JUNE 1992

CONFESSIONS OF A STATE DEPARTMENT

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Phone (202)872-0060 Fax (202) 466-9064 Telex 64514 Cable Clements/Washington AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION LEADING BY EXAMPLE Governing Board President. HUME HORAN State Vice President: WILLIAM A. KIRBY An Open Letter to The Honorable Edward J. Perkins, Director General of the AID Vice President: PRISCILLA DEL BOSQUE Foreign Service USIA Vice President: BERNARD HENSGEN Retiree Vice President: CHARLES A. SCHMITZ Secretary. ANNE WOODS PATTERSON Dear Ed: Treasurer: JOSEPH HUGGINS State Representatives: CATHERINE BARRY On the eve of your departure for the United Nations, it is proper that AFSA give PAULA BOYD PURNELL DELLY an accounting of its efforts to support affirmative action. You’ll recall that last year HARRY GALLAGHER our “Outreach and Continuity Board” pledged itself to work for a both elite and ROBERT PERRY AID Representatives: JAMES DEMPSEY more representative Foreign Service. Here are some of the things we’ve done: WILLIAM McKINNEY 1) AFSA minority internships: This summer and henceforth, AFSA will fund USIA Representative: LAUREN HALE Retired Representatives: PATRICIA BYRNE a minority intern at the Department of State. AFSA itself has this year hosted DANIEL NEWBERRY DONALD R. NORLAND two minority interns, one from Wesleyan University and one from Bryn DAVID SCHNEIDER

Mawr. Staff 2) AFSA Speakers’ Bureau: Working with the Association of Black American Executive Director: SABINE SISK Business Department Ambassadors, AFSA has obtained full funding for a “Speakers’ Bureau.” The Controller: CATHY FREGELETTE bureau will enable AFSA to carry the Foreign Service’s message to minority Executive Assistant: IRENE LOWY Accounting Assistant: SHEREE EDMONDS and other audiences. Even previously, AFSA speakers were programmed to Administrative Manager: SANDRA KARLOWA address minority groups at campuses on the East and West coasts. Administrative Assistant: CHAMPA JARMUL Legal Services 3) AFSA mentoring program: Lest minority summer interns lose touch and Legal Assistant: MARK W. SMITH Law Clerks: EDWIN GANIA drift away from the department, AFSA will assign one of its 3,500 retired PATRICIA A. MALONE Foreign Service members as a “resource person” to each intern when he or Member Services Director: CHRISTOPHER PERINE she returns to school. Ambassador Philip Habib has agreed to be one of our Representatives: DEBORAH M. LEAHY mentors. JULIE SMITHLINE Membership Director: JANET L. HEDRICK 4) “Global Mission”: The handsome AFSA/DACOR illustrated booklet, “Glo¬ Membership Assistant: LAURIE A. McMICHAEL

bal Mission” should strengthen our service’s recruiting appeal to minorities Professional Issues. RICH ARD S. THOMPSON

and women—whom the publication well represents. Retiree Liaison. WARD THOMPSON 5) Foreign Service Journal articles: The Foreign Service Journal has pub¬ Congressional Liaison: RICK WEISS Scholarships and lished articles and editorials calling for more effective affirmative action. We Development Director: GAIL VOLK do so again now. Because the recruiting “yield” at historically black colleges Assistant. MICHAEL DAILEY and universities (HBCUs) will be disappointing, we strongly advocate more Outreach Department Speakers Bureau and intensive recruiting at elite schools, plus better funding and mentoring. We International Associates: GIL KULICK should not apologize for recruiting at our great public and private universi¬ Conferences: JOHN J. HARTER ties; the student bodies at our leading schools are far more representative of The American Foreign Service Association, founded in 1924, is the professional association of the Foreign America in terms of race, gender, and class, than the Foreign Service is today. Service and the official representative of all Foreign Service employees in the Department of State and the 6) Leadership by Example: The most important example of AFSA’s follow¬ Agency for International Development under the terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active or Retired ing-through on its platform, however, is the example set by the AFSA board membership in AFSA is open to all current or retired employees of the U.S. foreign affairs agencies. Associ¬ itself. Of the past year’s 21 board members, 10 have been white males, and ate membership is open to persons having an interest in or close association with the Foreign Service. Annual 11 have been women or minorities. The board is quite simply the most able dues: Active Members—$80-165; Retired Members— group of colleagues from State, USAID, and USIS that I have ever worked $45-55; Associate Members—$45. All AFSA members are members of the Foreign Service Club. Please note: with. What AFSA’s leadership has accomplished we call on State’s to do also. AFSA dues and Legislative Action Fund donations may be deductible as an ordinary and necessary business We thank you for your efforts on behalf of a better Foreign Service. You take expense for federal income tax purposes. Scholarship and AFSA Fund donations are deductible as charitable with you to the United Nations our admiration and best wishes. contributions. AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION, 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037. Executive offices, mem¬ Sincerely, bership, professional issues, scholarship programs, insurance programs, JOURNAL offices: (202) 338-4045. Hume Horan, President, AFSA Governing Board, standing committees, general coun¬ sel, labor-management relations, member services, grievances: (202) 647-8160 . FAX: (202) 338-6820 • Foreign Service Club (202) 338-5730.

2 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1992 FOREIGN SERVICE JUNE 1992 JOURNAL VOL. 69, NO. 6

Editorial Board Chairman HOWARD SCHAFFER

RICHARD AHERNE C. STUART CALLISON HELEN STROTHER FOUCHE HUME HORAN JOE B. JOHNSON FRANK McNEIL PHYLLIS OAKLEY ROBERT TOTH HANS N. TUCH Drug Warrior 31 North Korea’s Arms 38

“The Independent Voice of the Foreign Service” FEATURES

Editor Speaking Out 12 ANNE STEVENSON-YANG USAID Needs a Mission and a Mandate Associate Editor NANCY A. JOHNSON BY JOHN A. PATTERSON Assistant Editor/Advertising Manager JULIA T. SCHIEKEN Executive Assistant Farewell to the Pan Am Clipper 14 DEREK TERRELL BY HARRY JOHNSON Editorial Intern EUN SOOK LEE Design The Great Divorce 17 MARKETING & MEDIA SOLUTIONS The 1972 Directive on Wives

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL (ISSN 0015-7279), 2101 E BY JEWELL FENZI Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990, is published monthly by the American Foreign Service An Interview with William Macomber 23 Association, a private, non-profit organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions Revitalizing a Role for Spouses 24 of the writers and does not necessarily represent the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries are BY BARBARA FRECHETTE invited. JOURNAL subscription: AFSA Members -$9-50 Confessions of a State Department Drug Warrior 31 included in annual dues; others - $40. Overseas subscription (except Canada) - $50 per year. Airmail BY JAMES J. G0RMLEY not available. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. Non-Proliferation and First World Responsibilities 35 and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, 2101 E BY GENERAL K. SUNDARJI Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library The Specter of North Korea: Lowering the Threshold 38 Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 (October 1967 to present). Indexed by Public Affairs BY WILLIAM BEECHER Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries invited. The appearance of advertisements herein Coping with the Kims 43 does not imply the endorsement of the services or goods offered. FAX: 202/338-6820 or 202/338- BY TAI SUNG AN 8244 • TELEPHONE: 202/338-4045 or 338-4054. American Foreign Service Association 1992 DEPARTMENTS AFSA Views 2 AFSA News pull-out section Letters 4 Clippings 7 Advertising Sections THE COVER: Fifty Years Ago/Quiz 8 Real Estate 58 Despatch 11 Schools 61 Illustration by In Memory 48 Marketplace 65 Pierre-Paul Pariseau Books 50 Classifieds 67 JUNE 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 3 HOLDING BACK THE TIDE To THE EDITOR: When I read Perry Laukhuff s recol¬ To THE EDITOR: Hume Horan’s column (April Jour¬ lection, I recalled a similar incident of nal, “AFSA Views”), though nuanced, my own. On October 7, 1969 another envisioned FDR, Truman, and junior officer and I were dispatched Eisenhower nodding approval of the from our mission in West Berlin to East outcome achieved by our leaders in Berlin to take the pulse of the specta¬ the 40-year contest between the United tors a parade to mark the 20th birthday States and the Soviet Union. Deputy of the Gemian Democratic Republic. Secretary Eagleburger refers to “our We took up our station on the curb nation’s historic victory over commu¬ where Unter den Linden crosses the nism,” in the AFSA newsletter to re¬ Spree.... As the last of the tanks rolled worked with and I do not understand tired members. I was surprised and by, the civilian contingents, including disturbed to read these things. how so many bright, dedicated people the latter-day Hitler Maidens of the My own service, which came be¬ put up with so much paperwork and Free German Youth, shuffled into view. tween 1951 and 1984, included three runaround. From this fuller (but un¬ At that point, the Vopos or People’s postings in Vietnam and also on such fortunately edited) reflection of my Policemen guarding the route decided other front lines as Korea, Laos, Zaire, seven years at USAID, your readers that “people’s democracy” actually and Pakistan. At tire time, my colleagues would see that it’s the incredible bu¬ meant participatory democracy. They reaucratic systems of which I’m critical had a sense of holding back the turned on us, and, using their batons and not the best people I’ve ever Communist tide. But now that the tide as prods, pushed us out into the line of has receded, its threat appears to have worked with, who must daily labor in march. My colleague and I soon found been overestimated: communism’s a bureaucratic swamp in order to do ourselves in the front ranks of a trade demise appears due not so much to good and advance American interests union contingent marching listlessly our efforts as to its own flaws. Fur¬ in the backwaters of the globe. under a banner proclaiming something thermore, instead of emerging from Mark L. Edelman like “Workers of the World Unite.” the contest unscathed, we seem to be Deputy Administrator, USAID We soon found ourselves quickly undergoing a measure of disintegration approaching the reviewing stand ourselves, with our budgetary deficits, 101 TROMBONES AND MORE packed with most of the central com¬ mittee. ... As members of the Free social problems, unemployment, and To THE EDITOR: loss of international competitiveness. German Trade Union, we were called Perry Laukhuff s experience in Paris upon to raise our left fists three times Nor are all our foreign affairs problems in 1940 when his car got caught in a yet resolved. to a smiling Walter Ulbricht, shouting Nazi German parade (March Journal, “Hoch, Hoch, Hoch ” as we did so. I The Communist challenge, indeed, “Postcard from Abroad”) reminds me called forth a high level of dedication then noticed the TV camera on the of a similar incident. stand pointing directly at us and, from the Foreign Service, even if our In June 1933 my family of five (I was direction was a little unsure. But consumed with dread, thought of my then 11 years old) was traveling through colleagues in West Berlin watching triumphalism, which has overtones of Europe in an overloaded Buick that the anti-Communist dogmas of the the proceedings on television. kept overheating. As we entered This incident went unreported upon past, can only obscure the seriousness Aachen, Germany, we suddenly dis¬ of our situation and the magnitude of my return to the West later that day. covered that the main street was lined But now it can be told. the task still ahead. with flag-bearing Gentians waiting for Theodore L. Lewis Victor Gray a parade. Foreign Service Ojficer Germantown, Maryland No other cars were to be seen, and National Defense University, the traffic cops made frantic signals for Washington GOOD PEOPLE, BAD SYSTEMS us to disappear from the scene. Just as To THE EDITOR: we were about to leave the parade WONG REGIME Enough fine people have taken route the car stalled. ... As we offense at my half-quoted views in promptly learned, Adolf Hitler was To THE EDITOR: Government Executive (April Journal about to make his appearance. It took As a former Uganda desk officer, I “Letters” and January Journal “AFSA several tense minutes before we can attest to the fact that Elliott Abrams News”) that I hope you’ll allow me to managed to move the car out of the remains extremely popular in that cite my full views. I did indeed state main thoroughfare. . . . We located a country (January Journal, “The Elliott that USAID is the worst bureaucracy I garage only a block away. Soon, as a Abrams Story”). It should be noted, have worked in. However, every time mechanic attended to the car, we heard however, that this popularity stems I made this comment, before many the roars of the crowd greeting Adolf. from his outspoken criticism of human audiences, I have added that USAID Talcott W. Seelye rights under the second Milton Obote also has the best people I’ve ever Bethesda, Maryland regime and not the Idi Amin regime, as

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1-800-638-2076 301-390-9400: Local number in Washington, D.C. I#| LETTERS your article states. total culture of their respective societies. “rank speculation” my belief that Bywater Jim Entwistle My conclusion, which the reviewer influenced war planners in developing Bangkok, Thailand consistently exaggerates in order to the concept of an island-hopping cam¬ make it look ridiculous, is that two paign through the Marshall and Caroline INFAMOUS REVIEW? books published in the 1920s by the islands as a response to a possible British naval authority Hector C. Bywater aggressive move by Japan. I devote an To THE EDITOR: influenced the Imperial Japanese Navy entire chapter of my book to this impor¬ Charles Maechling’s petulant tirade in general and Admiral Isoroku tant matter, but suffice it to ask: is it against my book, Visions of Infamy Yamamoto in particular in planning the “rank speculation” for me to quote (February Journal, “Books”) is about offensive of December 1941. Admiral William V. Pratt when he wrote what to expect when a work that at¬ I do not argue, as Maechling irre¬ that many fellow American officers re¬ tempts to offer fresh and unconven¬ sponsibly contends, that Bywater’s garded Bywater as “a prophet”? tional insight into the origins of the writings “virtually dictated” the think¬ I grant that influence is always one of Pacific War is reviewed by someone ing of the Imperial Navy. Maechling’s the trickiest matters for the historian to who looks back on World War II mili¬ prejudice is further laid bare by his grapple with, yet I suspect that a re¬ tary planners as chocolate soldiers un¬ dismissal of Bywater’s work as mere viewer less prejudiced than Maechling affected by anything outside their pro¬ fiction, as if I had argued that Japanese might have found Visions of Infamy—as fessional training and discipline. “Mili¬ and American planners were influ¬ have other critics—somewhat more tary staffs do not take their inspiration enced by Forever Amber. Hector plausible. from fiction,” he sniffs. Bywater was no mere spinner of tall William H. Honan Maechling may have lived in monas¬ tales. He was, in fact, the world’s Cultural Correspondent, New York tic seclusion when he served as a junior leading naval authority in the period Times secretary in the Joint Staff Planners, but between the two world wars. New York, New York I daresay that others in both the Navy There is not space to reply to all of and the Imperial Japanese Navy could Maechling’s demagogic attacks, but let CURIOUS OMISSION not help but absorb and express the me mention just one. He denounces as To THE EDITOR: Having followed the debate on The Area's Largest “agency harassment” (January Journal, Diplomatic Dealer “Letters”), one example of “reverse ha¬ rassment” has been curiously omitted: USIS FSOs are promoted from the FS-4 FREE SERVICE to FS-3 grade upon tenuring. As a State LOANER FSO tenured three years ago, I’m still waiting for my “merit” promotion. The Washington Area's Largest BMW Dealer Incidentally, it is most definitely not the career goal of all FSOs to become an Contact: ambassador. And speaking as an ad¬ Jay Klein Richard Burton Sales Director Sales and Leasing ministrative generalist, what about the hundreds of specialists who are also “shut out” of the competition for ambas¬ sadorial appointments? Methinks USIS doth protest too much. MichaelK. St.Clair Maseru, Lesotho m

Corrections: Due to a production er¬ ror, a photo caption in some editions of PASSPORT BMW the May}oumA gave an incorrect date for the U.S. taking ofIwoJima. The year 5000 Auth Way • Marlow Heights, Maryland was 1945. (301) 423-8400 A poem by Edward Findlay was Call Today For A Home or Office Appointment omitted from the Table of Contents in the May Journal. The poem appeared on page 40.

6 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1992 hotel suite jammed with special satel¬ lite communications gear. To talk to THE WASHINGTON POST, APRIL 7, 1992 the State Department, the diplomats Secretary of State James Baker may must wait for the precise moment a have given up some use of govern¬ satellite passes overhead, then beam ment airplanes, but both he and deputy up from a portable ground station Lawrence Eagleburger are provided pointed out a hotel window. They government cars when they travel quickly conduct essential phone con¬ around Washington. versations and then connect their lap¬ There are 15 cars—leased at $60,000 top computers to send and receive the a year—and 15 drivers—paid a total day’s written messages. of $332,000—in the executive fleet, Back in the quiet of his room, which is used on a first-come, first- estimates it will cost about $28 million Courtney is pondering ways to make served basis. The department has 800 to open and operate the 15 new life easier for his troops in this city of $15-a-month parking spaces and embassies this year. Next year, when 1.1 million people. It is hard to find several executive dining rooms, plus they are fully staffed, most by seven such basics as a dry cleaner or decent a formal dining room used for diplo¬ diplomats, the cost will hit $48.7 dentist, so embassy staffers will need matic receptions and dinners. The million. periodic breathers in the West. But secretary is billed by the executive Alma Ata has no foreign airline links dining service for his food, which he ACTION AND ADVENTURE to the outside world, so transporta¬ often eats in his office. The department tion is tough. Embassy staffers are has two small exercise rooms. THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, APRIL 17, 1992 fretting about whether they will get BY GERALD F. SEIB air-conditioners for their eventual of¬ EMBASSY BOOM Making do has become an art form fices: the summers are hot and gritty. for seven hardy American diplomats THE WASHINGTON POST, APRIL 20, 1992 since last February, when they began RUSSIAN WORKERS BY DANA PRIEST the process of starting an embassy in RETURN One of the agencies most affected the remote, oil-rich, nuclear-armed by the end of the Cold War has been state [of Kazakhstan], “This assignment Los ANGELES TIMES, APRIL 9, 1992 the State Department. Change at the will appeal to people who like action BY ELIZABETH SHOGREN State Department begins in the lobby, or adventure,” says William Courtney, Seven Russians have started work where each nation is represented by a the top diplomat here... who expects at the Moscow embassy, but there are flag. Flags for Ukraine and Russia are to be formally named ambassador to plans to have 50 Russians employed there, but many of the other republics Kazakhstan. He has already had to as translators, drivers, maintenance have not yet settled on a national politely decline the honor of eating workers, and clerical personnel by symbol. boiled sheep’s head, steer clear of the end of July. Bringing full-time Turkmenistan decided on a flag pistol-packing Muslim tribesmen, and Russian employees back into the with the remnants of five traditional figure out how to import American- embassy compound signals a new rugs. “It’s a rather difficult flag to made cars into a country a continent relationship of increased trust between duplicate,” said a spokeswoman. removed from the closest U.S. car Moscow and Washington and also the The State Department also has a dealer. intention to beef up the embassy staff new 12-person Office of CIS Assis¬ One morning he cheerfully wel¬ to handle the $24-billion package of tance, headed by Richard Armitage. comes a guest into his “office”—basi¬ international aid. This office will organize technical and cally a table in his room at the dreary There are, however, strict rules humanitarian assistance and will work Hotel Kazakhstan. As [the embassy governing the actions of the new on such issues as defense conversion building] is being fixed up, Courtney Russian employees. Thick tape in and economic reform. and his staff are working—and liv¬ green, yellow, or red has been put State has opened 14 new embassies ing—here in the hotel. Incongruous across every door at the embassy. . . . in the former Soviet Union and one in touches of Americana are all around: Green means you can go in, yellow Albania. The White House cleverly a jar of Tang and the standard-issue means you can enter only with an avoided the average eight-month am¬ picture of Secretary of State Baker. escort, and red means don’t even bassadorial confirmation process by The State Department sent in a special think about it. sending charges d’affaires whom the cargo plane loaded with everything The average cost to the government president intends to nominate as am¬ from copying machines to bottled per person for the [former] U.S. sup¬ bassadors to many of the embassies. water to a week’s supply of emergency port staff at the embassy is $120,000 a In all, the number of U.S. diplomats in U.S. Army rations. year, said an embassy worker. . . . the former Soviet Union is expected On this cold morning, Courtney [The Russian worker’s] monthly salary, to grow from its Cold War average of has started his day with a visit to the in comparison totals $66 at the cur¬ 233 to about 340. The State Department embassy “communications center,” a rent exchange rate. ■

JUNE 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 7 (ddxecutiiwe czCodcj-incj, Sterna I i veS SAG-

Interim Accommodations for The Corporate and Government circled overhead the entire morning. Their Markets War News Published in the Journal, June 1942 ship reached Bangka Straits just a few hours ahead of the Japanese fleet, which Close escape the same day attacked Palembang, oil One of the most sensational escapes center of Sumatra, and they safely reached “f" ^Uownliouizi made by Foreign Service officers from Perth some days later. - “I Ramify C^/OMI the war zones was that of Consul General Kenneth Patton, Consul Harold Robinson, My kingdom for an auto TOR THE EXECUTIVE ON THE MOVE" and Vice Consul Charles Thompson from The automobile situation is beginning Singapore on February 10-12. All evacu¬ to tell on almost everyone these days. ees had left, Foreign Service wives hav¬ Every driver wears a strained expression— LOCATIONS ing made a dramatic departure on Janu¬ waiting for the last spare tire to go flat, ary 30 to Batavia [Jakarta], and only by wondering how long the old car will stand Crystal City luck were the few remaining officials up. The Rationing Board turns thumbs Ballston able to get away. Bombs had fallen in the down on requests for new cars by officers, Rosslyn gardens of the Patton residence on the except in a few cases where domestic outskirts of Singapore, which at the time motoring is done on official business. Springfield housed the Consulate General, and the When the old car gives out, the FSO walks Alexandria rear of the house was partly demolished. or busses to the department. Tyson’s Corner Our consular officers boarded ship The officer in the field fares well. The Reston but, due to some slip-up in convoy plans, department endeavors to obtain licenses remained in the harbor for two days. to export new cars, tires, and tubes for Falls Church From the ship’s rail they watched the FSOs in the field. Records show that 488 McLean seething caldron of Singapore, nearly the privately owned motor cars are operated Washington, D.C. entire city being cut off from view by at l6l posts. These cars were driven walls of flame near the harbor’s edge. 4,392,391 miles during 1940. . . . Almost The day after the convoy got under without exception, officers use their own • Furnished and way, a fleet of 42 Japanese dive bombers cars for official purposes. ■ unfurnished • Furnished units fully equipped and SERVICE QUIZ accessorized • Pets and children (Answers appear on page 7 of the pull-out section) welcome in many locations 1. Name the U.S. diplomat who, on being offered a posting to Paris, • Many “walk to metro” responded with the following comment: “I am old and good for locations nothing; but as the storekeepers say of their remnants of cloth, I am but a fag end, and you may have me for what you please • Accommodations to fit to give.” specific requirements • Variable length leases 2. Who signed seven of the first 14 treaties enacted by the United available. States of America? Fax: (703) 642-3619 3. Who is the only U.S. president to have served as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations? 5105-K Backlick Rd. Annandale, Virginia 22003 4. Name the five U.S. presidents who served as ambassadors to the (703) 642-5491 United Kingdom.

