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DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC SCIENCES IN KASHMIR ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTBD FOR THE DEGREE OF I&. "H Boctor of $i)ilo!E(op^p \\ ^ IN ISLAMIC STUDIES BY Mushtaq Ahmad Wani Under the Supervision of Dr. TAIYABA NASRIN DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1999 ji' '.•>: ,( Ace. No.. )• ^, ''-ii-.i b n ABSTRACT Tl^e present thesis is comprised of five chapters and a conclusion. The chapters of the thesis are arranged in the following order : 1. Islam in Kashmir 2. Development of Ilm al-Tafsir in Kashmir 3. Development of Ilm al-Hadith in Kashmir 4. Development of Ilm al-Fiqh in Kashmir 5. Development of Ilm al-Tasawwufin Kashmir 6. Conclusion The first chapter is a historical survey of the Islamisation of Kashmir. It starts with the conversion of the people of Kashmir to Islamic world-view and value- system in the early 14th century A.D., at the hands of Syed Sharaf al-Din Abdur Rahman Bulbul Shah. The pioneering role of Mir Syed Ali Hamadani in converting the people of Kashmir to Islamic way of life is prominently featured in this chapter. The role of other sufis especially that of Mir Muhammad Hamadani is highlighted in this chapter as well. The role played by local sufis and Rishis in the stabilisation of Islamic way of life in Kashmir is also brought out. The leading role of Shaikh Nur al-Din Wali and Shaikh Hamza Makhdum features prominently in this regard. The historical significance of such leading lights of Kashmir as Shaikh Yaqub Sarfi, Mulla Muhammad Mohsin Fani, Mulla Kamal Kashmiri and Mulla Jamal also features in this chapter. The role played by Shah Madrasas as Madrasa Sultan Shihab al-Din, Madrasa Sultan Qutb al-Din, Madrasa Sultan Hasan Shah, Madrasa Sultan Sikandar/ Urwat al-Wasqa, Dar al-ulum of Sultan Zain al-Abidin/ Madrasa Dar-us-Shifa, Darasgah-i-Mulla Haider, Madrasa Khwajagan-i-Naqshband, Madrasa-i-Syed Mansur and Madrasa-i-Mulla Keunal and Mulla Jamal has also been highlighted in this chapter. The second chapter entitled Development of Ilm al-Tafsir in Kashmir starts with a historical overview of the science of Tafsir. This section gives an outline of the need for and origin of Ilm al-Tafsir. It also features several types of Tafsir, different schools of Tafsir and various stages of Tafsir in their historical perspective. Some leading Tafsirs are mentioned in this section as well. The Development of Tafsir starts with the Risala Nasikh-wa-Mansukh of Mir Syed Ali Hamadani. Hamadani's exegetical efforts in his other books such as Zakhirat al-Muluk is also pointed out in this chapter. Secondly the contribution of Shaikh Yaqub Sarfi is also brought out. His incomplete Tafsir entitled Matlub ul-Talibin is specifically discussed. Thirdly an analysis of Shaikh Murad Kashmiri's Jami al-Mufradat (a dictionary of Quranic words) has been carried out. Fourthly, the exegetical contribution of Shaikh Moin al-Din has been broughtout, His Zubdat al-Tafasir in Arabic and Persian exegesis Sharh al-Quran has been mentioned in this connection. Fifhtly, an analysis of Abdul Rashid Shopiani's Ayat al-Ajaz has been brought out. Sixthly, Allama Anwar Shah Kashmir's contribution to the understanding of the Quran has been detailed. His treatise entitled Mushkilat al-Quran has been specifically mentioned in this context. His other works have also been referred to. Seventhly the Kashmiri Tafsir of Maulana Muhammad Yousuf Shah Bai^an al-Furqan has been discussed. Eighthly Maulana Sa'aduddin's and Gulzar Ahmad Parrey's exegetical contributions have been brought out. The third chapter entitled Development of Ilm al-Hadith in Kashmir also starts with historical overview of Ilm al-Hadith. This section gives an overview of earliest Muhaddithin and also of earliest collections such as al-Mawatta of Imam Malik and Musnad of Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal. It also takes up an analysis of six authentic collections of Hadith as well. The Development of Ilm al-Hadith in India is also summarised upto 14th century when Kashmir was gradually converted to Islamic way of life and Mir Syed Ali Hamadani introduced Ilm al-Hadith along with other Islaunic Sciences in Kashmir. In this connection Mir Syed Ali Hamadani's treatises such as Zakhirat al-Muluk. al-Awardiyah, Chehal Hadith, al-Sabin Fi- Fadail Amir al Muminin, Risala Rauzat al-Firdous, al-Muadah-Fil Qurba-wa-Ahl al-Aba, al-Sab'in fi Fada'il Amir al Mumininj Arba'In TVineerlyan, etc. haw been especially discussed. Secondly, subsequent developments of Ilm al-Hadith in Kashamir have been worked out. The contributions of Allama Daud Mishkati, Maulana Muhammad Sayed Gandsu^ Shaikh Muhammad Tagi« Shaikh Yaqub Sarfi, Raji Muhammad Kashmiri# Mulla Jawahar Nath Kashmiri, Maulana Shangraf Kashmiri, Khwaja Haider bin Feroz, Maulana Moin al-Din Naqshbandi, Shaikh Abdul Rahim, Allama Inayatullah Shawl, Muhammad Amin Ghani, Khwaja Muhammad Amin KashmirJ, Shaikh Muhammad Usman Chishti, Mufti Sadar al-Din Azurda, Muhammad bin Inayat Kashmiri, Shaikh Ahmad Waiz Kashmiri and Abdul Rashid Shopiani have been brought out. Thirdly, a detailed discussion pertaining to the significant and original contributions of Allama Anwar Shah Kashmiri has been brought out. His books Paid al-Bari fi