl ma Let the mosquito-curtain down

A Manual of Palestinean Arabic. 13 146 —

yiudw _.id-(low, willa btit'addabi before the light is struck, or minin-namoos you will suffer from mosquitoes. fi hon kamaa barrash? Are there sandflies here? fi u karsithon aslma' miri karsit There are, and their bite is more in-nainoos unpleasant than that of mos- quitoes. issa kooll islii mrattab u ana Everytliing is now in order and bit'ammal iniiak bitnam mleeh I hope that you will sleep well. lailtak sa eede Good night.

fi odit id-dyoof. In the Drawing-Room. ya ralye ana bastansir idyoof, ralye I am expecting visitors;

dabbri hatta ikoon li mai soochne take care that there is sufficient kfai min shan ish-shai hot water for tea. lazirandbktot)fba'dshwiyet^izhoor We must still pick a few fiowe; s. hal-mazhariye 'an kareeb fadye This vase is almost empty; put

hootti feel I a ba'd akammin warde a few more roses into it. hootti fl hal-mazhariye akammin Put into this bowl a few more zihrit chitmiye amraa bidoon hollyhock-flowers without stems. maskat tiyib hada mleeh Good, this is nice. ma ajmal haz-zihre How beautiful this flower is! hada loof This is an arum. il-maile_j-jo"owaniye mitl_il- The inside is like black velvet,

moochmal il-aswad ii shoofi keef and see how the outside, which

bitsakibma'hal-maile^ 1-barraniye is green, harmonizes with it.

illi chadra iz-zhoor itrattaboo issa The flowers are now arranged. min wakt illi tnassafat il-6da il- Since the room was cleaned this yom fl^s-soobh 'awad tjamma' morning, a little dust has col- shwiyet rabara lected. ma bi'oozsh il-wahad yit'ajjab One need not wonder at it, in

min hada fi hal-hawa^l-kawi this strong wind and dry w^it-taks in-nashif atmosphere.

ista'jli (f.) u rabbri awani^z-zeene Be quick and dust the ornaments kaman marra u joorri slireetet once more and go over the il-rabara 'al-m(K)beelya furniture with a dusterJ — 147 -

i*milt haik I have doue it. fa'idan shoofl sob frit isli-shai Then look after the tea-table. jeebi breek ish-shai u ko'oll it- Bring- the tea-pot and the whole

takm illi bichobsso set which belongs to it. hobtti ko'oll ishi 'as-sobfra illi Place everything upon the side

minzooye -table (lii: table pushed in the corner). jeebi^il-ka'k it-taza illi chabzatoo Bring the fresh cakes which the

t-tabbacha cook (f.) has baked. hiyo ya sitt Here they are, raad^m. malli alit is-sbeerto'bs, u hot)tti_l- Fill the spirit lamp, and put the kanneene 'al-ard talit is-sdbfra bottle upon the floor under the table. la, la, challi hada. la tsha"leesh No, no, leave it alone! Do not alit is-sbeertobs ba'd light the spirit-lamp. wakkfi is-sdbfra ish-shamiye is- Put the little Damascus table here, sreere hoii u liadeek hooa^k and that one there. wakkfi is-seeniye ddbrri u lizzeeha Put the tray straight and push

shwi la wara it back a little. hada ahsan This is better. kanat mahtdota kteer 'ala sob il- It was put too mucli at the corner kdbrne u kaii rao^brnkin innha tddka' and could easily have been la taht kawam knocked down.

Idbffi kdbruit hal-bsat la wara u Roll back the corner of this rug- iniddi_.l-bsat il-kbeer dot)rri and pull the big one straight. hadi^l-boordai tmaz-za'at bi^l- This curtain has been completelj'^ chalis min^il-hawa crumpled by the wind. liramin yitrattaboo_l-dbwad When the rooms have been set mobsh lazim itsabbib masraf in order, you must never make kawibi fath ish-shababeek w^il- a strong draught by leaving the bwab willa biteer rabara "al-oda windows and doors open, because

ii bifdod titcharbat dust flies into the room and it becomes disordered again hadi_s-sobfra mo~osh fl matrahha This table is not standing in its

lizzeeha shwi la_sh-shamal place. Move it a little to the left. shoofl ida kan fl kaz fl kooll^il- See if there is oil in every lamp. kanadeel kdbllhoom clialseen ana 'miltho"'om They are all in order. I have

bi eedi done it myself. 148 liattait kaman kazaze jdeede 'al- Did you put a new glass upon

kindeel illi m'allak? the hanging-lamp? na am u ana dabbart kaman abajoor Yes, I have also put a new globe jdeed w^ifteele jdeede la_,l- and a new wick on the second kindeel it-tane lamp. jeebi rata_s-sdbfra illi shoorl is- Bring the embroidered table-cloth. stfoun^ra wain hattaiteeh? Where did you put it? malltoot 'a la raflf chazanet hawayij It is lying upon the shelf of the

il-ko'"ottan illi mahtoota fl 1- closet for linen (Arab: -|- gar-

mamsha_s-sreer ments) which is standing in the small corridor.

hiyooli Here it is. kattir chairak Thank you.

issa kooll ishi fi_t-tarteeb Everything is now in order.

intibhi la_l-bab w^istajli w if- Pay attention to the front-door

taheeh halan limmin ido1)kkoo and hasten to open it as soon 'alaih as any one knocks.

ish-shob kawi kteer u nihna mdbsh The heat is great and we must lazim inchalli hadan yisbo-Qr not let any one wait long outside. barra kteer

el-matbach. The Kitchen.

ya flan jeeb hatab u fahm u ba'dain N. N. bring the wood and the

slia"il_in-nar. charcoal and then kindle the fire.

il-hatab mablool shwi ma kansh The wood is a little damp. Has

machzobn mleehv it not been well stored?

mbala ya sitti walakin shtaraito Yes, my mistress; but I bought^

owwal imbarih bass, min fallah it of a fellah only the day before'

ii baM ma nishifsh mleeh yesterday, and it is not quite dry. shtarait* hatab kteer? Did you buy much wood?

la kan rali aktar min^il-lazim n No, it was too dear, and besides '" *ade *an hada kan 'ind ir-rajool the man had only big blocks. bass karami khkr

walakin^il-biyft' ma bikassirsh But does not the seller cut the il-karami la shikaf srar? blocks into small pieces? — 149 — bishakkifhobn imbala walakiii Well, he splits them, but it

biseer fl wasach kteer fi^l-hosli makes so much dirt in the yard. amma lazim itdabbir halta iseer But you must see that we have 'indna hatab al.isan mia liada_,l- better wood than this next time.

marra j-jai shaHi in-nar bi^il-kibreet Kindle the fire, here are matches. la tkibbeesh kaz abadan fi^u-nar Never pour petroleum upon the

mobmkiu inuik tsabbibi charab fire, you mig''t cause by it a kbeer bi hal-wasta great accident. issa shflit iu-uar illi bi_,l-fo"oru Thetireiuthe oven isnow burning. hootti taiijara feelia mai {or rakkbi Put on a kettle of water. tanjaret mai)

rakkabt I have done it {lit : I have put on). ista'mli laj-jali bass mai tirli ft For the washing of dishes use shwiyet saboon only boiling water and somesoap. hada_ 1-marsal This is the sink. kabl mii tijli^t-tanajir sheeli Before you wasli the dishes take

minho'om bakaya_ t-tv'ibeech, willa the remnants of food from them btitwassach mait^ij-jali kawam as otherwise the washing water will soon be soiled. is-shobu w^il-fanajeen u abareek The plates, the cups, the cofi'ee, il-kahwe w^il-haleeb w^isli-shai milk and tea-pots, the vegetable

u jatat il-yachne w^il-lahme ft and meat dishes and all other kooU baki awani^l-kisliaui byit- china dishes are kept in this

chabboo fi liadi^l-cliazane cupboard. ma tho'otteesh abadan aw4ne Never put earthenware or metal

fobchcbar ow ma dan fl hal-cliazane dishes into this cupboard. fi^r-rfoof_il-'alyeenbyit-wakkafoo Upon the upper shelves the wine koobb^yat^ii-mbeed w_il-mai and water glasses are put, as w^il-rarrafat kaman well as the water bottles. hadol^il-hawSyij illi byitkassaroo These breakable things must be

kawam lazim kololl niarra baM carefully put away each time il-isti'mal yindabboo bi t'inni they have been used. biddna issa in'awid 'al-matbach We will now return to the kitchen. hi liadi soofrit_it-tahdeer Here, this is the dresser.

fi_,j-jarrar illi 'ala 1-yameen In the drawer to the right you

bitlaki l-mala ik v.\ ish-shdbwak will find the spoons and the forks — 150

u f^illi 'ash-shamal mowjoodeen and in that to the left the large is-sakakeen il-kbar w^is-srar and small knives are to be found. iftah bab il-kism^it-tahtani Open the door of the lower min^il- chazane division.

'ala hal-loha m'allakeen il-mararif From this board hang the cooking spoons. hi^il-kidar! Here are the clay cooking-vessels.

"alajanb^il-fobrnbitlaki^l-marrafe By the side of the oven you will

u rair hawayij illi lazmeen la^t- flrd the cooking-spoon and other tabeecli utensils necessary for cooking.

'ala har-raff binhattoo^t-tanijir Upon this shelf are placed the w^il-kallayat copper vessels and pans. bihimmni kteer in ikoonoo kobll I consider it most important that il-awani nsaf kteer all vessels should be very clean- lazim tijtihdi hatta tijli^s- You must take care that the knives sakakeen w^it-tanajir liatta and the copper vessels are iseeroo yilma'oo made bright. limmin idobb byad it-tanajir kooli When the tinning {lit: whiteness)

li halan, hatta i'obdoo yitbiyadoo of the vessels disappears (lit: melts) let me know at once that they may be re-tinned. fl haj-jarra mowjoodeen manasliif In this drawer are found the

il-matbach w^il-manashif illi la kitchen towels and the towels tausheef_il-koobbay4t u awani for the wiping of the glasses 1-kishani and the porcelain. bad ma arjaitak hou kooll ishi After I have shown you every- bidna nrooh 'ala bait_il-mot)ne thing here we will go into the storeroom. ma minVozish abadan ikoou Mnna We do not need to keep large kammiyat kbeere la^l-moone quantities of provision.] bab bait^il-mooue lazim daiman The door of the storeroom must yitsakkar b^intibah, willa bifootoo always be carefully shut, other-

1-bs^s la joowa ii bisowwoo illi wise the cats will come inside bidlioon iyah and do what they wish. m^iyet^it-tabeech lazim tinjab It is necessary to bring the water

mill il-beer illi barra for cooking from the well outside. 151 —

bat'ammal inno iseer "indi 'au I hope that I shall soon have kareeb troomba fl^l-matbach H pump in the kitchen.

u kanian ishi ba'd. lazim itdeer And yet another thing. You must b&lak hatta ma tchalleesh ishi be careful not to let anything

yabis ifoot fi kanayet_il-mai^il- hard enter the waste-pipe, as

wischa willa btinsadd bi ktfbll it is easily choked. chdbffe

kanayet il-mai_,il-wischa btitnas- The wastepipe can be cleaned saf bis'oobe koolliye u 'ada 'an only witli difficultly, and besides, hada tanseefha bikallif mablar its cleaning costs a great sum. kbeer

btikdar it'abbi fi liaz-zeer mai This jar you may fill with the kadar iiajtak la ko'bll yom daily supply of water. ij-jarra^l-kbeere ismha zeer A large jar is called zeer. il-anye^s-reere illi bijeeboo fiha The small vessel (jar), in which

1-mai miii^il-beer bisaramooha water is fetched from the well

jarra w^in-nisw^n byihmlooha is called jarra. The women carry

'ala rooshoon^ it on their head. w^il-aiiye illi kaman asrar btit- A still smaller vessel is called

samma 'asliye 'asliye. liadi il-anye is-syeere illi bikadd- This little vessel in which water

moo filia mai bisammooha sharbe is served is called sharbi or breek. willa breek sakkir_il-beer tiyib hatta ma Shut the cistern well, that no

iftf'otsh feeh ishi rareeb 'allik foreign matter may get into it,

kaman id-daloo fi^Uaktoo ana also hang the bucket on its

ma baridsh ashoofo abadan mah- hook. I never wish to see it

toot 'ala_,l-ard ow fl^l-mai left on the ground or in the water.

il-raseel. Washing. bitchalli^l-raseel yitdabbar fl^l- Do you have your washing done bait? at home? na'am Mndna mara la hash-shi Yes, we have a woman on pur-

1* pronounce s and h separately. 152 —

yom^it-talata u wahade taiiye pose on Tuesday and another

min shanil-kawiy6m_il-cliamees to iron 'on Thursday.

ma bisabbibish liada ta'ab kteerV Is not that a good deal of trouble?

la ida kaa fl 'iad ii-wahed awane Not when one has plenty of kfai lal-raseel u mai kfai u mahall wash-tubs, sufficient water, and mleeh la_,t-tansheef a good drying-ground, ana baftkir inn raseel il-kobttan I think the linen would bleach

byibyaijd mleeh fl btfostanoa well in our garden.

naam amma byilzamik akammin Yes; you (f.) will need some sandi u akammin habl posts and clothes-lines.

sar fl 'indna makawi u chashabe We have already itons and an la^l-kawi walakin ba'd ma 'ind- ironing-board but no laundry. nksh odit raseel in-nas birassloo hon barra limmin The people here wash out-of-

ikbbn it-taks' mleeh u int 'indak doors when it is fine, and you

oda illi btikfi la_t-tawi w^it- have a room which will do for tnishshi w_,il-kawi folding, starching and ironing.

il-kcTotUn biseer kteer abyad fi The linen becomes very white ^sh-shams w_,il-hawa in the sun and wind. na'am amma moosh lazim ikoou Yes, but you do not want too kteer kteer min hada ow had&k much of either for coloured

la^l-aw&'i^l-mlowwane illi lazim clothing which should be dried yitnashshafoo fl^l-fi u ba'dain in the shade and be brought, at yitfawwatoo halan la jdbwa once, indoors.

ktfbll il-mai hon maiyet shita The water here is all rain-water w^ikteer mleeha la hawayij and very good for woollens. is-sbbf il-rassale lazim tirsilhoon wit- The washerwoman must wash

bihhhbbn fl mai fatre u kawam and rinse them in tepid water itnashshiflid'on and dry them quickly. bahibb ab'at shwiyit raseel kittan I wish to send some linen away "ala^l-marsal to the laundry.

bakdar achbrak 'an rassale mleeha I can recommend to you a good laundress. hee btirsil nseef btista'milsaboone She washes clean, uses good soap, mleeha w^ibtikwe tiyib and irons well.

1* instead of U^ — 153 —

btifham tirsil hawayej soof u Does she understand how to wash haw^yej imnashshay&t? woollens and also starched things? na'am il-hawayej is-soof ma bidib- Yes, the woollen garments are "boosh fi^l-raseel uhee bitnashshi not shrunk in washing and she hawayej kittan bi mahAra rareebe starches linen with great skill.

bat'ammal inna ma bitniyilsh il- I hope she does not make the

kabbat kteer collars too blue (lit: indigo).

la; wala btichribho'on bi inna No, nor does she injure them by

btihriko^on wala bi inna bitchal- scorching or iron-mould = lU: let

leeho'on ibakk'oo bi bika' sada get spotty from rust spots.

amal maroof ib'at la ko'oll il- Please send to her ail that is

lazim. ana ba'teek laiha illi bass necessary. I will give you a

'alaik itzeed "alaiha^l-a dad ba d list to which you have only to

ma fidd il-kd'o^a illi lazim add the numbers after you have yinbi'too counted the articles to be sent.

laihet^il-rasee 1 Washing list.

kamees tahtani Vest, laihet in-uiswan Woman's list. kamees muashsha Starched shirt, kamees niswAne Chemise. sidriye Waistcoat, kamees nom Nightdress. bantalon Trousers, ilbas Drawers. kabbe Collar, joz kalsat Pair of stockings. kmam Cuffs, tannoora tahtk- Petticoat. sidr Shirt-front, niye rabta taweele Tie.

! sidriye Bodice. bloose Blouse. layhet^il-oolad Children's list, tannoora Skirt. bi Pinafore. i wazra kmam

I wazra Apron. km&t or h\ks Swaddling-cloth. kamees tahtani Vest. maryool Feeder. I

I iaket Jacket. laihet il-bait Household list •irob Wrapper. sharshaf Sheet.

! mahrame Pocket-hand-

I bait mchadde Pillow-case. kerchief. i rata tacht Bedspread. Ikabbet charj Embroidered- rata sobfra Table-cloth. collar. bd'ordai Curtain. laihet^ir-rjal Man's list, manshafe Towel.

kalsoon Drawers. bashkeer or fo'ota Napkin.

A Manual of Falestinean Arabic. 14 154 —

6det_-il-chiyata Sewing-Room. riji" il-raseel min odet^il-raseel Has the linen come back from or il-marsal? the laundry? soosanna'ambitjeebo bi sail hiyo! Susan is bringing it in a basket.

Here it is! challoona nsliQofo w^insaDih kobll Let us examine it and mend

ishi immazza' whatever is torn. bidna nibda bi kita' is-soof We will begin witli the woollen garments. hot)tti kabbe^jdeedebadal kabbet Put on a (f.) new collar in place is-sidriye hadi of the collar of this bodice. rtfbzzi or ooktbi akammin robrze Put a few stitches in this seam

fi hal-chiyata il-chait iukata' the thread has been broken.

'ala^s-sahr fi miz' ma ahmal il- There is a rent across the back; rassalat how careless of the washer- women! btikdari_tsallheeh ya saleeme? Are you able to mend it Saleeme? biddi ajarrib hoo shwi sHb I will try, it is a little difficult. byilzamo sabr u ida ma kobnteesh It requires patience and if you mistajle kteer kleer btihsali 'ala are not in too great a hurry nateeje you will succeed. haz-zirr inkata' ma' shakfet ikmasli This button is torn off with a

chito u htfbtt talito shakfet kittan piece of the stuff'. Sew it on

and put a piece of linen under it. chiyatti il-kabbe kteer mleeli a'mli You sewed the neck-band on well. issa 'rawe jdeede la hal-kalsoon Now make a new button-hole for this pair of drawers. hadol ij-jo'brbanat immazza'een These stockings are too much torn, kteer kteer ma byirtitobsh 'ad they cannot be darned any more. haj-jobrbaue^r-rijjaliye mamzob'a This sock has one hole in the

Mnd il-ka'b irteeha bi t'inni heel; darn it carefully. shbbfi! inti 'ainmal tista'mli rair Look! 3^ou are using a diff'erent no' sobfintilazimdaimautista'mli kind of wool. You must always cheetan min dat il-16u use yarn of the same colour. ana baftkir l^zim yiu'mil ka' jdeed I think it will be necessary to la haj-jobrbane knit a new foot to this stocking. il-kism^il-fokaneminliaj-jobrbane The top of this stockiug is badly

immazza' kteer salllieeh bi kadar torn; mend it as well as possible; — 155 —

il-imkanhatta yista raalba'd kaman so that it may serve once more, k marra laish ba'do jdeed chalis as it is quite new. a'mali ma'roof naooleeni hadolak Hand me these shirts please; I il-kd'onisaa bal.iibb ashoofhobn wish to look them over. shakfet ktfbmm hal-kamees ISzim The wrist-band of this shirt needs titsallah sboofi shoo btikdari attention. See what you can

ta'mli feeha do with it.

no"okr^il-bat mamzob' il-mizi' The gusset is torn; the tear can byikdar yitsallah kawam soon be made good. ya sabha kallfl chatrik naooleeni Sabha please hand me the strong il-chait il-abyacl il-kawi. la white thread. No, not that one,

moosh hada, lioo tcheen kteer it is too thick.

il-chait illi 'alahadi^^l-bakara arfa' The thread on this spool is thinner.

tanyet rata has-soofra maftook The hem of this table-cloth is

bitreedi ta'mali ma'robf ii titneeh frayed out, will you please hem

'ala^l-masheene laish inno'ateek it on the machine, as it is old u ana ma bhibbisli adowwe' 'alaih and I do not wish to spend

wakt kteer much time over it.

irti^l-cho'bzk fi hada_l-bashkeer Darn the hole in this napkin and u jarrbi t'aoodi ta'raali^n-nakshe try to make the design again.

irkai shakfe fl liadeek il-bdbrdai Insert a piece into that blind,

il-kidh kbeer kteer lar-rati the hole is too big to darn.

ko'bll baki^l-bashakeer mlah? Are all the other napkins in good condition?

sho"()ftho"on kobllhoon u baslioof I have examined them all and see inho"on ho'bm u sharashif is-soofar that they, as well as the table-

w^il-maharim w^ibyootil-mchad- cloths, handkerchiefs and pil- dat ma byilzamhoonsh tasleeh low-cases require no mending.

jarrib itsheel had61_il-booka' Try to take out these spots, some

ba'dlio'bn booka' dihu ii rairhoon are grease and others are fruit bo"oka' atmar stains. sharashib hada^l-rata mkatta' The fringes of this cover have

ba'dho'bn; ii laish innhot)n bish- been partly torn off; as they

"een iftki il-chiyata 'ala toblha u are ugly undo the whole seam sheeleeho^on and take them off.

inti ma cliiyatteesh hada mleeh Youdidnotsew this right, cut it iftkeeh w^imshi 'ala heez do'orri and follow a straight line. — 156 — ko'oiDsaiim-nomhadolimmazza'een These nightshirts are too much kteer ista'raleelio'on rabtat ijrooh torn, use them for bandaging. hadol il-manashif saroo irfk' kteer These towels have become too •an in yista'raaloo ba'd aktar mitl thin to serve any longer as

manashif, ^d'o^seehtf'on la shikaf, towels, cut tliem into pieces,

itneelitf'on chiti i'laka fl kobll hem tliera, sew a loop to each wa^de w^ista'mleeliobnslianiyet and use them as dusters. rabara limniin td'ochlsi min^ir-rati w^il- When you have finished the dar-

chiyataaoodi kobll ishi la matraho ning and sewing, put everything

into its place. shoo 'ammalik ta mall ya sooltaiie'? What are you doing So~oltane?