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coach rate plus $1, so Baker and the repeated unsolicited verbal comments, Aboard government are square. According to gestures, physical contact (or material) the report, Baker made a total of 64 of a sexual nature, which are consid¬ People’s Air trips in the period January 21, 1989 to ered to be unwelcome by the recipient. ” If you’re having a hard time getting March 31, 1991, of which 46 were The report further comments that the secretary’s attention for a pet pro¬ official, 11 were personal, seven were sexual harassment is most often mani¬ gram, on your next home leave try mixed, and none was political. That fested as jokes and innuendo and most flying coach to Texas. You may be makes for two trips fewer than John frequently comes from colleagues, with sitting next to him. Sununu in the same period but more supervisors being the second most To deflect potential criticism of gov¬ than any other official studied. There frequent offenders. Some 22 percent ernment practices that may be per¬ are no figures quantifying the of the women surveyed and 6 percent ceived as wasteful, Secretary Baker president’s travel, although the Marine of men reported having personally recently announced that he would fly Corps has announced it will provide experienced sexually harassing jokes, commercial airlines for personal travel the House with an accounting of costs while “suggestive looks” got an 11 whenever possible. Not only commer¬ for the HMX squadron based at percent confirmation from women and cial, coach. Art Buchwald pointed out Anacostia Heliport for presidential use. 2 percent from men. Of the other that this could be a security risk— Costs may not be as high as they behaviors surveyed, 4 percent of the suppose, by mistake, he were to eat appear. The hourly rates charged to women surveyed said they had been some of the food. No matter. Margaret the government for use of military subjected to unwelcome “patting,” 5 Tutwiler has said that Baker recently aircraft largely represent fixed operating percent said they had been “cornered,” tried a commercial flight and thought costs for the planes as well as per diem and 7 percent reported that colleagues it was fun. His portable cellular phone for the crew. “No money really leaves had “brushed against” them in an un¬ makes it possible to stay in touch even the U.S. Treasury, but the costs have to welcome manner. when airborne. be accounted for,” says Air Force About a fifth of respondents thought Baker’s announcement came in re¬ spokesman Captain George Sillia. For the department’s response to sexual sponse to a General Accounting Office security reasons, the State Department harassment issues was “adequate,” 13 report on travel by executive branch does not release information on Baker’s percent called the response “good,” officials over 26 months, undertaken private travel, but common sense would while only 12 percent rated perfor¬ in the wake of the Sununumobile and suggest that coach costs must also be mance inadequate or poor, while 46 released in early April. Baker an¬ incurred for his security detail when he percent of respondents answered that nounced that he was shocked by the travels on commercial flights, raising they were undecided or did not know GAO report and would be taking coach the real cost of such travel. how well the department responded to at times when he does not require 24- these matters. However, 34 percent of hour secure communication with the respondents said that they were likely to president. Sexual be “labeled a troublemaker” if the be¬ The report said that Baker’s 11 per¬ havior were reported and 27 percent sonal trips during this period, mostly Harassment thought they would not be taken seri¬ to Texas and Wyoming on nine-seat A report released by the State Office ously. Furthermore, 38 percent said that planes attached to the Air Force 89th of Equal Employment Opportunity and they would not report harassing behav¬ Wing, cost the government $413,276, Civil Rights finds that 18 percent of the ior but would prefer to handle it on their of which Baker himself reimbursed the women working in the Department of own. Most of the respondents took government $38,453, according to de¬ State say they have been subjected to sexually harassing behavior seriously, partment spokesman Margaret sexual harassment, along with 4 per¬ however, with 51 percent calling it “a Tutwiler. (Tutwiler took issue with the cent of the men, for an overall rate of problem for both males and females,” GAO figures, which tabulated $7,164 10 percent. The study of 4,000 Ameri¬ and 46 percent of females and 40 per¬ in compensation from the secretary cans in the department, undertaken cent of males saying it is illegal activity himself and $9,845 from members of for State by Vantage Personnel Inc. that should be punished. Eight percent his family and friends.) The official and released in May 1991, defines of men and 5 percent of women called formula stipulates reimbursement at sexual harassment as “deliberate or it “invited activity.” ■

JUNE 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL *11 BY JOHN A. PATTERSON

USAID Needs a Vision and a Mandate

he article, “A.I.D.’s Identity ample, we speak of decentralization of Congress and Special Interests: T Crisis,” by C. Stuart Callison authority to field missions while at the We all lament the hands-on attitude and John G. Stovall in the same time placing power to manage within Congress that leads members not January Foreign Service Eastern European programs in Wash¬ only to set objectives for the foreign Journal, said a great deal about the ington. We speak of honoring personal assistance program but to manage it as agency’s declining fortunes. USAID’s incentives, while permitting blatantly well. We have become everyone’s foot¬ changing objectives and sometimes less biased reporting by the inspector gen¬ ball, and until the administration takes than clear sense of priorities were de¬ eral. control of the agency’s mission and scribed very well, as was the rationale To be effective, USAID’s resources determines how it is to proceed in the for an emphasis on Human Resource must be commensurate with its objec¬ future, we do not stand a chance of Development (HRD). One could make tives. Since the objectives are numerous, surviving, no matter how many internal the case, however, that HRD is, contrary adequate funding must be provided if reorganizations are undertaken. We must to their thesis, an important aspect of show Congress that we have a vision humanitarian assistance, to which most and that we’ve organized ourselves to The agency has lost ground Americans subscribe, when all else is move into the 21st century. said and done. We can only hope that over the years because of the need Doing Business: Finally, while most human resource development and ca¬ for clearer objectives. developmentalists agree that our field pacity building will be prominent fea¬ missions are desirable, we maybe forced tures of the U.S. foreign assistance pro¬ to change. We simply do not adequately gram into the 21st century. we are to meet the stated development support these missions. We could fol¬ objectives for Eastern Europe, fonner low the operational approach of many Cutting off its nose Soviet Union Asia, Africa, and Latin other donors, which administer foreign Whether USAID can maintain its America. Since budgets are increasingly aid programs from their respective leadership as a development agency tight, radical change may be in order. headquarters and not via overseas of¬ remains to be seen. One could argue Inspector General: The IG seems fices. In light of the increased importance that the agency is drifting, because at to proceed under the principle that of other donors, such as Japan and times it has lacked a clear vision and individuals being investigated are guilty Germany, perhaps we should consider mandate. It suffers from declining bud¬ until proven innocent and that USAID is a World Bank-type organization run out gets and low morale. It fails to show riddled with criminals. AFSA has spo¬ of Washington with small field staffs for appreciation for the self-sacrifice of ken forcefully on this demoralizing situ¬ coordination and liaison. This may not spouses, gives inadequate attention to ation and should continue to do so on be as efficient or effective but it would the role of other donors, does not our behalf. be cheaper, easier on family life, facili¬ appreciate the changing nature of the Spouses: The role of spouses was tate coordination with other donors, security environment abroad, and ig¬ not mentioned in a message on person¬ ease relations with Congress, and fa¬ nores the need to do something about nel issues from the agency last year. In cilitate the inspector general’s scrutiny. the congressional penchant to eannark this age of two-career families, that’s a A vision for the future requires ideas, funds and dictate the way programs are sad commentary. We must find the not only for the agency’s mission but for carried out. means to keep families together and not its day-to-day operations—including The agency has lost ground over the break them apart, as is implied by how it will take care of its people. We years because of the need for clearer expanding separate maintenance al¬ must do better on both counts or the objectives. USAID has sent conflicting lowances. Some donors consider the agency will surely die. ■ signals concerning its goals and has remuneration of spouses for their role paid inadequate attention to its greatest abroad to be an integral part of the way John A Patterson is a USAID officer resource: USAID employees. For ex¬ they do business. in Manila.

12 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1992 WILL THE PRINTS YOU BOUGHT IN PRAGUE BE COVERED IN BOMB®?

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I Name I Address THE Mr INSURANCE PLAN Don’t go overseas undercovered. ^ City | State Zip The AFSA Plan is underwritten by Federal Insurance Company, one of the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies. climbed aboard a Clipper at that same air¬ port, recently renamed after the president whose legacy included the Peace Corps of FAREWELL which I was a member. Armed with French and a proficiency in African rural markets gained in just three short months of Peace Corps training, as well as a letter of introduc¬ tion to the Pan Am station manager (which proved to be far better currency than the first to the two items), I was off to help the people of Africa, or at least those who had found themselves living in the Republic of Guinea. I was boarding the Red-Eye Special, America’s answer to the Trans-Siberian Railway. CLIPPER Ponder your last 3,000-mile tourist class flight to London at the height of the season. Imagine extending it to 12,000 miles. Add an Pan Am folds its wings intermediate stop where the celebrating soccer team sitting behind you gets off and is replaced by a caravan of camel drivers returning home, while you stay on the plane for a complimentary three-hour Turkish BY HARRY JOHNSON bath due to security restrictions (aimed at forestalling attacks by rabid capitalists?), a broken ground service unit, and a “problem” n the summer of 1958 I had just more modest, shall we say, accommodations. with the paper work discovered by an I graduated from high school and was Day after day, with only a Federal Aviation official unhappy with his fee. Add three or working for my father’s construction Administration inspector or two and a couple four more stops of essentially the same company at “Idlewild,” a New York of gallons of go juice, the Clipper would roar character. Assume you run out of food after airport nicknamed after the neigh¬ into the sky doing a reasonable, if just a bit the second stop, and the toilets stop func¬ borhood it was rapidly displacing. For much waddling, approximation of an F-4 being tioning after the third—at about the same of the summer, on an unused runway along catapulted off a flight deck. The vision had time the water and soft drinks run out. You Jamaica Bay where I was pulling cable for quite an impact on a high school kid who had now have a rough idea of the Pan American landing lights, one of Boeing’s new 707s, decided he would be traveling to the exotic cross-Africa flights at the peak of their popu¬ sparkling in the blue and white livery of Pan destinations that lay ahead for that huge but larity. American World Airways, was doing “touch- beautiful bird. (In those days Pan Am es¬ Pan Am ran this service up until the and-go" landings. These tests preceded initi¬ chewed “domestic service.”) Little did I know sanctions—including on air links—were placed ating the world’s first viable commercial jet what lay ahead for me as a member of the “Fly on South Africa. The service ran from New service (the British Comet, which had started America” jet set. York to Lagos and then split, some flights flying a few years earlier, had a truncated career continuing to Addis Ababa, others to due to its nasty habit of breaking up in flight). African Queen Johannesburg. Optimistically scheduled to In the process of making aviation history, It was seven years later when I first take about 24 hours tojohannesburg, these latest versions of the Pan Am it usually deposited its survivors on Clipper would also bring down one the tarmac after 30 to 40 hours. Inde¬ of western civilization’s greatest ac¬ pendent research has proved that complishments: that brilliant blend absolutely no human being other of technology, art, and hedonism than a U.S. government employee known as the ocean liner. In pass¬ has taken the flight all the way to ing, the Clipper did grievous injury Johannesburg or Addis (although to¬ to the quality of Foreign Service life, ward the end, when layovers became as it accelerated the replacement of impossible, the 747s would carry two first-class travel by ship with today’s crews along with crew bunks in the back). Harry Johnson is a USAID Foreign Service officer who A little piece of home Jletv Pan Am for 27 unforget¬ Yet for those manning the bur¬ table years to and from seven geoning remote outposts of Ameri¬ posts. can foreign policy, the Pan Am jet was

14 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1992 an important symbol of home. In Conakry, Iii the family way tradition going back to Wake Island, Pan Am Peace Corps volunteers in town on the day The usual Foreign Service connection stuck with the boys in uniform all the way. of the weekly flight would often go out to the with Pan Am was more mundane; it involved The more isolated Foreign Service posts airport to watch the plane land, visit with the periodic family relocations (or dislocations) always seemed a bit better if they were on a crew if possible, and then return to the and the occasional TDY or R&R trip home. Pan Am route: you knew the folks at Pan Am observation deck silendy to watch the blue The Fly America regulations ensured a close would do whatever possible, and often quite and white symbol of the “real world" disap¬ familiae relationship. And a bit more, if you really needed the help. And pear into the African haze. Pan Am was, more you felt a little better sending your kids In those days Pan American took its than anything, a back home alone on a unofficial role as the flag carrier very seri¬ family air- Pan Am Clipper, be¬ ously, as did the many new countries that it line; cause you knew valiantly tried to serve, and the Pan American your children station manager was treated as a person of some import. While the ambassador rep¬ resented his government by driv¬ ing around in a large, rat- tly black Ford with a flag and making speeches about foreign aid, the station manager repre¬ sented Pan American and the American technological supremacy for which it stood. The station manager had you could see it most clearly in the tears of would be flying around the world with clout: his 707 had the seats to get in and out the long-term employees during Pan Am’s family. of the country, and the planes’ holds carried protracted and messy demise. So whenever I see a news story in which the wine, cheese, car parts, and air-condi¬ Those who worked for Pan Am were they interview a sad Pan Am’er describing tioners that made life survivable for both the genuinely nice people with what we now the dissection of what was an American expatriates and the growing ranks of People’s call a vision: that Pan Am represented America. institution, I search for another Bedouin Servants: a kind of multi-ethnic cargo cult. 1 Baggage handlers and vice presidents worked curse to hurl at the junk yard dog financiers can recall an ambassador who retired to take together comfortably on problems with a who finally ran the big blue ball into the up a position as a station manager and degree of camaraderie all too rare in large ground. United may fly the friendly skies and seemed to think it a promotion. American corporations. Many attribute it to Delta may love to do it for us, but when we The perceived affinity of Pan Am and U.S. the management style of Juan Trippe, who are opening embassies and USAID missions policy could cause embarrassment, as it did started Pan Am off on its global vision back in assorted Central Asian deserts, are they when Kwame Nkrumah, advised while on a in the thirties. going to be there with us like the folks at Pan trip to China that his services were no longer For better or worse, this “all in the family” Am? Somehow, I don’t think so. Thanks, Pan needed back home in Ghana, was discon¬ attitude extended to passengers. Some took Am, for the memories. ■ certed enough to accept an invitation from to the easy nonchalance, but the “coffee pot Sekou Toure to become co-president of is over there” approach to service didn’t Guinea. Hostilities between Guinea and appeal to everybody. It took an unusual level Ghana over this insult seemed to have been of patience to accept a collegial smile and prevented primarily by their inability to reach shrug of the shoulders along with a “c’est each other with the weapons at their dis¬ I’Afrique" when a late Pan Am flight missed posal. the weekly connection to Bamako. Perhaps The issue died down, until the Guinean the best example is the Peace Corps director foreign minister traveled to an OAU meeting who was told that her dozen or so volunteers in Addis Ababa on Pan American. When the leaving for home would be taken care of after Red-Eye he flew reached Accra, all delega¬ the “paying passengers.” Familiarity can breed tions except the Guineans headed off to the contempt. VIP lounge for a citronpresse. The Guineans nervously waited until the Ghanians boarded, Thicker than water dumped them out, and jailed them. Back in But when the chips are down, the family Guinea there w'as no question but that this usually comes through. was a CIA plot. So both the ambassador and In Vietnam, a trooper escorting a wounded the station manager, along with their staffs, buddy to Tan Son Nhut on a dust-off chopper cooled their heels in house arrest for a week, a couple of hours later could get a beer from and another country was cut from the Pan Am a smiling stew in a blue uniform who was system map. volunteering her time for the troops. In a

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BY JEWELL FENZI “The Foreign Service spouse is an endangered species,” declared Christine Shurtleff in the January 1992 issue of the Association of American Foreign Service Women’s AAFSW News. GREAn“The Foreign Service has been systematically losing its representative family make-up overseas,” she continued. This is happening because, with more two-career families, fewer families overseas are made up of a Foreign Service employee and non-working spouse. “We need to reward spouses who choose to perform what used to be the traditional spousal role.” The proper reward, according to Shurtleff, would be a paycheck. The spouse of a high-ranking official soon to retire from State summed up the matter. “If the department doesn’t compensate spouses, it will have to face the fact that representation is not part of U.S. foreign policy. . . . [I]n 10 or 15 years there won’t be volunteers to do what I do.” Clearly, in spite of the 1972 Policy on Wives of Employees of State, USIS, and USAID, which relieved spouses of responsibility to the Foreign Service, spouses continue to make volunteer contributions at home and abroad, their efforts uncompensated at a time when “psychic income” is insufficient reward. Twelve years ago, a group of spouses introduced a compensation amendment to the Foreign Service Act of 1980, but to no avail. Since 1972, spousal relationships with the department have been defined by the directive—which

JUNE 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 17 says there is no relationship. Therefore, mal dinner, and acting as ladies-in- out not what a Foreign Service wife for spouses to be paid for the traditional waiting were not to be considered was, but what she was not: “The wife work of diplomacy, it would appear that representational activities.) Specula¬ of a Foreign Service employee who reform of the 72 Directive, as the policy tion persists that Stansbury, an ardent has accompanied her husband to a came to be known, is an essential first feminist, had anticipated the ensuing foreign post is a private individual; she step. ShurtlefFs proposal includes com¬ discord: the debate sparked the chain is not a government employee.” Fur¬ pensation for specific public activities, of events that led to the release of the ther, the policy added that “the For¬ such as assisting with visiting delega¬ Policy on Wives. In an official an¬ eign Service has no right to levy any tions, arranging representational func¬ nouncement on January 26, 1972, duties upon her” and “the U.S. gov¬ tions, and leading community events. Macomber declared, “We have ... ad¬ ernment has no right to insist that a

DRAFTING A BILL OF RIGHTS Three decades ago, the burgeoning feminist move¬ ment and the surge of women entering the work force were bringing great changes to society as a whole, as well as the culture inside foreign affairs agen¬ cies. Betty Friedan authored her landmark The Femi¬ nine Mystique in 1963. The civil rights movement was propelling women and mi¬ norities into more respon¬ sible positions at State. And a 1969 AFSA report advo¬ cated a wide range of de¬ partmental reforms. Primarily in response to the AFSA report, then At a CLO-sponsored coffee in Jakarta, women of the mission share drinks and conversation with Martha Deputy Undersecretary of Holdridge, wife of the former ambassador. Administration William B. Macomber Jr. launched a series of dressed the problem of a bill of rights wife assume representational burdens.” management reform studies called for the spouses and dependents of But few spouses of employees enter¬ “Diplomacy in the 70s.” Spouse issues Foreign Service employees” (see ing the service since 1972 have read were omitted from these reports Macomber, page 23). the directive, which was circulated in (spouses were not employees), but in The policy replaced an “old” For¬ the department and at posts abroad 1971 Macomber instructed Dorothy eign Service in which wives were two decades ago. It has not been Stansbury, then director of the Family “unofficially official.” “Volunteerism” officially distributed since. Perhaps the Workshop at the Foreign Service Insti¬ was mandatory and wives were re¬ most glaring inequity, although a logical tute, to convene a task force to address viewed on their husbands’ official per- consequence of the policy, is that spouse reforms. Under Stansbury’s di¬ fomiance evaluation reports. They were spouses, unrecognized and rection, 27 women—senior, mid-level, held in a rigid hierarchy based on the uncompensated, continue to perform and junior wives—met and drafted ranks of their mates, and they risked voluntarily the traditional duties of “Representational Responsibilities: being subjected to the whims of a diplomacy. Guidelines for Foreign Service Wives senior spouse who could be the pro¬ Macomber’s 72 Directive, as it came at Posts Abroad.” verbial “dragon lady.” More likely, she to be known, was not a panacea; it The “Guidelines"—a reiteration of was a reasonable, hard-working vol¬ resolved one set of problems for the status of the spouse rather than a unteer, dedicated to maintaining good spouses, only to create another. It proposal for reform—were circulated post morale while furthering the inter¬ remains official policy despite contro¬ in the State Department as “Manage¬ ests of the United States abroad. versy that has periodically eaipted ment Reform Bulletin No. 20.” (The over the past 20 years. At its heart, the task force felt compelled to assure OFFICIAL NONPERSONS discussion revolves around a central, if junior wives that cleaning the embassy While the directive gave token rec¬ unintended, consequence of the policy: residence, doing the serving at a for¬ ognition to women’s rights, it spelled essentially, it disenfranchises spouses,