Sharh Sahih Bukhari, Anwar al-Bari, Anwar al-Mahmud fi Sharh Sunan Abu Da'ud etc., have been discussed in this connection. Fourthly, other contemporary developmens have also been brought out. The role of such religious organisations as Anjuman-i-Nusrat ul-Islam, Anjuman-i- Tabliqh ul-Islam, Anjuman-i-Ahl-i-Hadith and Jeunmat-i- IslaTii in the dissemination of Ilm al-HarJith has also been brou^ out. The contributions of Maulana Anwar Shah Shopiani and Maulana Abdul Gani Shopiani have also been specifically highlighted. Lastly a collection on Hadith entitled Hadith Sharief published by Cultural Academy of Janunu and Kashmir and edited and annotated by Muhammad Abdullah Tari has been discussed in detail. The fourth chapter entitled Development of Ilm al-Fiqh in Kashmir too starts with a historical overview of Ilm al-Fiqh, which traces the develojwnent of Ilm al-Fiqh from its earliest beginnings. It gives an analysis of various schools of Fiqh viz. Hanafi, Maliki/ Shafi and Hanbali. It discusses the sources of Fiqh according to all those schools and attempts to give an outline of the inter-school disagreements. This section also traces the development of Ilm al-Fiqh in India upto 14th century. The historical development of Ilm al-Fiqh in Kashmir starts with Mir Syed Ali Haroadani. It give an analysis of the imperative and prohibitive injunctions of Islamic Sharia as outlined in Zakhirat al-Muluk. Secondly the contributions of Mulla Ahmad Allama, Ahmad bin Muhmud bin kamal al-Din Samani, Qazi Haider Kashmiri, Moin al-Din Naqashbandi, Mulla Muhammad Tahir, Maulana Abul Fatah Kaloo, Maulana Muhammad Yousuf, Maulana Ghulam Nabi, Mufti Shaikh Ahmad, Mulla Muhammad Muhsin, Mufti Abul Wafa, Mulla Nur Muhammad, Mulla Muhammad Amin Ghani, Abul Ibrahim Rafiqui, Mulla Haider Pishloo, Maulana Karimullah bin Khaliullah, Mufti Sadar al-Din Azurda, Baba Nasib al-Din Ghazi, Muhammad Siddiq Hajini, Maulana Anwar Shah Shopiani and Maulana Abdul Kabir have been outlined. Thirdly, a detailed analysis of the Ka'shir Masal-i-Kitab (a treatise on Fiqh in Kashmiri) compiled by Maulana Muhammad Hasan Wafa Hanafi Naqashbandi has been %«orked out. Fourthly, a stimmary of the contribution by theologians of Markazi Par al-Fatwa has also been attempted. Fourthly, a detailed account of the contribution of Allama Anwar Shah Kashmiri to the development and dissemination of Ilm al-Figh has been given in this chapter. Fifthly, the contribution to Ilm al-Fiqh by Anjuman-i-Tabliqh ul-Islam has been outlined. Sixthly, the doctrinal point of view held and propagated by traditional theologians of Kashmir has been sketched. The doctrinal puritanism of Anjuman-i-Ahl-Hadith has also been projected in this chapter. The grounds for the repudiation of traditional interpretation of Islamic beliefs and values forwarded by the exponents of Maslak-i- Ahli-Hadith have also been given. Seventhly, some miscellaneous issues of Fiqh in Kashmir has also come up for discussion. The fifth and the last chapter entitled Develotwient of Ilm al-Tasawwuf in Kashmir again features the historical overview of Ilm al>Tasawwuf. The section starts with an etymological debate on such terms as Tasawwuf and Sufism. The main stages of the development of sufism represented by such sufis as Hasan of Basrah, Ibrahim bin Adham, Abu Hasham of Kufa, Muhasibi, Rabia of Basrah, Dhul Nun al-Misri, Bayizid of Bistam, Hallaj and Shibll have been summarily brought out. The basic books on Tasawwuf have also come up for analysis in this section. The contributions of al Ghazali and Ibn al-Arabi have been specially recorded in this section. Sufi poets such as SanAi#Attar and Rumi have also been mentioned. The development of Ilm al-Tasawwuf in Kashmir is brought out Order-wise. Firstly* the development of Suharwardi order introduced by Bulbul Shah is highlighted. The important sufis belonging to Suharwardi order of Sufism in Kashmir such as Syed Muhammad Isfahani Janbaz, Syed Ahmad Kirmani, Shaikh Hamza Makhdum, Baba Daud Khaki, Baba Nasib al-Din Gazi and Khwaja Daud Mishkawti feature prominently in this order. Secondly the development of Kubravi order introduced by Mir Syed Ali Hamadani in Kashmir is discussed. The seminal contribution of Mir Syed Ali Heunadani is especially detailed. The seven cardinal sins in sufi way of life and ten commandments in a sufi's struggle for self-realization and God-realization as pointed out by Mir Syed Ali Hamadani are brought out in this section. Hamadani's classification of various levels of spirituality, various types of sufis and various kinds of paths taken by sufis of different stages is also featured in this section.
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    TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) A Ph.D. Dissertation by RIZA YILDIRIM Department of History Bilkent University Ankara February 2008 To Sufis of Lāhijan TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by RIZA YILDIRIM In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA February 2008 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Oktay Özel Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Halil Đnalcık Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Yaşar Ocak Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Evgeni Radushev Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History.