'ammali atarriz mindeel mitl mana- I am embroidering a Ramallah veil. deel ramallah meen 'allamik it-titreez? Who taught you to embroider? t'allamto fi_,l-madrase. ho'bnak I learned it at school. There we 'allamobnakanianshot)rl_^il-charj were also taught the making of

hon fi sliwi min^illi^'milto lace. Here is some that I made. hal-charj ma'mool mleeh u hoo This lace is very well made, and min karasta mleeha kteer kteer it is of very fine material. ma'mb'ol hal-charj bi makkobk Is this lace made with a shuttle willa bi sdbnnara'? or with a needle? ma'mobl bi sobnnara It is made with the needle. btarfl tislitirli 'ala^s-sobnnara? Do you know how to crotchet? na'ara achadt saat bi sho^orl^ii- Yes, I had lessons in needlework ibre w^is*sobnnara and crotchet. raooshkadir alakisobnnartik, wain I cannot find your crotchet-hook. bitchabbeeha? Where do you keep it? mal?tobta fi 'oolbet il-chashab It is in that wooden box with hadeek ma' il-mkass w^il-ko"osht- the scissors, thimble, measure ban w^ il-mitr w il-bikal and hooks and eyes.

jo"()mal 'an^it-taks*. Meteorological Phrases. keef it'taks il-yom? How is the weather to-day?

1* 2* means also crochet-book aud-kuittiajj; needle. j^ for -r- — 157

is-sama mrime u ana bachaf inna The sky is clouded and I fear

tisbti that it will rain. is-sama safye ii bala ryoom ii had a The sky is clear and cloudless,

yom 'al las-safar it is an excellent day for a journey. k&n it-taks "atil ij-jot)m'a^l-fatat We had bad weather last week. il-lail bikooa ritib kteer ba'd The night is quite damp after a inhar mdayik min ish-shob w_,ir- sultry day. ritobbe btiftkir inno niyih yiji ra'diye? Do you think that a thunder-

storm is coming? moosh 'ajeebe I should not be surprised. hiha btadat tir'id u ana hassait There it is thundering already,

bi akammin noToktet shit a and I have felt some rain drops. byiuzal mawazeeh kawiye fi hal- Have you heavy rains in this blad? country? imbala; amma^r-ra'diyat ma bi- yes, but thunderstorms as a towlobsh kteer wala bikobuoo rule do not last long, nor are mdbchtreen 'adatan they severe. kabl ish-sl)ita btibrik daiman Before the rains it always lightens. shobfma ajmalkosil-kadaliMiadak. Look, how beautiful that rain-bow

hoo 'alame inn it-taks mleeli is ! It is a sign of fair weather. marrat biseer bard kteer fl^sh- It is sometimes quite cold in

shita ma' inn it-talj w^ij-jleed winter although snow and ice nadreen kteer u kawam bidobboo are very rare and they melt quickly. inkalab^il-hawa issa tili" or habb The wind has changed, there is il-hawa^sh-shamali a north wind blowing now. ida habbhawajbbnbbbirarbifi_sh- When a south-west wind blows shita btikdar daiman tistansir in winter you may always expect shita rain.

is-shita nazil mitl_,il-mazareeb' The rain is pouring in streams.

habb hawa kawi shobf keef biliflf A strong wind has risen, see how

il-rabara. h^di zoba'a it whirls up the dust. This is a whirlwind.

ish-sharkiye bi^s-saif 'adoo kbeer The east wind, in summer, is a

la. n-nabat gieat enemy of vegetation.

1* for ^>cry 2* lit: plur. of niizrdb gutter of roof. — 158 —

laish hee haik? Why is it so?

hee hamye kteer u bittowwil amrar It is very liot and lasts often

akammin yora hee bitsabbibhatta several days; it causes the leaves tinshaf owrak ish-shajar w_^ib- of the trees to wither and tdbbrtf'ok il-hasheesh w^il-'obshb burns the grass and herbs.

il-barad darr ashjar il-bobrdkaii The hail has done great damage kteer to the orange-trees.

hlida owwal sha'a' lash-shams fl This is the first ray of sunshine hal arbaV iyam il-acheere during the last four days. ibtadat tftim It is beginning to grow dark. rabat ish-shams ii nihna lazim The sun has already set and we nista'jil la kiddam must hasten on.

shoofkeef sha'a' ish-shams lowwan See, how the rays of the setting

il-ryoom bi ko^oll il-alwan il- sun have coloured the clouds

hobmr w^il-kirmiziye with all shades of red and purple. tiir il-hlal u hi owwal najra Tlie new moon has appeared and

there is the first star! ij-jow fl^sh-shark haik safi hatta The atmosphere in the east is so inn^il-kamar w^in-njoom bibinoo clear that moon and stars seem 'ala boo'd maddet eed to be within reach of one's hand.

Vomrak shoo ft tareek it-tabbaue Did you ever see the Milky way

haik safl mitl ma hee il-yom? so clear as it is to-night? in-nada kawi kteer ilbis balto The dew is very heavy, put on an overcoat. il-badr tali' u 'an kareeb bibaddid The full moon is rising, it will is-sdblme disperse the darkness. il-fajr biyan fl^sh-shark w^in- The dawn is visible in the east, nhar ij-jdeed byibtidi 'an kareeb the new day will soon break. shot)f! in-njoom "ammal yid'afoo Look! the stars are paling, the

'am titla' ish-shams sun is rising.

owwal sha'a'atha tareen 'ala roos His first rays are coming over

hadoleek ij-jbal rad j^onder mountain tops. in-nashaftowwal hadiis-sanakteer The drought in this year was very prolonged. ir-rtoobe sabbabat hadeek ish- The damp of last winter has shatawiye haseede mleeha caused a good crop.

rakabt najm aboo danab illi biyan Did you watch the comet which — 159 —

kabl akaminin shahr fi^s-sama? appeared in the sky some raoaths ago? la ma rakabtish wala shooft ksoof No, I did not, nor did I see the ish-shams wala^l-kamar eclipse of the sun or of the moon. byikdar il-wahad ishoof shikaf One can see shooting-stars almost

injoomHakreebau ktfbll laile every night. fi mooddet is-saif b3'ikdar il-wahid During the summer you may have amrar kteere irakib is-sarab* often an opportunity to see a mirage.

salamat, mjamalat, sho^okr, Salutations, Compliments, t'issif, taiab, i'tidar, tahane Thanks, Regrets, Requests, u rair ashya Excuses, Congratulations, etc.

Salutations.^ sabbhak* bi_ ]-chair or sabah il- Good morning^ {lit: May He chair or nharak sa'eed meet you with goodness in the morning).

yis'id sabahak or nharak sa'eed Answer : May He make your mor- imb^rak or yis'id has-sabah ning happy. nharik sa'eed or allah ma ik Good day (lit : May your f. sing. day be happy). all ah yihfaskoom Answer'. God protect you. bchatrak Good bye {lit: With your leave). ma' is-salame Answer: In peace. masseek® bi^l-chair Good evening {lit: May H"e let your evening be happy). yisid masak Answer: May He make your even- ing happy. laitak sa'eede Good night {lit: May your night be happy). lailtak sa'eede mbarake! Answer: May your night be happy and blessed.

1* lit: 2* 3* star piece-s. instead of ^Ir- The literal translation is given, generally, of the first of each group only, for the rest the student is refer- red to the vocabulary. 4* for habbahak 5* The suffix must be adapted to the person or persons addressed. 6* for imasseek !

— 160 -

When passing some one on the road:

marbaba Welcome! {lit: a spreading- out

i. e. to you - be at ease).

marhabtain or alf marhaba Afiswer : A double spreading out!

il-'awafe^ or ya'teek^il-'afye Health ! May He give you health allah i'afeek w^ichalleek or Ansiver: May God give you health

allah i afeek and let you i. e. live. sahl.i badano May his body be well^l badano isallmo Answer: May he keep his^ body well!

Greetings to a Visitor.

When so?ne one knocks at the door:

tfaddaP or na'am Please come in. Help yourself. ahlau u sahlan or alilan u sahlan Heartily welcome {lit: You have u alf marhaba or ya meet ahla met of your parentage and u sahla or ahla ahla ahla! come upon a smooth path)*.

fi 1-mitahbil Answer : The ahla and sahla wish be fulfilled in him who

wishes it.

To an honoured person one adds to this greeting : ahlan hallat 'alaina^l-barake Welcome! blessinghas come upon us.

To an infrequent guest is said after the salutation: shoo jara hatta sharraftna? What has happened that you have honoured us?

ma mnistarneesh 'an il-fadl ya Answer : We cannot do without

seedi your favour, sir. mooshtakeeu ya afandi We have a longing [for you] afandi^! u nilma bi^l-akta^^ Answer: And we in the augmen- tation^, min zaman ma zoortnash or ma For a long time you have not sharraftnash visited or honoured, us.

1* for il-'a

2* This salutation is used only to workman, and always in the 3rd person.

3* The Arabic word is used in many senses such as "please" accompanied by

gesture. 4* /. e. you are 'not a burden to us. 5* Form of address to the

educated. 6* i. e. have a greater longing.

i : : : \

— 161 — tfaddal istreeh Please rest yourself.

meen shafak istarah Answer : He who sees you has rested. When offering Refreshments.

Asking for something: kallif chatrak shdorbet mai Please (lit: let it cost your plea- sure) a drink of water

hadir or hadir 'ala rasi ii 'aini Answer: I am ready or Ready, or ala rasi u 'aini upon my head and my eye.

Bringing the water one says: tfaddal! — mamnoon Please! Answer: Thanks.

After one has drunk those present utter the tvish : haniyan! To your welfare. allah ilianneekoom w ichallee- Answer: May God give you well

{i. e. kolDm . being and let you live). The drinking one says:

sirrkotim or bi^sirrkoom or mahall To your health (Hi: Your sacra- 'amir ment, or, in your sacrament, or a built house^). Those present say in ansiver to his wish

sahiitain or yihnalak^ Double health or May it give you enjoyment.

After having drunk coffee one says daime Always*. Answer of the host or a member of his family allah ideeni hayatak May God let your life continue.

Phrases of Assent.

kot)lli 'ala hsabak At your service lit: My entirety upon your account, taht amrak Under your command, "ala rasi u "aini Upon my head and my eye. tikram Be honoured, bahibb akaddim lak cliidame I love to do a service for you.

1* One must never make a request until seated, especially when the request is a personal one when, if possible, it must be postponed until the end of the

visit. 2* /. e. May your house be inhabited by yourself. 3* for yihna lak. 4* <. e. May you always have coffee under the same joyful conditions as now. If coffee is offered in a house of mourning one says: allah yirhamo mai/ God

show mercy to him /'. e. the deceased.

A Manual of Palestluean Arabic. 15 — 162 — mill shanak On account of you. koormalak For your honour. min shan chatrak For the sake of your will. Thanks,

mamnoon ; kattir* chairak; Much obliged. May He increase your possessions. mamnoon kteer; Msht; mamnoon Very much obliged; You have hibtfak la achir daraje lived: Much obliged to the last

degree [for] your kindness,

allah ikafeek "anni . May God recompense you in my stead. Regrets, ana kteer mit'assif 'ala kalami I regret much my hard words. 1-kasi miskee)! ma a'tal bachto! poor one, how bad is his luck J ya haram! forbidden thing!

Requests and Excuses, batrajjak t.Vmal ma'o hal-ma'roof I beg you do him this favour, bihyatak^o/'bi'aidakorbisliarafak! By your life or by your morality bihj'at^ ooladak il-ralyeen 'alailv by your honour o>- by the life of your children who are dear to you. dachlak or dacheelak or dacheel I implore you. I implore your 'ardak morality.

Jfhen wishing to excuse oneself or wishing to go: dastoor. — tfaddal Permission. Answer : Please, bi^l-idn. — idnak ma'ak With permission. Ansiver: Your permission is with you.

Congratulations and Good Wishes. When taking leave: ma mninsasli ma'roofak abadau We shall never forget your kind- ness, allah JkObn nia'ak; allah ibarkak God be with you. God bless you. inshallah btitwaffak If God will may you succeed. Wish after shaving, hair cutting or bathing: na'eeman May it do you good.

1* for ikattir. §* for bi liiya(tak). ;;

— 191 buttercup liannoon atjfar cypress saroo husk l^ishr; Cabbage malfoof Daisy o"okho~bwan hyacinth o"b]kinto"os; no' min cactus sabr dandelion -ilk es-soosann calyx kd()mm ez-zihre darnel zawan hyssop zofa kdbnl) ez-ziihra date-tree tamr; nacble Indigo neel camomile baboonij; krai'a date, fresh balahi ivy habab el-mas;ikeen caper kabar date, dried 'ajwe Jessamine yAsmeen cardamou hail doom tree dom juniper lizzfib; 'ar-ar carob cbarroob dura ddbra Knotweed Ijo'oddab carrot, yellow jazar Ear of corn siibal Larkspur mihmaz carrot, white lift earthnut fo~bsdka lb laurel rar cn=;tor-oil plaut charwa' egg' plant baitinjan lavender lawanda ; chzam

(11 t-miut hasheesh el-ko'ott; elder bailasan leaf warak na'na' eryngo ko~brs'anne leek toom; ko"orrAt catch-fly mdb?§aig;ko^ttain eucalyptus shajare§-50omr lemon, sour lemoon hamid el-ra§al euphoi bia hilbe lemon, sweet lemoon liiloo cauliflower karnabeet; Fennel shomar; basbasi lentil 'adas zahr; kanabeet fig teen lettuce chass cedar arz fig, early daifoor lichen bahak el-hajar celeiy kirlis fig wort hasheesh^ esh- licorice root irk es-soos celery, wild kol3rfo~bn shoke lily zambak 169X cherry karaz filbert bdbndo'bk lupine to"ormo~bs chestnut kastana fir ti'ee kraish Mahogany tree shajar chicory hindbe flax kittan 5a el-kabii chickpea ho"ommo"b§ flower zhoor maidenhair sak el-aswad chervil bakdoonis fruit tamar maize do'bra §afra chrysanthemum lowwander Oarlic toom mallow cholibbaize; cho'bt- (.innamou kirfe geranium wild ibrit er- miye cistus jibra; koXtmmaile ra.i or el-'ajocz mallow, Jews mloochiye citron trolinj: ko~bbbad germander kamaudra;ji'de mandarin yoosoof afendi clematis ma^a; shabatbat gilliflower mantoor mandrake yabrooh; tooflVih clover barseem ginger ziinjabeel ej-jinn cocoauut joz hindi gladiolus dalboot maple do'bbb; kaikab coffee-tree bo"onn globe-thistle =akkoob mai-joram za'tar colchicum wada'a golden rod tiyoon medlar za'^roor colocynth hausal grape ko'otf 'inab; -ankood melon, sugar batteechasfar colrabi kro'onb ^rape, cluster of nnab melon, water batteech convolvulus shdbbrol^k grape, unripe ho"osro"om mimosa littain; salamon tiujan el-kadi grass hasheesh; ^o'bshb mignonette isleeh; baleeha cor libb esh-shajara grass, feather halfa farue; aboo irwais; -arnoos coriander ko'bzbara grass, scutch enjeel hasade corn kamh greengage barkook mint ua-na corolla taj 11 ikleel ez- Hawthorn boot; za'rdbr mulberry toot zihre hemlock showkaran mullein shajarat ed-dibk; cress jarjeer hemp klnnab 'awarwar cress, water rashad henna henna mushroom fdotr; 'o'oshb crocus za'faran; ko'brko'om herb cho"bdar; hasheesh el-rirab cucumber chiar hoUyhock chifmiye mustard chardal; chirdaile cucumber, Arabic fakkoos honey- wort lis;in el'-'o^ogfoor myosotis adan el-far cucumber, squirting fakkoos honey-suckle zahr el-'asal myrtle himblas; ;is el-ehmar horeliound ikraiha Narcissus rdbnjdos; bzak cumin kammoon horse-tail kat' wa§l, mish- en-nabi cyclamen gaboonit er-ra'i; shir nettletree ko'orrais; banat karuain el-razal hound's tongue lisan el-kalb en-nar

instead of 192 —

nightshade dnah it-ta'lab poplar hor baudorat el-htye poppy chashchash nut joz potato batata nutmeg joz et-teeb pulse katani Oak balloot pumpkin kar'; koosa oak, evergrreen sindyan pumpkin round yakteen oats shoofan ; ho1)rtman; purslane bakle; farfaJtieen .;hart;'il (Quince safarjal oleander difla Radish fijl olive fruit zaitoone raisin zbeeb 1 1

— 1 93 — GENERAL.

Al)ai ';ib;"iyt; lb accomplice midnib ma- administration wikale r ibandou tarak accomplish kiimmal idara al)ase oneself t\v;"ida- accord adan [jib] admirable -ajeeb ibbreviate iclita^ar accordance with, in bi mow- admiration -ajeebe 12 ibbreviation iclitis;ir according- to biua'an 'ala admire t-ajjab abdicate ista-fa accordingly lihTida admit sallam hi ibdication isti'-fa account n. hisab r admit (enter) dachal 135.1 ibdomeu batn; karsli account of, on bisabab admonish vvabbach ibhor kazz, ihtakr accountant mhasibji 162 admonish (preachj wa-as 122 iibhorreiice ilitik;ir accredit sadak admonition towbeech r ability imk^iii accumulate jama, adopt tbanna abject Achir d-iiaje accumulation jam" (5a adoption tbiniii 162 able, be 71R. 114 ' kidir accusation shkawe r adoration ikram r aboard adv. 'al-markab accuse shaka 127 ishtaka 148 adore akram abode maliall il-ikame accused n. il-mashki 'alaih adulterate zowwaf, rashsh abominable dani accustom s. o. to 'owwad -ala advance (go forward) abomination rajas: karah accustom o.s. to t'ow- tkaddam 142. aboitioQ tarh wad 'ala 137. 1 advance (money) v. sallaf .Inuind malishe,mhasli.s}iak ache v. wajja'; allam advantage manfa'a r 170, ilioiit takreebau ache u. waja= 5a alam 5a ifade r ;ibont to 'raih 199 acid h;imid 169 axeed advantageous nafi'; molifeed ;ibout wliat? 'an aish 24 acknowledge i-taraf adversity deeka r above adv., prop, aktar min acknowledgement i'tiraf r advertisement i'lan r alireast adv. ddorri acquaint 'arraf "ala advertise aMan abroad chHrij acquaintance ma'rfe 169 advice n. mashoora r; ilirogate riyar acquiesce sadak 'ala, kibil naseeha r abrogation taryeer acquiescence ko'bbool r advise shar, nasah abruptly lialan acquire kisib 114 hassal advocate mhami r abscess ddbmmal c acquit barra adze kaddoom 12. 172 absence raibe, ryab acquittal tabriye affair amr 6a -amal 4a; absent, be vab 126,-> act V. 'imil, fa'al maslaha 170

absent minded sarih,tayish act tactfully sas 126. 1, affectionate lateef kteer absolute b^il-ko'l^Uiye tsarraf afflict mabli ;ibsolve v. hall act deceitfully ihtal 147 affliction bala, baliye.lO absorb mas;;, nashsh act n. 'amal 4a afford kadir -ala absorption nashsh;, ma.ss action kiteet il-'amal afraid chayif abstain mana' action reaches climaxl27. 2 after ba'd 76 abstinence imtina' active 'amil afternoon ba-d es-soljhr abundance katra activity ^amal 4a afterwards ba'dain abuse v. ihtakar actual hakeekatau again marra tanye abyss ka' adapt 0. s. t'owwad 'ala against (opposed) didd 78 accelerate ista'jal add jama' against (direction) lajih- accept, please tfaddal 142. add to zad 126. 2 het; nahoo accept s. kibil 114 when addicted to miyal la age 'dbmr 4a banded tUi'iwal 143.3 addition jam' 6b aged mchatyir acceptable makbool address v. kallam 136 agent so'omsar acceptance ko'obool address (letter ) 'inwau r agha ara 166. .5 access do'ochool address (speech) chitab r agree upon ittahad 145. 2 accessible mdiDrnkin il- adhere tmassak hi agree with wafak ho~o§ool 'alaih adherent za'eem 8 agreeable makbool accident 'arid; hadi 'atil adjoining dakik agreeable, find istahla 153 accidental bi^^^-^itfe adjourn t'ajjal agreement ittifak accommodate o.s.kiyafuafso adj ure hallaf agreement, keep hafas accompany rafak 139. 1 administer twakkal kalamo

A ]tlanual of Falestinean Arabic. 19 — 194 — agreement, make t'ahad ancestor jidd 6a Arabs 'arab 143. 1' anchor marsa 10a arbiter hakam agriculture zira'a ancient 'ateek, kadeem arbitrament ho^okm el- aid v. sa'ad and u, wa hakam aid n. msa'ade angel malak 174X arbitrary bala nasariye aim V. t'ayaa anger kahr arch v.'^akad 113.1.2 aim n. marma 169 raye r angle zawiye arch n. 'akd air hawa pi. ah wive angry, be zi'il, ridib 114 archangel rayis el-malaike airless bala hawa angry za'lan, radban 176.2 archbishop rayis il-asakfe alas! ya wail 89. 3 tafran or il-matarne alight V. hatt 'ala animal hiwtm 166.4 archdeacon rayis shamamse alike mitl animate, hi arched ma'kood alive, become hiyi 131 ankle kahil architect mhandis 167 alkali kali anklet chrrolchal 171 hob- archway rwak r. f. aU kobil 34 jo'bl ardent riyoor all, in bij-jobrnmle announce a'lan IV F argue tnasar allege kal; idda'a annoy kahar, ras argument mnasara alleviate 136.3 annoyance kahr; r;"iis aritlimetic hisab alliance ralialafe annual kobll sane, sanawi ark fo"blk allow adan anoint masah arm v. sallah 136. 1 allowance idu another rair 35 aim n. eed, dra' allude lammah answer jawab 139.4 armful 'ibt allure rarr 116,2 answer n. jawab 5. R2 arm-pit bat 6b.N almanac takweem r, ro"bz- radd. 6a arms slab name answering radid 165.1 army jaish 6a Almighty the il-kadeer ant-hill wikr en-naml around hawala almost takreeban anvil siddan pi. sadadeen arouse fiyak, nabbah anxious mo"bsh mirtah arak -arak alone wahd80;la hal + suff idtarab 145; anange rattab 136 along 'ala tool anxious be hamm arrangement tarteeb alphabet alef ba; hroof il- 36 array v. saff 116.2 hija any shee, ishi, hiyallah any more shee ba'd arrest habas 113.2 already nahoo apart mafrook arrival wo'b.'>ool r. f. also kaman apologise i'tadar arrive wi§il 121 altar madbah 169 apology 'idr 6a arrogance killit il-haya alteration taryeer apostatise tarak deeno arrogant kaleel il-haya although ma' inu apostle rasool pi. rdbso-ol arrow nashshab r.f. alum shabbe apothecary farmashi 162 arsenal to"bbbchana r, ta- always daiman apparition soohoor rasana r amass jamma' appeal do'o'a, istid'a arsenic zirneech, too'm ambassador safeer 3 appear sahar 113.3 inshaf art fann 6a amber k:irib appearance shofe artery sharyan 171 ambition hd^^bb ish-shihra appetite kabliye 191b arihritis waja' al-mafagil amble v. rah wan applaud istahsan artifice radr amble n. rah wan apply (ask) sa'al 'an artisan jiani' 9 ambush makman 169, apply ista'mal artillery toobajiye kameen r appoint 'lyan 137 as mitl 78 American amerikani 161 appointed be t'iyan as fast as 127.2 amiss 'itib appointment ta'yeen r. f. as if ka'in amnesty 'afoo appreciate kaddarish-shee as often as kooU ma among bain keemto as soon as halan amputate kata' approach v. iktarab 145.1 ascend tili' 'ala amulet hjab La. hirz 6a (min or la) ascending tali' 165.2 'ooze r tahweeta r approve istaswab Ascension day chamees amusement kaif, lahoo apron wazra i§-$'ood amusing, m'anis, anees Arabic 'arabi 161 R ascertain akkad N 1 5

— 195 —

ashamed, make chajjal attractive jadib barefoot hafl 176.