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WRITE TO: DIPLOMATIC SALES NAME FORD MOTOR COMPANY ADDRESS P.O. Box 600 CITY STATE 28801 Wixom Rd. COUNTRY ZIP Wixom, MI 48393-0600 PHONE NO. i ) Tel: (800) 338-5759 area code Fax: (313) 344-6397 FAX/TELEX NO. ( ) area code casting them into a netherworld of without penalty to the employee, understand the different and complex non-recognition, while at the same Frankly, for some of us, if our spouses pressures on spouses at more senior time making no provision for the public did not have that option, we did not levels at posts such as Dhaka, which is activities that are the sine qua non of have the option of remaining in the on the high end of medium-sized diplomacy, today as well as yesterday. Foreign Service. embassies. Perhaps it is more exagger¬ ated in this respect than other posts, because the U.S. is so prominent here. ‘‘In any case, my spouse has found it impossible to avoid “In any case, my spouse has found totally being a public figure, though I believe that she it impossible to avoid totally being a public figure, though I believe that she maintains a lot of independence. She receives no official maintains a lot of independence. She receives no official recognition for any recognition for any of [her public] activities, and this is a of [her public] activities, and this is a shame. I believe that the U.S. govern¬ shame. I believe that the U.S. government should find a way ment should find a way to compensate to compensate spouses for public activities.” spouses for public activities.” OFFICIAL PRESENCE “Yet, it did not occur to us in 1972 In addition to the options it af¬ COMPLEX PRESSURES that the problem was much more soci¬ forded spouses, another aspect of the In 1972, reflecting the cultural split etal and universal, so that changing the 1972 policy is positive: most notably, it over women’s issues that existed in mores of the U.S. Foreign Service was acknowledges the presence of the society as a whole, AAFSW could not only a small first step. Many parts of spouse in the service (and therefore is reach a consensus on, and did not take the world have yet to accept (and may central to any attempt at reform). The an official position on the Policy on never accept) that spouses can be department continues to recognize Wives. private and independent. We, the spouses in many ways—diplomatic and “The directive was probably trendy, ” drafters of that new policy, did not official passports, travel fares, housing says William Z. Slany, the historian of the Department of State. “There was an assumption that the whole country had suddenly adopted a whole new Ev Taylor, retired Department of State Foreign Service Officer, is life style, which wasn’t the case.” In a now with Money Concepts 1974 interview for Radcliffe College, International. This financial former Foreign Service officer Richard planning organization offers a full L. Williamson noted that, given the range of financial products and opportunity, most wives in 1972 would services including: have vetoed the policy (which was • Mutual Funds* principally drafted by Williamson and • Fimited Partnerships* a committee of mid-level male officers • Stocks and Bonds* during a series of debates in the secre¬ • Variable Annuities* tary of State’s Open Forum Panel). • Hard Assets Carol Pardon, whose withering attack • Life Insurance on the “Guidelines” had appeared in • Educational Seminars the Foreign Service Journal in Sep¬ We will provide you with a tember 1971, was the only spouse on personal, comprehensive financial Everard S. Taylor the drafting committee. plan that will match your Another principal architect of the investment objectives and risk For more information or an appointment: tolerance level with specific directive was William B. Milam, now Contact Ev: recommendations geared toward ambassador to Bangladesh. In recent 1523 King Street reaching those goals. private correspondence, Milam recalled Alexandria, VA 22314 that “the ’72 Policy is one of the things Special attention given to: (703) 684-1277 I have been connected with in the ✓ Retirement Planning service of which I am most proud. ✓Minimizing Tax Liabilities What I wanted to do was to ensure that ✓Portfolio Diversification MONEYCONCEPTS the system would permit—provide the ✓Balanced Capital Accumulation INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL PLANNING NETWORK option—for a spouse to be an inde¬ * Equity products marketed through International pendent person when accompanying Financial Services Capital Corp., member firm NASD. MONEY CONCEPTS FINANCIAL PLANNING CENTER her Foreign Service spouse abroad,

JUNE 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 21 and other allowances predicated on spousal presence at post, a separate maintenance allowance, language and other training, medical care, crisis evacuation, pension rights for divorced spouses, etc. However none of these is the direct result of the policy. The truth of the matter is that the A department cannot function without the help of family members, and any reform must formally acknowledge their participation in representing the United States abroad. While retaining DYNAMITE the spouse’s right to remain a private individual, a new policy must include the following characteristics: recogni¬ tion, evaluation, and compensation in some form, all of which are spelled out in Shurtleff s measured proposal. There MEATBALL must be incentives for a spouse to be the other half of the team. One strong incentive could be the $350,000 re¬ cently received by the Family Liaison Office for development of Foreign Service spouse employment initiatives. A portion of that funding should sup¬ “I■ n 1973, we were transferred to port a pilot program based on Shurtleff s Caracas. Even though I had majored in Spanish, we had proposal. been in the Middle East, and I had studied and spoken Foreign Service spouses at home and abroad should seek reform of the Arabic. My Spanish just wouldn’t come out when we first 72 Directive. Twenty years ago an ad got to post. hoc committee initiated the actions “I needed work papers right away to teach in the which led to the policy; today a similar International School—I always found it incredibly stressful committee must take steps to institute a much-needed reform. A chronology to get your job the minute you hit the post—but when I of spouse activism at State clearly asked if one of the secretaries could go with me to the indicates that impetus for change in Ministry of Labor, I was told, ‘Well, you don’t work for the family policies has to come from out¬ embassy.’ So I said, ‘All right, I’ll get the papers myself.’ side the department, through the ef¬ forts of individuals, or organizations “A few months later when I was called to cook for the like AAFSW and, most effectively, embassy Christmas party, I said, ‘Well, I don’t work for the through direct action on Capitol Hill. embassy. But my husband does, and he makes a dynamite It is doubtful that Christine Shurtleff s meatball. Ask him.' The cook was going to make them in goals will be achieved without sub¬ stantial reform of the 72 Directive, the any event, but I was just making a point. I must say my department’s “hands-off’ policy toward [former] husband was very supportive. He got on the the professional Foreign Service telephone to talk to his boss’ wife about meatballs! spouse. ■ “The next day at school, every kid in my high school class knew that I had refused to make meatballs. It was obvious A long-time member of AAFSW, Jewell Fenzi is the director of that not everybody had absorbed the ’72 Directive.” Foreign Service Spouse Oral His¬ tory Inc., in Washington, D.C., and Kristie Miller, in a June 19,1989, interview with Foreign Service spouse of retired FSO Guido C. Spouse Oral History Inc. Fenzi. She is working on a history of the Foreign Service spouse for Twayne Publishers, a division of Macmillan Inc.

22 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1992 REFLECTING ON THE 1972 POLICY An interview with William Macomber

The following is excerpted from an interview with William B. Macomber who, as deputy under secretary for administration, formulated the policy that came to be known as the ’72 Directive. Now retired and living on Nantucket, Ambassador Macomber was interviewed by Joan Bartlett for the Foreign Service Spouse Oral History Program.

I always thought that his entertaining more dif¬ [the 72 Directive] was ficult, but it would work one of the most difficult out, and I always thought decisions that was made you had to protect the during my time in the maverick. . . . administration at State, We got into this darned because a compelling situation where, if you argument can be made didn’t forbid reference to either way. The wives’ how good a wife was, liberation policy, which there were plenty of ways I deeply believe in, was Deputy Under Secretary for ManagementWilliam Macomber meets with to read in who was good designed to put an end members of the Women’s Action Organization in 1972. and who wasn’t. If there to tyrannical treatment of junior wives, efficiency report, to put a couple of was silence, you didn’t say anything that is, wives who were being badly paragraphs in there about the wife, if about the wife, the code word was she treated by the wife of someone who she was a real contributor. It was a way was not much help. . . I’m just as torn was senior to them at the embassy, you could pay them back. You could now as I was then, but if I had it to do and, I’m sorry to say, that wasn’t an say, “This officer has one marvelous over again, I’d make the same deci¬ imagined problem. . . . Some pretty wife, who’s just an enormous asset to sion. .. good women were pretty bossy and any job her husband’s involved in.” It’s I was always looking for a way to dictatorial to “junior women” (junior a way to say thanks, and “we can’t pay substitute for what was taken away, being predicated on the ranks of their you in money, but this sure ought to and I never got very far, but I often husbands).... The tradition was pretty help with the next promotion.” It was thought, why can’t AFSA have a series engraved into the system. . . . also a recognition of you as a wife, that of awards for outstanding spouses? In the old days, one of the great you’re doing something important for [see AFSA News, pull-out section] slogans, which became anathema to your country. So. I hated to see that QUESTION: Do you feel that if spouses the women’s movement but which I area of the efficiency report elimi¬ were paid for doing work as official always thought was a pretty good nated. But I also felt that if a wife were hostess or given a title, do you think slogan, was “Two for the price of one.” at an embassy and didn’t care to par¬ that would help at all? That meant, in fact, that the govern¬ ticipate in embassy activities—and you MACOMBER: Yes, I remember that one ment was paying one salary but getting hoped that most of them would-—that of my successors advocated that, two people to work for the govern¬ if she wanted to take a graduate degree and I didn’t like the idea much, but ment. That symbolized to me the sac¬ in the local university or pursue some I also think, well, the japanese do it, rifice that people make for their country. local interest, pursue painting or some and it will bring its own problems, . . . We were trying to eliminate the full-time interest of her own that did but I think yes, that’s the direction exploitation side of it. not fit in with embassy activities, that we have to go. It’s clear, you’re on Well, one thing I particularly liked was her right. She was not on our board, and you’ve got much more to do when I was running an embassy payroll, and it was between the hus¬ of a right to ask for help if the was, when it came time to write an band and wife. It certainly would make person’s being paid for it. ■

JUNE 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 23 WILLING EMPLOYMENT

Prophetic critics of the “1972 Policy nor has its reliance on volunteer support Wandering on Wives of Foreign Service Employees” from spouses. The most important con¬ warned that to define all work by spouses tribution non-employee spouses make as voluntary and optional would throw to overseas life is helping to foster a the baby out with the bathwater. They sense of community at post. Dr. Elmore the halls reasoned that few spouses would choose F. Rigamer, a psychiatrist and senior to continue doing unpaid support work deputy assistant secretary in the Medical at overseas posts if they could seek paid Department at State, warned, “Living employment instead. Spouses would abroad is becoming less of an attraction of overseas give up pro bono “charity work” in to women and families. Faced with the foreign communities if the Foreign possible loss of their contributions, the Service failed to notice they were doing overall life and work of our personnel life it. Similarly, senior spouses would cease abroad stand to be severely compro¬ to advise younger ones, if taking re¬ mised.” sponsibility for other spouses might be There is a solution. With fewer volun¬ considered an abuse of power. Even¬ teers, the community liaison officer at tually, all undervalued support work each post is being pressured to do more would vanish from Foreign Service work with less help. To gain great ben¬ overseas life. efits at small cost, each overseas Com¬ The directive’s critics were right, and munity Liaison Office (CLO) should be their gloomy prophesy has come true. expanded with additional part-time Now, almost all spouses want overseas helpers. With a reliable and constant jobs, but there are not enough jobs to go source of CLO staff, we can fulfill more around. Today’s posts are filled with of the community demands of overseas BY spouses who are forced into unwilling living. unemployment. Between joblessness An expanded CLO would develop BARBARA and lack of any perceived support role, more positions of leadership for spouses. they are demoralized. It could develop programs of commu¬ FRECHETTE The directive had merely opened the nity outreach to seek employment and door for spouses to jettison their tradi¬ volunteer opportunities for spouses in tional roles. But even without the di¬ the host and expatriate communities. rective, the Foreign Service probably Finally, it could offer a solution to the could not have resisted the tide of problem of unwilling unemployment societal change that swept women out for some overseas spouses. We must not of traditional roles and into the market¬ add to their demoralization by asking place. That trend has continued. Fewer non-employee spouses to do unpaid spouses are going overseas, and now work for which management can easily fewer married officers are entering the justify paying others. Foreign Service. As did the rest of America in the 1980s, the Foreign Service overestimated WHAT WAS LOST the ability of employment to solve all Amid these societal shifts, the unique spousal problems. Society may change, Foreign Service lifestyle has not changed, spouses may change, but the Foreign

24 • FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • JUNE 1992 Capitol Gains

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35315DC Service need for traditional spousal sup¬ was all. I was not going to impede the As life normalized after that first port remains. feminist cause by reverting to any more crisis, a second occurred. Poisonous gas of the traditional volunteer role in escaped from volcanic Lake Nyos and COMING HOME community service. Others could do as killed many Cameroonians. I was sur¬ Indications are that this decade will they wished, while I wrote a book. After prised and flattered by the leadership find Americans giving up their work in 20 years of community building and that was expected from me. CLOs, who favor of a more traditionally balanced morale boosting, I was looking forward I thought would want me to leave them lifestyle. A 1990 annual Roper poll in¬ to having community liaison officers alone, sought my support. Many CLO dicated that, after 15 years, Americans relieve me of those duties. activities became joint ventures—held at had replaced work (36 percent) with Being nontraditional would return our residence and catered by the CLO. leisure (41 percent) as their primary me to my true nature. Before manying My help became automatic and no concern. into the Foreign Service, my life had longer optional. Not only did I fail to Reflecting similar changes, an April been a series of successful competitions write my book, but I turned, gratefully, 1991 “baby boom burnout” Gallup Poll found that 43 percent of employed women aged 25 to 45 ex¬ pect to reduce their job commitments in the next five years. The same is true for 33 percent of baby-boom men. Furthermore, 23 per¬ cent of employed baby- boom women say they will quit work altogether within five years, along with 11 percent of men. This is in¬ terpreted to mean that in the 1990s, America’s largest consumer group will place less emphasis on money and more on meaning. If the Foreign Service truly expects to reflect current American role models, it should continue to seek Foreign Service spouses volunteer to evaluate scholarship applicants. employment opportunities for a majority of spouses, who want and in a man’s world. I felt that my feminist to traditional role models from the past. need jobs. It should also refurbish a role credentials were impressive, having Fellow spouses in Cameroon, I found, for spouses who find themselves in raised consciousness in the pioneer were not looking for employment alone. Foreign Service situations in which they days of the movement. As the first Cameroon’s response to the Foreign cannot work. This refurbished role could woman writer in Boeing’s Space Pro¬ Service Associate Program proposal for also be used by increasing numbers of gram, and among the earliest women in compensation ranked spouses’ needs spouses who might wish to replace IBM management training, I had shared in this order of importance: work with family and quality of life as in feminist path-finding. • Increased role definition their primary concerns while serving In spite of my being a prime candi¬ • Increased involvement in the host overseas. date for a nontraditional role, however, community our four years in Cameroon turned out • Ability to make a significant contri¬ CAMEROON: MUTUAL SUPPORT to be neither the time nor the place for bution to U.S. interests in the host In 1983 I had rejected the traditional it. A coup six months into our tenure community role. Setting out for Cameroon with my there changed everyone’s perceptions • Appreciation—monetary and per¬ newly appointed ambassador husband, of my role. The crisis thrust me into a sonal I congratulated myself for choosing to leadership role and, fortunately, also • Ability to further one’s own job skills be “modem” and for freeing myself brought out everyone else’s generosity. • Accrual of employment benefits from “dependency.” During the coup attempt, 55 American (retirement, Social Security, IRA con¬ Being a good sport, I planned to community members stayed in the tributions) entertain, represent my country, and residence, and we developed a strong • Continuity of employment histoiy maintain the official residence, but that sense of community and mutual care. If our Cameroonian tour convinced

26 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1992 me how valued the traditional spouse’s Naturally, some senior spouses have role is in one’s own diplomatic mission, always been more likeable than others, our next tour, in Sao Paulo, Brazil and some take longer to realize the showed me, as consul general’s wife, limits of their role than others. how important expatriate Americans I always joined overseas clubs be¬ and host country leaders overseas cause, for me, they combined the benefits consider the role. of a support group and networking. In Sao Paulo, dynamic American Foreign Service life, under the club corporate spouses actively participated system, was not as monolithic as those in community service. With fewer who scorn the clubs would have us Foreign Service spouses overseas to¬ believe. Some spouses refused to join day, and more of them working in our embassy women’s clubs, and many diplomatic missions, traditional For¬ others participated only nominally. Only eign Service participation in commu¬ a few met the difficult demands for nity events has declined dramatically. creativity and leadership. Many corporate friends and Brazilian Today, we have replaced clubs with community leaders told me how they far more efficient support systems. Clubs miss the leadership Foreign Service that still exist at today’s posts provide spouses formerly provided in overseas support and networking, but they have communities. few of the managerial responsibilities of Come to American the former clubs and do not offer the Service Center for diplomatic VALUED PARTNERS same benefits. When my husband entered the For¬ immunity from high prices. If eign Service in 1963, the spouses we POWER TRANSACTIONS you are on an overseas met were remarkably like today’s Transformational leadership skills assignment, and carry a spouses. Spouses in 1963 balanced were the greatest benefit spouses derived diplomatic or official passport, marriage, children, their own profes¬ from clubs. Transformational skills you can save on the purchase sions, the overseas requirements of their persuade, influence, motivate, and in¬ of a new Mercedez Benz with partners’ careers, and perennial Foreign spire others. Salesmen, advertisers, U.S. equipment, shipped Service economic hardships. They preachers, and charismatic political directly to the United States or wanted to help one another, their leaders use them. Transformational for pick up in Stuttgart*. families, and the Foreign Service. Most leadership starts with one person’s Contact Erik Granholm, believed they were serving their coun¬ “empowerment” of another and builds try, not their husbands or their careers. toward “group empowerment,” or our Diplomatic and Tourist Many 1963 spouses had significant consensus. Sales Manager. employment experience. They worked Transactional leadership, the oppo¬ in the States then took strongly sup¬ site style, is corporate American man¬ portive roles overseas. To use today’s agement style. Its power resides in term, they “sequenced.” For them, lack positions on corporate ladders. How of career continuity was a given. They well members wield and broker power were realists who claimed to be neither determines who wins the best position government employees nor diplomats. and the most power. They did, however, believe their sup¬ The situation determines the style. port work was valued by their country, Transformational skills develop outside the Foreign Service, and their marriage of, and transactional skills from within, partners. power structures. Gender is not a factor. The I960 founding of the Associa¬ The ideal is to have both sets of skills tion of American Foreign Service Wives and to be effective in all situations. Service Center (AAFSW) added democratic process to The 1972 directive denies a spouse 585 North Glebe Road diplomatic life. Making ambassadors’ authority over, or responsibility for, any Arlington, Virginia 22203 wives honorary presidents of the clubs other spouse. But the 1985 AAFSW 703/525 2100 FAX: 703/525-1430 that managed family matters overseas Foreign Service Spouse Report found that "Car musi be imported into l IS. within and interjecting the phrase, “Let’s vote 61 percent of surveyed spouses still 6 months after taking delivery in Euri>c>e on it” ended the Dragon Lady tenden¬ expected an ambassador’s spouse to cies of all but a notorious handful of provide leadership. The directive shuns Mercedes-Beru-RegLSttrd Trademarks of Daimler Bcru AC., Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany senior spouses. The 1972 directive is¬ “transactional” or power-wielding lead¬ sued a final coup de grace to already ership, while younger spouses are seek¬ mortally wounded abusive practices. ing “transformational” or mentoring

