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A Sociological Study of Islamic Social Work in Contemporary Britain

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A Sociological Study of Islamic Social Work in Contemporary Britain A Sociological Study of Islamic Social Work in Contemporary Britain Rosalind Warden School of History, Archaeology and Religion Cardiff University Submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2013 Abstract Recent years have witnessed increasing interest in the topics of religion and spirituality in social work, including a small body of texts focusing on social work with Muslims. Alongside this, statistical evidence such as the 2001 Census has documented the socio- economic disadvantage experienced by many Muslims communities in Britain. However, there is a paucity of empirical research exploring grassroots initiatives developed by these communities to address welfare needs. There is also a dearth of research analysing the perspectives of Muslim service users. It is this lack of inquiry which this thesis addresses. This research centres on a case study of an Islamic organisation providing services including Islamic counselling, advocacy, khul divorces, mediation and chaplaincy. The study explores the construction of the organisation’s Islamic approach to social work, their everyday practices and areas of particular on-going negotiation. It draws on interviews with individuals working at the organisation, Muslim service users who have accessed the services and also external professionals who have referred individuals to the organisation. An exploration of the potential benefits for Muslim service users focuses on the counselling services provided to young women and asylum seekers in particular. The findings of the study highlight the opportunities and challenges experienced in the process of professionalising internal forms of support amongst British Muslim communities. This research has implications for three key areas of academic debate. Firstly, it contributes to the sociological study of religion, specifically to the field of British Muslim studies. Secondly, the thesis informs current discussion within the social work discipline, particularly regarding the role of spirituality when working with minority service users. Thirdly, this study contributes to contemporary debate regarding the role of faith groups providing welfare services. Overall, this research gives an original insight into the development of professional Islamic social work in contemporary Britain. i Declaration This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ………………………… (insert MCh, MD, MPhil, PhD etc, as appropriate) Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Academic Standards & Quality Committee. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ……………………… ii Acknowledgements I would like to begin by thanking Mr Yousef Jameel. Without his generous provision of a Jameel Scholarship it would not have been possibly to conduct this research. I am very grateful for the amazing opportunity he has provided me to carry out this study. I would also like to thank Christian Hoffmann, the Jameel Scholarship Program Manager, and Sarah Price, the Deputy Director of Development and Head of Alumni Relations at Cardiff University, for their support in receiving this scholarship. My sincere thanks go to all of the participants who took part in this research, especially the staff members at the Islamic Welfare Organisation in Bridston. I am humbled by the kindness you have shown me and would like to thank you all for your assistance. It has been a privilege to be supervised by Dr Sophie Gilliat-Ray and Professor Jonathan Scourfield during the last three years. I am extremely thankful for their commitment to the research and their continual support during the course of the study. I’d also like to thank the staff members and postgraduate students at the Centre for the Study of Islam at the UK at Cardiff University who have provided encouragement, especially Dr Saira Malik and Mark Bryant. Thanks are also given for the assistance I have received from other staff members and postgraduate students in the School of History, Archaeology and Religion at Cardiff University. In addition, I am also grateful for the support given to me by the Muslim Council of Wales during my studies. I have benefitted enormously from the opportunity to attend events, training courses and present at conferences organised by the Muslims in Britain Research Network, the Islamic Studies Network and the Religion & Society programme. I would like to thank them all for these opportunities. To my family and friends, thank you all for the huge support you have given me, especially Mum, Dad, Adam, Nick, Mike and Glynis. Finally, I would like to dedicate this thesis to S. & A. Douglas and K. & D. Warden. iii Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... i Declaration ................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. iii Contents .................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ viii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ ix Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 A Note on Terminology ......................................................................................................... 2 Outline of Thesis Contents ..................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2: The Welfare of Muslims in Britain ..................................................................... 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 5 Welfare Concerns of First Generation Migrants .................................................................... 6 Emerging Community Infrastructure ..................................................................................... 9 Contemporary Welfare Concerns ......................................................................................... 13 The Salience of Religious Identity ....................................................................................... 18 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 20 Chapter 3: Social Work, Religion and Spirituality............................................................. 22 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 22 Ethnicity and Race in Social Work ...................................................................................... 23 Religion and Spirituality in Social Work ............................................................................. 26 Islam and Social Work ......................................................................................................... 35 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 44 Chapter 4: Methodology........................................................................................................ 45 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 45 Research Questions .............................................................................................................. 45 Ontological and Epistemological Position ........................................................................... 46 iv Use of Key Terms ................................................................................................................ 48 Multi-Method Case Study Approach ................................................................................... 53 The Fieldwork Process ......................................................................................................... 61 Ethical Issues .......................................................................................................................
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