186.1 auction mazad r. f. bargain v. *awam, fasal ashamed misthi auctioneer biya' bi_^l- bark v. 'owwa ashes ramad, sakan mazad barn machzan 169, tab- ashore tili' 'al-barr audible masmoo' ban 171 RN ash-tray aianfada 170 auger (tool) barreeme r barracks kishla 2 aside .ala janb aunt (maternal) chale r barrel barmeel 173 ask sa'al 117 aunt (paternal) "amme r barrel (rifle) kasabet il-ba- ask counsel istashar 152 author m'allif r roode ask (demand) talab 118. 5 authority hibe r barren mo'bsh mobch§ib or ask for dismissal ista Ja 153 autumn chareef mo'btmir

ask, forgiveness istarfar l50 avail 0. s. ista'mal barter sawam 139. 4 ask, permission ista'danloO avarice tama' basalt hajar bo^orkan asleep, fall ni'is avaricious tamma' r based upon mabne 'ala asperity hidde avenge intakam bashful sahib haya asperse sabb, bahdal average m'addal 176. 1 basin hod 4a aspersion bahdale r; ma- avoid tjannab basket rush ko'olfe 4b sabbe r await istansar basket wicker salle 4b aspire sa'a awake fak 126. 2 basket, large kafeer, sail assemble jama' awful fadee" bath hammam 167.2 assembly jam'iye 191b awl machraz 169 battalion o'orta assertion iddi^a axe balta r battle mowka'a r assign s. o. istachas^ 151 axis mihwar bayonet sanka r assist sa'ad 139.1 axle dinjil bay (sea) chaleej

assistance msa'ade r; m'oone Back gahr 6a be cf. 71- 216 if. associate shreek 8 bacon dihu chanzeer beach shafi assume (office) istalam backing (carriage) tarjee' bead charaz

. assure yakkan I36.4akkadli backward warrani 175 R2 beak minkar 171

assured, be t'akkad bad (: evil) radi, mo'bsh beam jisr 7 assuredly min ko~bll bidd tiyib 176 R bear young wilid 122. 136.4 astonished mit'^ajjib; mad- badly off, pretend to be bear (carry) hamal hoosh tbarbak beard dakn 5b, lahye 2 at fi; bi; Mnd; "ala bag kees 4a beardless one ajroode 174 at any rate halt kan; 'ala bag, travelling shanta r beast (wild) wahsh 6b ko'oll hal bail kfale r beat darab, chabatll3. at Urst owwalan i9 bake chabaz 113.2.5 beat into pieces dakdakl54 at last acheeran 49 baker chabbaz r beatitude tooba r at once 'al-harik 76 bakery mahall il-cho"obz, beautiful sareef 178 at the beginning bi^l-owwal fo'orn at the end bi^l-acheer bald iikra' because 'ala yadd; hatta; at the most 'al kteer 78 bale balla, hizme r ta; bi hait; min hait atheist kafir ball ko'ojje 2 tabe r because of 'ala shan atmosphere jovv ball of yarn kabkoobe r beckon wama 129 atone tab bandage n rabta r become §ar 126. 2; 219 attach 0. s dachal ma"'; bandage v rabat become again 'ad 126* 1 ittafak ma'; indamm la banishment manfa bed, go to idtaja' 145 attain hassal banister darabzeen 167. 2 bed frash la attainment tah§eel bank (river etc.) shati 13.3 bed-cover lihaf la attempt v. jarrab 134 bank mak'ad 169a bedaub jarmak, wassach attend hidir banker bankaji 174 bed-room odit in-nom attead to (sick) 'alaj bankrupt iflas bed-sheet sharshaf 169 attend to dabbar banner bairak 169, boon- bed-8tead tacht 7 attendance zyara r daira 174 Beduin badawi 161 attention intibah r. f baptise 'ammad 136. 1 beef lalim bakar attentive dayir bal 176 R baptism 'o"ommad beer beera attest shihid barbarous barbari 162 before (in front) ko'oddam attract injadab barber hallak r before (in time) kabl 1 11

— 196

beg (ask^i trajja bitter mo~orr book kitab la beg sLahad • bivouac 'ardiye bookbinder mjallid 165. 3 beget wallad black aswad 180. 1 bookdealer ko~btol)bi 162 beggar shahhad r black, become iswadd 146 book shelf raff ko'^ito'bb begin bada 127. 3. 1-48; blacking booya boot boot begin to do sar 219. 2 blacksmith haddad r boot, led Beduiu zarbocl beginning bdaye bladder kees il-mai bootblack boyaji 167. 2.R bebead kati' ras blade nasle 4b booty raneeme behind wara 62 blame v. lam 126. 1 bore V. kadah 113.3 behold! shoof; laik blame n. lom boring tkeel id-damm being n. dat pi. dawat blanket hir;im soof 183 Rl beleaguerer mhasir r blaspheme jaddaf borrow ist'ar 152 believe aman 139.2 blasphemy tajdeef bosom ''o'bbb believe s. o. saddak bleat ma"a both tuainhdbm belief eeman bleed v. fasad 113. 5 bottle kanneene r bell jaras nh blemish 'ar bottom ka'^ 6a bellow minfach 17 bless barak bough far' 6a belly batn 6a bltssing barake r bunuciary hadd 6a belong to chass blind a'ma bounds ihdood below taht blinded, be in'ama 144.4 bouquet tishkeele r belt zoonuar 171 blindness 'ama bow V. hana, Iowa bliss sa'^ade bend lawa 130 liana bow kos pi. kwas benefit u. ni^me 2 blister n faklo'ble 174 bowels am'a, masareen bent, be inlawa 144. 4 block Vo^ormiye pi. kaiami bowl sahn 6a blood berry habbe 6 damm box V)olbe r sandook 172 beside janb blossom v. nowvvar 137.1 buy walad 5a sabi 11 besides rair 35: ""ada ''an blossom zahra 6b braces hammalat besiege hasar 139. 1 blouse bloose bracelet iswar 17 IR best-man shibeen 12 blow v. nafach 113 5 bracelet, glass dimlij 169 bestow bachshash; ahda blow (wind) u nafch brain dimar 6b \ bet V. sharat 139. 1 rahan blue V. nival bran nchale 139. 1 blue azrak ISO. 1 brandish lolah, hazz bet n shart 6a blue, become izrakk 149 bta,sier kanoon 14 betray chau blunt mlallam brass nhas agfar betroth chatab 113. 5 board, wood chashabe,16h brave sho^oja" betrothal chdbtbe r board, feed ta'am; akl bray .shanhak 154 betrothed be chatib 176. 1 boast V. iftachar, fashshar breach fisch, shookk better o. s. istalaJi 145. boast n. iftichar, tafsheer bread clio'obz, cho'bbez between bain 67 boaster imfashshir bread, loaf of irreef 11 beware of cf. § 16 boat flooka 12 breadth "ard 6a Bey baik 166. 5 boatman bahri 167. 4R break kasar 113.1 beyond ''alahadak ish-shati bobbin mkabb razl break out (disease) fasha Bible torah bodice §idriye 127.1 bier na^sh body (animate) jism 6a, big kbeer 90a. 156 badan 5b break into pieces kassar 134 big, make o.s. tkabbar 142. body (inanimate) jism, breakable kabil it-takseer; bile marara hajm 6a byinksir bill hsab 166.4 boil V. rili breakfast v. fatar 113.4 billow raime boil (milk) fowwar 137 breakfast n. ffoor r bind rabat boil over tar 126. 1 breast (fem.j bizz 4a bird tair 6a boil (disease) habbe, tdbl"^ breast sidr 6a birth wilade boiled maslook breath nafas 5a bishop molttrau 171, dos- bold jasoor breathe tnaffas ko^bf 174N bolt n sakkata breechloader baroodefa.shak bitch kiilbe bondage 'o'bboodiye r bieeze naseem bite V. 'add 116. 2 bone "asm 4a bribe v. bartal 154 bite n. 'adda r bone-setter jabbar. mjabbir bribe n. barteel 173 13 1 1 1 2 2 .

— 197 — brick toob c buyer 'ameSl 3 cast V. (metal) sakab bricklayer banna toob buzz wazz cast-iron badeed sakb bride 'arbos 12 by u, wa 62 castle kagr 6a brideg-room 'arees 11 Cabin oda fi_l-markab castrate chaga bridge jisr 6a cackle v. l^aka casual bi_^§-§idfe bridle v. lajam 136. cage kafag 5a catalogue birnamij,katal6g bridle n. lijam r. f. cage in b; cunning inbal cataract (eye) mai zarka brigade liwa pi. alwiye 'ala 144 2 catarrh rashh bright lami", mishrik cake ka'k catch V. misik 115 safar bring jab 124 calamity mageebe 12 _ 145. 1 bring back radd 116b calculate hasab 113.2 catechism katakeesmdos bring in fowwat 137 calendar mafbooch 172, Catholicism katlake bring out talla' 136. takweeml67.2ro"ozname r caught, be inmasak 144 bristle n. sha'r chinzeer Caliph chaleefe 3R cause n. sabab 5b broad 'areecj 91a. 181. call V. ( name) samm cause V. sabbab broil shawa call V. nadah 113. 3 na- cautious hidir broken be, into pieces tkas- da 140 da'a 145. 2 cave mrara lb. 12 sar 142. call at miyal 137 cease battal 136, 1 broker so'bmsar 174N call n. nida ceiling sath 6a brook sakye 13. caller out mnadi 167. 1 celebrate 'iyad 137. 1 broom mo'oko'onse 170 callous kasi celebrated 'ageem 178 brother ach pi* ichwe callow jalbobt mashhoor brought, be injab 144. 1 calm hadi, sakit cellar machzan ardi brown asmar 180. 1 calumny washi; namm c cement shimeento brush V. farsha camp mahatt r. f, censer mabchara brush n. fdbrshai can 71R, 219. 2R centre markaz 169 brush, paint foorshait dh;in canal kanai r century jeel 5a brutish fass candle sham'a r ceremony rasm, taks 6a bubble fo'okkai'it mai candlestick sham'adan r.f. certainly akeed bucket daloo cane 'aga pi. 'dbgi certificate shhade buckle bo'okle 2 cannon madfa' 169 cesspool kadoora bud V. tala_k, atlak IV F canvas kmash kloo' chaff tibn bugle nafeer 3, boori cap tfirbobsh 172 chain jauzeer 173sinslel70 build banii 127 capital rasmal 167. chair ko'orsi 169 builder banna pi. banayeen captain ko'bbtan 171 chalk tabashoor building 'amar 166. 4 binii captivity sabi chance, by bi,^?-§idfe bullet go'olle r caravan kifl 5a chancel mlmbar 169 bunch dolimme r card, playing shadde change n. tabdeel 167. bundle hizmer, bdbkje r cardboard kartoon change v. riyar 137. 1; burden himl 5a care for i'tana change (coins) ?rafe burial dafn r. f. care, take! deer bal+suff. changed be (money) ingA- burn ishta'al; shabak care of, take ijtahad raf 144 burnt, be ihtarak care, I don't care cf. 85 channel sakye 13. 3 burst infajar, infazar carehil hidir chaplain kaplan bury dafan 113. careful, be intabah chapter fa§l 6a a§bab r. f bush darl 5a careless bidoon hadar; character tab' business shdorl 5a mo'ohmal charcoal fahm business matter da'we 170 careless, how! ma ahmal charge s. o. v. wa§sa fi busy mashrool carpenter, najjar 165.3 charge (cost) si'r 5a but vvalakin, la kin carpet sijjad r. f. charity ho'onoo butcher lahham r carpet, smooth bjat la chaste 'afeef 181 butter zibde carriage 'arabiye; karroosa chastise addab 136. 2 butter, cooked semen carrier 'attal 165. 3 chastity 'Iffe button zirr 4a carrionjeefe2.N2ftee?!e 12 chat hadeet c buttonliole'irwel59. 168.2 carry hamal 113. 2 cheap rcheet! 181 buttress sande r, ro^bkbe 2 cartridge fashak c cheat V. rashsh buy ishtara case, in any 'ala ko'bll hal cheek chadd 6a

A Manual of Palestioeaa Aiabic. 20 — 198 —

cheekbone fakk 6a clergy kahnoot command n. wagiye 10 cheerful farhan clever shatir 179 amr 13.1 cheese jibn c cleverness shatara r commander amir;ko"oman- chemise kamee? 11 cliff haffet gachr dar chess lob'bet ish-shatranj climate manach commerce tijara chest (box) sandook 172 climb t'amshat commission komisyon chest ?idr 6a cloak kabboot committee jam*iye chew 'alak 113.2 lak 126.1 clock sa'a kbeere common (low) dani chief kayid pi. koowad clod talla'a r rabade r common (to several) mdosh- child walad 4a close (a- hole) sadd 116a tarak 'o'omoomi chills bardiye 163 closet chazane communion(eccles.) il-'asha chimney madchane 170 cloth kmash; jo'och; r-rabbani chin fakk 6a daku 6a clothes haje 13.2 community jeere china (adj.) kishani 161R cloud n. raira 6a companion rafeek 3; 'a- China it'-§een clouded mriyim sheer 3 chisel sinsal 171 clove krdbnfo'ol c company jama'a; shirke choir jok 4a club dabboos 172 comparatively bi^,n-nisbe choke sadd clumsy dibM compare kabal cholera hawa agfar coachman "arbaji 164 comparison mkabale choose intachab 145.1 coarse chishin 176.1 compass ibret il-marnateea nakka 187.2 coastland sahil 13.1 compassion shafaka choose for o.s. ichtar 147; coat, Europ. §ako pi. ^akat compassionate hanoon 176.1 ithabba coat sitre 2 compelled, be iltazam chop kassar; katta" coat, long ko'bmbaz 171. 145.1 injabar Christ il-maseeh coat, rain mshamma' compensate 'owwad 187 Christian nobgrani; maseehi cocksure ralees ed-danab competent kadir; kabil Christianity id-dyane^l- coffee kahwe 164 complain of tshakka min maseehiye coffee-cup finjan 171 142 5; ishtaka min Christmas 'eed il-meelad coffee-cup holder sarf 6a complementv. tjamal 143.1 church kaneese 12 coffee house keeper kah- complete ily) chaLis;kamil cigarette sigara r waji 164 complete v. challag, 136.1 cinnamon kirfe coffin taboot 14 kammal circle daire 13.2 cohabit daja' completion tacblee?; tak- circumference ko"obr;hajm; coherent mitwa§il meel dayir coin °Imle c nkood c compose allaf 136 2 cistern beer 4a cold (adj.) bardan 176.2 compress n. rabta r cite proverb darab; matal bard compute hasab cited, be intalab cold n. bard 163 concave mka"ar; ajwaf city mdeene lb colic marg conceal chafa; chabba civil (polite) adeeb collar kabbe concealment chifa claim talab r.f. daVe r collect jama"^ concede tsahal clan hamoole 12 college kdblliye r.f. conceit kambara; kdbbriya clap the hands zakkaf colonel meer alai conceited mitkabbir class-room gaff 6a colour Ion 5a conceive (woman) hibil claw n. machlab 169 coloured mlowwan conceive (animal) 'ashshar class, Ey daraje column 'amood 14 conceive t§owwar clay trab, teen comb V. mashshat 136.1 concern v. 'ana clean v. naddaf 136.1 comb n. moosht 5b concerning chdogoo? clean vessels jala 127.1 come aja 128 concession irade; ro'bchsa . clean ndeef 181 come in sight wafad 122 conciliate msalim ^ cleaned, be t'azzal come near to akbal 'ala conciliation msalame; cleanliness nadafe come upon (befall) hall so'oHia clear v. (weather) gihi 137.2 'ala conclude istadall 151; clear away 'azzal 136,1 comet najm aboo danab istantaj clench his teeth kazkaz comfort V. "azza 137.2 concrete tabit 'ala snano coming n. jai 29 condemn hakam 'ala cleft shi^l^ 6a coming, the 120. 200 condescend v. tuazal 1 1

— 199 — condition shart 6a coral moorjan 167. 2 credit "ala^l-bisab coi;dition (state) Ijal 5a cord chaitma?{ieep, ^eetan credulous bi^addi^ ko'bll condole "azza cord for keffiye 'ikal r. f. ishi conduct u. slook cork falleen c creed kanoon il-eeman confess ^arr ll6a corkscrew barreeme creep zahaf confession i'tiraf corn (foot) mo~bsmarl71 crier za"ak confidence tika cornelian 'akeek crier from minaret m'ad- confirm akkad 136.2 corner Jj:o~brne pi. Ijo'bran din; mnadi confiim (eccles.j tabbat correspond katab crime jo'brm 7 congeal magal [144.4 correspondent mkatib crime commit a ajram IVF confused, become in'ama correct v. gallali criminal jani 13.3 mo'ojrim congratulate bArak; hanua corridor zakook cripple mkarsah 137. 2 corrupt fasid crochet v. ishtaral 'as- congratulation tahinye pi. corset mshadd sdbnnara tahani cost V. kallaf crochet-hook so'ounara conjecture chamman; gaun cost n. tamau crooked malwi conjure da'^a costly tameln, rali crop hageede connect rabat cotton kdbtu 183 cross V. (field) marr, marak conquer istafar 145.1 ihtall cottou adj. kdbtni 183 min 113.5 146 couch diwan cross §aleeb 11 conqueror safir; yalib cough V. sa'al 113. 5 kaliti cross, be inkahar conscience clameer 12 116b crossing n. 'abbara; mam- consciousness, return to cough n. sa'le ral^ wa'a 129 council majlis 169 cruw V. Vaka consecrate tkarras counsel mashwara; ma- crowbar no'ochl 7 consent n. ko'obool shoora r crowd V. zaham 145 b consequence nateeje counsel, take tshawar crowd zabme consider tfakkar; t'ammal 143. 3 shawar 139. 4 crown n. taj 11 consider s.o. ijasab; ra'a counsellor mo~bsheer r crown of head ko'ommet consideration mo'bra'ah c count 'add 116a er-ras console o.s. t'azza counterfit v. tkallad crows-feet ja'dat constitution dastoor countless takleed, tazweef crucify ^alab consul ljo1)ngo"ol 169 country balad 4a cruel kasi contain wisi^ 123; sa' 126.2 courage, he has ilo kalb64 crusader galeebi 167.1 hawa 130R courage a. shaja'a crush haras content radi courageous jiri' crust kishre continent barr course majra pi. majari crutch "o'okkaze continually dayim court tosh 11 cry V. gah 126. 2 continue wagal 139.3 court of law mahkame 170 cry V. (jackal) ""awa 130 continue always dam 126.1 courtesy ihtisham cry n. grach; ?yah contract, make a f^ahad 143. cover v. rata cry of joy zalfoota contractor mit'ahhid cover n. rata 137. 2 5. 112 crystal balloor contradict dadad covet tama' fi cuff ko"omm 5b contrary adj. adv. (Jidd coward fatas, chowweef cultivate (plants) ta^'am convenience r;'iha crack shikk 6a culture adab 183R2 convent dair 6a cradle sreer 12 cunning makkar 176.1 conversation mahka cramp tashanno'oj r. f. cup, glass kadab 4a kas 6a converse itsalla 142. 5 crash dajje cupidity tama' conviction ta'keed crawl dabb 116. 2 cupola kobbbe convince o.s. t'akkadl42.2 crazy habeel 177 curdle ma§al; cook V. tabach 114. 5 cream kashta cure V. 'alaj; shafa cook n. 'ashshi 166. 3 crease tanye r cured, let o.s. be t'alaj 143.1 cool V. barrad 136. create chalak curious (inquisitive) daUoo" copper nhas created machlool^ 176.1 cure jaddoole coppersmith nab^ias creation chaleeka curly aj'ad copy V. nasach creator chalil: curry (horse) hass 116.1 copy n. nooscha credible, be tgadda^ 142.1 curse V. sabb 2