JUNE 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 27 leadership. Mentoring leadership is based on example and shared experi¬ ence and is petitioned, not imposed. In the late 1970s, many overseas The Prudential posts transferred community-building Preferred Properties responsibilities to one person—a com¬ munity liaison officer. CLO’s one-per¬ son organizational base, however, could support only a portion of a club’s func¬ tions. The loss of supportive club or¬ ganizational mechanisms is, in my opinion, a major cause of discontent among spouses. Major benefits of clubs that were lost in the CLO transfer in¬ cluded a clearly defined role that gave For your real estate needs spouses a sense of identity and putpose in the diplomatic mission; a cadre of experienced spouses with a functional Zorita and Richard Simunek understanding of overseas life; a con¬ nection with other expatriate Americans; □ FREE MONTHLY NEWSLETTER a feeling of satisfaction for many spouses in doing work that is considered as Current market trends and sales prices of Washington. worthwhile to the mission as is the work DC, Virginia, and Maryland homes. of others; a method for developing leadership; and encouragement for par¬ Please send me information on buying or selling a home in: ticipation, by many spouses, in the day- O Washington [”1 Virginia Maryland to-day management of family concerns Bedrooms Price Range at overseas posts. f") Condo l"~I Townhouse i-I Single Detached ALLOWING FOR A SOLUTION Specific Neighborhoods: Many functions lost when club ac¬ O Property Management L) Temporary Housing tivities were transferred to CLO could be recreated by CLO expansion. Instead of O Market Analysis 1 Tax deferred Exchange one-person CLO operations, overseas posts could develop five-or-more per¬ r 1 son CLO support programs and estab¬ ZORITA AND RICHARD SIMUNEK lish multiple allowances for which un¬ Prudential Preferred Properties: employed spouses could apply. These allowances would operate like 1211 North Glebe Road 2550 M Street NW Separate Maintenance Allowances Arlington, VA 22201 Washington, DC 20037 (SMAs). Like SMAs, they would be ad¬ Phone: (703) ^43-6300 Phone: (202) 659-5900 ministered by regional bureaus and DIRECT: (202) 544-5046 DIRECT: (202) 544-5046 would be included in employee pay- Fax: (703) 522-6838 Fax: (202) 659-8746 checks. Spouses would make the same Monthly Payment per $1,000 sort of contractual agreement with tire Department of State that they make 7% 6.66 8% 7.34 9% 8.05 when applying for SMAs. 71/e 6.74 81/e 7.43 97s 8.14 These allowances would not chal¬ 7'/4 6.83 81A 7.52 974 8.23 lenge existing State Department policy, 7 3/e 6.91 83/B 7.61 97B 8.32 conflict with other proposals already in progress, or tear down existing organi¬ 772 7.00 872 7.69 97a 8.41 5 77B 7.08 87a 7.78 9 /s 8.50 zational structures to erect unnecessary 7% 7.17 83/4 7.87 93A 8.60 new ones. They could be quickly, ex¬ 77/B 7.26 87s 7.96 97B 8.69 perimentally, and cheaply implemented. CLO interns could elect their own I I chairperson, offer far more and better Cut Along Dotted Lines support services at post, recreate a An Independently Owned and Operated Member of the Prudential Real Estate Affiliates, Inc. system of host community involvement,

28 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1992 I 1 report more comprehensively to FLO Many believe early Foreign Service AUTHORIZED EXPORTER and State management, and regain a spouse community activists were the method for developing leadership. precursors of the Peace Corps. GENERAL JH) ELECTRIC An expanded CLO could also rees¬ Foreign Service training could make tablish a mutually beneficial, not au¬ role decisions easier for spouses by thoritarian, connection with principal always presenting the traditional role as officer’s spouses. Spouses of principal a positive option. Our Foreign Service officers could help CLO establish con¬ will probably always have to rely on GENERAL ELECTRONICS tacts in the host community, advise CLO voluntary spouse support to maintain its INC. about mission goals, and help CLO coor¬ overseas life-style: in governmental dinate its efforts with those of other mission, budget battles, the State Department expatriate, and host country agencies. never seems to gain more than minimal □ REFRIGERATORS □ FREEZERS □ RANGES □ MICROWAVE OVENS overseas funding. We can attempt to □ AIR CONDITIONERS □ DRYERS THE FREE AGENT SYSTEM eliminate the economic disadvantage of □ WASHERS □ SMALL APPLIANCES A misconception about Foreign Ser¬ this badly needed spousal support with □ AUDIO EQUIPMENT □ TELEVISION □ DISHWASHERS □ TRANSFORM¬ vice spouses is that many are controlled cost-effective allowances. Such allow¬ ERS □ COMPLETE CATALOG by husbands, or, alternatively, by the ances would avoid the inflammatory (Please check box) service. The tiuth is there are few ways topic of salaries for spouses, which, Available for All Electric according the 1985 Spouse Report is di¬ to control non-employee spouses at Currents/Cycles overseas posts: they can be creative free visive even among the spouses them¬ agents, or, if they try to run things, loose selves. Immediate Shipping/Mailing cannons. It is lack of control over spouses With traditions beginning with Abigail From our Local Warehouse that impels our government to limit their Adams, the Foreign Service has always role and curb their authority. led in the development of roles for We Can Also Furnish Non-employee spouses are free to American spouses serving overseas. Now Replacement Parts for establish unofficial, yet real, status in we have another opportunity to reeval¬ Most Manufactures host communities. They have no job uate our support role, free of sexist requirements they must fulfill, supervi¬ baggage. Today, when families discuss SHOWROOM General Electronics, Inc. sors they must please, nor areas of whose career aspirations will be put on 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. specialization out of which they cannot hold, and who will be the primary Washington, D.C. 20016 stray. Other than restrictions against caretaker for children, it is no longer Tel. (202) 362-8300 illegality and behavior that would dis¬ always women who make career sacri¬ FAX (202) 363-6538 credit the United States, the only real fices. TWX 710-822-9450 limitation to the Foreign Service non¬ Revitalizing a support role for spouses GENELECINC WSH employee spouse’s role is the creativity must never be used to lessen efforts to of the person in it. find jobs for qualified spouses. We must Creative community service in for¬ continue to defend hard-won employ¬ eign countries was taken to great heights ment rights for women in the Foreign by America’s I960 spouses. They Service, but we should also remember founded women’s centers, schools, and that unemployed and employed spouses international women’s clubs, raised have always existed side by side in our countless funds for worthy causes, and service. We have always had both roles left indelible impressions in the coun¬ in the past, we should offer both options tries where they served. Foreign hosts now. often reminisce about American Foreign Finally, by idealizing only the em¬ Service spouses whom they have ad¬ ployed spouse, we remake an old mis¬ mired for their volunteer work, specifi¬ take. Promoting the employed ideal cally because it was done by those who with the same determination critics say did not have to work, and for people in we once used to force all women into a far-off land. These traits are often the nonworking, traditional mold is, considered identifiably American. They once again, trying to fit all spouses into produced a role that foreigners and one role. Having won the right to work, other diplomats still consider an American we must now avoid making it a sin not classic—a “grande dame in blue jeans.” to. ■ America’s traditional I960 spouses freed the diplomatic spouse role from draw¬ Along with other jobs and interests, ing rooms and put it into a new American Barbara Frechette has been a For¬ tradition of international public service. eign Service spouse for 29 years.

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Long-Term Care Insurance

Not available in Texas. The Hippocratic oath that phy- I I I 1 I " ■ I I I I > ■ sion in the bureau, in terms of sicians used to take said that if a I I I I I I Bill personnel, budgets, and resources. doctor cannot help, he should at I I I I I I I A Much of this expansion was im- least do no harm. If our drug I I I I | I I H pelled by outside pressure, par- warriors were to take a similar I I I I I I 1 H ticularly from Congress, to do oath, they would need to stop H — something about the international m< >M i >1 w hat they are eh >ing. The H aspects of drug trafficking. The Department of State had the issue BY JAMES J. GORMLEY i of narcotics thrust upon it and has ■aI!< >1 n in >mp |nd w ealtli H never been comfortable with it. limn pri )dueti\c i< > destructive H JThe department’s activities in the i lunnels. a net i. uterine ,< irrupt i< >n H anti-narcotics field have always in our own law-enforcement ^ been reactive to outside pressure. agencies. It is also wasting a great No one high in State has ever deal of money. The failure of our drug efforts is patently regarded the issue as more than an irritant. During the time obvious to any unbiased observer, but the federal of George Shultz as secretary, Representative Charles B. ^ government’s response to the failure is to do Rangel, chairman of the House Select Committee on Drug more of the same. Abuse and Control, continually needled the department about the secretary’s lack of interest in the issue. As we now THE BUREAU NOBODY WANTED know from the positions he has taken since leaving State, From 1984 until 19861 was chief of Shultz’s reluctance to don the armor of a drug warrior was the Americas Division in the Program not just a matter of his being uninterested. Office at the Bureau of International Prior to 1978, narcotics impinged on the State Department Narcotics Matters in the Department through the special assistant to the secretary of State for of State. In 1986 I went to Mexico as Narcotics. Similar positions existed for refugee matters and counselor for Narcotics Matters and in for labor, among other things. This was an attempt to create 1987 transferred to the same job in an impression that State cared about narcotics or refugees or Thailand. I spent my last year in gov¬ labor or whatever, while the mainstream of the depart¬ ernment service back in the bureau ment worked on issues of central interest to it. Not before retiring in 1990. taken in by this particular strategem, Congress These were years of directed the creation of a bureau in State that /, great expan- would be a central point of action for interna- wKm State has expended considerable amounts of money on programs for tional efforts to control narcotics. nature of pruning than destruction. When the Bureau of Interna¬ satellites and aerial reconnaissance, Despite these shortcomings, tional Narcotics Matters was cre¬ with only modest returns for the eradication was the centerpiece of ated, the foreign aid program for State’s strategy during the Reagan narcotics control purposes was outlays. Congressional pressure years. Assistance to Mexico princi¬ transferred from the Agency for for comprehensive narcotics pally took the form of support for International Development the Mexican aerial eradication of (USAID) to State. While at USAID, eradication plans for each producer poppy and cannabis. The program the program had been a stepchild, country has produced reams of paper of providing helicopters and other many of its personnel being left¬ aircraft to the Mexican Attorney overs from the old Public Safety but had remarkably little effect on General’s Office was continued until Program, which advised foreign the production of coca and the mid-1980s, when Washington, police on counter-subversion. especially Congress, began to real¬ (Public Safety is the only federal opium poppy. ize that the Mexican effort was program I know of that was done mosdy smoke and mirrors. This in by a motion picture, Costa- realization was brought home by Gavras’s State of Siege. I sometimes the investigative work done by wish he would turn his eye to a few Enrique Camarena, which resulted other programs.) in his murder by Mexican traffickers. The desultory manner Measuring success in counter-narcotics efforts is difficult, in which Mexican authorities conducted the investigation since many relevant statistics are subject to manipulation. into Camarena’s murder gave rise to the conviction among Congress for a time focused on eradication of opium poppy, many that high political figures in Mexico were involved in coca, and cannabis in the field as a measure of effectiveness. the murder and in drug trafficking. Elaine Shannon has given This is the stage in the production and marketing chain that a chilling description of the Camarena case in her book seems most vulnerable. Laboratories can be hidden and the Desperados. finished product can be transported in a wide variety of manners, but narcotics are easier to spot when still in the THE OCCASIONAL SANCTION field. This led to concentrated effort to identify and destroy Congress over the years has tried to make the Executive narcotics crops. State has expended considerable amounts of Branch take a harder line with foreign producer countries. money on programs for satellites and aerial reconnaissance, The usual measure that Congress encouraged was a cutoff with only modest returns for the outlays. Congressional in economic assistance to offending countries. More than pressure for comprehensive narcotics eradication plans for once we had to point out to our legislators that in order to each producer country has produced reams of paper but had cut off aid, there had to be some aid. Many congressmen remarkably little effect on the production of coca and opium seemed surprised to leam that Mexico, for instance, not only poppy. was not a current recipient of U.S. development assistance, but had never received such aid in the past. Once enlight¬ TOKEN ERADICATION ened, Congress thought up other punitive measures—voting The reasons for this lack of success vary from country to against loans in the World Bank and other international country. First, whatever the disincentives provided by law financial institutions, ceasing cooperation on debt relief, and enforcement, coca or poppy or cannabis continues to be other penalties limited only by the fertile imaginations of more profitable to produce than any alternative crop through congressional staffers. much of the cultivated area. The combination of law The State Department has generally run a rear-guard enforcement disincentives and economic incentives seems action against such penalties and has been reluctant to to have been relatively effective in Turkey and Thailand, but invoke them even when foreign countries have been there are few other areas where this is true. uncooperative on narcotics control. One of the congression- Another reason for ineffectiveness of eradication is the ally mandated tasks imposed on State is the annual Interna¬ practice of counting as eradicated every field where spraying tional Narcotics Control Strategy Report, which started or cutting has taken place, ignoring inefficiency or duplicity. modestly with a little booklet run off in the basement of the Spraying a poppy field after its full flowering will do nothing State Department and has grown to a 467-page monster, now to inhibit the production of opium gum. A field cut after the a production of the Government Printing Office. As part of bulbs have been scored by the grower is counted as this annual production the president is now required to eradicated, even though it has been harvested. In Mexico certify whether or not an ever-increasing number of coun¬ there were fields that some cynics believed were kept as tries are “fully cooperating” with the United States on sacrificial offerings, to be duly eradicated each season as a narcotics control. The first year that State went through this token of Mexican resolve. An agricultural expert once told exercise, it found it possible to deny certification only to me that the coca eradication in the Andes was more in the Syria, Iran, and Afghanistan. It has since adopted the

32 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1992 The resistance to facing drug issues is carried over to the gimmick of certifying countries “with would know how bad the situation an explanation.” To those outside embassies in drug-producing was. of State, the assignment of countries countries. I found this especially The ambassador during my ten¬ to this or that category may seem ure there was Charles Pilliod, a somewhat capricious. Inside State, I true in Mexico. What was difficult retired chairman of the Goodyear felt the same way. to handle was the leadership of Tire and Rubber Company, who Non-cooperation on narcotics has followed as ambassador a motion never caused us to cut off economic the embassy, which thought that picture actor who had made con¬ assistance to any country. Human if its reporting to Washington frontation a central feature of his rights abuses in Burma did lead us tour in Mexico. Pilliod rightly to cut off narcotics assistance, how¬ could whitewash the Mexicans, thought that his predecessor’s style ever, when Burma had the bad then no one would know how bad only made Mexican-American re¬ grace not only to repress popular lations worse. Unfortunately, Pilliod demonstrations, but to shoot down the situation was. moved to the opposite extreme demonstrators within view of the and became an apologist for American Embassy in Rangoon. Mexico. He was always hoping Horrified, the United States cut off that people would forget the all assistance, including narcotics Camarena case. He often expressed funds. Our ambassador in Rangoon at the time sent Wash¬ the view that those who continued to bring up Camarena ington a comprehensive critique of the Burmese government’s never thought about the hundreds of Mexican police killed failures on narcotics control. In neighboring Thailand, I each year in the drug war. What he did not acknowledge was could not help but notice that the same devastating critique that most of these police were killed while operating as could have been written before the Burmese government gunmen for rival drug gangs. No Mexican policeman was shot people in the streets. Instead, tire embassy had been ever tortured to death by Americans either. asking for large increases in aid to the marvelously successful At one staff meeting Pilliod said that if it had not been for Bunnese anti-drug efforts. embassy narcotics reporting, Congress would not have had A prime function of the Bureau of International Narcotics such a negative view of Mexico. I said that on the contrary, Matters should be to serve as the honest broker between law we had never reported the situation as being even close to enforcement agencies and the geographic bureaus, which how bad it really was and that Congress did not have are charged with the full range of U.S. interests in a particular confidence in our reporting for that very reason. Congress countiy or region. INM needs to bring home to the Drug had other sources providing a more realistic view than was Enforcement Agency (DEA) that narcotics is not the only the State Department. interest of the United States; it also needs to remind other At another staff meeting, in general remarks which elements of State about the concerns of Congress and law- everyone in the room took to be directed at me, Pilliod called enforcement agencies in international narcotics trafficking. for more balanced reporting. I asked him if he wanted me INM has not done a good job of carrying out either job. to stifle reporting from my people in the field. He angrily Narcotics matters have engendered considerable tension rejected that, saying that he just wanted the positive aspects within State between INM, with its single-issue focus, and the reported too. I said that I would be glad to oblige if I knew geographic bureaus, particularly the Latin America Bureau of any. Showing the moral courage of our overseas bureau¬ (ARA). Perhaps because of clientitis, perhaps because the crats, no one else said a word, although a few people bureau concentrates its attention on Latin America, ARA has congratulated me after the meeting. been a consistent apologist for the Latin American producer Mexican eradication operations deteriorated significantly countries, whose effectiveness in counter-narcotics efforts during the de la Madrid Administration. Partly this was due has been generally poor. Bolivia and Pern especially have to adaptations by the traffickers—using smaller, more re¬ left a vast chasm between promise and fulfillment, but mote fields, expanding into new growing areas, more Mexico has not been much better. irrigation. A much more significant factor was the corruption in the drug campaign run by the Mexican Attorney General’s ROSE-COLORED GLASSES Office and the decline in American field presence. Without The resistance to facing drug issues is carried over to the this field presence there was no independent verification of embassies in drug-producing countries. I found this espe¬ what was actually going on. Pilliod took a paternalistic view cially true in Mexico. My major frustrations were not with the of the Mexican program, attributing its failures to inefficiency Mexicans, since I went there already knowing the venality of and inadequacy of resources, especially helicopters. I re¬ the cast of characters whom I would be encountering in the garded the key lack as not resources but will, and I opposed Mexican government. What was difficult to handle was the additional helicopters as long as the Attorney General’s leadership of the embassy, which thought that if its reporting Office was not effectively using the ones it already had. to Washington could whitewash the Mexicans, then no one While Pilliod tended to excuse poor perfomtance by

JUNE 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 33 An increasing concern during the past half-dozen years has been the Mexico, Attorney General Ed continued to flourish. The traffick¬ Meese and Deputy Attorney Gen¬ connection between narcotics ers seem able to adjust both to the eral Steve Trott actually pretended trafficking and terrorism. Insur¬ Peruvian Amry and to Sendero. that the Mexican program was The Peruvian Armed Forces have effective. On one occasion during gency and terrorism have indig¬ not shown much ability to counter a meeting of the Mexican and enous roots in Colombia and Peru. Sendero’s threat. The heavy- American attorneys general in handed methods of the Peruvian Puerto Vallarta, Trott glowingly They would exist independently of Armed Forces have probably done endorsed a briefing on the Mexi¬ drug trafficking, but the drug trade more to drive the rural population can program given by the Mexi¬ toward Sendero than to put down can official in charge. Everyone in has made the problem worse by the threat. The U.S. attempt to the room who was aware of the providing terrorists with a great involve the Peruvian Army in the truth was taken aback by Trott’s drug war seems at odds with every¬ comments, and the assistant sec¬ source of income. thing we should have learned there. retary of State for INM demurred During the six years that I was from Trott’s endorsement, point¬ involved in the narcotics issue ing out some of the program’s with State, I tried to carry out the deficiencies. I was later told by the policies enunciated at the political U.S. charge d’affaires that Attorney General Meese had level of the government. As a loyal soldier in the drug wars, expressed considerable displeasure at the intervention by most of my criticism of what was going on was directed at the assistant secretary, who, he claimed, was undermining the lack of foreign government commitment and results. the great cooperation between our two countries in law- This was so even when I understood or indeed agreed with enforcement matters. What this great cooperation consisted the position of the foreign government. of I was never able to figure out. Before I got the chance, One argument that always annoys our domestic drug INM decided it was time to move me out of Mexico before warriors is the contention by foreigners that our demand the ambassador threw me out. is what fuels the drug trade. Our demand has devastated the legitimate economies of some countries and wreaked FAR AFIELD havoc on their societies. One reason for our annoyance is An increasing concern during the past half-dozen years that many of those who use this argument are seeking has been the connection between narcotics trafficking and excuses for their own failures. A greater reason is that we terrorism. Insurgency and terrorism have indigenous roots have no real counter argument. It is the truth: U.S. demand in Colombia and Peru. They would exist independently of is the driving force. drug trafficking, but the drug trade has made the problem Now that I am outside that system I can step back and worse by providing terrorists with a great source of criticize that policy, not just its implementation. Norman income. The American-promoted effort to suppress pro¬ Mailer, in a quixotic campaign for mayor of New York duction and traffic in narcotics has enabled insurgents to some years ago, ran on the slogan “No more bullshit.” I pose as friends and protectors of peasant growers of coca wish that were the cornerstone of our drug policy. Instead, and act as armed auxiliaries of the traffickers. that cornerstone is mostly lies, equivocation and self- For a time, the insurgent groups in Colombia looked on deception. If we wanted to live up to Mailer’s slogan, we the traffickers as potential sources of ransom revenues. would review our approach to enforcement. We should The violent retribution meted out to kidnappers by the give up such enforcement techniques as undercover traffickers ended this venture, and by the mid-1980s the operations, controlled deliveries, “buy and bust,” and the traffickers and the insurgents had reached a general whole panoply of games that make police unsure of what accommodation. As the political process has opened in side of the law they are on. The only result of these Colombia, some of the insurgent groups have moved into techniques is to raise prices. Next we would increase the political sphere. But many seemed to leave their emphasis on treatment and education about the social and gunmen behind as auxiliaries of the drug cartel. medical aspects of narcotics use. As one congressman Sendero Luminoso in Peru is a greater threat to the pointed out in urging greater effort on education and less Peruvian state than any of the Colombian groups ever were reliance on enforcement, the decline in the use of alcohol to that government. In the mid-1980s the conventional and tobacco in the United States is due to long-term health wisdom was that Sendero was a pristine revolutionary education campaigns, not to bombing distilleries in Scot¬ group with no use for drug traffic. Whatever the accuracy land or scorching tobacco fields in North Carolina. ■ of that evaluation, by the time Sendero had established itself in the coca-growing Upper Huallaga Valley, it was James J. Gormley was in the Foreign Service for 26 firmly on the side of the coca grower. As Sendero has years, the last six of which were devoted to narcotics gained in strength in the valley, drug trafficking has issues.