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curse V. (God) la'an debt dain 6a desert barriye curse n. la'ne; masabbe decayed m'affin 176.1 deserve istahal !50; ista- curtaiu bobrdai deceit makr; ha^k 151 custody, give in owda' 141.2 deceive rashsh 116.2; design ^a-de 13.1 wada"" deceiver rashshash; mak- desirable marroob custom 'ade 13. kar desire shahwe custom ( duty) koomro'ok 164 deception rishsh; makr; desirous shahwani 175R2 customer ziboon 12 chida' desist imtana' custom-house offic. ko~bm- decide. a question anha desolate charai) rdokji 164 il-mas'ale despair, be in yi'is 128 cut V. ka5§ 116b decision ho'bkm 5a despisable makrooh cut D. kassa declare good istachwa§ despise hakar cut off kata' 150 destination maksood cutlet kasfalaita decline to imtana destitute, be matrook cymbal snooj c decorate ziyan destroy charrab Dagger chanjar 169 decorate o.s. jachch 116-2 detailed mfassal daily ko'oll yom; yomi 175 decrease kallal detain 'owwak dam so'odd 56 decree amr 13; irade detect uabbash damage v. darr dedication ihtifal determine atbat damage n. darar deduct (monev) cha§am detest ihtakar damp ritib 176. 1; mablool 1 J 3. 1.2; kata' dethrone a^ikat 'an il-arsh mrattib deed 'amal 5a deviate tad 126. 2 dampness irtoobe deep rameek 90a 181.1 devil shitan 17 IR dance v. rakas 'ameek 176.1 devote o.s. to tfana 143.4 dance n. raks c defeated, be inralab devotion (pers.) badl ed- dandruff kisbr defeated marloob dat 'an danger chatar 5 defend dafa- 139.1 devotion (relig.) dbade, dangerous mo"bchtir deference i'tibar taljwa dare v. istarja 153 deficit I'ichchir devour iftaras dark ,itm 9da 176. 1 defraud chada'; rashsh devout zahid dark, become 'attam 136. 1 degrade watta; dew nada darkness sdblme, -itme degree daraje dial wajh es-sa^a darling liabeeb Deity iloohiye diamond almaz darn rata 127. 1 delay v. achchar diaphragm hajib bain is- darning n. rati delay n. 'Ska sidr w,^il-batn date V. arracl) 136. 2 torach delayed, be t-owwakl42.4 diarrhoea insihal; ishai date n. tareech 14X delegate nayib pi. no'bwah dictate uakkal daub tartash delicate na'im 176.1 dictionary kamoos 14 daughter bint pi. banat delicious ladeed die mat 126. 1 twaffa 142.3 daughter-in-law kinne delight ladde differ v. (in form) farak dawn f aj r deliver harrar differ V. (in opinion) ichtalaf day of 12 hrs. nhar demand v. talab difference cf. § 86 fark, day of 24 hrs. yom 175 demand n. matloob 201 ichtilaf day, all tool eu-nhar demon jinn c jinniye f. differently *ala fair tar eek day, previous kablhabiyom denial uakran difficult si'ib 90a: tkeel deacon shammas 174N denounce ishtakal48shaka difficult, be si'ib 114' 1 dead n. miyet r deny nakar 113.1 difficulty s'obbe dead, pretend to be itma- depart safar diffuse intashar, fah wat; istamwat 149 depend upon t'allak; dig hafar 113. 2 deaf atrash 180. 2 ittakal 'ala dug be inbahash 144 dealer biya- depose "azal 113.2 digging hafir 104 dear, become rili 127. 2 depth ro'bmk digest V. hadam dear (beloved) tiabeeb 90b deride istahza dignity hibe, wakar.'asamc dear (opp. cheap) rali 90a derision iztihza diligent shatir '90b- 179 death mot derwish darweesh 173 diligent, be tshatar deathlike mitl^il-miyet descend nizil 115 dim mo~b-tim debase o.s. watfa keemto describe wajaf diminish jjallal 1 1

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dimple on hand taloole disobedience ko^bbr er-ras; doctrine tadeem 173 dimple in face shame -inad dogma a^eede 10 dine tradda 142. 5 disobey *anad doing 'ammal; 'am 198 dinner rada 137. 2 disorder 'ajka dome kdbbbe 2; 'alj;d 6a diuingroom odit il-akl disordered, be tcharDat done, become istawa 148R dip gabb 116.2 disperse farra^ donkey driver tiammar

dip s. 0. ratt-as 136. 1 displease ras 126,2 ^ahar 16.5.3 direction jibha disposition (arrangement) donkey saddle jlale 162 directly halan, -al-harik tarteeb 173; tanseem r.f. rahl c dirhem dirham 169 disposition (tendency) mail ditto, maker of jlalati 162 dirt wasach ila door bab 5a dirtv wisich dispute V. hawar door keeper bowwab r dirty, be itwassach dispute together tbahat doorlock zarfeel 173ralr.f. disappear ichtafa dispute n. mihawara dose (med.) kammiye r

disappointed marshoosh li, disquiet mdosh hadi 176E double V. da«af

raltan ti disregard v. ahmal double takain, mijwis.56 disapprove lam, istakbah disrespect n. ihtikar r.f. doubt V. shakk 116.1 disaster mseebe dissatisfied mitdammir doubt shikk 6a discard zawa dissolve hallal; dowwab doubt, no imbala; bidooa discernment tamyeez distance masafe r shikk discharge (.accused) 'afa^an, distend (eyes) bahla^ doubtful mshakkak feeh lafar distinct wadih dough "ajeen discharge (gun) atlak, distill karrar; kattar down taht kowwas distinguish v. imtjlz downward la ta^it discipline adab, marba distress v. ramm; kaddar dowry mahr 6a discontented moTish radi distress n. ramm; kadar dozen dazzeene discontinue kaff 116. 2 battal distribute farrak -ala drag sal.iab 113.3 jarr 116.2 discount iskat distribution tafi-eek r.f. drain v. safta discover ichtara^ r.f. district nahye 1.3.3 jihha drain n. majra discreet labeeb distrust v. shakk fi drainpipe masoora discrimination fark 7 disturb az=aj draught (air) masraf discuss iddakar 145 disturbance 'ajka; haiza'a; draw jarr 116 2 disease marad iz'aj r.f. draw near kirib disembark nizil -al-barr ditch chandak 169 drawer jarrar

disembowel fazar dive ratas fi 113.5 drawers kalsoon 167.2 disfavour n. sacbat diverge from mal 'an drawers, women ilbas disfigure triyar 126.2 drawing-room odit es-

disgusted, be in'af 144. 2 diverted, be sihi 12 ( 2 so'okna; odit id-dyoof zahak divest V. itjarrad drawn, be injarr 144.3 disgusting mo"bstakrah, divide kasam 60.113.1 drawn away, be inzah 144 2 min'af dividend, arit. maksoom dreadful mo'ocheef disheartened ya'san division arit. kisme dream v. hilim 114.2 dish, straw tabak 4a divine v. hazar dream u. hilm 5a dishonest mo~bsh mo~bsta- divinity o'oloohiye drench v ballal keem division (part) kism drenched, be tballal 142. 1 dishonesty ^adam il-isti- divisor maksoom 'alaih dress V. libis 115 kame divorce v. tallak dress s. o. labbas 136. dishonour v. bahdal, 'ah divorce n. talak dress n. libs 6a fo'ostan; 126. 2 dizziness docha r 171. tob dishonour n. 'adam ish- dizzv dowchan 176.2 dresser (kitchen) sdbfrit " sharaf; 'ar do cf. 81 it-tahdeer dislike barad do. sawa 140: sowwa dressing-table so'ofrit il- disliked, make o. s. barrad fi don't ever! ma 'o'omrak Idbbs dislocate fakash ta'malo drink give to saka 127. dislocation faksh do without istarua 'an drip nakkat dismiss -azal do with, what have you to drive v. (beast) sak 126. disobedient 'aneed shoo ilak mahka ma- drive (carriage) -arbaj

I 2 1 41. 1

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drive n. mishwar 171 earthenware aniyet fo"och- emetic mdbljiyi' drive away hawa 140 tchiyab char pi. awiini emphasis rakk driveu away, be intaradl44 earthquake zalzale 170 employ sharral driver 'arbaji ease (repose) raha employ (use) ista^mal drop V. (into eyes) katar east shark employment sho'brl; man- drop n no'ojkta 2 Easter 'eed il-kbeer zale; wa^eefe dropsy istiska eastern sharki emptiness farar drought naahaf eastward lajihhetish-shar^ empty v. fad^a 137,2 drowsy, be sihi 127. 2 easy sihil, hiyin, chafeef empty, become firir 114.1 drowu s. 0. rarrak eat akal fadi drowned, be ririk eat with s. o. akal 139. 2 empty adj. farir 176. drug n.dawa 5aK2 'ilaj r. f. eatable, be byittakal emulate sabak druggist farmashi 167. 2R ebb jazr enable kaddar drum V. tabbal ebony chashab abno~ns enamel n. meena drunk sakran 181. 2 ecclesiastical kahnooti encamp chiyyam drunk, make askar 141. echo sada encampment m'askar drunken man sakrau r eclipse ksoof c encircle howwat 137 drunkard sikkeer r economical mwaffir encircling mo^bheet Druze ddorzi 6bN economize waffar 136. enclose hawat dry, become yibis 123. 114. edge taraf 5a enclosure tahweet r.f. dry, make yabbas 136. 4 editor mharrir encourage jarra' dry adj. nashif educate rabba 137. 2 had- end V. challag; anha due (fitting) layi^ dab 136.2 end nhdye [jahdo due (owe) madyoou educated mhaddab endeavour V. ijtahad; badal dues, take one's basab education adab endeavour n. ijtihad dumb achras 180. education, receive trabba endure ihtamal dung zibl 142.5 enemy 'adoo pi. a'da durable, be dayan 189. 4 efface maha energetic sarbast duration mdbdde effected matboo' energy hazm; sarbastiye dust V. rabbar 136. I egg baid c engaged, become chatab"' dust n. rabara egg, lay bad 126.2 Englishman inkleezi 161

dust of thresliing floor moos either ... or amma in . . engineer mhandiz r duster shreeta 1 2 shartoota r willa engraving naksh 7 dusty, make rabbar elbow koo' pi. kwa' enjoy o.s. tana^'am; inbasat dutywajibr.f.fard 7,hakk6a elect intachab 147. 1 enjoy a thing inbasat duty, customs kdbmrook 169 electricity kahraba, kah- enlarge kabbar; wassa' dwarf n. ko'oz', to'oz' 11 raba'iye 136.4 dwell sakan elegant sareef enlist iktatab dwelling-place mahall element 'angar 169 enmity adawe 167.2, maskin 169 elevate 'alia, enough kfai elevation irtifa' r. f. enough (only) bass dye V. sabar 113. 5 low- ell dra' pi. adro'o' enrage ihiyaj wan 137 [15( eloquent faseet enquire after ista'lam 'an' dye lek'^her dabar emancipate tachallag min enquiry istichbar'an dyer sabbar embark nizilfi^l-markab enraged, be iftas dyer of leather dabbar embarrassed, become tiar enrich iftana dysentery zintar 126.3 enter dachal 113.5 fat Each kdbll embezzle ichtalas 126.1 each other ba'd 32 embitter marmar 154 entertain salla 137.1, charn eager mo'oshtak embrace v. 'anak 139. entertain (guest) diyaf 137. ear dain 15 embrace each other t'aual^ entertainment, evening earring halak c 143. 1 sahra early bakkeer embrace n. m'anaka entirely bi^l-chali§, bi^l-j earn isthalj:^ embroider tarraz 136. ko'olliye, yami earn wages taila' embroidered mtarraz entirely without yamm haU earth trab embroidery tatreez c entirely ko~bll 175 earth (globe) ar(J 157kdbra Emir ameer 3 entrance dchool 1 1 1

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entrapped, be wihil 122 except 'ada 'an factory masna' 169: ma*- envelope mrallaf 167. 2 exception istitna mal 169 garf 6a exert dabbar date fade dibil envious one hasid 9 excess fok il-'ade fail chab 126.2 envy hasad exchange v. badal hi; baddal failure chaibe epilepsy da' en-no~bkta exchanged be tbadal VII faint V. rimi epitaph tareech il-kabr exclaim sarrah faint (hunger) mchowwir

epitomize ichtasar 145. 1 exclude istatna faith (relig.) iman r. f. equal mitl excuse i'tadar 145.1 faith ^rust) ittikal r.f. equals, it tsawi, excuse n. 'dbdr 6a i'tidar faithful ameen 176.1 & 178 equality msawah r.f. faithful n. moVmin equally kadd-|-pers. pron. exempt istatna 153 fall V. wa^a' 136. 4 equator chatt il-istiwa exercise v. maras fall n wik' 6a eraser, rubber niimhai exercise n. dars false mo'bsh mo~bstakeem err rilit exhausted halkan falsehood "adam il-istikame error ralat 5a exile V. nafa falsify zowwar 137. escape, v. harab, sbarad exile n. nafi fame ism, seet escape n. hareebe existence woojood familiar ma'loof escaped, have iuhazam 144 existent mowjocd family 'aile escort hashye expect istansar 150; in- famine joo' especially cho'osoosan tasar famous mashhoor essence dat 30 expectation intisar r.f. fan mirwal?a 170 essential do'croori expel tarad fanatic n. adj. mit'asfib establish assas 136. 2 expend saraf fancy 'ann 'ala 116 1 esteem i.tabar expenditure kilfe 2 mas- fancied, he "ann 'ala balo estimate v. kowwam 1-S7. 1 roof 172 far b'eed 181 1 et cetera ii rair ishi 86 expensive rali 90b farewell, to bid wadda. halo'bmma jarran experience v. ichtabar farm n. mazra'a; hosh eternal abadi, dayim experience n. chibra r farmer fall ah eternity abadiye experienced michtbir farrier beetar Eucharist il-'asha_r-rab- experienced man mjarrib farriery, practice bitar 154 bani experienced, become ich- farsach farsach 169 eunuch machsi tabar 145.1 farther warrani 74 European franji 161 fascinate ijtadab experiment 'amaliye evade magya" fashion mooda 2 explain fassar evaporate itbachchar fast (quick) saree, ijil explode infajar evening 'ashiye 10 masa fast V. sam 126. extinguish tafa 127.1 event hadti 13. fast n. som: siyam r.f. extinguished, be intafa ever daiman; tamalli fast, be sabbak; kaddam 144.4 every ko'bll 34 fasten v. shadd 116.2. mak- everlasting omdayim; extortion mass; kan evil sharreer 91; radi 90a extract juice v. imtass: fasting "ar-reek 176K 182 istachraj fat adj. smeen 1"! 1 evil n. so^olm exult ibtahaj fat shahm,dihn exact masboot 176.1 exultation ibtihaj fate mseebe exact, be dakkak 136.3 eye 'ain 15.157 fate, ill raziye9X, mseebe 12 exactly bi^t-tamam eyeball hadaket il-'ain father ah pi. abbahat examination fahs; imtihan eyed, become one- i-warrl49 fatherless yateem il-ab examine imtahan 145.1: eyed, one- a'war 180.2 fatten samman: rabbab karrar; itfala- 'ala 145a eyebrow hajib 13.1 fault 'aib 6a example matal 5b eyeglass uagsara faulty masboot 176. 1 example, for matalan eyelash ramsh 6b favour v. faddal excavate hahash -ala eyelid jifn 5b favour n. ma'roof 167.2; fadl exceedingly kteer 95; la eyesocket jooret il-'aiu favourable mwSfiJj achir daraje eyewitness shahid 6b X fawn V. dahlaz excellent Fadil 176 3: 'ala Fable chdbrafiye fawner mdabliz r dhsau tarz 176R face wijh 6a fearv. chaf 126.3habl26.2 4 1

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fear n. faza', chof fore finger sabbabe fly tar 126.2

fear to do ichtasha 148 middle f. wasta foam rarwe

feast 'eed 5b ring f. binsar fodder >-alaf

feather reeslie c little f. chingar fog dabib, ritaita features takatee' il-wijh, finish chalas 113.5 fold V. tawa 130 mahasin fire n. nar 157.11 fold n. tanye, to wye February shbat fire a gun atlak; kowwas folded matwi, matni fee keeme, fire, get on ishta'al 145.1 folded, be intawa 144.4 feeble d'eef fire, set on ahrak; wallac intana feebleness do'o'f fire, take ihtarak; will' follow tibi' feed 'alla^ fire-tongs malkat 169 following illi 29 feed 0- s. iktat 147 fired, be inkawa 144.4 following, the jdi 200 feeder (bib) maryool firm t&bit; makin folly habal feel (touch) lamas firm, become ishtadd 146 fondness mawadde feel (perceive) hass 161.1 firmament jalad food ta'am sha'ar first 46 foot ijr 159 rijl 15 fei'l compassion hizin firstborn bikr 5a forbear ibtamal felicitate biirak, hanna fisher giyad forbearance ihtimSl fellow tana fishhook sinuara forbid harraj felt lo"obbad fishing, go t§iyad 142.4 forbidden mamnoo« felt-cap Idbbbade fist dab'a r force V. ra§ab female adj. m'anuat fit V. wafak force n. rasb female n. iuta fit (a garment) jallas 136.1 forced, be tiyas 137. 1 fence n. tiisyeej 167. 2siyaj kayas forcibly bi_l-ra§b, ra§ban fence in siyaj fit (proper) layik; muasib ford V. ^ata" ferment ichtamar flabby rachoo forehead jibha fermentation iclitimar flag bo'ondaira 174 foreign rareeb ferocious barri, wabsh flame sha'loobe, lahabe forelock rdbrra; nasye fertile, be achsab flank janb, chasra forenoon kabl is-so"ohr fertile michsib flannel fanella forfit 'araboon fever schoone flat n. (ground) sahl 6a forge V. (metal) haddad 136.3 few, a ba'd 33 flat (level) do'orri forget nisi 127 fez tarboosh flatter mallak 136. forgive samah 139 fie! ichs, 'ahh flattery tamleek forgiven, be inrafar field liakl 6a flavour n. dok fork shoke fiery, become himi 127.2 flee harab 113.5 farr 116.2 form V. kowwan fight V. katal 139.1 harab flesh lahm form n. kalib 13.1 fight with takatal 143 flexible Ijabil il-lawi forsake tarak 113.5 fight n. kitill flight (birds) tayaran forsaken matrook figure (form) timtJil flight put to tarad fortress kal'a 4b figure too s. tsowwarl42. flight harab, hareebe fortune (money only) mal file V. barad flint goowan forward! yallah! file n. mabrad 169 flood V. rarra^, towwaf forward go t^addam filial banawi 175R 1 flood tatweef, fayadan foul (meat) mintin; fill malla 136.1; 'abba 137.2 floor tabik (fruit etc.) mchammij talla floor, ground ardiye (wood"* mtachtich fill 0. s. intala 148 flour theen found V. assas 136.2 filled, be tmalhi 142.5 flourish azha foundation asas filter V. karrar flow V. jara 127. 1 founder mo"o'assis filth zbale flow of tide madd fountain beer; nofara filthy mzabbal flower zihre 6b fraction kasr 6a find V. wajad 122; laka flower-pot ko'owwar 14 frame v. barwaz find n. ilkiye flowing (garment) wasi" frame n. birwaz 171 finder wajid: mlaki flute, single ^o'bffaira fraud makr; tazweer; fine (opp. thick) rafee' flute, double mijwis, zo'bm- ro^oshsh 176.1 maira free adj. hobrr 163 finger i§ba' pi. a?abi' flutter rafraf free, be cbali; fddi — 205 — freedom hdbrriye 163 gallows mashnaka 170 goal marma; raye free will irade galoshes kalsheen 173 God allah freight kilfet it-tareek game n. §aid god-father shbeen 12 frequent adj. amrar kteere game (play) lo'o'b gold dahab fresh taza garden bo"ostan;171jnaine goldsmith gayij- Friday yom il-jo-om'a 61 garden round a house good lj^s3,n, tiyib 90a 156. fried makli hakoora 14 "mleeh 181.1 fried, be inkala 145.4 gardener boostanji goodness lo^o^f friend sahib 4R gargle v. machmad goods chairat friend, make ts4hab 143.1 garment tob 4 goods-train babor el-'afsh friendly lateef 178 garrison kashle gospel injeel pi. anajeel friendship sadaka gasp tnahhad gossip barbara; tartara ti'ight faza' gate bowwabe gout no'bkro'bs; dail-mo"o- frighten s. o. chowwaf 134 gather lamm 116 1 look fi'ightened, be tsarsab gauze shambar 169 govern malak frog (horse's hoof) daban gaze V. balilak government dole from min, 'an 62 gaze u. bahlaka governor waU 9 front ko'oddam gender jins grace ol)bbaha frontier hadd genealogy nasab 5a graceful aneek; k^^ayis frost mallah generosity shahame gracious, be an'am 141.1 frown V. 'abbas generous shahm grade daraje frown D. ta=bees gentle 'akil graft V. ta«am frugal mo'o'tadil genuine moosh marshoosh grain habbe fruit fakha 13.1.N 176R grandfather jidd 5b fruitful mdbchsib German almani 161 „ mother jidde, sitt fry V. kala get hag?al „ son hafeed frying-pan maklaye ghost chayal grain falli 4b fuel wakeed Ghost, Holy er-root el- grant v. istajab 152 fuel (made of dung) jali kdbdo'bs an^am 'ala fugitive harib gift 'atiye 9N grape honey dibs full malau, malyan 176.22 gimlet barreeme grasp V. ^abad fulfil tammam gipsy noori pi. nowar grating (fire) msabba' funeral dafne girdle kamar, zdonnar 171 grateful shakoor funeral service ju;'ize 12 girl bint pi. banat grave kabr 6a funnel mahkan 167.2 girth hzam 166.4 168.1a grave-yard makbara 170 fur farwe give 'ata 127.1 graze rin furious mithiyij, msharbit glad mabsoot grease v. ziyat (of camel) glance n. nasra; lafte great kbeer 90a fiu-nish jahhaz glaring zahi great, consider istakbarl50 fui-nished (house) m'attat glass kazaz greatness ko'obr furniture atat glass, liquur kadah greasy midhin 176.1 furrow talm glaze V. lamma' greed tama' further v. sanad glaze n. talmee* green achdar 180.1 fuss V. jakjak glory fachr, iftichar green, become ichdarrl49 futile battai glove kiiff 6a greet sallam 136.1 futility batale glue rira greeting salam r. f, future mo'ostakbel glue-pot mirrai grey abrash 180.1 Gabhle n. ja'dane gnaw nakar grey (animal) zarlja gain V. kisib 114.1 go rah grey haired shayib gain n. maksab 169 go about dar 126.1 grief ramm gaiu over istamal 152 go before sabak grievance hamm; ramm gaiter tmak r. f. go by mada grieve s. o. galam; ahzan gale zoba'a go, let 0. s. thamall43.1 grieved, be inramm 144.3; gaUed, be (beast) t'akwar, go out charaj; tili' 114.1 irtamm 146 tdabbar go up &down tmashsha grind tahan gallop V. tarad; chiyal 142.5 grin kashshar gallop n. mtarada, chioole goad nachaz 113.3 groan v. 'anu 116.1

A Manual of Palestioean Arabic, 21 — 206 — grocer 'attar 165.3 harvest v. hagad 113.5 hermit nasik groom sayis; mkari harvest olives jadd 116.1 hernia fitak groove karneesh harvest n. haseede hero jada"; batal ground, (reason) sabab haste 'ajale hesitate traddad grow nabat hat bdornaita 174 hesitation tro"oddo"od grudge hasad hatchet balta hiccough jara guard V. haras, hafas hatev. barad 113.5 hidden, be indara 144.4 guard 0. s. ihtaraz 145.1 hatred bo'orda hide V. chabba 137.2 chafa guard n. kariikoon 167.1 haughtiness ko'obriya hide 0. s. tchabba 142.5 guess V. tiizir lli.2 have ma'; Mnd; la 68.215 high 'ali 90b guess n. hizr have been kan 126.1 high, become "ili 127.1 guest daif 6a haze rootaita highway so'bltane guest-house manzil 169; head n. ras 6a highwayman nashtari madafe head, (leader) riyis hill talle 4b guide dalool 14 headache waja' er-ras hilt nisab guilt danb headcloth bashnooka; hinder manas cawwak guilty midnib tarbee'a 174. hindrance mani'; 'ayik. gum so'omr headdress, maideu'sro'bk""a hint n. ishara gun baroode 14 headdress for married wo- hip chasr gun, double-barreled jift 7 men shatwe hire v. ista'jar gunpowder barood headdress, priest's kalloose hire n. ajar gutter kanai 174 history tareech gutter of roof mizrab 171 health 'afye; 'awafe hit V. sab 126.2 guttural halki heap n. kom hither jai la hon Habit chisle heap up kowwam 137.1 hive n. kafeer; chaliye hack bahash hear sama' hoarse mabhooh 176.1 had, be wihil 122 hearing sami' 165.2 hoe fas 6a hair sba'r 163. 6b heart kalb 6a hold sa' 126.2 hawal29R halawi halawe 162 heat V. wakad 122 daffa hole bachsh 6a chdbzk 6a half no~b?5s 50 137.2 ?achchan 136.1 hole in wall, to let out hall ro'bwak heat n. shob; harr smoke talja r halter mikwad 169 heated, become Ijimi 127.2 hollow adj. farir 176.1 hammer shakoosh 14 heave tnaffas hollow out ka"ar; jowwar hammer, sledge matraka 12 r heaven sama 166.6 holiday fdbrga 2 hammer, stone breaker's heavenly samawi 175R.1 holy mkaddas mahadde heavy t^eel 90a 9a'b holy n. kiddees hammock shabake 181.1 N home (native land) watan hand-bag jo'osdau 171 heel ka'b 4a honest ameen; galih hand v. nawal 139.4 height 'il»5o honesty amaue r hand eed 15 heighten rafa' honey 'asal handful kamshe, kabda heir warit pi. wdbrata honour v. sharraf 136.1 handkerchief mahrame 170 held, be inmasak 144.1 iljtaram 145 1 hang (a man) shanak 113.1 hell jiihauuam 157 honour, (dignity) sharaf; hang up 'allak 113.2 help each other tsa'ad 143.1 makam happen jadd 116.1 §ar219N help s. o.to s'thingkaddam honour, (rectitude) istikame jara li honoured mdbhtaram 176.1 happiness sa'ade helper msa.id hoof haflr 13.1 happy sa'eed 178 mkiyif hem V. tana hook V. shankal happy, make as^ad 141.1 hem n. tani hook u. shankal 169 harbour meena 2 henna, be dyed with than- hook and eye bikle 2 hard ^asi na 142.1 hooked imbakkal hard, become jifi 127.2 herd n. ra'iye hoop tolj: hard (unfeeling) jafi here hon hope V. ammal 136.2 hard (solid) jamid here, from min hon t'ammal 142 2 intasar harm v. darr 116.2 here is hi; hiya 21 hope u. amal 5a harmonize sakab heresy hartaka hoped, it is to be in.shallah harness n. 'idde heritage wirte horizon o'oflj 5a — 207 —

born lj;arn 6a ignited, be iltahab 14n.l incense Idbban; bachchoor htiiiible shanee' ignorance jahiliye incessant dayim horror jafalan ignorant jahil 179 incisor nab 4a horse shoe hadwe ignorant, be jahal 111.3 incite hiyaj hose narbeej; barbeej 173 ill =iyan 176.2 incline miyal hospital mo~bstashfa 167.1 ill, become 'eyi 131 [143.1 inclination chatir 13.1 host mdSjif ill, pretend to be tmarad incoherent bidoon Mlaka hostile m'adi illegal mo~osh tanooni income madchool hot so'cchn illness marad 5a incomparable ma iloosh hot (weather) shob 90b illuminate nowwar 137.1 tani hotel lokanda illuminated, be indawa inconsiderate bi doon nasa- hotel-keeper lokandaji 144.4 riye hour sa'a illude magya. inconvenient mitjib hour, appointed wakt il- image goora incoiTect marloot m'iyan imagine t§owwar incorruptible rair fani house dar 157. 4a. bait Ga imbitter marmar increase v. zad 126.2 145b housework sho-orl^^^il-bait imitate tkallad kattar how! ma 89.1 imitation takleed 167.2 incredulous ma bitgaddak how? keef immaculate t.ihir incur adnab; ajram how much? kaddaish immature (man) mo'bsh incurable ma byishfa however amma, walakin mo^odrik indebted (debt) madyoon how many? akamm, kamm immadiately halan indebted mamnoon humanity insaniye immerse rattas indicate ashshar humble, be tawada' immigrant mhajir indifferent,be thamal 143.1 humbled, be ittada' 145.8 immigiate hajar indigo neele humility tawado"b' immigration mhajara induce jabar hump, camel's sanam.hadabe immoral safeeh; razeel industrious shatir hunchback ahdab 180.2 immorality safaha; razale industrious, be jadd 116.1 hunger v. ja' immortal abadi inexcusable bidoon ^idr hunger n. joo' impart chabbar inexperienced rasheem 177 hungry jo'b-an 176.2 imperative (gram.) amr inevitable ma bitrajja hunt V. §ad 12b.2 i§tad 147 impertinent kaleel el- infancy to'ofooliye hunter siyad 165.3 hkya 183E 1 infant tifl hunting, go tgiyad 142.4 impiety ko'ofr infantry bayada hurl akla' implement ale infection 'adwa hurry v. 'ajjal 136.1 ista'- implore trajja 142.5 infer istadall 151 jal 150 import V. jalab infidel kafir hurry n. 'ajale importation jalb c infinite bala nihaye hurt T. waja" 122 important mo'ohimm inflame thiyaj hurt, cause owja' 141.2 impossible mo'osh mdomkin inflammation iltihab husband joz 5a imposter rashshash: chad- influence v. attar hush! ist: hooss da' influence n. ta'teer husk, take out of tfarfut imprecate la'an; sabb inform chabbar 136.1; hut chaime, kooch impress v. attar information chabar, i.lam hymn tarteele impression ta'atto'br;infi''al ingratitude 'adam ish- I ana 8 imprison habas sho~okr ice jleed improve gaUah inhabit sakan ice-cream ddondo~brma improvement ta§heeh 167.2 inhabitant sakin 9 idea rai impure 'ikir inherit wirit 122 idiot majnoon 172 impurity 'akara inheritance wirte idle kaslan in fee 65 inject hakan idleness kasal inaccurate mo'osh masboot injure darr 116.2 idol §anam 5a inactive battal injured, be t'attal idolater watani inadequate mo'bsh kati injustice so~blm if lamma, ida 208, low 209 in as much bi ^adar ink hibr if not willa incapable mo~^jsh mottdrik inkstand mahbara 1<1 ignite waUa- 136.4 incarnation taja3Sol)d inlay labbas — 208 —

inmost 'atif invention icbtira'' 167.2 judgement ho'bkm innocence (of guilt) bara'a invest hatt jug jarra innocence (purity) tahara invisible, become rab 126.2 juice zoom innocent bari invisible adj. rayib jump rakad innumerable rair ma'dood invite 'azam 113,2 jump down natf 116.2 176E invitation 'azeeme 12 junction wagl inoculate ta"^am invoke nada, talab inoffensive molDsh mo'odirr invoice fatoora 166.5 just "adil 90b inquire into bahat 'ala inwards jdbwa justly bi^l-ha^k inside n. maile^j-jo^bwauiye iris kos il-kadah justifiable mbarrar inside jo'owa ii'O" V. kawa justification tabreer insinuate dass 116.1 ironed, bi- iukawa justify bairar insist istamarr 151 iron for laundry n. raikwai Ealendar takweem inspire laham iron (metal) l.iadeed kasseedeipoem) kaseedel2 inspired mo^olhara iron (adj.) hadeedi 183 keep (retain) abka instance, for matalan iron-mould ?ada keep (take care of) hafag instead of badal; badal irrational habeel kept well, be 4fa 140 instigate hiyaj irregular mo'osh kiyasi kerchief shal instructed, be t'allam 142.1 irrigate saka kernel bizre instrument ale; 'idde 2 irritated, be hiyas 137.1 kerosene kaz insufficient mobsb kafi island jazeere 12 kettle tanjara insult V. ban 126.2 itch jarab key miftah 171 insult n. ihane ivory 'aj khan chan 166 4 insurgent fodawiye Jacket embroidered tak- kick V. labat 113.5 integrity in?af, istij^jime geera 174 kick (horse) rafas 113.5 (stone) yasbm intellect "akl jade kick up the heels barta- 154 intelligent faheem jam tatle kick n, rafsa intend ka?ad 113,5 jar, large zeer kidney kilwe jar, small jarra intensity sbidde kill mowwat 187,1 katal intention makgood 172 jar, still smaller 'asliye killing katil 104 shar- raye jar for serving water kind adj. -akil 176.3 be; breek intentionally bi^l-arade kind, of this "ala hash- jasper yashb interest s. o. rarrab shishne jaundice reekan interested, be ririb kind (sort) jins 5b jaw fakk 6a shikl 5a interest (money) faide 13.2 kind-hearted tiyib el-^alb jealous riyoor fayid 183 1 jealous, become rar 126.3 R interfere twassat jealousy reere kindle dawa 130 sha"l internal dacbili jest V. mazah kindling hatab international -amm jest n. mazh kindness ma'roof interpret tarjam Jesus yasoo' kindred kareeb interpreter to'orjo'bman Jew yaboodi c king malik interrupt takata' jeweller jowbarji kingdom mamlake interruption mkata'a jewellery jobar 13.3N;c kink tanye interview n. mo^o^abale join wasal kiss V. kabbal 136.1 has intestine migran 171 joiner najjar kiss n. bose intimate tiameem joint ilbam kitchen matbach intolerable mo'osh mintak joint (body) mafsal knead "ajan 113.1,2 intolerance ^adamil-ibtimal joist 'afreete knee rikbe introduce "arraf Jordan o'ordo'bn; sheree'a knee-cap saboonet ir-rikbe introduction (to book) mkad- journal jo~brnal; jareede kneel raka' dame journey gafra knife sikkeen 173 intrude tak^al journey-man fa'il knitting pin so^onnara intrust M'ada' joy farah knob zirr invalid 'ajiz joyful farhan knock V. kara' 113.3 dakl? 'dnkde inundation tawafan judge V, tiakam knot 2 invent icbtara' 145.1 ;waj ad judge n, ^a^i 9 N knot, make a 'akad 113.1 — 209 —

knot in straw when cut lead V. kad 126.2 light V. sbacal kaswal c lead round mashsha light n. (Jow; noor 5a knotty m^ikkad lead to wadda ila 137.2 light (opp. heavy) chafeef know"'!!!!!! 114.2 drif 1U.2 lead-pencil kalam rga?; 91. 181.1 'arraf 13G.1 leader kayid 9 lighten v. barak knowledge Mlm 6a leaf waraka lightning bark 6a Labourer sharfeel pi. leak V. zarab like adj. mitl sharreele leak n. zaraban limb 'adoo

lace charj 7 lean v. ittaka; mal 126.2 liir.e kil.-i lack V. chas 12G.2 nakag lean adj. d^eef 181.1 limekiln liittoou lack u. kille leap fazz 116.1 natt "an limit V. tiaddad lad sabi 11 leap over kafaz 113.5 limit n. badd 6a ladder so'oUam 157. 171R learn t'allam 142.1 limp V. «aruj ladle mirrafe 170 learned ';'ilim 90b 176.3 limp rachoo 176.1 lake bahra learned man 'aleem 3 line a garment battan 136.1 lame a'raj 180.2 last, at the in kallaliit; bi line n. zeeh 4a lame of hand akta' el-kaleele line, be put in iftaif 146 lame, become i'rajj 149 leather jild linen kitt&n lameness 'araj leave v. dashshar 136*1 lining btane lament uadab challa 137.2; imjaraf 144.1 lintel "atabe lamentation for dead ma%ide leaven n. chameere lip shiffe lamp kandeel 173 left, to the 'ash-shamal liquid siyal lamp chimney bannoora leg sak 11 lira (coin) leera lamp, clay sraj la legging tmak list fihris; layiha lance v. batt legible makri listen tnas^at 142.1 lance n. lo'omh 4a lemonade limonada 202 listener mitnassit land (country) blad 11 lend "ar 126,2; karad literary work tasneef 173 land (opp. sea) barr length tool little shwiye; nitfe; sreer landing tshitti lengthen towwal 137.1 90a; kaleli 91 lane zaroob 14 leprous adj. n; abrag 180.2 little by little sliwi shwi language loora; lisan less ilia 54a asrar little, tooakallmin el-lazim lantern fanoos lessen kallal live V. 'ash 126.2 lap V. lakla^ 154 lesson mteele 12 livelihood koot li kiswe lap n. hdbdn lest layilla lively hirik larder bait il-moone let (house) kara 127.3 ajar liver kibde large kbeer 139.2 load V. hammal last V. dayan 138.4 chadam let (allow) challa 137.2 load (a gun) dakk 116.2 last adj. acheer let us 21 1. load n. himl last (shoemaker's) kalib 18.1 letter (alphabet) harf 6a loaf rreef lasting mdayin letter maktooh 172. 201 loan kard late likkees; wachri level (flat) mdostawi loathe kirif 114.1 lately min mdodde lexicon kamoos 14 lock V. sakkar lath bo'ordadiye liar kaddab 167.1 lock (of door) riil 166.4 lathe machrata liar, declare one 134 zarfeel lattice sha'riye 163 liberal kareem 178 chiyir lock wooden dabbe 4b laugh dihik 114.1 liberality karam lock of hair jaddoole laugh, make adbak 141.1 liberty hdorrive lodging maname laughter dihk lick lihis 114J log kol)rmiye pi. karami laundiy marsal lid rata loin chasra law uasam 166.4 kanoou 14 lie V. (opp: stand) (jlaja' loiter tmalta" lawful lj:anooni| 145 a lonely minfrid lawsuit da-we t§&, £1^ lie V. nakar; kadab 113.1 long taweel 90a 181.1 lay hatt lie n. kidbe long as, as tool ma lay (table) saff,i.-7- V lies, obvious hals bi hals long for V. ishtak 147 lay . . . before shakajU life 'eeshe longing shok. lazy kaslan 176.2181.2 lift V. shal 126.2; rafa' long-siiifering taweel er- lazy, be tkasal 113.3 root 183.1 — 210 — look V. shaf mane 'obrf Mediterranean bahr er-room look n. nasar 5a manger ma'laf meet laka 140 look at ittalla' 'ala manners slook, masra meet each other tlaka 143.4 look w. interest tfarraj "^ala mantle for women izar la meet s. o. iltaka 148 142.1 manufactory ma'mal meeting mdoltaka looking glass mrai pi. uio'ori manure zibl [lazim melody laVu 5a loop 'ilaka many, too aktar min_, el- melt dab 126.1 loose, be tchalchal, filit marble racham memorable byisthiklk it- loose adj. falit marbles gdblli 2 tidkar loose, let falat 113.1 mare faras 5a mend v. sallah 136.1 loosen fakk 116.2 fakfak margin haffe mend (patch) v. rakka"^ loosened, be (knot) inhall market sool^ 5a 136.1 145.3 maronite 13.3N mend a seam kattab 136.1 Lord rabb marriage iz-zeej e mend n. ro'ok'a 2 lord over tsallat married, be tjowwaz 142.4 mention dakar 145b lose V. da' 126.2 diya' 137 marrow mdbchch merchandise bida'a 12 lose sight of sh^il 'ain-)-suff. marry one to another jow- merchant tajir 9; biya.' loser mdiyi' waz 137.1 merciful shafook loss chisara martyr shaheed 3 merciless kasi loss, suffer 'idim 114.2 marvel at inbahal mercury zaibak love V. habb 116.2 marvellous 'ajeeb mercy shafaka love n. mahabbe mason ammar 167.1 baana merit istih^ak love, be in hiwi 130R mass (eccl.) kdbddas message chabar lovely lateef massacre madbaha messenger sa i 9N; mirsal lover mhibb 167.1 mast sari 13.3 metal ma'dan 169 [nasat low wati master m-allim method tareeka; oosloob; lower V. watta mat, straw haseere lb metre mitr 7 lower tahtani 74R match (sulphur) kibreet mew V. mawa 130 lowly wadee^ matchless mailosh nageer middle wastani 176.R 2 luck bass; bacbt matter mas'ale midst wast 4 luggage haje 13.2; 'afsh matter, it does not maJaish midwife daye r lukewarm tatir matter, it is a small ishi mighty kadeer lump da'boole kale^l 84 migrate hajar lunch rada matter, what is the shoo mild lateef lung riya d-da'we mile meel 4a lurk trassad mattress firash la milk V. balab 113.1 lust shabwe meadow marj 6a milk n. haleeb lusiy shahwani 175R2 meagre d-eef milk, dried kishk luxuriant jam eel meal wak'a milky way tareekit-tabbane lye safwe mean (low) dani mill tahoon 157; 168.14; Machine makina mean (think) ginn mat-haue mad (from dog) kalban 176.2 mean (intend) 'ana mill, hand jarooshe 174 mad, become jaun 116.1 means, by all 'ala kooU hal miller tabh;m magazine machzan 169 meaning n. ma'na mind n. 'akl 6a magic sihr means t^reelja lb mine cf § 15. mainly cho-ogoo^an means of, by "an yadd minister (polit.) safeer 3 majesty jalale measure (capacity) v. kal minor kasir 179 make sawa 140, 'amal 126.2 minute dakeeka 12 make into siyar 137.1 measure (length) v. kas miracle 'ajeebe maker 'amil 126.2 mirage sarab male n. dakar 7 measure n. kail; kyas mischief darar: shaka manage dabbar meat lahm mischievous shaki 182 management m'amale r mediate twassat miser bacheel maurijjall75,insan,rajo~bl4 mediator waseet 3 miserable (phys.) ta'ees man from 175R 1. medicine dawa oR 2 miserable (moral) radi man, big keeki meditate t'ammal 142.2 misfortune bab'ye 10 manly rijjili 175 - iflakar 145.1 missionajy mbasbshir r b