34 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1992 Foreign Service Day 1992 AFSA Speakers Bureau, minority | internship established AFSA has established a Speakers j Bureau and will sponsor an annual j paid minority internship in the State \ Department beginning this summer, j . AFSA President Hume Horan an- j l nounced at a Foreign Service Day j | ceremony in the State Department on j jj May 1. The Speakers Bureau will make j Award presenters included (I to r) Christian A. Herter Jr., Mrs. John Sterry Long, jj available experts on international is- i Pamela Harriman, Ambassador Brandon Grove, Susan Baker, and Nancy Horan. ij sues, both retired and active-duty, to j ij educational, business, civic, and re- j He has worked in security affairs, in¬ AFSA winners jj ligious groups throughout the United j ternational trade, environmental and j States. Initial funding for the Speak- j law enforcement cooperation, and ed¬ honored in State l ers Bureau has been providedj ucational and cultural exchange. His ij through grants by the Ford and Una j ceremony next assignment will be as diplomat jj Chapman Cox Foundations, the Dil- j Richard S. Thompson in residence at the University of New i Ion Fund and the Nelson B. Delavan : Professional Issues Coordinator > i Mexico. l Foundation. The Speakers Bureau i The 1992 AFSA awards were pre¬ Gerald W. Scott, political counselor jj will coordinate with the Association j sented at a ceremony in the Dean in Kinshasa, was on hand to receive jj of Black American Ambassadors, es-j Acheson Auditorium on Foreign Ser¬ the William R. Rivkin Award for mid¬ | pecially in minority recruiting, and j vice Day, May 1. level officers from Mrs. John Sterry j will enhance understanding of the \ The Christian A. Herter Award for Long, widow of the late Ambassador ij Foreign Service. I senior officers was won by Robert L. Rivkin. Mr. Scott demonstrated ex¬ “The AFSA Governing Board be- i Earle, a USIA Foreign Service officer. traordinary initiative, imagination, en¬ ij lieves the Foreign Service must be j As minister counselor for public affairs ergy, and courage during a critical ij both an elite and a representative or- j in Mexico, he was cited for outstand¬ period of internal disorder in Zaire. ij ganization,” said Horan. “We are also j ing leadership, initiative, creativity, Scott joined the Foreign Service in and energy that helped to advance jj seeking ways to strengthen the i 1969 and has served in Morocco, ji department’s minority recruiting ef- j relations between the United States Gabon, Vietnam, Italy, Swaziland, and ji forts by inviting retired members of j and Mexico. The award was presented the UN in New York. ij AFSA to work with minority interns j by Christian A. Herter Jr. to C. Benja¬ Mrs. Pamela Harriman granted the jj in their school communities before j min Earle on his brother’s behalf. W. Averell Harriman Award for junior j and after their Washington intern- j Earle’s Foreign Service career has officers to Colin M. Cleary. As political j ships.” included assignments in Latin Amer¬ officer in Kampala, Uganda, he dem¬ ica, Europe, as well as Washington. onstrated initiative, integrity, and in- I 1

JUNE 1992 • ASFA NEWS • 1 AFSA award winners

Top, clockwise: Rivkin Award winner Ger¬ ald Scott receives citation from Mrs. John Sterry Long; Harriman Award winner Colin Cleary in a village in Uganda; Pamela Har¬ riman presents award for volunteer ser¬ vice to Margie Howell.

Top: Robert Earle, winner of Christian Herter Award; bottom, Delavan Award winner Phyllis Ann Finkelstein.

tellectual courage in reporting on that An elementary teacher, Finkelstein prize money would be donated to a nation’s efforts to move toward polit¬ joined the State Department in 1971 scholarship fund for the children of ical pluralism, constitutional rule, re¬ and has served in Brussels, Lome, Ge¬ American citizens in Kuwait. spect for human rights, and free neva, Kabul, San Salvador, Tunis, Lis¬ Of the nine winners of the Matilda markets. bon, and New Delhi. W. Sinclaire Award for achievement in Joining the service in 1986, Cleary Margie Howell, spouse of the pre¬ the study of a hard language, only served as consular officer in Mexico vious ambassador to Kuwait, won the Peter S. Hinz from Warsaw could be City before going to Kampala. He is Avis Bohlen Award for volunteer present to receive the award from Am¬ currently press officer in the Bureau work by a Foreign Service family bassador Brandon H. Grove, Jr., direc¬ of Public Affairs, and will soon begin member. Following the Iraqi invasion tor of the Foreign Service Institute. Polish language training in prepara¬ of Kuwait, she brought compassion, tion for an assignment to Warsaw. intelligence, and energy to the Family Ambassadors honored The Delavan Award for Foreign Liaison Office program of support to Two distinguished retired ambassa¬ Service secretaries, given for the first dependents and other Americans dors were honored on Foreign Service time a year ago, was won this year evacuated from Kuwait, including Day. Director General Edward J. Per¬ by Phyllis Ann Finkelstein, secretary to American women married to Kuwaitis kins conferred the Director General’s the administrative counselor in New and other Arabs. A psychiatric and Cup on Ambassador Rozanne Delhi. She showed unusual initiative mental health nurse, her knowledge Ridgway, and Ambassador Hermann and leadership and made notable con¬ of stress management and her teach¬ Frederick Eilts received the Foreign tributions to efficiency in dealing with ing skills have been used extensively Service Cup from Joseph F. Donelan, the highest priority management at overseas postings and in Washing¬ Jr. President of Diplomatic and Con¬ problems of a large mission. ton. Mrs. Howell announced that her sular Officers, Retired (DACOR).

2 • AFSA NEWS • JUNE 1992 Volunteers saluted AFSA negotiates In a ceremony presided over by As¬ sociation of American Foreign Service selection precepts Women President Nancy Horan, Mrs. by Deborah M. Leaby James A. Baker III announced the Member Services Representative AAFSW Secretary of State Pins for out¬ AFSA has concluded negotiations standing volunteerism. “Volunteer¬ with State management on the 1992- ing,” wrote Abby Hvitfelt, one of the 93 precepts for promodon. The major winners, “sets up a chain reaction with changes include an emphasis on for¬ all people involved, thereby opening eign language capability and promo¬ a whole network of people we want tion of economic/commercial activity. to help.” Hvitfelt of Suva, Fiji was cited Recent congressional legislation re¬ for volunteer efforts in the local com¬ quires that the department instruct munity. The other winners are Pamela promotion panels to give precedence Philipp Whelan, Lusaka, Zambia; Mar¬ Seven Merit Award winners from the in promotions to those proficient in Washington area pose with AFSA Com¬ foreign languages. The department garet “Leftie” Vaughn, Guatemala City, mittee on Education Committee Chair¬ Guatemala; Le Rowell, Luxembourg; man Robert H.Miller (top right). The proposed to begin issuing these in¬ and Nancy Coffey, Algiers, Algeria. winners are (I to r, top): Matthew Flem¬ structions to the 1992 boards. AFSA, ing, Andria Thomas, Timothy Finegan, insisting that employees required (bottom) Cristina Brown, Jeffrey Licht, some advance notice, was successful Stephanie Bowers. in obtaining a deferment until 1993. 20 students win Merit Award Winners AFSA also warned management that employees who seek language train¬ Stephanie Bowers AFSA/AAFSW Cristina Brown ing to improve their chances for pro¬ Amber Field Timothy Finegan motion must be accommodated. merit awards Matthew Fleming Lara Johnson AFSA’s support for efforts designed Twenty high school seniors have David Kurtzer Vincent LaVergne to enhance U.S. commercial success been awarded the 1992 AFSA/AAFSW Jeffrey Licht Rita Louh abroad is longstanding. Thus, we ac¬ merit scholarship awards, announced Edward McBride Susan Moody cepted the department’s proposal that AFSA Committee on Education Chair¬ Krister Olsson Key Young O’Neill Selection Boards reward employee man Robert H. Miller. Local winner Katherine Parris Fernando Pizarro contributions to U.S. economic and Stephanie Bowers accepted a certifi¬ Lynn Selby May Tran Taylor commercial goals regardless of the cate and check on behalf of all recip¬ Andria Thomas Melinda Winter employee’s cone. ients from Director General Edward AFSA’s negotiators, however, Perkins on Foreign Service Day. Funds Honorable Mention pointed out that not all employees will for the 17th AFSA/AAFSW Awards have an equal opportunity to make came from the yearly AAFSW Bookfair Jonathan Crane Robert Huddleston such contributions and insisted that and the AFSA Scholarship Fund. David Penner David Rybak the precepts be written so that these This year, the awards for outstand¬ Karin Salmon Ranjit Sandhu employees are not penalized. At the ing academic achievement and extra¬ Shane Ward Elsa Wentling same time, the rewards for contribut¬ curricular participation among Kenton Williams Marc Wollemborg ing will not be confined to employees Foreign Service high school seniors in the economic/commercial cone were given in memory of the late Am¬ alone, but will be available to all. bassador Carol Laise Bunker, a distin¬ AFSA also won a delay in implementa¬ guished member of the Foreign Readers Survey tion until 1993- Service. We would like to thank the Other key changes include: Of the 20 winners, 11 are female • A pattern of failure by an em¬ and nine are male. Nine are seniors many readers who took time to ployee to identify his/her most sig¬ in the greater Washington D.C. area, participate in the 1992 Readers nificant achievement in the EER five attend schools in other parts of (section VI-A) will be considered a the United States, and six are studying Survey. The results will help the weakness and will affect boards’ at overseas schools. Eleven winners Journal to continue to provide determinations. are State Department offspring, four • The 1992 Selection Boards will represent USLA, three USAID, and two advertising services geared to perform the functions previously have parents in the retiree community. our readers’ interests. exercised by the Performance Pay Board.

JUNE 1992 • ASFA NEWS • 3 laying any further. Legislative news New APO/FPO The USPS and MPSA may recon¬ sider, however, if a substantial num¬ address system ber of organizations are not able to Waiting for by Julie Smithline meet the deadline. Member Services Representative November On July 15, 1991 the United States by Rick Weiss Postal Service (USPS) and the Military PMA funds Congressional Liaison Postal Service Agency (MPSA), the ad¬ Gridlock between the Republican ministering agencies of the APO/FPO scholarship executive and Democratic legislative system, established a new address for¬ The Public Members Association branches summarizes the mood, the mat for mail shipped through the sys¬ (PMA) has donated $2,500 to the AFSA inaction, and the lack of movement in tem. Until July 15, 1992, packages scholarship fund to commemorate Congress.The current politics are using both the old and new address PMA’s 25th anniversary. PMA Presi¬ more focussed on whether 1992 is the formats will continue to be processed. dent E.D. Frankhouser presented year of women in national elections, Unfortunately, many organizations AFSA President Hume Horan with the the role of H. Ross Perot in the pres¬ have not yet made the changeover. donation, which is earmarked for col¬ idential election, and whether the Su¬ Nevertheless, in response to an AFSA lege juniors or seniors interested in preme Court will strike down or query, the department said that both foreign affairs and requiring financial nibble away Roe vs. Wade. the USPS and the MPSA intended to assistance. PMA brings together pri¬ The House proposes a “balanced stand by the original termination date vate-sector representatives who have budget amendment” and a “commis¬ to discourage organizations from de¬ served on selection boards. sion to reorganize the government” The proposed reorganization of intel¬ ligence is being submerged under ex¬ WQ\NSbriefs ecutive branch criticism and Change in standardized regulations. Recently, the Standardized Regu¬ protection of each department and lations on Foreign Transfer Allowance (section 240) and Home Service Trans¬ agency “rice bowl.” fer Allowance (section 250) were revised to provide for reimbursement of Secretary Baker, USAID Adminis¬ lease penalty expenses. With the revision, employees who are receiving the trator Roskens and other senior exec¬ living quarters allowance can receive reimbursement (not to exceed the utives have made their mandatory amount required by the terms of a rental contract or the equivalent of three appearances to request funding for months’ rent, whichever is less) when they are transferred to a new post. the assistance package for the former While employees who seek curtailment of assignments for transfer or pro¬ Soviet Union. Everyone appears to be motion are not eligible for this reimbursement, the department has assured for it but with little enthusiasm. Sen¬ AFSA that employees who respond to a request for volunteers for “hard to ator Leahy (D-VT), chairman of the fill” positions will be eligible to claim lease penalty expenses. Questions Foreign Operations Subcommittee, should be directed to AFSA’s Member Services Department at (202) 647-8160. summarized the “lightness” of the AFSA participates in health committee work. USAID’s Occupational package when he stated that USAID Safety and Health Advisory Committee (OSHAC) is currently working toward has twice as many employees in Hon¬ a new smoking policy for implementation in agency facilities worldwide. duras than its plans included in all of The committee, which is charged with developing proposals on a number the CIS countries. of issues including office safety, prevention of back injuries, and programs During June, the appropriations for employees with disabilities, recently requested that AFSA participate in bills are scheduled for congressional its work. In addition to striving to create a healthy environment for employees, floor action. It is there where the the committee also tracks legislation on health-related issues. threat of amendments reducing over¬ Update on grievance processing. AFSA has previously reported that the all departmental budgets by 1 to 5 per¬ department had received a number of extensions for submitting documents cent, reducing COLA costs by placing to the Foreign Service Grievance Board (FSGB), only months after the new a “freeze” on COLAs for FY 1993, or time limits became effective. We are glad to report that according to the tinkering with the government contri¬ FSGB, the department has not received any additional extensions since our bution to health insurance payments report The FSGB has reaffirmed its commitment to ensuring compliance by pose problems for U.S. government all parties. employees and programs. However, New Look at A-100: Instead of the relentlessly male groupings pictured even these proposals may follow the on the walls of the FS Club (weren’t the earliest classes in bearskins?) a corner Washington dictum: “After the elec¬ has been turned with Class No. 62. Viewers looking over the group photo tion.” of the historic 62nd, should know that it is the first entering FSO class ever in which the women outnumber the men: 22 to 21.

4 • AFSA NEWS • JUNE 1992 Baker’s decision of March 24 to un¬ The study appears to be well-fo¬ Secretary Baker dertake a “Management Study of the cused and well-designed. Together directs study of State Department.” with other analyses of the mission and The study will recommend: “1) ap¬ structure of the Foreign Service, it may management propriate changes in internal operat¬ help lay the consensual basis for how AFSA has persistently called for a ing structures and functions, 2) we should do our business between comprehensive, in-house plan to re¬ appropriate changes in relations with now and the year 2000. (AFSA’s own view the functions, resources, and other foreign affairs agencies, and 3) “White Paper” on the Service will ap¬ personnel of the Foreign Service. Ac¬ how to accomplish such changes at pear soon.) cordingly, AFSA welcomes Secretary acceptable levels of funding.” from the USAID vice president

mandate reaffirmed, its operational as¬ doesn’t see this. It also doesn’t seem USAID’s myopia sets better supported. Unfortunately, to realize that management is in¬ by Priscilla Del Bosque management’s myopia will likely pre¬ structed by the Foreign Service Act to USAID management needs to put vent the agency from shaping its des¬ negotiate changes affecting USAID on some corrective lenses. Its myopic tiny. Others will do this for us. Foreign Service employees with AFSA. vision impedes it from seeing the Another thing is clear: management Management’s reluctance appears to minefield that lies ahead. One move will need to negotiate changes affect¬ be grounded in the fear of helping the it could make toward restoring 20/20 ing its Foreign Service employees with enemy. This is a curious perception, vision would be to enlist AFSA’s help. AFSA. If management really cares given the agency’s espousal of dem¬ The coming year promises to bring ocratic institutions and processes in profound changes in what USAID the developing world. Is it because does and how it does it. In hearings Management still sees USAID’s limited full-time equivalent on management held by the Senate AFSA as an irrational (FTE) ceiling prevents it from assign¬ Appropriations Subcommittee on For¬ adversary. The fact that ing one FTE to AFSA? If so, then how eign Operations on May 1, Senator for years the State De¬ does management justify unreim¬ Patrick Leahy (D-VT) stressed the partment has paid for bursed FTE assignments to agencies need for radical changes in USAID if that have little to do with USAID or the agency is to survive. Senator Leahy two full-time AFSA posi¬ international development’ and others on the Hill see USAID as tions with good results AFSA has proposed a trial period a mismanaged and rudderless agency; hasn’t convinced USAID of one year for a full-time position. they are skeptical of the so-called re¬ that it, too, would he bet¬ That experience would be evaluated forms that management is trying to im¬ ter off with a full-time by both sides to judge if the FTE in¬ plement. He has called for a vestment is worth continuing. Even conference on foreign aid between AFSA representative in though management and AFSA have the Executive and Legislative branches the wrenching year been working together constructively right after the November elections. On ahead. on issues, management apparently a parallel track, the Presidential Com¬ still sees AFSA as an irrational adver¬ mission on USAID Management is about its employees, if it is serious sary. The fact that for years the State going to be extended through Septem¬ about cultivating quality management Department has paid for two full-time ber to try to convince management to and enhanced productivity, and if it AFSA positions with good results implement the commission’s recom¬ desires to lead the agency through a hasn’t convinced USAID that it, too, mendations. One of these is to merge turbulent period of change to a new would be better off with a full-time USAID into the State Department; an¬ role endorsed by employees and sup¬ AFSA representative in the wrenching other would dismande the geographic ported by the American public, then year ahead. bureaus and reorganize along “fbnc- it will see that a full-time AFSA repre¬ Let us hope that by the time this tional” lines. sentative is in the agency’s interest. commentary is published, manage¬ No matter what happens, one thing AFSA can work constructively with ment will have corrected its myopic is clear: USAID is in for a very rough management to minimize confusion vision. If it does, it will see that AFSA year. Changes-for better or worse-are and chaos, and it can help manage¬ can be an ally in maneuvering the coming. Management could seize the ment seize the opportunity to shape minefield. If it does not, the short¬ day and channel the momentum for a more positive future for this belea¬ sightedness does not bode well for change in such a way that USAID’s guered agency. USAID and its Foreign Service. role is strengthened, its development Unfortunately, USAID management

JUNE 1992 • ASFA NEWS • 5 Open Forum

legible) are still in use there. provements, especially the BEX-speak The article also pleased me by pro¬ commission’s emphasis on the “unity” TO THE EDITOR: viding further proof of Ambassador of the Foreign and Civil Services, Although 10 years have passed Perkins’s qualifications for heading threaten to undermine important dis¬ since I was executive director of the our mission to the UN. I once served tinctions between the two services. Board of Examiners (BEX), I was there, too, and I recall that our repre¬ The spirit of the commission’s sugges¬ pleased to discover from reading “Re¬ sentatives often capitalized on the tions seems aimed at depriving the sponses to AFSA’s questions on affir¬ privilege of making a statement to ex¬ Foreign Service of its mystique, ex¬ mative action” [April Journal, AFSA plain the U.S. vote on a delicate ques¬ actly the thing that inspires the dedi¬ NEWS] that I was still able to decipher tion. The technique is called “voting cation and sacrifice required for BEX-speak. no and saying yes.” Clearly, Ambas¬ effective service abroad. Director General Perkins answered sador Perkins will not have to be Individuals who are highly quali¬ “no” to the question of whether en¬ taught how it works. fied and willing to make the sacrifices trance examination scores should be Robert Drexler required for duty in the Foreign Ser¬ altered to benefit certain candidates, Rockville, Maryland vice are uncommon. They must and then went on to clarify his re¬ achieve fluency in foreign languages, sponse. I am told that BEX has been work comfortably and effectively in greatly reformed since the time I was Foreign Service Mystique diverse cultures, face a five-year pro¬ there, but I note from Ambassador TO THE EDITOR: bationary period, be willing to serve Perkins’s clarification that the same I am concerned that some of the a career in a “cone” not of their choos¬ codewords, signals, and invisible writ¬ recent suggestions of the department’s ing, accept the “up or out” nature of ing (the kind that lemon juice makes Commission on Civil Service Im¬ a Foreign Service career, and be will- Celebrate July 4 from the Eighth Floor Tickets are available now for AFSA’s annual July 4 party, a family affair with live music and buffet refreshments. Watch the fireworks from the eighth-floor balcony at the State Department, and celebrate with us. Benjamin Franklin Diplomatic Reception Room Department of State July 4, 1992, 8:00 - 10:00 p.m. Tickets must be purchased by June 22.