— 211 —

mist rtaita mould kalib 18.1 narrow diyik 90a: kaleel mistake ralat 5a moulding mastabe el-'ard 171 R mistaken, be inchada' mount V (animal) rikib narrowness (Jeek mistress sitt r mountain jabal 4a nasty radi misuse salam mourn hadd 126.2 nation dbmme mitigate lattaf mourner ha did r national o~bmmi mix jjibal 118.1 chalat mourning ho'ozn 5a native n. & adj. baladi mixed machloot 176.1 moustache sharib 13.1 native land blad moan v. tnaiihad 142.1 mouth to'omm; fo'omm natural tabee4 moderate i'tadal movable mitharrik nature (temper) tab' moderation i'tidal move, a thing za'za^ nature, good latafe modern jdeed much kleer 181.1 naughty shaki modest nazeeh much, as ... as kadd 73 nausea karaf modest, be twada' 143.8 much more than bi_^l-kteer navel gdbrra 2 zdbkra modesty haya. nazalia much, so ... as kadd 78 near kareeb 90a; hadd moisten v. ball 116.1 much, too aktar min _ el- nearly takreeban moment lahsa lazim, bi or fi-zyade necessary adj. & adv. moment, in a fi ramsliet'ain muddy, become wahhal do'oroori monarchy saltane r 136.4 necessity ihtiyaj 167.2 'o'onk 5a monastery dair 6a muddy, make jaljak neck rakbe 4b ndbkra money, bridal mahr 6a muleteer mo'okari money masari multiplication darb necklace tok 5a money-changer sarraf multiply darab 60 need v. "az 126.1 money-lender mdayin multiply o.s. izdad 45. need n. 'aze r monk rahib 11 mumble hamdar, tamtam needle ibre 2 monster mahool municipal council majlis needle, packing msalle r month shahr 6a il-biiladiye 163 negation nafl monthly shahri munition dacheere neglect v. abmal moon kamar 4a negligence ihmal murder v. katal moon, full badr 6a negligent mo'bhmil murder n. katl moon, new hlal r. f. negro %abd 8 murderer katil r morality «ard neigh hamham 154 murmur v. itdammar more, no 81 neighbour jar 11 murmur u. itdimmir more than bikteer 95 neighbourhood jeere muscle 'adal 5a bi^l-kteer music moozeeka neither . . . nor ma . . . more, the .. . more kooU the musk misk wala ma . . . kcHjll ma 94 mustard chardal nephew ibn il-chal or 'amm morning go'bbh; sabah r. i, mutilate charrab nerve 'asab 5a morrow, to bdbkra mutiny hayaj nest 'ishsh 6a morsel, Idbkme 2 mutton bayad net shabaka 4b mortal knbil il-mot my cf § 11. never ma . . . abiidan mortality mot mystery sirr 4a never I, etc. ma ""o'orari etc. mortar, building teen Nail V. sammar 136.1 nevertheless ma- hada mortar, stone jo^orn 4a nail n. mismar 171 new jdeed 91 mortar; metal hawin nail, finger difr news chabar 5a mortgage rahn nailed, be tmasmar newsi)aper jo'ornal 167.2 moslim mdbslim 167.1 naked "aryan 176.2 jareede mosquito-curtain namoosiye name v. samma 163 next, the jai 200 name n. ism pi. asma niece bint il-chal or 'amm most, at the bi^l-kteer, namely yi'ni night laile 168N in kiittariit ; bashkeer napkin foota 2N I night, pass the kadda^^^l- mostly raliban 173. laile mote ua?ra r narrate charraf mother o'omm pi. dommayftt night gown kamees in-nom or o'ommahat narrative cho'oirafiye; nightly ko^oU laile ko'bssa moth eaten m'attit nipple halame motionless mjammad narrator kassag no cf. 71 la .

— 212 — noble ahareef 90a; sareef offence, take achad 139.2 outer barrani 74 181.1; balame; facliir; a^eel offend ahan outlet machraj 169 nobody wala had an offer V. kaddam la 136.1 outside bd,rra nod n. isharar offer resistance dadad 139.1 outwards barra; la barra noise rosh c offer n. takdime oven fo'orn pi. afran noisy mrowwish offering 'atiye of shone & earth zarb nominate "iyan office waseefe 12 over fok nominated, be t'iyan officer dabit 9 overcast (sky) mriyim nonsense hablane official ma'moor 165.3,201 overcoat, long jdobbe r 2 nook ko'aine 'nmil 168.9 mwassaf overcome ralab noon go'bhr official d ecoration neeshan overcome by, be indarr noon-rest ^aile oil, olive zait [171 N min noose shoota r oil, simsim seerij overflow taf 126.1 north shamal oily midhin overhead, fok; fokani 175 nose mdonchar 171; anf 6a ointment barham c R2 nose-bag michlai okiye dokiye r & awak overlook tall 'ala 116.2 nostril chdbzk il-minchar old 'ateek, kadeem 177 overpower ralab not cf. 81 olive press, stone badd 6a oversee nasar 'ala t^ not yet lissa ma omelette 'ijje overseer mnasir 167.1 not even batta omission tark ma overtake sabak 113.4 note-book daftar el-mla- omit tarak over weight, it is rajih hagat omnipotence ko~bdra owe cf. 70 nothing wala ishi omniscience & adj. 'aleem owner sahib nothing, for balash [rair once chatra; marra ox goad mihmas 171 at nothing else wala shee . . once, 'ala_,l-harik Pace kadam notice n. i'lan r. f. one byonewahad wahad 57 pack V. hazam 113.2 noun ism one, regard as wahhad package bdbkje nourish i^tat only bass packing-needle msalle

nutritious mraddi ood (mus. instr. ) 'ood 11 packsaddle rahl 6a now halkait, hal-wakt, issa open v. fatah 113.3 padlock kifl nowhere wala fi makan opening fatih 104 pail satl 6a number 'adad5a;'idde41.R opinion rai; sinn pain waja' nun rahbe r opium afyoon pain, cause owja' 141.2 nurse v. rabba opponent chagm 7 pain, suffer t'allam 142.2 nurse, (sick) v. i^tana opposite kbal painful aleem; mooji' nurse, wet mradd'a r opposition mdodadade paint V. sowwar 137.1 nut (mech.) tlaifha oppress kahar 113.3 paint n. dhan c 01 ya 87 oppression jabr; sdblm painted madhoon 176.1 that ya rait 89.2 or ow pair joz oath yameen orator chateeb 3 palace kasr 6a obedience ta'a order v. wasga; amar palatable ladeed obey tsamma'^ 142.1 order n. tarteeb pale asfar object V. dadad order (command) wapiye palm of hand kaff 6a object n. haje 10; amr 13.1 pan, frying kallaye r objection mdodadade r origin a^l 6a pan, native wash tabak4a oblige (force) jabar original adj. asli pane, window loh obliged majbfior ornament v. ziyan 137.1 panel birwaz obliterate maha ornament n. zeene pantaloons (nat.) shirwal obscene wisicli, kidir orphan, become tyattam 171 observation nihihaga 142.3 pantaloons (Europ.)^ observe rakab orphan, make ya,t_tam 136 5 Wnta- Ion 172 obstacle mani' 13a orphan adj.. yateem 181.2 paper waralj c occasion fo'brga 2 orphan tyittim paper, blotting warak occupation imtilak orphanage d&r il-itam nashshash odious mdbheen Osmanli 'o'otmani odour (bad) natane other rair 35; 'adam parable matal off. lice ihane r ought (•/• ^0 parasol shamsiye 191b 1

— 213 — parch nashshaf perception shoVoor piety takwa pardon v. =adar perfect oo§ooli, tamm pig headed (he) raso kbeer pardon, ask istaffar perfection kamal 183R 2 kbeer er-raa 18HR pardon n. 'idr perfidious chayin pilgrim h^gj 9 parents ahl perfume reeha tibe pilgrimage zyara part n. Ijism 5a; jiz' 5a perhaps maglaha, yimkin pilgrimage, go on zar 126.1 part take ishtarak 145.1 cf. 141.3N pill habbe partnership, enter into tsha- peril chatar pillar 'amood 14 rak period mdbdde pillow mchadde particular cho'osoo^ii perish tilif 114.1 pillow-case bait mchadde partly . ..partly ishi...ishi perjure zoor pilot kilawo'os partner shreek perjury yameen zoor pin dabboos partnership shirke permanent dayim pinafore wazra bi kmam party liizb 5a permission idn pincers mal^at pasha basha 166.4 permit v. adan pinch V. ^ara? pass (hand) nawal permitted masmooh 176.1 pious taki pass by fat 126.1; marak perplex hiyar pipe, smoking ralyoon pass on marak min perplexed, be thiyar 142.4 pipe, clay water kadoos pass the night bat 126.3 perplexed, become ihtar 147 pipe, metal water Jjastal passage zaroob 14 persecute idtahad ma'dani passenger rakib 9 persecution idtihad pipe, bag naye r passion mail persevere in dawam'ala pistol tabanja passport tadkara 170 139.4 pit joora past (time) madi; sabik Persia blad il-fo'ors or 'aj am pit for grain mafmoora 174 pat V. tabtab li 154 person shachg 5a pitch (tent) na^ab patch ro'bk'a 2 personally shachsi pith lo'obb path darb 5b 157 tareek perspire itbachchar. 'irik pity shafaka patience ^^abr perspiring 'arkan 176.2 place V. hatt 116.2 patriarch batrak 174N persuade akna' place matrah; makan [28 patron "ameel 3 persuasion i^na' place of whom, in 'an meen pattern m'ibstara 17(J pert dili" plain (simple) baseet pause V. wakaf pest waba plain n. sahl 6a pause n. wakf pestle madakka plait (hair) v. jaddal 186.1 pave ballat 136.1 petticoattanuooratahtaniye plait of hair jdeele 12 paving-stone balat petition talab plane v. masah pay dafa' petrify thajjar plane (tool) fara pay a debt wafa 129 petty zaheed planet siyar r.f. payment wafi pharmacist farmashi 162 plauk loha r peace, make rada pharmacy farmashiye plant V. raras peace, make . . . together philosopher filasoof 174N plant n. nabate pi. nahat trada phlegm chzook il-'arak plaster (wall) ka^ar peace so'olh photograph v. §owwar plaster (med.) laz^a r peaceful msalim photographed, be tsowwar plate pahn 6a pearl lool'To pi. la'ali ^142.4 play V. Ii'ibll4 peasant fallah r photograph n. soora play n. li'be r peel n. jild, kislir photographer m§owwir pleasant maljbool pen kaiam 5a reeshe pi. physician tabeeb please ef. § 25 riyash piaster kii'sh 6a please v. (like a thing) penalty kasa§ pick kattaf 136.1 a'jab 141.1 penholder masket reeshe pick (fruit) faraf 113.5 please, if youtfaddal [143.2 penitence tobe pick out nakka 137.2 pleasure, have the t'anas penitent n. & adj. tayib pick-axe fas pi. foos pleasure kaif pent-roof rafraf 167.2 picture goora 2 pledge rahn people sha'b 6a piece kat'a 2 shakfe plentiful bi katra pepper falfal piecework, take in tkawal plenty katra pebble haswe r 143.3 pliable kabil il-lawi percentage faide c/" 55. fayed pierce bachash 113.3 plough V. harat

A Manual of Palestioean Arabic 22 2

— 214 — plough n. sikke 159; 'ood poultry tyoor pride ko'obriya ploughshare lia''™«? sikke pound V. dakk 116 priest choori 168 N plucky, kataf 113.5 pound (money) leera prince ameer 3 plumage reesh pour ijabb principallv chdo800§an plunge into (water) uatt fi pour out kabb; sabb 116.2 print V. taba' 113.3 pocket jaibe 6a poverty fa^r printed, be intaba' 114.1 poem shi'r 5a powder, gun barood printer tabba"" 165.3 poems, coll of deewan 14 power kdbwwe printing n. tba'a poet sha'ir 3 powerful mo^oktidir printing-press matba'a 170 point V. bara practice v. tmarran prison habs 6a sijn 6a point (of tool) ras practice n. tamreen prison, cast into cf. § 116.2 point out warra 13/. praise v. hamad 113.2 prisoner aseer 3; mahboos pointed mrowwas 176.1 pray >;alla 137.2 172 poison V. sammam 136.3 prayer §alah private, in bi_,s-sirr poisoning, blood tsimmdbm preach wa'as 122 prize jaize r poke razz preacher wa'is probation tajribe police boolees precaution intibah procession, in bi^^s-saff polish V. lamma' precede marak, ^o'bddAm procession (relig.) ziya^i polite adeeb, lateef precious 'azeez 181.1 proclaim intachab political siyasi precipitate rakad 113.5 proclamation inticbab politics siyase preface n. mkaddame procure iktana pomade dhan prefer faddal ^ala 136.1 produce v. sabbab pomp trdbmba preference tafdeel produce n. mahsool 167.2 poor fakeer 90a 178 pregnancy habal profession kar r. f. poor, become iftakar pregnant hibla 176.1 N profit maksab pope baba 166.4 prepare hiya profitable mkassib population so^okkan pi. of prepare o.s. ista'ad 151 profligate n. sakit; fasik sakin preparation isti'dad progress takaddo'bm popular 'ammi prescribe wasaf progress, make tkaddam porcelain seeni 163 keeshani prescription wasfe prohibit yassak 136.4 pore masam r. f. presence, in my bi wo^ojoodi prolong towwal porter (carrier) 'attal pi. presence, your (form of promise v. wa'ad 122 'attale address) hadartak promise n. wa'd porter door- bowwab presence (authority) haibe pronounce lafas portion kism 5a present v. ahda proof bo'orhan 171 position mowkif present be hidir 114.2 proper chas possess malak present n. hadiye 10 proper, be lak 126.2 possession mdbktana bachsheesh 173 property chagga; possession, gain imtalak present adj. mowjood prophecy tnabba possession, hotc expressed preserve (savoury food ) v. prophet nabi cf.%% 11 to 18 kabas 113.1 proportion nisbe possessor sahib preserve n. tatle proportionate bi.^n-nisbe possible, be amkan press V. (crowd) zaham proposal mashoora possibly mo'omkin press n. makbas 169 propose shar 126.2 possibility imkan pressure kabse prose natr post V. wakkaf pretend to be badly off prospect amal post (wood) sande r tbarbak protect 0. s. ittaka 145.3 posterity ddorriye pretend to be something prosper yassar 13'\4 post-office bosta idda'a l-tSb prosperity tiseer postpone l.iadaf pretty jameel 90a; kwiyis prostitute kahbe 4b postpone a promise tma- prevail faz 126.1 prostrate immaddad tal 143.1 prevent mana' protect hafas 113.2 pot, clay-cooking b;idre 6a previous day kablha bi yom protected mahroos pot, metal cooking tanjara previous kabl protection himaye r potsherd sha^fe price taman; keeme r protrude nabbaz potter fo'ochchari 162. 1 67R priceless ma byittamman proud mitkabbir pottery fo'ochchar 162 prick nachaz 113.3; razz proud of, be tfachar bi — 215 — prove barhan quench rawa recline lawa proverb matal 5a question s. o. istafham recognise i'taraf fi provide dabbar 13'i.l 150 recognition i'tiraf providence tadbeer question n. so1)"al r recollect tadakkar provision moonepl.mo'bwan quick adj. & adv. ^awam recommend wagga bi 137.2 province m^ata'a r quickness chdoffe chabbar 'an provocation tabreek quiet hadi recommendation too^aye r provoke harrak quiet, be kann 116.1 recompense kafa 140 prudence nabaha quiet 0. s. sakkat nafso reconcile rada prudent nabeeh quietness had&we reconciliation mgalaba prune v. ta'am quietly ^as-sakt record n. wa^'a psalm mazmoor quit tarak recover (health) gahh 116.1 puberty bloor quite chali^ t'afa 143.4 shifi 127.2 publish nashar quote tamman recovery shifa publisher nashir quotient charij il-kisme red ahmar 180.1 pudding bo'odeen Race V. tsabal^ red, become ibmarr 149 pull sahab 113.3 rag chirka 2 redeem fada 127.2 pull hard inshadd 144.3 rage v. thiyaj redemption fida pull out chala% chama' rage n. hayajan reduce diyak pulpit minbar 169 rage, get into ihtadd 14H reduction tadyee^ punish nabat railway sikket il-badeed refer ashar 'ala punish ^Hsa§ 139.1 jaza 140 r'y station ma^atta r refrain from imtana, punishment kagas rain v. amtarat 141.1 refresh barrad, tkowa pupil of eye bo~bbo"b ashtat 141.3 refreshment takwiye pupil tilmeed 173 rain n. matar 168.5 a refuge, take tbamafi 143.4 purchase v. ishtara 148 raise (plants) zara" refusal 'adam Ijoobool pure (unmixed) ?afi rank makam refuse v. imtana' 145.1 purgative sharbe r ransom badal regard as strange istarrab purple kirmiz rare & adv. nadir 150 purse kees 5b jisdan rather kabl regard n. i'tibar pursue each other idtahad rate, (toll) ijrit ed-darb regiment jaish pus midde rational faheem regret v. t'assaf 'ala 142.2 push lazz ravenous kasir regret n. t'issif push by force dafa' raw (uncooked) ni reign v. malak put down wada^ 122 ray sha'a' r.f. reins Ijam put down, be iu^iatt 144.3 raze halat reject rafad put in order rattab razor moos 5b rejection rafd put on (kettle etc.) rakkab reach v. wi^il rejoice firih 113.5 putrid m'affin 176.1 read Ijara 127 rejoice at thanna 142.1 putty malteen reader kari insarr 144.3 pyramid haram 5a readiness istiMad rejoice malignantly ishtafa 148 Quality no' pi. anwa' ready chali?; t^dir qualities, characterized by realise t§owwar rejoiced, be t'anas 143.2 good or bad ittasaf 145.3 really! ya tara 89.4 relate charraf 12 quantity kammiye r_ reap hasad relative kareeb quarantine karanteena r reaper has?ad r re-let ^awad ajar quarrel v. tljatal reason sabab 5a reliance ittikal quarrel with shamat 139 I rebellion hayaj relieve tchallag katal receipt wagl religion deen quarrel together tshamat rebuked, be t'azzar rely upou ittakal 145.3 143.1 receive kabal remain Mil 114.1; biki quarrel n. shamata receive (a guest) ista^bal 127.2; 81 quarry v. hajjar 150 remain over faddal 'an quarry n. mahjara 170 recent kabl mdbdde 136.1 quarry-man hajjar r reception 'azeeme r remark n. mlahaaa quarter of town Uara r recipe wa§fe remember fitin 114.1 tdak- queen malake r reckon basab kar 142.1 — 216 —

remember of old wa'a 129 reverence i'tibar rough (manners) jafi remind s.o. fakkar fl 136.1 reverse a vessel tabb round imdowwar remiud o.s. fitin revolution tora round thing, any da'bool 172 remnaut bakiye 10 reward v, 'owwad round of ladder daraje remorse towbeech rewarded, be tjaza 143.4 round, make dowwar 137 remove (leave house) nakal reward n. mjazah row V. kaddaf 136.1 rend mazza' rheumatism diV il-mafa^il row-boat karib 13.1 rend garment tchazzak rhyme kafye 13.2 royal mlooki 142.1 rib dil' 6a rub, at the bath kiyas 1.37.1 renew jaddad 136.1 ribbon rabta r rudder mikdaf 171 renewal tajdeed rich rani 90a. 182 ruffian chishin renounce ista'fa rich, become istarna ruin V. atlaf, charrab rent (house) istakra rich, make arna ruin (place) chirbe rent of house kira riches rina rule V. sas 126.1 rent (tear) shdoljck: 6a riddle larz 5b rule (pattern) ka'de repair sallah ride v. rikib 'ala 114.1 rule, as a bi^l-'ade repeal oolri chiyal 137.1 ruler (king) hakim 9 repeat "ad 126.1 ride n mishwar 171 ruler (instrum.lmasfara 17v0 repent nidim 114.1 rider faris 11 chiyal ruminate ijtarr 146 repent, make naddam riding animal dabbe rump badan 5b repentance nadame !3.3 run jara; 127.1 marak repetition tikrar right, be 70 run a race sabak 139.1 replace 'owad right (opp. left) yameeu ruse birfe 2 reply v. jawab, radd right, (correct) masboot rust V. sadda reply n. jawab right, to the 'al^yameen rust n. §ada repvSe n. ra^ia rigid, become tyabbas 142.3 Sabbath sabt reprehensible mi'tir rind kishr .5a sack chaishe; fiirde; r reproach v. 'iyar ring chatim 13.1 ^adeele r reputation geet ring, signet chitm 7 sack, fodder michlai 167.2 request v. talab 113,5 riot haiza'a r sack, camel farde 164.4b wag^a 137.2 ripe mistwi 176.1 sacrament sirr request n. talab ripe, become istawal48E sacred mkaddas resemblance mshabaha rise V. kam 126.1 sacrifice v. kaddam ko'orbau resemble shabah rise V. (sun) sharak 113.1 sacrifice n. ko'oiban resign ^addam; isti^fa tala" sad, be hizin 114.2 resist m&na' river nahr 7 saddle v. sarraj resolve v. Ijarrar road darb 157 tareek la; saddle sarj 6a resolved, be sammam sikke 2 saddle-bag cho^orj pi. respect n. i^tibar roar v. za'ar chrooje respite kata"" roar u. za'eer saddle, pack jlal r.f. rahl 6a respite, give amhal 141.1 roast on skewer shawal30 saddler srooji 162 respond radd «ala rob niihab 113.3 safe amin responsible mtalab robbed of, be insalab min safety aman r.f. rest V. istarab 152 robber loogs 4a sage n. hakeem r rest 0. 8. irtat 147 rock n. ?achr 6a said, be int:al 144.2 restore (bring back) rajja' roll V. da'bal sail kal« 6a result nateeje roll n. bakara sailer bahri retaliate jaza 140 roll back laff 116.2 sake, for the 'a yadd, min retard amhal roller madhale taht I'as retire tili' min Roman roomani sale bai' return v. "ad 126.1. 81 roof gath 6a salary o'bjra 'awad, raja' room oda 2 salt V. malla^ return n. raj 'a room, make wassa' 136.4 salt n. milh reveal kasha! roomy wasee' salt-ceUar mamlaha r reveal the future baear rope babl 4a salute V. sallam el-bacbl 113.3N rotl rotl 5a salutation salam 166.4 ravenge ^r rough (road) charban same, the 31 1