I need tickets for my family. [$10 Adults, $5 children under 12 ]

Please provide the following information: Name:

Telephone: AFSA’s 1991 July 4 party.

Are you an AFSA member? LU yes CH no The name, date of birth, and social security number of each attendee are required for security purposes. Incomplete information will not be accepted. Tickets are non-transferable and non-refundable.

NAME DATE OF BIRTH SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER

Please mail coupon with a personal check to: AFSA Fourth, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. Space is limited. Tickets will be issued on a first-come, first-served basis, with preference to members of AFSA

6 • AFSA NEWS • JUNE 1992 ing to face deprivation, disease, and career, although one of the danger common to the Third World. commission’s recommendations is to Answers to Exclude any candidate whose spouse abolish this accolade. does not accept the lifestyle or whose The exclusivity and shared experi¬ the Foreign family is not capable of constant ence of the Foreign Service gives rise moves. The conclusion is unavoid¬ to a mystique. And the mystique, in Service Quiz able: The uncommon individuals and turn, is what drives the Foreign Ser¬ (Questions appear on Page 8) their families who join and stay in the vice. To attack the mystique of the Foreign Service make up an exclusive Foreign Service will not make it more 1. Benjamin Franklin, who, at 70, group of people. egalitarian, but will make it less effec¬ was asked in 1776 to represent the The word “exclusive” has connota¬ tive, less able to retain talented offi¬ new nation at the court of France. tions not generally approved of in our cers, and less able to recruit the best Franklin, of course, affecting the equalitarian society. But the Foreign of the broad spectrum of candidates manner of an “American agricultur¬ Service is not exclusive in terms of it currently seeks. ist,” took Paris by storm, and his por¬ race, gender, or religion. Rather it is Much needs to be done to improve trait was stamped on medallions, inclusive in this regard, seeking to be Civil Service careers at State. How¬ watches, snuffboxes—and even representative of U.S. society at large. ever, improving one should not un¬ chamber pots. However, all who are members of this dermine the other. 2. John Adams exclusive group must agree to make Mitchell Optican 3. George Bush certain sacrifices. Fittingly, there is a Policy Planning and Coordination 4. John Adams, James Monroe, Foreign Service Day to recognize the Bureau of Inter-American Affairs John Quincy Adams, Martin Van sacrifices inherent in a Foreign Service Buren, and James Buchanan.

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JUNE 1992 • ASFA NEWS • 7 1991 AFSA Fund Contributors The following names continue our list of AFSA Fund contributors for 1991. Additional names will continue In a later Issue.

Mark Hill Stepney C. Kibble Donald R. Mackenzie Eugene W. Moore Edward L. Peck Matthew M. Rooney Sheila Hinkle Stanley R. Kidder William MacLauchlan E. H. Moot Francis H. Pell Adeline G. Rose Deane & Pat Hinton Andrew I. Killgore Thomas E. Mahoney Ofelia C. Moreno Alfred J. Pelland Theophilus J. Rose Stephen Hipson Chester H. Kimrey Betsy June Malpass Lois Morgan Robert Pelletreau L. G. Rossin Martin Y. Hirabayashi Bernard C. King Hanson R. Malpass William D. Morgan Alec M. Peltier William M. Rountree Wilber W. Hitchcock John F. King Janeau L. Mann Norman W. Mosher Edward J. Perkins Ludwig Rudel William Hoffar Thomas D. Kingsley Thomas C. Mann John W. Mowinckel Raymond L. Perkins Charles E. Rushing Ruth G. Hofmeister Robert L. Kinney Jean Marburg JohnJ. Muccio Alvin Perlman Theodore E. Russell Ruth Hogan Richard Kinsella Daniel F. Margolies J. P. Mulligan Robert C. Perry F. H. Sacksteder, Jr. Robert M. Holley William A. Kirby Louis Mark, Jr. William G. Murphey Richard B. Peters Marian J. Salay Phillip C. Holloway Northrop H. Kirk E. R. Marlin Thomas J. Murphy Ivan Peterson Cameron Sanders, Jr. Donna Mae Holmes Raymond E. Kitchell Gene B. Marshall James M. Murray Richard W. Petree Virginia T. Sandifer Mildred O. Holt Herbert Klee, Jr. Robert J. Martens Ruth C. Musser J. Stanley Phillips Chris Sandrolini Virginia Holte Ridgway B. Knight Leona Marti Ruth D. Mustard Richard B. Phillips Frances L. Saran David C. Holton William E. Knight Calvin L. Martin Jacob M. Myerson Shirley C. Phillips William P. Sargent Helen J. Horan Lawrence Koegel Thomas H. Martin Philip C. Narten Lyle R. Piepenburg John C. Sauls Elsie M. Horne Garnetta Kramer Jack Masey Edmundo G. Navarro Gordon K. Pierson Oliver L. Sause Robert G. Houdek Sheldon Krebs Edward E. Masters Jack D. Neal Paul H. Pina E. W. Savage Frances D. Howell William L. Krieg R. & K. Matheron Howard F. Needham Peter Piness Teresa L. Savignano David D. Hoyt Henry G. Krausse, Jr. Donald E. Mathes Leonardo Neher Henry L. Pitts, Jr. Geneva V. Sawyer Peter Hubbard Louis H. Kuhn Robert P. Mathia David R. Nelson R. W. Pons Abbott P. Sayre Robert Huddleston Donald B. Kursch G. B. Matthews Eric G. Nelson Richard A. Poole Eugene M. Schaeffer Arthur H. Hudson Dennis Kux Charles D. Matthias Robbie Newell David H. Popper M. Virginia Schafer Jewel F. Huff John A. Lacey Joseph Mauck Richard Newman Dwight J. Porter William E. Schaufele C. Marguerite Hurley Lyle F. Lane Robert W. Maule George P. Newton Leonard & Ann Porter Pete Schmeelk Herbert G. Ihrig, Jr. Robert L. Lane W. Mazzocco Loretta M. Nial Humphrey T. Potter Carl W. Schmidt Robert F. Uling Wilson G. Lane, Jr. Walter McAleer Thomas Niblock, Jr. Leila D. J. Poullada Elizabeth Schneider John J. Ingersoll Anthony Lapka Phoebe McCarthy Steve A. Nielson Glenn D. Powell Peter Schoettle Frederic B. Irvin Francis P. Larocca Grant V. McClanahan Richard Nishihara Raymond Pracht Martha J. Scholton Ann L. Irvine Garold N. Larson Michael McClellan Guss H. Nolan Peter A. Prahar Norman V. Schute Arnold Isaacs Victor Lateef A. Marvin McClure Richard Norland Emily Price Walter K. Schwinn Richard L. Jackson Loren E. Lawrence Robert E. McColaugh Charles North Sandy M. Pringle Thomas J. Scotes J. Roland Jacobs Daniel J. Lawton Harold McConeghey Kenneth L. Norton Vladimir P. Prokofieff Gerald Wesley Scott Susan Jacobs John C. Leary Janet C. McCrory Michael O'Brien James F. Prosser David P. Searby Doris A. James Josef D. Leary Douglas McElhaney James F. O'Connor Patrick R. Quigley Cabot Sedgwick Kenneth Jarnet William H. Lebrane Debra McFarland Patrick T. O'Connor Lucy Diana Quinn E. Clayton Seeley Arch K. Jean Nelson Ledsky James McFarland, Jr. John B. O’Donnell E. E. Ramsaur, Jr. Edwin E. Segall Walter E. Jenkins, Jr. Armistead M. Lee Elizabeth McGrory John F. O'Donnell, Jr. E. Raven-FIamilton Peter Bird Seiers Paul Y. Jhin May Y.L. Lee Tatiana McKinney Thomas J. O'Donnell Normand Redden Mabel S. Sekiya Lucy N. Johansen Howard S. Levy Robert McKinnie Timothy J. O’Hare John P. Reddington Dev P. Sen Dwight B. Johnson I. Levy Brian McNamara W. Orbett Karla Reed Michael J. Senko Judith & Stephen Fran Lide Frances McPhaul James L. O'Sullivan Sumner C. Reed R. M. Service Johnson Mark Lijek Lois McSweeney William C. Ockey Arthur M. Reich Judi A. Shane Kathy A. Johnson Gloria Lindahl Anna F. Meek Harry I. Odell Herbert Reiner, Jr. Thomas Shannon Robert S. Johnson Edward V. Lindberg Emerson J. Melaven John R. Oleson James F. Relph, Jr. Jack Shellenberger Sandor A. Johnson Vera Lindenberg Donald Melville W. Paul O'Neill, Jr. Carol Rennie Earle W. Sherman U. Alexis Johnson Herman Lindstrom Sandra L. Mendyk David A. Oot Herminia Renteria Robert K. Sherwood Betty-Jane Jones John A. Linehan Sharon Mercurio Hendrik Van Oss G. Edward Reynolds Paul M. Shields Frances T. Jones F. R. Lineweaver Nancy F. Metcalf F. Samuel Ostertag Ralph J. Ribble Pierre Shostal Wesley Jones James C. Lobenstine Cliff Metzner Douglas E. Owen Patrick M. Rice Leonard Shuitleff Gloria Jordan Robert H. Locke Colette Meyer Robert I. Owen Yale W. Richmond George N. Sibley Herbert Kaiser Gerald J. Loftus Ardith Helene Miller Charles B. Padgett Lois Richards Nelson Sievering, Jr. Jack Karapetian Morgan Lois Bill Miller Anne Panor Elizabeth Richardson David Simcox Julius L. Katz Guy O. Long James A. Miller Albeit E. Pappano Grace R. Riddle Dale M. Simmons John H. Kean William F. Loskot Margaret J. Miller Anita S. Parelman N. H. Riegg Virginia Simpson Douglas R. Keene Roman Lotsberg Mark Miller David M. Park Domnick G. Riley Harold Sims Henry J. Kellermann Stephen Low Ray E. Millette Barrett Parker Robert F. Ritchie Abraham M. Sirkin Edward Kelley J. & H. Lowenthal Nicholas R. Milroy Marie A. Parkinson John F. Ritchotte Charle Skoda William M. Kelly Thomas C. Luche Dorothy Moffitt Marselis Parsons, Jr. Constance Roach Louis G. Sleeper Joseph M. Kemper Marguerite O. Luckett John Moller William Grant Parr David A. Roberts Dane F. Smith Charles Kennedy, Jr. Alan W. Lukens Amy Monk J. Graham Parsons George B. Roberts Elaine Diane Smith Lawrence J. Kennon William Lynch Ann K. Monterrey David Passage Peter Roberts Jack M. Smith, Jr. Douglas Kent Cecil Lyon Roxy M. Montgomery Mary E. Patterson William J. Roche Joan V. Smith William M. Kerrigan Margaret Mackellar Mark Monton Mildred Patterson Lloyd Rollins Thelma P. Smith

8 • AFSA NEWS • JUNE 1992 t6e Tiucieti/i

India’s position and First World responsibilities

BY GENERAL K. SUNDARJI

more neutral atmosphere of the post-Cold War world makes it possible to reassess the real security concerns of nations that are on the brink of joining the nuclear club. Justifiable security concerns of India, Pakistan, Israel, and other countries have to be analyzed and answers found that are credible and non- discriminatory. Only then will the compulsion to go nuclear wither. It is simplistic to believe that the nuclear problem in South Asia is an Indo-Pakistani phenomenon, which could be sorted out between these two countries. India’s primary concern is China, not because of any inherent hostility, but because sturdy fences beget good neighbors. China’s signing the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) as a nuclear power does not in any way reduce the Chinese nuclear threat to India, and the impact of the signing on India’s stand will be marginal. A one-sided nuclear situation not only leaves the non-nuclear power strategically open to nuclear blackmail but also negates its conventional capability. The nuclear power can concentrate conventional forces with impunity at the point of decision. The other cannot; it just cannot risk offering lucrative targets, and yet it cannot force its opponent to disperse. So the very threat of using nuclear weapons can hamstring conventional tactics in an Indo-Pakistani situation. Not every state whose neighbor has gone nuclear can aspire to go nuclear too. This might be a relevant argument in favor of nuclear celibacy on the part of, say, Bhutan in the face of a nuclear China, or for Cuba in the face of a nuclear United States; it cannot be relevant in the case of India and a nuclear China. It is also unrealistic to expect that Pakistan would abstain if it sees India as nuclear. One therefore has to look for a tripartite solution for the region. ^

JUNE 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 35 Exploding myths Thus, when nuclear-weapon’s capability is In the past, applying superpower nuclear acquired only for deterrence, the relative doctrine to the Indo-Pakistani situation has strengths equation is different. What one caused unnecessary confusion. These are some needs is a second-strike capability that can of the hoariest myths: cause unacceptable damage to the adver¬ • Without a rigorous testing regime, nuclear sary, with unacceptable damage calculated weapons cannot be deployed with adequate rationally. More is therefore not better, when assurance; the absence of testing will mean less is enough. that the system is not ready for use. • Absence of tactical nuclear weapons with Not true. When tire aim is minimum deter¬ field units indicates that the overall system is rence in the second-strike mode, and the unready. targets are cities, it does not matter if only Not true. In the combat zone too, the idea is one weapon of a pattern of to deter the adversary from making first use of three explodes; Nagasaki nuclear weapons to gain an advantage. For this, and Hiroshima got only one tactical-area targets attacked in the second each. Likewise, some strike would do. Unique tactical weapons are variations in the yield of the not required. untested weapons or their Given this reorientation to a Third World accuracy would not take scenario, what should any analyst assume to be Given this reorientation to away much from the threat the status of India’s or Pakistan’s nuclear- of effective damage to a weapons program? I am inclined to suspect that a Third World scenario, city target. both countries have aimed. It would be wishful what should any analyst • Without evidence of thinking to assume otherwise. deployment, integration of assume to be the status of nuclear doctrine with the The U.S. responsibility: restraint India’s or Pakistan’s conventional doctrine of the What can the United States do for non¬ armed forces etc., the sys¬ proliferation? Present threats to the United States, nuclear-weapons pro¬ tem cannot be ready for including highly improbable ones, do not warrant gram? I am inclined to sus¬ use. a large nuclear arsenal. Any future threat from Not true. With mini¬ regional powers, the Commonwealth of Inde¬ pect that both countries mum deterrence and tar¬ pendent States or nuclear chaos after its disin¬ have armed. It would be geting confined to cities, tegration, a resurgent Germany or Japan, or a hair-trigger readiness to re¬ united Europe will take time to develop. These wishful thinking to assume spond is not essential; only will be visible well before they are effective. The otherwise. a second-strike capability United States can enhance its nuclear capability must survive, along with later in a timely manner if needed rather than die will to retaliate. Even a overinsure now. The United States has three decapitating attack will not broad choices. necessarily prevent retalia¬ The first scenario: the five nuclear-weapon tion by the surviving nuclear weapons; these powers agree to deep cuts, reducing arsenals by might be ordered to retaliate on predeter¬ 90 percent, to 10 percent of their current levels. mined targets, if a first strike is received and They man the residual forces with their own no countermanding is done say, within three nationals but deploy them centrally under the hours. control of the United Nations. All countries, • Once countries openly acquire a nuclear- including the nuclear-weapons powers, sign a weapons capability, a nuclear arms race is new treaty banning production or testing of axiomatic. nuclear weapons or weapons-grade fissile ma¬ Not true. In relative strengths calcula¬ terial. They also accept effective verification. tions in war, more is better. When nuclear Any nuclear-weapon power facing a dire na¬ war was expected to follow the start of tional threat may be allowed to withdraw its conventional war almost automatically, and forces from UN control. This would accelerate when nuclear war was seen as fightable and the progress of other forms of arms control and winnable, this might have been true. Not disarmament. However, it may not fully relieve today, when people believe that the horren¬ the fears of the big powers of being at the mercy dous damage expected from even a low- of small powers or subject to the “tyranny of the level nuclear exchange makes it meaning¬ majority.” less to discuss who “wins” and who “loses.” Under the second scenario, the residual

36 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1992 nuclear forces are retained under the command The U.S. government should not assume that it of the nuclear powers, which, however, accept can get India to sign the NPT by threat of force; that their use will be only at UN behest or in the the most intrepid planners must realize that case of dire national danger. This would perhaps India is not Iraq. It appears that proliferation has meet most of the objections of countries like already occurred. The effort should be to reduce India. the probabilities of war by miscalculation, which Under the third scenario, the United States may lead to a nuclear exchange, between China would offer only apparently big cuts and retain, and India or India and Pakistan. It should mean say, 50 percent of its nuclear arsenal. The United preventing nuclear arms racing among the States would also insist on retaining a first-strike three countries. Minimum or proportionate option to take care of a possible nuclear or deterrence is what all three countries are talking chemical threat to its deployed forces from a about. Therefore, an agreement on the kind of regional power with a chemical or small nuclear stockpiles that the three capability, and it would not accept a ban on will need should be fea¬ production or testing or verification for mem¬ sible, with transparency, bers of the nuclear club. agreed verification proce¬ If the United States chooses the first scenario, dures, and the assistance the danger from mass use of nuclear weapons of the United States acting would be reduced. The legitimacy and prestige as an honest broker. of nuclear weapons will have slumped, removing Credibility will be the incentive for proliferation. In a regime seen greatly enhanced by veri¬ Any U.S. offer of a nuclear as fair, there would be almost universal support fications and inspections umbrella to a non-nuclear for tough measures against any nation stepping that have been mutually out of line. agreed to. As confidence country has greater cred¬ If the second scenario is chosen, the prestige builds, mutually agreed ibility, for the United States and legitimacy of the nuclear weapon would reductions of conventional not have eroded to the same degree as in the first forces deployable against can be bolder now, with no case. However, for democratic powers like each other can also be fear of retaliation on the India, the incentive to go nuclear would be undertaken. It is for this almost totally absent. end that a four-power continental United States by In the third scenario, the regime would conference may be desir¬ the other global power. continue to be cynical. If the United States holds able, with China, India, on to a large nuclear arsenal to counter vague and Pakistan included as future threats, other powers with more imme¬ active participants and with diate nuclear threats would conclude that there the United States holding is no alternative to nuclear weapons and ballistic the ring. I am not sure of missiles if one is to ensure security with honor. Russia’s credentials for at¬ Those who cannot go this route may be tempted tending the conference or into innovative international terrorism using what purpose it will serve special weapons. till the disposition of strategic and tactical nuclear weapons is decided in the former The impermeable umbrella Soviet Union and the final position known. Quasi unipolarity with U.S. preeminence, But I do think that India would want no part which has prevailed since the collapse of the of the conference if China attended only as a Soviet Union, has one positive factor for non¬ referee. proliferation. Any U.S. offer of a nuclear um¬ The time is now opportune, as the risks are brella to a non-nuclear country has greater low. I do hope that the United States will have credibility, for the United States can be bolder the wisdom and the courage to bring its abundant now, with no fear of retaliation on the continen¬ idealism out of cold storage, set an example, tal United States by the other global power. This and put a leash on the nuclear menace. ■ sort of offer, coupled with a drastic reduction in the Chinese nuclear arsenal, would lead India (and Pakistan?) to sign the NPT and destroy any General K. Sundarji is former chief of the stockpiles, if America opts for scenario one or Indian Army. The views expressed in this two. article are the author’s and not those of the Let us assume, however, that the United Government of India or of the Indian Minis¬ States opts for something like scenario three. try of Defense or External Affairs.

JUNE 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 37 ithout question, one of the most serious chal¬ lenges in the post-Cold War world is the threatened spread of nuclear weapons into the hands of rogue nations. Nowhere is the challenge more imminent, nor the difficulties in confronting it more worrisome, than in North Korea. For if Kim Il-sung’s Hermit Kingdom is allowed to build up an arsenal of nuclear-tipped ballistic missiles, two potential dangers immediately arise: • The high threshold that has augured against the use of such weapons since first their deadly mushroom clouds rose over Hiroshima and Nagasaki could be lowered, no one can say how much.

LURIE

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1992 • The non-proliferation regime could be sun¬ cions that on-site inspection would address. If dered, inalterably transforming the global the United States and other concerned govern¬ balance of power. For if aggressive North ments conclude that North Korea is attempting Korea acquires nuclear weapons, it’s hard to to evade its commitments under the NPT or its imagine South Korea’s remaining content to pledges to South Korea not to acquire either reside under the American nuclear umbrella. nuclear weapons or reprocessing facilities, a Japan, looking apprehensively at a neigh¬ decision will confront the world community borhood in which the two Koreas, China, more daunting by far than last year’s decision to and Russia all brandish nuclear weapons, drive Iraq out of Kuwait. might well decide it must have them too. If For to employ conven¬ economic superpower Japan moves to be¬ tional air strikes to pre¬ come a nuclear superpower, it’s hard to empt North Korean nuclear imagine Germany’s not making a similar facilities—assuming most decision. Might not Ukraine, Kazakhstan, are known—will risk trig¬ and Belams then reconsider commitments to gering another full-blown surrender the strategic missiles and bombers Korean War, one poten¬ on their territory? Taiwan, fearing possible tially far more destructive invasion from China, has long had the incen¬ than in the early 1950s, Since the early days of the tive and capability to develop nuclear weap¬ when 4 million soldiers and atomic age, it has been widely ons, and in that climate could follow suit. civilians lost their lives. The non-proliferation dam could well burst, and Some military experts be¬ assumed that a handful of the world would be a different, scarier place. lieve high-tech conven¬ nuclear weapons states That is the nightmare perceived by adminis¬ tional weapons, rushed to tration policy-makers, as the United States leads the scene, would be suffi¬ would be too responsible to a coalition of countries in a strategy aimed at cient to turn back an ar¬ use them except to prevent convincing Pyongyang—through blandishments mored assault. But if South and implicit threats—not only to open to intru¬ Korea appeared in danger cataclysm. And even if sive international and bilateral inspections but of being overrun, would tempted, they would have to also to dismantle certain of the nuclear building the United States resort to blocks it has painstakingly assembled over the tactical nuclear weapons? worry about enormously de¬ last three decades. That is hardly the vision structive retaliation. of a New World Order that Openness or illusion? President Bush had in mind While North Korea, seven years after signing in the afterglow of Desert the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), has re¬ Storm. But that is a real- cently agreed to allow international inspection, world specter, which must be confronted and a number of governments are skeptical about thought through. how full will be its cooperation, whether it will attempt to hide critical installations and materi¬ Bullies on the playground als in order covertly to fabricate nuclear war¬ Since the early days of the atomic age, it has heads. been widely assumed that a handful of nuclear One key test will be whether Pyongyang, in weapons states would be too responsible to use providing a list of facilities to the International them except to prevent cataclysm. And even if Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), admits to having tempted, they would have to worry about a plutonium reprocessing plant. To date it has enormously destructive retaliation. denied it, but American intelligence is con¬ Thus the United States and the Soviet Union vinced it has one at Yongbyon, part of a larger were felt to be mutually deterred. Even Britain, complex that includes two nuclear reactors. France, and China could ride out a surprise And there were disturbing indications from attack and visit horrible devastation on the satellite reconnaissance this spring that equip¬ attacker. ment from the reprocessing facility was being But this conventional wisdom was shaken to moved out, conceivably to a secret underground the core by Saddam Hussein’s almost casual use site. of poison gas against Iranian troops, when These are the kinds of questions and suspi¬ Iraq’s survival was not at issue. Who would

JUNE 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 39 doubt that Saddam might just as readily have Korean War, his society has been digging huge, fired one or more nuclear weapons against Iran, underground facilities, tunnels, and aircraft han¬ an ancient enemy and current rival for hege¬ gars designed to withstand nuclear attack. And mony in the Persian Gulf, had he possessed American troops sit in hann’s way in South them during their bloody eight-year war? Korea. As it turned out, Iraq’s 10-year, $10 billion Even if the elder Kim might not himself risk clandestine effort to develop nuclear weapons nuclear war, the situation could become more and ballistic missiles to carry them was a lot precarious during the widely anticipated struggle for power when Kim Chong-il, his contro¬ versial son and desig¬ f See? no nated heir, takes over. nuclear American policy¬ makers admit they do weapon! not understand what today motivates North Korea’s nuclear drive. Is it essentially defen¬ sive or offensive? No doubt Kim would like to see the reunification of the two Koreas before he dies. But from his vantage, the trends are not auspicious, as South Korea develops a vibrant, prosperous, pluralistic industrial society, while the North sinks into the ooze of obsolescence and privation. Kim’s Communist ©1992 International Copyright by CARTOONEWS Inc N Y n I |C:A world allies are falling like so many domi¬ closer to success than anyone imagined. Had it noes. Even China, its last important friend and not been for Saddam’s untimely blunder in trading partner, has lately been moved by Deng invading Kuwait—and raising concerns virtu¬ Xiaoping back toward market economics, which ally everywhere over the economic impact of ultimately must affect the political system as spiraling petroleum prices if Baghdad was well. allowed to dominate Gulf oil producers—Iraq Washington officials concede that Kim, in the might today be a member of the nuclear dub. early days, had cause to worry about a nuclear An unpredictable rogue member. threat. During the Korean War both General Douglas MacArthur and his successor, General The mysterious Kims Matthew Ridgway, formally requested pennis- Western specialists privately believe the sion to deploy more than a score of atomic number of nuclear states is larger than the five weapons for possible use against targets in acknowledged ones. Israel, India, Pakistan, and North Korea and China. And when Dwight South Africa are all thought to have nuclear Eisenhower was campaigning for the White weapons either fully or partially assembled in House, he broadly hinted he’d be prepared to the basement, ready to pull out and use in an use A-bombs if Pyongyang persisted in waging emergency. But none of them is regarded as war. likely to initiate a nuclear strike, except in extremis. Disarming acts However, in the case of North Korea under Not long after the war, the United States Kim Il-sung, its 80-year-old supreme ruler, secretly moved nuclear weapons into South military planners are not so sure. Since the Korea, where they remained until last fall, when

40 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1992 President Bush, as part of the strategy to per¬ program a threat to the peace and security of the suade North Korea to abandon its nuclear plans, region and to pass a tough resolution calling on ordered all of them removed. member states to use whatever means are The United States and South Korea also appropriate to end the threat. agreed to scratch a large joint military exercise While Pyongyang doesn’t depend on much early this year in which the plan had been to fly outside trade, it has to import energy—coal in Stealth fighter-bombers in a pointed re¬ from China, oil from Iran. A voluntary trade minder of what modern weaponry did to Iraq. boycott or a naval quarantine is a distinct And the United States agreed to upgrade its possibility. The aim would be economic stran¬ contacts with North Korea, long conducted by gulation to force North Korea into line. mid-level diplomats in Beijing, with Under To guard against North Korea’s lashing out Secretary of State Arnold Kanter meeting in with its 1 million-person army against South January with Kim Yong Sun, the Party official in Korea, there would be a massive build-up of charge of international affairs, at United Nations allied airpower, mostly U.S. The emphasis headquarters in New York. would be on anti-armor weapons and deep Meanwhile, around the first of the year, earth penetrator guided bombs—some of which North and South Korea signed a number of have been specially developed since the war reconciliation undertakings, among other things with Iraq. agreeing they will “not test, produce, receive, If it comes to that, the hope is that economic possess, deploy, or use nuclear weapons” and strangulation would be sufficient and preemp¬ will “not possess facilities for nuclear process¬ tive air strikes unnecessary. But, should ing or uranium enrichment.” Pyongyang refuse to buckle, the military card On the assumption that North Korea’s nuclear would be the last option. program might have been conceived originally How pressing is the situation? CIA Director to deter nuclear attack, the withdrawal of Robert Gates testified in American weapons and the scmbbing of a February that North Korea provocative joint military exercise were de¬ could have a nuclear weapon signed to lower the perception of threat. Rec¬ in anywhere from a few onciliation agreements with South Korea were months to a few years. another element of the same scenario. A sub-cabinet official And with North Korea’s economy in increas¬ explains that so little hard ingly desperate straits, Japan and South Korea evidence is available that have made clear that they are ready for exten¬ intelligence estimates are How pressing is the situa¬ sive investment and aid, but only after Pyongyang based on alternative as¬ tion? CIA Director Robert abandons its nuclear weapons program. Russia sumptions. “Under one set has demonstrated it shares the same objective, of a dozen assumptions, it Gates testified in February and even China, which doesn’t particularly could have a nuclear bomb that North Korea could want another nuclear neighbor, has more deli¬ in a few months,” he said. cately urged abandoning North Korea’s drive “Under another set of as¬ have a nuclear weapon in for weapons of mass destruction. sumptions, it would take anywhere from a few After its parliament ratified the NPT in early about three years. We have April, that triggered a 90-day clock at the end of absolutely no way of months to a few years. which IAEA inspectors are supposed to begin knowing which is right.” their work. Even more important, however, are But, given the experi¬ bilateral inspections by South and North Korean ence with Iraq and the teams of one another’s facilities. For Pyongyang potential cost of underesti¬ is not expected to disclose a complete list of mating the danger, the ten¬ facilities to the IAEA. But South Korea, armed dency among policy-makers is to err on the side with defector reports and U.S. spy satellite of the worst-case assessment. And even though information, will have a number of suspect sites the administration doesn’t talk much about it in it will demand to see. Also, while a reprocessing public, there is no question that the nuclear plant is not forbidden by the NPT, it is barred by specter in North Korea is at the top of the foreign agreement with South Korea. policy agenda. ■

Long arm of the law William Beecher, a Pulitzer Prize-winning If North Korea balks or cheats blatantly, the journalist and former acting assistant sec¬ matter will be brought before the United Na¬ retary of Defense, is the Washington bureau tions Security Council in an effort to brand its chief for the Minneapolis Star Tribune.

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sung the last surviving Stalinist army.” According to a top-ranking DPRK official, that leader of a nation, is the only leader the North Koreans have wording meant that the junior Kim was the “de facto known since their country’s independence in 1948. Presi¬ paramount leader” of North Korea. dent Kim who controls all aspects of North Korean life The grooming of Kim Chong-il as his father’s political heir through the Korean Workers’ Party, government bureau¬ was initiated during the 1970s, well before the official cracy, and state security apparatus, is not in the best of health. announcement at the Sixth KWP Congress of October 1980. Formerly a heavy smoker, he has developed a heartbeat Kim Chong-il’s participation in party and government affairs slowdown, and a big lump has grown in back of his right ear. began in 1973- The junior Kim is now a member of the all- One member of the South Korean delegation to the inter- powerful Presidium of the KWP Central Committee Polit¬ Korean prime ministers’ talks who dined with Kim in buro, secretary of the party Central Committee, first deputy Pyongyang in February said that several times Kim’s memory chairman of the National Defense Council, and the supreme seemed to have lapsed. commander of the million-strong anned forces. It appears As he nears his twilight, his eldest son, Kim Chong-il, that Kim Chong-il has already taken over from his father seems to have been steadily moving into all fields of power. everything but the diplomatic protocol of power. Although Shortly after the senior Kim’s 80th birthday on April 15, the Kim Chong-il’s political longevity after his father’s death is political succession in North Korea (officially known as the debated among scholars and observers of North Korea, his Democratic People’s Republic of Korea—DPRK) was ex¬ succession is almost a fait accompli. As Washington slowly pected to come closer to completion. North Korea’s tightly expands diplomatic ties with the DPRK, it is ultimately Kim controlled press recently cited a congratulatory birthday Chong-il with whom the U.S. government must deal, directly message to Kim Il-sung in which his son was, for the first or indirectly. So American officials should learn more time, referred to as “our head of the party, the state, and the about his background, leadership activities, and beliefs,

JUNE 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 43 and about the legacy from which he springs. weapon, the proper application of which would aid in the solution of most problems—and a number of physical FORTRESS KOREA afflictions as well. The policy of maximum isolation has been the key to explaining why Kim Il-sung has succeeded in forging one of A BOOST FOR ‘DEAR LEADER’ the world’s most regimented, monolithic, and impenetrable The decision to designate Kim Chong-il his father’s societies. Deeply suspicious of foreigners, Kim Il-sung political successor has been carefully planned and me¬ isolates even foreigners from friendly states from contact thodically executed by the DPRK regime. Kim Il-sung was with the North Koreans. Even the most innocuous statistics well aware that succession had been the most troublesome on North Korea are not available. question for all Communist regimes. Therefore, while he The cult of Kim Il-sung has been carried to an extreme that was alive and still powerful enough to impose his will, he is without parallel in recent history, even surpassing the old wanted to prepare a smooth transfer of power. The mass emperor-worship in East Asia’s Confucian societies. The campaign proceeded on the premise that “the revolution¬ DPRK mass media almost invariably refer to him as “the ary cause pioneered and guided" by Kim Il-sung could not world’s peerless patriot,” “the greatest military strategist the be completed in a generation. The junior Kim has also world has ever known,” and “the most profound revolution¬ been portrayed by the DPRK mass media as a man who is ary genius of all time,” “without precedent in the West or “boundlessly loyal to the Great Leader, perfectly embody- East, in all ages.” His birthplace at Mangyongdae near the North Ko¬ rean capital is said to be the “cradle of the world revolution,” and the country’s best university is named after him. The word “communism” has been eliminated from all official publications in North Korea since the early 1970s and replaced by the tenn “Kim Il-sung ideology.” The DPRK mass media constantly stress that loyalty to Kim and his ideology must continue from gen¬ eration to generation, and the people are supposed to renew a daily oath—in schools, at their jobs, or wherever else they may be—that they will follow his in¬ structions forever. The campaign to intensify Kim Il-sung’s personality cult in the early 1970s was carried out si¬ multaneously with the promotion of his political ideology, the core of which is the concept of chuch ’e (“self-identity” or “national iden¬ tity”). Cbucb’e can be translated into more specific programs of developing and preserving politi¬ cal and ideological independence, economic self-reliance and self- sufficiency, and independent de¬ fense capability “to the fullest ex¬ tent possible.” In December 1972, the party affirmed that “Kimilsungism” had “creatively applied Marxism-Leninism to the unique and specific conditions of North Korea.” Since then, the chuch 'e ideology has been pre¬ sented as a magic or supernatural

44 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • JUNE 1992 ing his ideas, outstanding leadership, and noble traits, and Kim Chong-il was born near Khabarovsk in the Soviet brilliantly upholding his grand plan and intention at the Far East on February 16, 1942. He is the North Korean highest level.” It is also said that Kim Chong-il has “bright dictator’s only surviving son by his first wife, Kim Jung- wisdom, deep insight, strong sense of revolutionary prin¬ sook, who died when Chong-il was seven. His younger ciples and strong will.” brother, Pyong-il, who was also bom in the Soviet Far East The senior Kim seemed to fear, moreover, that after his in 1944 and called by the Russian nickname of “Zhura,” death the younger generation, especially technocrats with a was drowned while playing in a pond at the official nonideological approach to economic and social issues, residence in 1948. might drift from his “glorious revolutionary tradition” and Kim Chong-il has a very close relationship with Kim backslide into the “poisonous” bourgeois way of life. He has Kyong-hui, his only blood sister, and her husband, Chang seen what happened to both Stalin—his original and abiding Song-taek, is Chong-il’s right-hand man. But bad blood role-model—and Mao Zedong after their deaths. In neither with his stepmother and three half-brothers has prompted case did the system they built up, nor their personal the junior Kim systematically to remove all of his reputation, survive. Kim Il-sung decided to groom his own stepmother’s family members from positions of power. flesh and blood—Chong-il—as his most trustworthy and The oldest of three sons born to Kim Il-sung and his dependable political successor. It was his shot at immortality. second wife is named Pyong-il after the half-brother who The crackdown on the 1989 pro-democracy movement drowned in 1948. Now serving as ambassador to Bulgaria, of all the sons of Kim Il-sung Pyong-il most resembles his father in his younger days. Unlike Chong-il, no scandals concerning women surround Pyong-il, who is said to be the brightest of all the children of Kim Il-sung. Since Kim Chong-il’s rise to eminence, Korean hagiographers have provided him with a mythical biography that includes his birth on Mount Paektu, Korea’s highest and most sacred mountain. Mount Paektu towers 8,900 feet tall, the highest mountain in Korea. Since ancient times, Koreans have viewed it as a symbol of their nation and national spirit, the birthplace ofTankun, mythical founder of their race. Today, it has added significance for the 22 million people of North Korea. It is “the holy place of the Korean revolution” under the leadership of Kim Il-sung. It was there, school children learn, that President Kim Il-sung organized heroic guerrilla bands in the 1930s that were to rout die brutal Japanese colonial army. It was there, in a hidden forest encampment, that his son and political heir, Chong-il, was born on frosty February morning in 1942. Kim Chong-il married Hong Il-chon in 1966 after a lengthy courtship, but divorced her three years later. He has a 14-year-old son, Kim Chong-man, by his first marriage. In 1973 the junior Kim married Kim Hye-suk, who was then working for the Department of Organization and Guidance of the KWP Central Committee. He has a daughter called Sol-song, three years junior to Chong-man, by his second wife. Monogamy apparently does not sit well with Kim Chong-il. He has kept two mistresses, ballerina Song Hye- at Tiananmen Square and the collapse of communism in rim and actress Ko Yong-hui. Kim Chong-nam is said to be the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe upped the ante on living in “Official Residence No. 15” in Chungsontung, the North Korea’s transition. In order to preserve the continu¬ central district of Pyongyang, with Song Hye-rim, who is ity of his militant revolutionary legacy and the survival of the junior Kim’s real love. the Communist government after his death, Kim Il-sung is now turning to his eldest son to assume added political COMING OF AGE responsibility. The senior Kim and his ruling power circle Kim Chong-il attended Nam-San School in Pyongyang, feel under siege from inside as well as outside. the predecessor of Mangyongdae Revolution School, which is the DPRK’s special elite school exclusively for the children JUNIOR of high-ranking party officials. During the Korean War he liv¬ Solid information about Kim Chong-il is lacking, as DPRK ed in Manchuria. He later majored in politics and philosophy officials go to great length to keep their personal lives secret. at Kim Il-sung University, from which he graduated in 1963.

JUNE 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 45 While in his 20s, Chong-il acted as his father’s personal had failed to live up to his expectations. As a seasoned secretary and worked for the KWP’s Department of Orga¬ revolutionary (and politician), the senior Kim must know nization and Guidance under his uncle Kim Yong-chu. In the that the survival-of-the-fittest doctrine operates with a ven¬ 1970s, he appears to have been promoted to progressively geance in a Communist dictatorship, no matter who is more influential posts in the DPRK regime, and began to involved in the scramble for power and leadership. Educated prepare to become his father’s successor. In 1972, he was speculation suggests that the junior Kim is a shrewd, named party secretary in charge of organization, propaganda, resourceful man with personal commitment and drive, and agitation—the three most important and powerful coupled with a necessary measure of ruthlessness to handle functions of the ruling KWP apparatus. A year or two later, the endless intrigues of totalitarian system. In order to he is said to have been appointed a member of the all- consolidate and strengthen his one-man dictatorial rule after powerful Politburo of the KWP. In the mid-1970s, he was the death of his father, he has already been bringing in apparently second to his father in supervising and overseeing younger men who are more dependent on him and who the affairs of both the nation and the KWP. At the Sixth KWP have infused new blood into the top leadership. Congress of October 1980, he was officially designated as the North Korean dictator’s sole political successor. AFTER THE KIMS To be sure, Kim Chong-il is no battle-scarred revolution¬ Projecting the future of North Korea after the death of Kim ary; rather, he is a revolutionary who was bred in an Il-sung can entail educated speculation at best. In the short extremely comfortable hothouse. After four decades in this term, a smooth transition will firmly root the Kim Il-sung ego-gratifying political atmosphere, he may be even more legacy in the Kim Chong-il era. The junior Kim’s power is narrow and less informed and objective about the outside very extensive and stable, and there is no organized world than his father. Shaped by a quasi-religious upbring¬ opposition to his dynastic mle. The outside world, including ing under his father’s totalitarian system, Kim Chong-il is the United States and South Korea, must prepare to deal with more at home in the world of legend, myth, and faith than the Kim Chong-il regime for years by giving up the idea that in the cooler realms of logic and reason. He detests the Kim dynasty will collapse as soon as Kim Il-sung dies. complicated facts and ideas, hates conceptual and factual No system, however, is immune to change. Historically, ambiguity and the disorder of pluralism, and longs for revolutionary dogmatism and fanaticism rarely outlast one generation, and it is for this reason that the long-term To be sure, Kim Chong-il is no battle-scarred revolutionary; rather, he is survival of the Kim dynasty after the death of its creator a revolutionary who was bred in an extremely comfortable hothouse. cannot be taken for granted. After four decades in this ego-gratifying political atmosphere, he may be Primarily for economic reasons, North Korea needs even more narrow and less informed and objective about the outside to open up to the outside world than his father. world to obtain capital and modem technology. North Korea’s 40-year policy of chuch’e, coupled with the simple solutions. Like his father, he constantly exalts force, cut-off of aid from the defunct Soviet Union, have created willpower, and conformity over moderation, self-restraint, critical economic problems, including technological back¬ and rationalism. wardness, a severe shortage of the foreign exchange needed Kim Chong-il harbors a passion for the arts, as was for sustained economic growth, and an increasingly ineffi¬ confirmed by the South Korean movie couple Sin Sang-ok cient economy. About 35 percent of factories are closed and Choe Un-hui, who were kidnapped in Hong Kong in down, and half of the remaining ones are operating only part 1978 on Chong-il’s order and made films for North Korea for of die time because of shortages of energy and raw materials. eight years before escaping to the West in 1986. If they are Everything is in short supply. to be believed, Kim Chong-il has a private collection of In the mid-1980s North Korea already showed a tepid thousands of foreign films. or cautious interest in opening its doors to the international In the process of assuming power, Kim Chong-il community to help improve its reeling economy. For the showed a strong inclination to power and great enthusi¬ past several years, Pyongyang has been putting out a few asm for exercising his leadership. The junior Kim was “very feelers and otherwise demonstrating a tentative new bright” and a hard worker, Sin and Choe said. Others have openness to the outside world, especially the United States called him perspicacious, with talents for propaganda, and South Korea. agitation, and organization. But an open-door policy to the outside democratic and In fact, it is difficult to believe that Kim Chong-il could capitalist world will entail a risk of the gradual or rapid have risen to eminence by nepotism alone. Kim Il-sung, who undermining of the Kim Il-song legacy, a risk the Kims will does not lack astuteness, would not have attempted the never be prepared to take. Accordingly, the DPRK regime is dynastic transmission of power to Ms son if the junior Kim intent on merely importing foreign capital and technology,