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sample m^stara 171 security rahn shank fachd 4 sand rami c security, become tkaffal shape n. ^alib sandal na'l 7 142.1 share v. tasam sandy molirmil security, give kifil 114.1 share n. sihm sanity fahm; idrak seduce tara sharp madi 176.1 sash zobnnar 171 see basar 113.4 141.3 sharpen sann 116.1 satan shitau 171 shaf 126.1 shave b^lak satiate v. shabba" see to it dab bar sheaf rdomr satiated shab'an 176.2 seed bizr sheepskin coat farwe r satisfied mabsoot 17b. seek fattash -ala 136.1 sheet, bed sharsbaf 170 satisfied, be inbasat 144.1 do wwar 'a la 137 shelf raff 6a satisfy basat seem biyan shell (sea) sadaf c saturate chara^ seize masak shelter malja sausage sarsees 173 seldom nadir shepherd ra'i 11 savage barri select naljka sherd kisra save najjal87.2cballasl36.1 self 30 ship markab 169 Saviour mchallig selfish nafs^ni 1^5B.2 shirk malag saw V. nashar sell ba' 126.2 shiit (man's) kamees 11 saw n. mdbnshar seller biya' 165.3 shirt (woman's) Ijcamees say kal 126.1 send ba^at 113.3 wadda niswane saying n. hdbkm sender bant shoe kdbndra 164 scaffold mashnaka sense (meaning) ma'na shoe, European soormaye scales meezan sent, be inba'at 144.1 shoe, horse hadwe scar kishre sentence jo'omle 2 shoe, infant kalkool 172 scarce & adv. takreeban separate v. farak 113.1 shoe, peasant wata, madas scatter indara 144.4 farrak 136.1 shoemaker kdondarji 164. scent shamm separate from fSrak 139 1 167.R skafe school madriise 17U separate adj. in farak shoot Ijowwas 137.1 science 'ilm 6a separation fagl 6a; tafreek shop ha?il 13.1 machzan scissors makas? 167.2 serious, i_staid) jadd 169 do'okkan scoru ahau sermon wa'sa shot talak scoundrel nassab 167.1 servant, chadim; chaddam short kageer 90a 181.1 scour jala 167.1 sani' 9 shorten kasgar; ichtagar scoured, be injala 144.4 service chidme 2 cbidame 145.1 scourge v. karbaj sesame-oil seerij shortly -an kareeb ba'd scowl 'abbas sesame seed, crushed theene shwiye scratch ^ashar set (.sun) rab 126.2 shortness kdosr scratch (used of pen only) set u. (tools etc) takm shoulder bat 166.4 kitf 5b charbash set in line, be igtaffl45a shout nada scream v- garrach set (themselves") in line, show V. dall 116 farraj scream n. grach iusaff 144.3 136.1 'arja' screw bo^orri 169 set in line sali 145a shrink dabb sea ba^ir 6a set up nasab 113.5 shrivel tja"ad seal V. chatam 113.2 settle (dregs) rakad 113.5 shut sakkar 136.1 seal n. chitm 7 several michtilfe shutter daftet esh-sho~bbbak seam stress chiyata severe kasi 90a shuttle makkobk search a house kabas 113.1 severity kasawe r shy chajool sew chiyat 137.1 sick ''lyan; mareed season fa§l 6a sex jins sickle kaloosh; minjal season (social) iyam il-mosam shade v. fiya sickness marad seat ka'de shadow siU; fi side maile r second (time) tanye 13.2 shake naffad 136.1 side of, by the 'ala janb secret n. sirr 5b shallow wati side-table sdofira minzooye secretly sirri shame 'aib 6a siege hasar section of orange zeeh 4a shameful mdb'eeb sieve coarse ro'orbal 171

1* corruption of ara — 218 —

sieve, flour mdbnchdbl ^sleep n. nom son ibn sieve maker rarabli sleepy na'san 176.2 son in law sihr sift rarbal 154 sleeve kimme 4b song rina sigbt mansar slender mamshook soon "an kareeb; ba'd signal 'alame r slice lob shwiye signature imda slide zabat soothe hadda silence v. sakkat sUm naheef 181.1 sofa deewan silence n. sakt sling (weapon) mo'okla' sofa-bolster masnid 169 silent hadi slipper babooj 14; bar- sorcerer sahir 159 silk hareer toosha 174 sore ddommale silken hareeri 183 slipthiougb, let marrak sorry, be thiyan 142.4 silver v. faddad 136.3 slit open ba'af 113.3 sort jins; mV silver n. fadda slow barid soul nafs -30. 157. 168. 6a similarity msbababa slowly shwi shwi, 'ala sound (healthy) m'afa sin V. cbata 127.1 mahl 77 sound (noise) s6t5a sin n. cbatiye 10 slowness barade soup shoraba r since min lamma small sreer 181.1 sour hamid; mtammid sinew shilsb 6a smallness kille south jo~bnoob sinful cbati small pox jidre; jadare southern jobnoobi 175 sing ranna 136.2 smell V. shamm 116.1 sow zara' sing (bird) za^zal^ smell at sbamsbam space makan singe sba'wat smell n. reeha spade majrood singer mranni smelt V. dowwab span shibr single mifrid .56.1 smith liaddad 165 3 5park sbarara sink inhatt 144.3 smithy mahdade sparkle tla'la' sink into mire wihil 122 smoke v. (tobacco etc.) speak kal 124 haka 127.1 sink n. marsal dachchan speak with s. o. tiaka 140 sii up zoom smoke v. (lamp i sha'lab 154 spear ro~bmh 4a sister o'ocht 166.6 smoke n. doochcban spell V. hajja sit jalas 113.1 ka'ad 113.5 smooth (opp. rough) mills spell n. ra^we r sit cross-legged trabba' smooth, make mahmad 154 spend garaf 142.1 smother chank spent, be ingaraf 144.1 situated mrakkaz sniff at shamsham 154 spice bhar 166.4 situation markaz snow V. atlajat 141.1 spice, ground aboo harr size ko^br snow n. talj spill tshatshat skeleton bikal snuff z'oot spin razal skewer seecb 4a soak tarra spindle marzal skilful hazik 179 soap V. soban spine sinsle 170 skill mahara soap n. gaboon c spirit (ghost) rooh 157 skilled mahir soap factory masbane r spirit, evil 'afreet 173 skin n. jild 6a sob V. ann spirit-lamp alitis-sbeerto'bs skin, water kirbe 2 sob n. aneen spiritual roohani 175 R 2 skirt tannoora 174 sock jo1)rbane rijjaliye spit V. bazak skull jimjme 170 soft (eggj birisht spite n. jakar skull-cap carkiye 163 soften liyan 1394 spite, of in u ma' hada; slack rachoo 176.1 soil trab c bardoo (Turkish) slander v, washa solder v. laham 113.5 spittle reek slander n. namm solder n. Iham splendour baha; oobbaba slanderer nammam sole, na'l 4a split shal^ 116.2; kassar; slant V. warab 139.3 solemn maheeb shak^af slate 16b 5a solemnity mahabe spoil V. fisid slanting mowroob solid masboot 176.1 spoiled, be infasad 144.1 slaughter v. dabah 113.3 some ba'd 33 kism min sponge sfinje r dabbah 136.1 33 R akammin spoon ma'laka 170 slave 'abd 8 some one wahad 212.2 spoon for roasting coffee slay mowwat something shi or ishi mitmas sleep V. nam 126.1 3 sometimes marrdt; amrar spoonful rarie r — 219 —

spot (dirt) bobk^a pi. bobljca' stony wa'ir 176.1 suddenly 'ala .?/• hi fard sprain faksh stoop tabb mdrra sprained mafkoosh stop s.o. wakkaf 136.4 suffer tak 126.2 ihtamal spread farash 113.5 101 hasab 145b spread o.s. imtadd 146 stop doing battal suffer (pain) t'addab spread out nashar stop up sadd suffering n. taja'-o^ok spread (disease) fasha 127.1 store n. machzan suffice kafa 127. 1 kaffa 137.2 spreading farish 106 storeroom bait il-moone sufficiency kafSi spring V. rakad storm zoba'a sufficient bikaffi spring (water) n. nab' 7 story kdb^ga; tareech sugar so"bkkar spring (mechan.) reeshe pi. stove o'ojak 166.4 suit V. a'jab IVF riyash straight ddorri; mo^ostkeem suit, Europ. takm spring-time rabee^ i76.1 suit (dress) libs 6a sprinkled mnakkash straighten matters sawa suitable, be w;'ifak 139.3 spur on V. salj; 126.1 140 sulphur kibreet spur n. mihmaz 167.2 sum of money mablar 169 strange rareeb squander bahdar 154 sum (total) mablar stranger rareeb square mrabba' 167.1 summer §aif strap n. kishat; sair square, carpenter's zavvye sun shams 157.163 straw kashsh c squat karfas 154 sunrise tloo' esh-shams straw-stalk kashshe r stable, cow bakye r sunset ryab esh-shams stray mal 126.2 stable, horse yachoor 14 sunshade shamsiye 163 stretch madd 116.1 stairs daraj c sup t'ashsha 142 5 stretch o. s. tmaddad stammer tartar superfluous zayid stretching out madid 165.2 stand V. wakaf 122 supper "asha street tareek, darb stand still V. jalas sakit supply dabbar street-cry hiddawiye star nijme 6b najm 6b support v.(help)sa'ad 139.1 strength kdbwe; "izz star, shooting shikfet najm support n. (prop) sande r strengthen kowwa starch v. nashsha 137.2 support n. msa'ade strike (a tent)' fakk 116.2 starch n. nasha support of arch rdbkn 5a string maf^ees state h;il .5a sure akeed strip off kashat statement (bill) kaime r surety kafeel 3 strive after ijtuhad statue timtal surety, give kaddam kifale stroll dar stay (sojourn) ikame surface wijh strong kawi 90a, 182 plur. steady mo'bwatjib surprise v. barat also 168.10 shdeed 91 steal sarak 11.3.1 za'at surprised, be mabroot strut kambar steamed (food) imfalfal surrender v. sallam stubborn ^aneed steamer baboor 166.5 mar- suspicion soo' is-sinn study V. daras kab 169 swaddling cloth kofaliye, _ stuff, woven kmash r. f. steel boolad malfoo'iye, kmat; hfad stupid ahbal step, foot fashcha swallow V. bala^ 113.3 style nasak step near kaddam swear halaf 113.2 subdue kahar 113.3 stern, be 'abas sweat V. 'irik 114 2 subj ect (gramin.) mdosnad stick V. lazzak sweat n. 'arak 163 ilo stiff jafi sweep kannas 136.1 still lissa; fldil; baka 81 submit sallam il-|-suff. sweet hiloo 90a stingy bacheel 176!l,178 subscribe wa?sa 137.2 sweetness haltiwe stir something hairak subtract tarah 60 chasam swell wirim stir without removing zah- 113 1 swelling (med.) waram zah 154 succeed v. najah 113.3 swim 'km stirrup rakkabe r succeed s. o. tibi* swindler mnafik stirrup-strap zo'bchma r success nateeje swing barram stitcli roorze r succession taba'iye swoon V. rimi stocking jdorbaner kaiser successor chalaf swoon n. yamayan stoke wakad 122 suck mags 116 2 sword saif 6a stomach mi'de 2 suckle radda' 136.1 sycophant warl 7 stone hajar 4a suckling till 4 symbol ramz 220 — sympathise shi'ir tedious mo'omill thresh daras sympathy shdb'oor telegram tallirraf threshing plough mora] symptom daleel 12 isharar telegrajjh v dakk tallirraf threshing-floor baidar 169 Syria sooriya temple (head) masdar 169 throat halkoom 167.2 zal- Syrian shami l6l tempt jarrab 'oom 172 syringe hdokne 2 tenacious '^aneed throne ""arsh Table sdbfra 164 tenant mo'osta'jir through 'an yadd table-cloth rata so'ofra tend animals sas 126.1 throw rama 127.1 '" tabloid da'boole r tendency mail throw up food istafrar tail danab 4a tender rachis 176.1; taza thumb bahim 13.1 tailor chiyat 165.3 tent chaime 174N thunder n. ra'd 6a take achadllT ff. tent-peg watad 5a' thunderstorm racdiye 162 take amiss twachad tepid fatir thy cf. § 11—14 take away shal 126.2 terrace tiabale ticket, r'y bilyett take back rajja' terrify sarsab tie V. shadd 116 1; rabat take OS. away tchiyab terror sarsabe r tile of roof karmeed c take care intabah testify shihid 114.1 till ta take care! oo^a 129R testimony ishhade r time zaman5aR.2 mdbdde take down nazzal than of comparison min 95 time, for a long minzaman take for o.s. ittachad 145.2 thank v. tsluikkar 142.1 time, single bass marra, take off shal 126.2 thank n. sho^okr marra wahde 58 take out taila' thankful shakoor times, at all ko'oU wakt taken up, be inkam 144.2 thanks! mamnoon time, from time to min taking n. achd that hadak 18 mdodde la mdbdde tale kissa 2 that conj. hatta; tii timid faz'an 176.2 talk haki that in tin zeenko talk together thadat 143.1 that not hatta ma tingle (ears) tann 116.2 thaka 148.4 theirs cf. § 15 tinned, be tbiyad talkative lisin then fa'idan tinning n. by ad talker latlat there honak tinsmith sankari 167.1 tall taweel there, to la honak tire V. at'ab tambourine daff 6atamboorar therefore fa'idan tired ta'ban 176.2 tame ahli 176.1 there is fee 71 title lakab tan V. dabar thick tcheen 90a 181.1 ra- title deed hijje, kooshan tanner dabbar 165.3 lees 176.1 dachm 181.1 N to la taper v. trowwas thief nashshal 167.1 hara- toast choobz mhammas tar kitran mi 167R tobacco do"ochchan, to^oto'bn tarboosh tarboosh thimble kishtban 167.2 to-day el-yom target neesau 171N thin (fine) rafee^ 176.1 toe isba' ir-rijl task mteele 12, fard thin (lean) rkeek 176.1181.1 together sawa sawa taste V. dab; 126.1 thine cf. § 15 toil n. sho'orl mo'ot'ib taste n. ta'me thing i^matter) sabab tomb kdbbr tasty (food) ladeed thing (objects haje 13.2 to-morrow bdbkra tattoo dakk 126.1 think gann 116.1 tongue lisan r f. taunt n. maschara 170 think of iftakar fl tooth sinu pi. snan tax rasm 6a thinking sanin 165.2 top ras tax, ground werko thirst n. "atash tops> -turvy chabeesa tea shai thirsty .atsh'an 176.2 181.1 torch mishjal 169 tea- cup kaikara this hada 18 torment v. addab 136.1 teach 'ailam thorn (splinter) nasra r total bi^l-ko~olliye teacher urallim 167.1 thorn shoke r touch V. bass 116.1; dass tear v. mazza' thought fikr 5a 116,1 da'as tear (rend) n. mamzoo' thoughtful faheem 176.1 touch n. lams tear down hadd 116.2 thread o.s. sail dato touch-stone mahakk tear (eye) dam'a 6b thread n. chait 11 tough 'asi 176 1 tease kayad 137.1 threat tahdeed towards sob teat bizz threaten haddad 136.3 towel manshiite 170 1

— 221 —

tower bdbrj; kdbbbe turn, my etc. dori etc until ta; la cf. 79 Ja; 175 turn V. dar 126.1 unwise mo-osh bi fahm town balaci 163,168 mdeene lb turn round tlaffat 142.1 unworthy mo'osh liyik trace v. najtash turn from (road) hiyad =au upon 'ala ; 'a 65.66 trace n. atar 137.1 upper fokani 74R do-orri. trade v. sawam 139.4 turn out (good or evil) tala' upright trade n. kar 166.4 turn over kalab 113.1 uprightness istikame trade licence tamattoo' turn towards d;'ir la upset shaklab 154 tradition takleed 173 turner charrAt 165.3 urge on nahar 113.3 train v. (horse) tabba' twofold imda'af 56E.2 urgent lajooj train n. sikke 2 type, be put in insati 144.3 urine ishchach transfer v. nakal Udder bizz use V. ista^'mal transfer n. nakle c ugly shiui' 90a use n. isti mal translate tarjam ln4 uli'er do~bmmale 170 use (custom) 'ade r translation tarjame r umbrella shamsiye r use of, make ista'mal translator mtarjim r unaccustomed mo^osh useful nafi'; mo^ofeed transparent shaffaf mo'b'^tad utmost achir daraje trap n. fachch 4a 6a unadulterated mo^bsh mar- Yacant ladi trap, mouse masyade shoosh 176.1 R vaccinate ta"'-am travel v. safar unanimous mo"ottahid vacillate t^allab travel u. safar unavoidablv miu ko'^ll bidd vague mo'osh m'akkad traveller msafir r _ 79 vainly fi or -ala il-balash; tray seeniye 163 unawares bidoon 'ilm al-fadi tray for baking sidr unbeliever kafir 201.168.9 valise shanta treacherous raddar unchanged mo~bsh mriyar valley w.'.di UN treasure kinz uncertain mo'osh m'akkad valuable tameen treat (regard) sawa uncle (maternal) chal 5a value V. tamman treat kindly lataf 139.1 uncle (paternal) «amm 7 value n. taman 5a; keeme r treaty m'ahade uncountable rair or moosh vanish chifi trellis, shacriye 163 ma'dood vanity iddi'a tremble rijif uncover kashaf 113. vapour bo"ochar c trembling rajif 166.2 undated mo'osh mtorach varied mo^ochtilif tribe kabeele 12 uncultured kaleel el-adiib vase mazhariye trick hirfe 2 183R1 vault kos trim V. (lamp) kas? under cf. 73 vegetable yachne r triple cf. 56 underneath 175R 2 vegetables, mould of ffeere troop jama'a r understand fihim 17. 103. 12 trot n. rahwan 114.1 veil, long mandeel 173 trouble n. ta ab; bamm understanding faheem 178 veil, face bdorko'b' trouble, cause at'ab 141.1 'akil vein 'irk 6a troubled, be idtarab 145a undertake to do istalam velvet mdbchmal troublesome mhiyij undisturbed bidoon 'aka venerable wakoor trough, kneading i3atye undress shalah venerate wakkar trough, watering ma'jan unfortunately li soo' il-hass venture v. tjasar trowel mastareen r.f. ma'laka ungrateful rair shakoor verdict ho~bkm true saheeh 181.1 176.1 R verse bait 5a trunk (box) sandook 1/2 unhappiness ta'ase r very kteer 95 trust V. ittakal union damm vessel anye 13.3 trustee, appoint twakkal unite damm vex kahar; marmar 142.3 unjustly cf. 78 vexation kahr truth do'brri unkind mdbsh lateef verdigris jinzar truth, in hakkan unknown mo'osh ma'roof vest sidriye truthful mistkeem unlace fakk vice cife r try jarrab unless ma lamm _ vice (mech.) malzame r tumbler ko'bbbai r. f. unpleasant mo'bsh makbool vicious raddar turban lafte r -a?aibe r unripe fajj 176.1 victor ralib turban, small shamle r unstich farat 113.5 victory ralabe; nasr

A Manual of Palestinean Arabic. 2a — 222 — vie tsabak wantonly ^a§dan weave hiyak 137.1 view manaar 169 war n. ^larb 6a weaver hiyak 165.3 vigilant sahran war, holy jihad weaving room mahyake r vile sifili war, wage liarab 139.1 web hiyake r village l^arje c war with each other tharab wedding 'o'ors 5a villain taras 143.1 wedge n. sfeen vindicate barrar warble zakzak wee zarnoon vinegar cliall wardrobe chazant^it- weed n. zawan c vineyard karm 6a tyab week jo"bm'a 4b violence jabr warehouse hagil 13.1 weep biki 127.2 violent jabbar warm, be difl weigh wazan 121.1 zan bint (of virgin batool warm air etc) hami 126.2 virtue fadeele warm (water) sdochn weighed, let o. s. be ittazau visit V. zar 126.1; sharraf warm (weather only) shob weight 'iyar [145.3 136.1 warm, become difi 127.2 welcome v. t'ahhal visit n. zjara r warmth dafa welcome! marhaba visitor zayir warn chattar welfare salih 13.1 chair voice got 4a warning tachteer well adj. & adv. mab§oot volume mjallad warning cf. 16 17611 voluntarily miftowwi'' was, there cf § 71 vomit istafrar 150 wart taloole well n. beer 4 a vomiting natik wash v. rasal 113.1 well! ya tara 89.4 vote V. sowvvat wash (dishes) jala 127.1 well, exceedingly mleeh la voter msowwit wash, (ceremonial) v. rasal achir daraje voting tagweet washerwoman rassale west rarb 175 voucher w agl washing n. raseel western rarbiye 175 vow V. nadar waste (spend) baddar wet mablool vow n' nidr 7 wasteful mbaddir wet, become ibtall 146 vowel harake waste-pipe kanayet il-mai wet, be made tballal voyage safra il-wischa what! ya tara 89.4 vulgar dani watch V. sihir 114.1 what? 22 and R Wade tabbash watch (clock) sa'a; sai'a whatever shoo ma wag hazz watch-chain koost^k wheel doolab 14 wager v. sharat 139.1 watch-maker sa^ati 162 when lamma wages dbjra 2 mahiye watchman h«ns 9; natoor when? aimta wail V. nadab 14 whence? min wain wailing mauata; 'aza water v. salja 127.1 whenever mata ma waist wirk water n. mai; maiye; moiye where matra^i ma waistcoat sidriye water-bottle rarrafe r where? la wain wait sabar; istangar 150 water-carrier sa^ka wherever hait istauna 153 watercloset ddabe; mdbs- whether ida wait for igt^bar 145a is- tarah which 22. 26. 189 tansar 150 water-wheel na'oora 14R while n. mo'bdde waiter sdbfraji 164 wave V. lolalj while bainama wake up fiya^ 137.1 wave n. moje whip ko'bibaj 169 waki n falj 126.2 wax sham' whirl V. laff 126.2 walk V. raasha 127.1 wax, cobbler's zift whirlwind zoba'a 13.2 walk, take a tmashsha we nahna; iljna § 8; ihn whisper v. washwash walk n. mishwar 171 weak & adv. d'cef 178 whisper n. washwashe wall hait 11 siusle 170 weak, be di'if whistle V. gaffar 136.1 wall, dry rab'a weaken da"af white abyad 180.1 wallow tmarmar weakness do^ocf white, become ibyadgl 149 wane girir wealth rina whither? la wain want (desiie) v. bidd 116R wealthy rani whiteness baya^ [126.2 want (desire) v. 'az 126.1 wear [hhve on) libis whiz wann 116.1 wazz want (need) n. talab weary v. zihik who? meen 22. 23 want (need) n. 'kze weather faks whole, entirely kafiyan X 1

223

wliole, on the lii wijili il- witness, bear s^hihid 113.3 wrinkle ja^de r ijiual witness u. shaheed 3 wrist mafsal whose? la lueeu 23 woe! wail 89.3 write katab 113.5 [201 whosoever ineen mii kaii woman hobrme writer m'allif 167.1 katib why? laish 24 woman old 'ajooz 12 writing-hook daftar kitabe wick fteele 12 woman, yo'ing sabiye 10 wrong n. darar Avicked kafir 179 womanly niswaniye 175 wrong, be el-hakk 'ala 70 wide, be wisi' 122 womb dbm il-oolad wrong to S.O., do rilit hi widen wassa' wonder at t'ajjab min 142.1 hakk J- suff widow armale 156 wonder n. 'ajeebe 12 Yard (court) bosh 11 widower arnial 15(5 wonderful 'ajeeb 181.1 yawn v. tawab 139.4

wife mara 11 wood hatab ; chashab yawning mtawabe r wild (of person) hauiaji; woods hirsh 5b year sana 166 6; 175. 165R wabsh wool soof 183 'am wild (of animals, frnit) barri woollen gobfi; min §oof 183 year, last 'amm owwal 176.1 woollen stuff km ash 11 yearly sanawiye 175.175R1 wilderness barrije word kilrae 6 & r yearn ishtak wilfnl kasdan; 'amdan work v. ishtaral 145.1 yeast chameere r wiUv. biddll6R rAd 126.2 work together tsharak veil V. ja'ar 71R 143.1 yellow asfar 180. will (command) wasiye 10 work n. sho'brl yellow, become isfarr 149 win ribih 114.1; kisib woi-k bv the piece, give yes cf. 71. 85 wind Y. laff 116.1 kawal 139.4 yesterday embarib;imbarlia wind reeh 157; 168. 5b worker sharreel yet imbala window sho^obbak 171 working man -omil 9 yet (still) cf. 81 windpipe raasoora r workshop manual yet, not lissa ma wine mbeed, nbeed world do'bnya yield (produce) antaj wine-press ma'sara worldly ddbnyawi yield (surrender) sallam wing janflh 5.R2 worn out, be (suit) ihtara yoke neer 4a wink n. ramaz worse than akta' rain 96.2 yolk safar il-baid winnow darra worship V. (eccl.) 'abad yonder rad winter shatawiye 162 worship n. (eccl.) 'ib;ide young §ireer; fata wipe masah 113.3 worshipper 'abid pi. 'o'obbad your cf. 11 —13 wire shreet worth n. & adj. keeme r yours cf. 15 wise hakeem 178 worth, be siwi 130R youth rlam 11; fata 11; wish v.'bidd 116Brad 126.2 worthless battal 176.1 shabb 11 tmanna; amar 113.5 worthy mo'ostahikk youth (opp. age) shabab; wish n. talab worthy of, be istahakk 151 sarar witch jnniye r wound V. 'akar; jarah youthful sho'oboobi with, bi; ma"; ^and: 'ind 62 wound n. jdbih youtbfulness sho'oboobiye 64f. wounded m'akwar Zeal hamiye 10; reere withdraw rajja" wounded, be iniarah 144.1 zealot, zealous riyoor wither v. dibil 11-1.1 nishif wrap up latt' 116.1 zephyr naseem c withhold mana' wrapper (dress) rob zigzag m''aikaj; mlcwwa witliin ti mo'bddet wreatli ikleel 173 zinc zeenko without ilia; bidoon; min wrestle batah 139 1 zodiac dairet el-brooj 'ada; bala wring out 'asar zone mautaka — 224 —

Corrections and Additions.

p. 2 /. 24 Add : a after a guttural or the letter r is pronounced like a in father; after k, s, or t it sounds like a combination of a and o, somewhat like the syllable awe pronounced very short.

p. 3 I. 8 read 191 f. ^or 163 Add to § 3; The gutturals and the letter r prefer a as the following vowel, especially in the case of the fem. ending. p. 4 A 11 read: 190 for 191 Add to § 9: The fellaheen sometimes use the fem. forms for the 2nd and 3rd pers, plur: chin (- kin), and bin.

p. o h 10 read achooh for cachooh /. 20 bta'ti or bta'i /. 21 bakara for bakara.

p. 6 /. li delete is I. 14 read shaitna for schaitua I. IG add 1. before "a

/. warning" 20 read iyaha for iyahah Add to the end of § 16 : 2. the accus. of the pron. p. g, iyaha I want her. in kau biddak iyah machloot ba'- malo. If you wish it mixed, I will do it. L 32 read fhiratha for fhimta.

p. 7 Add to § 18 ; The letter is generally pronounced d although i. Delete: For the letter d etc. /. 27 read ro~ozlan for ro'bslan.

p. 8 I. 26 Add after /, or as an exclamation cf. § 89

p. 9 /. 20 read enho'om for enho^om

p. 10 Add to § 83: ''Some of may also be rendered by akammin fol- lowed by the substantive in the singular: e.g. akammin bait inharak or inharakoo Some of the houses v^^r^ burnt".

p. 11 /. 1 read "rendered".

p. 12 add to § 41N: or tnainua; tnainko'bm

p. 10 /. 7 tani for tani.

p. 18 /. 20 delete ?

p. 21 /. 1 read enough /. 22 read § 208 for § 209 I. 27 read kooll ma foi- kool ma.

p. 22 /. 8 read § 210 for § 208 Add to § 83 In the same manner is used 'adam nought e.g. 'adam il-ikbool the refusal.

p. 24 /. 31 delete with the proa, suffix.

p. 25 /. 29 read chafeef for achaff.

p. 27 Add to § 102 Remark: In speaking an i is often prefixed to the h of the Impf. especially after the conjunction w e.g. w^ibyakloo and they eat".

Add to § 103: Verbs which have in the Impf. the vowels oo . . . do take in the Imp. as prefix do. I. 33 add iktil or before il^to'bl.

p. 29 I. 29 read prick for prik

p. 30 /. 7 rakad: add ''be still" /. 10 chabat: "'knock some one" /, 18 read lihik for lihik /. 19 read ridib for ridib

p. .31 I. 23 Add 1 before "Verbs" I. 31 Add 2 before "Verbs" /. 31 read bido"bkk for bido'ok

p. 33 /. 8 read: Imperative for impf.

p. So /. 12 delete: or '.

p. 36 Add to § 125 after minjab; these participles are reaUy of the seventh Form. I. 32 read : to forget.

p. 37 /. 30 read radabo for radaboo.

p. 38 I. 12 read imp. for impf.

p. 40. Add to § 136 : The prefix m of the participles of the derived forma should have as its proper vowel o"o; in conversation however, one more frequently — 225 —

hears a prefixed, very short. /. The two forms e.g. moojarrah and imjarrab exist 6j' therefore by the side of rajarrab; cf. also § 142R. 143R. p. 41 / 1 read kattaf pick fruit. I. 19 ialias add straighten a thing. p. 42 /. 24 wadda* /. 28 read ya. Add malia fill and delete it on p. 41 /. 24. p. 43 insert before /. 11 bisamhoo 3. p. plural. / ;-'4 read liyan. p. 44 Add to § 142: tharrak Impf. bitharrak Imp. itl.iarrak (ui.) itharraki (f.) itharrakoo (pi.) Pres. f'art:

uKibtharrik Past Part: nurotljarrak. p. 4(J / G read VI F for VII F. /. 9 read

Imp. for Impf. 1. 10 ri^ad mo^otkatil. p. 47 I. 28 read be spoiled. p. 4.S /.

28 read a for p. 49 /. 1 read b for 2. p. 54 /. 2 tabtab to pat. I J.. 28 read een for eeni. p. 56 /. 17 read fdoclichar. p. 57 /. 23 read chiyat. p. 5S 1. 27 Add 1 before \\'ords. p. (JO I. 18 read ho'bkne. p. 62 I. 14 read kafa§ for kafa /. 34 Add 2. before The following, p. 64 J. 14 read ramshe. p. 66 /. (> read ayi. § 168. 13. 1. The words amr command and fakha fruit should exchange places. p. 6S /. 17 Note: read zambak. p. 69 /. 3 Take 'asfoor sparrow to § 172. /. 10 read infant's shoes. I. 21 read literai'y work. Delete * * * * footnote and take the word jarooshe to § 168 14R. p. 70 /. 16 yomi. p. 71 I. 22 read chatib. I. 24 read marloot formarboot. ' 27 read mislim dark; midhin greasy. § 176N read bibla, hiblat. Last line read rachween for racg- ween. p. 74 I. 16 read "atshan p. 75 I. 24 read conjunction for conjugation,

read jam'eet jam'iyit. I. If. . . p. 77/1 for 3 read in the case, . Add to § 194: Sometimes however, as in class. Arabic, the adj. is put in the fern. sing, if the noun denotes other than rational beings. I. 19 read eh-srar. Add to § 195: As in the case of the adj. the verb', as also the pron. suffix, is sometimes put in the sing., if its subject denotes other than rational beings. p.

78 /. 7 read something- for sometiug. /. 20 read jai read tabi^ p. 79 /. 26 read raiheeu. p 81 § 2l3 delete both times Remark. p 82 after /. 8 insert; 4. There exists also a Passive form which may be said to be a combina- tion of the VII. and VIII Forms: e.g. in'tana care for; inhtamal be borne; inhtarak be burnt; inchtasar be epitomized. § 216 delete the words Remark and add to No. 2: a similar shortening occurs in tlie case of kal, sar. e.g.

kalli, sarlak, and of most other verbs of the same kind. p. 84 I. 25 read sahib 'akl. p. 87 I- 4 read 'atshaui. /. 23 read hivvanat. I. 35 read shbeeui p. 90 /. 12 read 'o'omrha. I. 19 read ish-shdbhra. I. 20 read btichsar. /. 25 read 'indi.

I. 26 read Mndak. p. 91 /. 2 read salle. p. 92 I. 5 read mhandis. p. 93 /.

14 read had for have. I. 23 read women; delete? in the Arabic. p. 94 /. 3 read dow. /. 7 read es-sath for il-hram. I. 12 read 216 for 286. p. 96 /. 13

read 'atshaneeu, p. 97 /. 4 read yikta'oo. I. 8 read sakainaho^on. I. 14 read

them for her. /. 24 read tiyib. p. 98 /. 9 read at§6wwar. I. 24 read timsah. p. 99 I. 11 read shams. /. 26 read wait for cut. p. lOO I. 7 read jdbmal. I.

10 read watchmaker's. /. 11 read take it there, it . . . /. 21 read karrosa. p. 101 /. 8 sho'ofnah, the h is the suff. 3 p. m. s. cf. § 17 b.— I. 9 read a'taitha. /. 10 read We for He. I. 13 read He for We. I. 20 read asta'jro. /. 29 read soormaito. p. 102 /. 5 read jibnalak. /. 18 read byishtirloo. p. 103 I. 14 delete

(f.) I. 16 read irlitt /. 16/17 read ko~bsstak. /. 28 read Minimal. p. 104 /. 17 add before bee: lash-sha'b. I. 20 read il for ii. p. 105 /. 15 As before the prefix b of the Impf. su also before n the prefix / is put cf. § 102 Cor. and Add. p. 106 /. 31 read byittalla'oo. p 107 1. 22 read these for the. /. 29 read 'as- foor. p. 108 last line read ismi't for ismi t. p. 112 /. 19 read Percentage for Precentage. p 114 I. 9 read hsabak. p. 115 I. 1 read hakyak for hakyak. p. 116 I. 3l read id /brid; hada for h;'ida. p. 117 /. 4 read kal'a. p. 118 I. 31 read ras for ra^. p. 125 /. 7 read taffartui; I. 11. read hada^r-rajo'ol. I. 14 delete? p. 126 I. 8 read itshatshit; /. 5 read bitkazkiz for bitkzakiz I. 8 read itfarfaf. p. 127 I. 4 read bitowwil. p. 130 I. 4 read byi'tnoo for biy'tnoo. I 34 read isafir. p. 132 /. 5 read h§an. p. 133 I. 11 read wischa. p. 134 /. -o read btikdar

hon. p. 135 /. 10 read sanadeekak. p. 137 I- 20 read w^i^s-freere. /. 26 read tdbftdor. p. 140 /. 19 read and for and. p. 141 /. 4 read macaroni. I

15 lead ihittoo. I. 20 read hamam. p. 142 I. 5 read akaddimlak. p. 143 I. — 226 —

25 read Mrsbi. p. 144 /. 3 read kabbat. p. 145 /. 2 read m'iyan. p. 146 I. 1 read yindwi^d-. I. 26 read il-6da. p. 147 I. 24 read tmazza'at. p. 149 I. 3 read itdabbir. /. 19 r ad btitwassacb. I. 27 read byitvvakkafoo. p. 150 I. 24 read moone. p. 151 /. 8 read difficulty. 1. 15 read ^s-sreere. l. 19 read anye. p. 152 I. 29 read bilibbdbn. p. 153 I. 9 btihrikobn:btihrik-t-hdbn. The h of tbe suffixes is often assimilated cf. e. g. § 17 Parad. fliinita. p. 155 /. 35 read chiyatteesb. p. 157 I. 29 read ish-sbita. p. 159 I 22 read lailtak. p. 160 N.

2 read to a workman. p. 162 /. 19 read or by your honour. By . . . p. 163 /. 24 read ya'teek p. 164 I. 6 read jo'bm'a. p. 165 J. 37 read hatit. P- 166 I. 32 read bakta' /. 40 read w^itmanna. p. 167 /. 34 read bikta' /. 68 read siyad. p. 168 I 1 read Inab. /. 29 read 'ala, /. 31 read til'at. p. 169 /. 22 read 'addaito. p. 173 /. 11 read napoleon as present. p. 179 1. 12 read matboo' I. 30 read byil'ab. p. 186 I. 5 read jdommaiz. p. 189 add to "bear" 5a. Add mosquito namoos 163. p. 190 add to stallion, before ahsne, plural, p. 191 add to ''fig" single fig kooz. Add to fruit fakha 13.1. Narcissus read en-nabi. p. 193 accident hadit 'atil accidental bi^§-gidfe accommodate ... kiyaf p. 194 armful 'ibt. p. 208 intention read maksood. p. 220 tin read tanak, delete zeenko. thirsty read 'afsban. p. 221 trouble ta";ib use n. read isti'mal p. YI I. 8 read possessive. In the course of printing, some diacritical points, especially under the letters d, t and s, as also tbe sign ', were broken off the type, but their absence will be easily recognized by the student.

• '*j aT> •

PRINTED IN THE SVRISCHES WAISENHAUS. JERUSALEM. — 225 —

hears a prefixed, very short, i. The two forms e.g. mo'ojarrab and imjarrab exist therefore by the side of mjarrab; cf. also § 142R. § 143R. p. 41 I. 1 read ^attaf pick fruit. Last line: add after "or i" sometimes pronounced ai.

p. 42 I. 24 wadda* /. 28 read ya for ya. Add^malla "fill" and delete it on p. 41 ^. 24.

p. 43 inseit before I. 11 bisamlioo 3. p. plural.

p. 44 Add to § 142: tliarrak Impf, bitliarrak Imp. itharrak(m) itharraki (f). itharrakoo (pi.) Pres. Part: mdbtharrik Past Part: mdotharrak.

p. 46 I. 6 read VI F /"or VIIF. /. 9 read Imp. for Tmpf. I. 10 read mo^t- ^atil for mootkatilt.

p. 47 /. 28 read be spoiled for spoiled.

p. 48 I. 28 read a for 1.

p. 49 I. 1 read b for 2.

p. 54 I, 2 tabtab "to pat".

p. 56 I. 17 read fdbcbchar for fo"ochchar.

p. 58 I. 27 Add 1 before "Words".

p. 60 I. 18 read ho'okne for ho'okni.

p. 62 I. 34 Add 2. before The following,

p. 64 I. 14 read ramshe for ramshe.

p. 66 I. 6 read ayi for aji.

p. 69 I. 10 read infant's shoes I. 21 read literary work,

p. 71 I. 22 read chatib for chatib /. 24 read mafloot for marboot I. 27 read mislim dark; midhin greasy. § 176N read hibla, hiblat.

p. 77 I. 3 read If, in the case. . . . Add to § 194: Sometimes however, as in class. Arabic, the adj. is put in the fem. sing, if the noun denotes other than rational beings. Add to § 195; As in the case of the adj. the verb is sometimes put in the sing., if its subject denotes other than rational beings.

p. 78 1. 20 read jai for jai. p. 81 § 213 delete both times "Remark".

p. 82 after /. 8 insert: 4. There exists also a Passive form which may be said to be a combination of the VII. and VIII Forms: e. g. in'tana care for; inhtamal be borne; inhtarak be burnt; inchtagar be epitomized. § 21H delete the words "Remark" and add to No. 2: a similar shortening occurs in the case of kal, € g. kalli, and of most other verbs of the same kind.

p. 84 I. 25 read sahib 'akl

p. 90 I. 12 read 'dbmrha for 'dbmrha /. 25 read 'indi for iudi I. 26 read ""indak for indak.

p. 91 /. 2 read salle for salle.

p. 93 /. 23 read women for woman.

p. 94 /. 12 read § 216 for 286.

p. 97 I. 14 read them for her.

p. 98 /. 24 read timsah for timsah.

p. 99 /. 11 read shams for shams. /. 26 read wait for cut.

p. 100 ^.11 read take it there, it . . .

p. 101 /. 10 read We for He /. 13 read He for We.

p. 102 /. 5 read jibnalak for joobnalak /. 18 read byishtiyloo for byisbtirlo.

p. 103 /. 14 delete (f.) /. 16 read irlitt for irlitt ^.28 read 'ammal for ammal. — 228 —

p. 104 /. 17 add before hee: lash-sha'^b.

p. 107 /. 22 read these for the.

p. 112 I. 19 read Percentage fo7- Precentage.

p. 115 /. 1 read hakyak for hakyak.

p. 118 I. 31 read ras for ra?

p. 120 /. 5 read bitkazkiz for bitkzakiz.

p. 130 I. 4 read byi'tnoo for biy'tnoo.

p. 134 /. 5 read btikdar hon.

p. 137 /. 20 read vv ^ig-greere.

p. 141 I. 15 read ihittoo.

p. 142 I. 5 read akaddiralak.

p. 14(> /. 16 read chitmiye I. 26 read il-6da.

p. 151 h 8 read difficulty /. 19 read a'lye for aaye.

p. 157 /. 29 read ish-shita.

p. 100 N. 2 read to a workman.

p. 167 /. 68 read giyad.

p. 108 /. 1 read 'inab 1. 29- read 'ala.

p. 189 add to "bear" 5a. Add mosquito namoos 163.

p. 190 add to stallion, before ah^sne, plural

p. 191 add to "fig" single fig kooz Add to "fmit" fakha 13.1 Xaicis- Sns read en-nabi for en-nabi.

^^t#^-

PRINTED IN THE SYRISCHES WAISENHAUS, JERUSALEM.

DEC 1 6 1982

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

LaArab.Gr Spoer, Hans Henry S7623111 and Haddad, E. N. Manual of Palestinean Arabic for self- instruc- tion

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