46 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • .JUNE 1992 and on containing any foreign cultural or ideological influences can happen in this situation. A military coup may be a more that it fears “corrupt” the people. It is quite clear that the likely avenue of change than a popular revolt. Kim Chong- DPRK regime after the death of Kim Il-song will continue to il is much less charismatic than his father and more vulner¬ pursue the same two contradictory goals. In point of fact, the able to a coup. The gruesome demise of the Ceausescu collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet dynasty in Romania underscores the possibility that North Union has not affected North Korean rhetoric, which lately Korea under the Kim clan may come to an abrupt and has been as xenophobic and unreal as ever. There is no inglorious end. reformers’ faction in the tme or strict sense. Internal economic As for the United States’ diplomatic strategy toward North policies appear to have changed very little, and political and Korea in this time of dynastic political transition, Washington ideological controls on the citizenry seem as tight as ever. should continue the present course of “diplomatic engage¬ After the death of Kim Il-sung, the North Koreans who are ment” with the DPRK to encourage a step-by-step reduction weary of four decades of agonizing political pressures and of tensions on the Korean peninsula. More to the point, rigorous ideological drives will be likely to desire a return to Washington needs to keep up the pressure on North Korea domestic tranquillity with some scope for the good life and to follow through with its accord with South Korea to ban individual freedom, bureaucratic normality, economic effi¬ nuclear-related installations on the Korean peninsula and ciency and prosperity, and pragmatism in foreign affairs. If with its pledge to open these facilities to international worse comes to worst in the Kim Chong-il era in the fomi of inspection, by offering a series of clear incentives and a severe economic depression—i.e., widespread hunger and disincentives. starvation—the North Koreans will dare to take to the streets Since the long-term suivival of the Kim dynasty after the throughout the country and challenge the Kim Chong-il death of Kim Il-sung is uncertain, it is necessary for the regime. (It is also possible that a sudden wave of 1 or 2 United States to be fully prepared to deal with sudden or million refugees might attempt to cross the Demilitarized expected contingencies in the future. In the final analysis, Zone.) If this happens, the situation will become critical for Washington’s diplomatic strategy toward the Korean pen¬ the survival of die Kim dynasty. With “politics and ideology insula needs to be flexible, patient, forward-looking, and in command,” Kim Chong-il would be very Likely to attack even bold. ■ and smash “bourgeois” and “reactionary” manifestations, like Calvinists rooting out sin. Then the DPRK will begin a Tai Sung An is a professor of political scietice and descent into an internal crisis of major magnitude. Anything international studies at Washington College in Maryland.

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JUNE 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 47 Richard C. Blalock, 62, died of heart Mary Bowman Martin, of Potomac; two and the University of Munich. ailments February 29 at Montgomery children, Susan Elizabeth, of Los Ange¬ Nickels served with the Department General Hospital. les and Richard Reynolds Jr., of of State from 1945 to 1965, specializing A resident of Silver Spring, he was Potomac; his mother, Joanne, of Chevy in Eastern European affairs. Overseas born in Seminole, Oklahoma. He Chase; and a brother, Barry, of Sacra¬ assignments included Paris and Munich. graduated from the University of Okla¬ mento, California. In Washington he served as special homa and served in the Army in the assistant to the assistant secretary of Korean War. His Foreign Service posts Joseph F. McEvoy, died of heart state for public affairs and on the Berlin included Italy, Lebanon, Yemen, and failure at his home in Ft. Lauderdale, Task Force. Algeria. After retiring from the State Florida on March 14. He is survived by his wife, Evelyn, Department in 1967, he worked for the A native of Trenton, New Jersey, and daughter, Katherine Hughes, of Equitable Life Assurance Society and McEvoy graduated from Rutgers Uni¬ Rockville, Maryland; a son, David, of retired in 1991. versity and worked as a reporter for the Kensington, Maryland; five grandchil¬ Survivors include his wife, Sigrid, of Associated Press for 20 years before dren and five great-grandchildren. A Silver Spring; four children from his first joining the Foreign Service. He served Horace J. Nickels Memorial Fund has marriage, Jessica, of Rockville, Mary¬ with USIS in Caracas and Madrid. been established to endow a perpetual land, Michael, of Takoma Park, Mary¬ Survivors include his wife of 52 scholarship through the AFSA Scholar¬ land, Laura, of Albuquerque, New years, Ann Ryan, of Ft. Lauderdale; a ship Fund. Mexico, and Joseph, of Chevy Chase, daughter, Patita, of Chevy Chase, Maryland; two stepchildren, George Maryland; a daughter-in-law, Christine Patricia Armstrong Rothenberg, Hull, of Alexandria and Stephen Hull, Thren, of Arlington, Virginia; and three 67, died November 20,1991 in Beltsville, of Washington; two sisters; and three grandchildren. Maryland. grandchildren. The wife of Foreign Service officer Davids. Wilson, 52, died of cancer Morris Rothenberg, she served with her Richard Reynolds Martin, 60, died at his home in Washington on April 8. husband in Moscow, Hong Kong, Mexico of a heart attack at his home in Potomac, Wilson entered the Foreign Service City, and Washington. She weathered Maryland on December 13, 1991. in October 1964. He served twice in the storm of demonstrations against the Martin, a native of Taunton, Massa¬ Italy, first in Palermo and later in Rome. embassy in Moscow, the U.S. Marine chusetts, graduated from Tufts Univer¬ He was also assigned to Paramaribo, landing in Lebanon, and typhoons and sity in 1953- He served as a naval officer Suriname; Paris; Lisbon; and Tel Aviv, a cholera epidemic in Hong Kong. during the Korean War. He was dis¬ where he was economic counselor. His After retirement, the Rothenbergs charged with the rank of lieutenant most recent Washington assignment lived in Florida, Washington D.C., and after having served as operations offi¬ was as chief counselor to economic New Hampshire. cer aboard the USS McCaffery. officers at the Bureau of Personnel. Rothenberg is survived by her four In 1959 Martin entered the Foreign Wilson grew up in Santa Monica, children, Laura Ann, Naomi Stetson, Service and was assigned vice consular California, graduated from Stanford, Benjamin Lovejoy, and Jonathan duties in Belo Horizonte and Florence. and received a master’s degree from Armstrong; a sister, Priscilla Armstrong Additional overseas assignments in¬ the Johns Hopkins School of Interna¬ Caswell; and three grandchildren. ■ cluded Rome and Brussels. In Washing¬ tional Relations. ton he served in the Bureau of Admin¬ He is survived by his father, Robert, istration and was selected to attend the of Rancho Mirage, California and a National War College. brother, Stephen. Notice to Readers: Obituaries should Since retiring in 1985, Martin contin¬ be sent to the Journal at 2101 E Street, ued to work as a consultant with the Horace J. Nickels, 86, died of heart N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. Those department on a variety of special failure in Rockville, Maryland on April 3. subm itting obituary notices should indi¬ projects. His many personal interests He was born in Minneapolis and cate whether or not they want their names included gardening, wine collecting, graduated from Carleton College. He released to any friends of the deceased and photography. He was an active earned a master’s degree from Colum¬ who may inquire. The In Memory column church member. bia University and did graduate study is published bimonthly. Photos of the Survivors include his wife of 33 years, at Harvard, the University of Chicago, deceased may be included.

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THE COMMUNISTS: THE STORY OF most powerful nuclear arsenal in the as director of the Russian Research world—were exhilarating for Commu¬ Center at Harvard University, has trained POWER AND LOST ILLUSIONS By Adam B. Ulam, Charles Scribner’s nists everywhere. But for the Soviet and inspired generations of specialists Sons, 1991, $27.50 hardcover peoples at work, rigid repression, dep¬ who staff university faculties, govern¬ rivation, secret government, and fear ment agencies, the media, and the pro¬ unmasked the failures of communism. fessions of law and commerce across Reviewed by Stephen N. Sestanovich Inevitably, modern technology in com¬ this country. The period from 1917, the year Lenin’s munications made it extremely difficult The Communists is Ulam’s 20th ma¬ revolutionaries stomied Czarist Russia, to keep the citizens of the Soviet Union, jor work. It is the latest of a long series to the 1985 ascent of Mikhail Gorbachev, Poland, or China from becoming aware of ruminations on Communist behav¬ anointed by pundits as “the gravedigger of what was happening in the demo¬ ior, an intellectual tour d 'horizon of the of communism,” constitutes a 68-year- cratic world outside. Cold War years (1948 to 199D that long mix of murky history with alternat¬ Enter grave-digger Gorbachev. No polarized the world into two armed ing seasons of power, deceit, coopera¬ one was more pleased to see him, nor camps whose size and firepower ex¬ tion, betrayal, glory, illusion, and disaster more surprised than Professor Adam ceed the cumulative total of bombs,

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50 e FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL e JUNE 1992 warheads, and missiles since the begin¬ cherished status as the vanguard nation ning of time. Ulam describes other delays to of world revolution. The break in Sino- Soviet solidarity, as in the earlier case Fortunately for civilization, Ulam communism’s demise, among observes, the avoidance of a suicidal with Yugoslavia, has never been satis¬ conflict between the Soviet Union and them the surge of Soviet power and factorily resolved. the United States became the preoccu¬ Ulam describes other delays to pation of every Soviet leader and Ameri¬ prestige during the decade of the communism’s demise, among them the surge of Soviet power and prestige can president since 1948. 1970s. Despite repeated Soviet Ulam portrays a Soviet Union, di¬ during the decade of the 1970s. Despite verted in purpose from its early fidelity political and diplomatic successes repeated Soviet political and diplomatic to humanitarian ideology and in a xeno¬ successes in the global competition phobic frenzy preparing to take on the in the global competition with the with the West, they did little for the survival of communism but much to world, making the necessary prepara¬ West, they did little for the survival tions to do so if need be, and, in the shake the underpinnings of Soviet process, sacrificing inherited social of communism but much power. By the early 1980s it was already idealism for arsenals, repression at home, evident that Communist societies in the and adventures abroad that even further to shake the underpinnings Soviet Union and Eastern Europe were in disarray, and in die face of growing pauperized an already frayed citizenry. of Soviet power. “Some who presided over Soviet economic and social failures at home, communism in the post-1953 period, formerly prized diplomatic successes certainly Nikita Khrushchev, were were losing their attraction. genuinely committed to recapturing what could be spared to keep China in the Ulam says that one way of looking at they believed had been the dynamic fold. Even as strains in the relationship the years from Stalin’s death to and humanitarian features of early com¬ became apparent and China pressed its perestroika is to see them as a sharpen¬ munism. Freed from the excesses of independent role, the Soviet Union strove ing confrontation between the ideology Stalinism, they believed communism to live with the dilemma of how to of communism and what it had, in fact, would once again become the catalyst coexist with an increasingly powerful become: a basket case of economic of social and economic progress. . . . neighbor and still preserve its own disasters at home and humiliating rep- And Marxism-Leninism, no longer pros¬ tituted as a rationale for despotism and once again truly internationalist in its spirit, would greatly enhance its appeal, We concentrate on not only to its traditional constituency— only ONE thing ... the workers and intellectuals of the Managing your property. industrialized countries—but also to the new nations emerging in the wake of PROFESSIONAL the dissolution of the old colonial em¬ PROPERTY pires,” writes Ulam. Alas, such hopeful involvement had MANAGEMENT to transit decades of turmoil—conflict OF NORTHERN with China, agony in Afghanistan, pro¬ VIRGINIA INC. longed adventures in Korea, Indochina, Angola, and elsewhere—before the Join our growing number of messianic gravedigger would appear. owners from Athens to Zaire In The Communists, Ulam details in who trust the management of fluid narrative and almost staggering their properties to PPM. Pro¬ fessional service with a per¬ documentation the domestic and for¬ sonal touch. eign politics, the intrigues, the reluctant accommodations with restless satellite Discounts on appliances and client states and with the West, and and more! Monthly comput¬ the Soviet mania to retain great-power erized statements.

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• Diverse student population from across the country and around the world

• Extensive arts and sports programs and countless extracurricular activities

Call for a brochure or video or to make an appointment to visit. Admissions Office: 215/9678-3811, Fax 215/579-2060

FOXCROFT •SCHOOL- Foxcroft School enables young women to benefit from a rigorous college preparatory curriculum in the supportive and structured atmosphere of a traditional residential community. A commitment for over 75 years to active student leadership, a Community Service Program, and a March Interim Term - all are examples of Foxcroft's dedication to preparing involved, independent and informed young women.

For more information please call Rebecca Gilmore, Director of Admissions Foxcroft School, Middleburg, VA 22117 (703) 687-5555 Fax (703)687-3675

• College Preparatory girls, grades 9-12 and post-graduate year

• Day, 5 and 7-Day boarding options

• Students represent 21 states and 13 countries

• Full time College Counselor

• Average Class size of 10

• Full sports, equestrian, and fine arts programs

• Supervised dormitories and study

Foxcroft School admits qualified students regardless of race, creed or ethnic origin.

JUNE 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 61 JUDSON SCHOOL Scottsdale * Arizona Boarding Grades 3-12 Judson,est. 1928, is Arizona's oldest independent college prep Since 1906 school A forerunner in international enrollment,Judson is CALVERT SCHOOL experienced in meeting the needs of its many overseas students, Excellent motivationaf/support programs help to improve grades THE SCHOOL THAT COMES TO YOU and self esteem, intensive ESL • teach your child at home Plus after school and weekend activities, equestrian,athletic and • complete curriculum K-8 travel opportunities. • no experience necessary • traditional education SUMMER SCHOOL • accredited, nonprofit COOL OFF in ARIZONA! • advisory teachers available earn credits & have fun • all materials included at JUDSON-AT-ALPINE • French and music courses in the spectacular White Mts. • send for free information

Allan Hilton. CALVERT SCHOOL Admissions (410)243-6030 fax 410-366-06/4 P.O. Box 1569 Dept. F62 105 T uscany Road Scottsdale, AZ 85252 Baltimore«Maryland«21210 FAX 602-483-6425 TEL 602-948-7731

PINE CREST SCHOOL Fort Lauderdale, Florida

...welcomes the children of Foreign Service Families into our coeducational, college preparatory, all-faith, boarding school program for grades 7-12. Your children will benefit from our accelerated academic curriculum, including 15 Advanced Placement courses. We also en¬ courage our students to participate in over 50 sports teams and a wide selection of fine arts courses and activities, including drama, ballet and jazz dance, studio art, and choral and instrumental music. Families living abroad or within the United States appreciate our planned weekend recreation activities, sensitivity to parent communication needs and easy travel arrangements through the Fort Lauderdale and Miami international airports.

For our comprehensive Academics and Activities catalog, boarding student viewbook and a copy of our video, please contact

Dr. John J. Harrington Dean of Admission Pine Crest School 1501 Northeast 62nd Street Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33334 Telephone: (305) 492-4103 FAX: (305) 492-4167

rum-discriminatory admission and financial aid policies yt(^/as£io... MISS HALL'S SCHOOL Inside and out, the State Plaza has everything you need in a Washington hotel. Spacious suites with full kitchens and comfortable living areas, the delightful Garden Cafe Restaurant, three charming meeting/ banquet rooms for board meetings, executive seminars, or private luncheons and dinners. The hotel is ideally located in downtown DC, College Preparatory adjacent to George Washington University, Boarding and Day near Washington's government and business Girls 9th-12th Grades communities, 3 blocks from the METRO subway, and in walking distance of The White House, the Kennedy Center, Georgetown, and the free monuments and museums. $2,500 reduction is available for the daughters of Special long and short term rates available Foreign Service personnel exclusively to foreign service personnel.

Holmes Road Pittsfield, Massachusetts

A boarding The Grier ScfiooC school RAND0LPH-MAC0N A for girls A supportive faculty and family environment contribute in grades 7-12 ACADEMY * to the success of the educational experience at Grier. A two-track academic program AIM HIGH: combines with strong arts and athletic Knowledge, Leadership & programs to ensure that girls enjoy a well-rounded and productive Character secondary school experience. America's only co-ed boarding school One of Grier School's most attractive qualities for Foreign Service families with AIR FORGE JR. ROTC. Grades is the fact that our students are 7-12 & PG. Regular college prep and 100% boarding. As a result, the accelerated academic program offer¬ school offers a very rich variety of ing up to 29 hours of college credit for activities on weekends. In addition, the gifted seniors and postgraduates. school provides transportation to and Aerospace and Computer Sciences. from airports at holiday time and Flying lessons in school-owned aircraft. organizes school sponsored trips during the Thanksgiving and spring breaks for New dormitory for 126 girls on 135 students who are unable to go home. acre campus. 40 mi. from greater Located near Penn State University, the Wash. D.C. area. Full athletic pro¬ Grier School is three hours away from gram. Indoor pool. Award-winning Washington, DC by car and is also easily band. Accredited. Est. 1892. reached by airplane and Amtrak train. NON-MILITARY SUMMER SCHOOL in A $1500 tuition reduction is offered by the Grier School to children of Foreign air-conditioned classrooms, dormitory Service employees. and dining room. For more information, please contact: Randolph-Macon Academy, Dept. 93 Director of Admissions „ Front Royal, Virginia 22630 Grier School Telephone 1-800-272-1172 Tyrone, PA 16686 (703) 636-5200 (814) 684-3000 V. ✓ FAX (814) 684-2177 WHILE YOU’RE ABROAD, PROVIDE A CARING COMMUNITY FOR YOUR CHILD AT HOME. We realize that your child’s physical and emotional well-being are very important to you as you prepare to go abroad to serve the world. Choosing a school for your child’s education, and having confidence in that decision, depends on knowing some important information. Here are some points about a very good choice — Westtown School.

As a Quaker coeducational boarding school founded in 1799, Westtown has 192 years of experience in /I community living. We value the emphasis on community and the experience of living away from home. The friendships developed between faculty and students will lastforever. As a college preparatory boarding school, XAwe value quality teaching and learning. The faculty nurture and challenge students through shared values of scholarship, service, and community. One hundred percent of the graduates matriculate to college, including those colleges listed as the most selective. As a Quaker school, we value individual /I expression and promote respect for the differences within our diverse community. The 290 boarding students come from 34 states and 20 countries, 18% of the student community are children of color, and 40% of the boarding students are receiving financial assistance from the school. |s a community school, all Westtown A.. students provide community service through involvement with Service Network. Working with social service agencies throughout the Philadelphia metropolitan area, over 1700 Westtown students have donated their time to helping others since 1978. \s a stable school with a long tradition, A Westtown provides a full array of opportunities for students. The 600-acre campus is supported by a $27 million endowment which ensures the continuance of excellent programs - academically, athletically, and artistically.

Call, write, or fax for additional information about the unique educational experience which awaits your child at Westtown School, “.. .an educational community seeking depth of knowledge, breadth of understanding, and diversity of experience. ”

Westtown Road P.O. Box 1799 Westtown, PA 19395-1799 Tel: (215) 399-0123 • FAX: (215) 399-3760 We make living WALK TO STATE C^THE^jcWERS) overseas easier. Short Term Rentals Hotel Suites Groceries Federal Employess • Military Pet supplies Remington Condominium • Government Contractors Household needs 24th & G Streets NW • SPECIAL RATES ★ Paper products • Medicines Videotapes Fully furnished and accessorized Included with your SOQ95 ■ with balconies. room, at 07 YES! Included in each unit are: N EX R { ST: We do consumable • °Freer RentalR t f Car~ ° PER NIGHT shipments Weekly housekeeping services, which includes unlimited mileage collision washer and dryer, full kitchen damage waiver and extra driver privileges* • Free Movie Night Hundreds of happy customers: IV2 blocks to • Free Super Continental Breakfast "You’ve made life a little easier for me and my family." • Free Happy Hour (Managua) the Foggy Botton Metro "Thank you so much for all the personal attention." • Fully Equipped Kitchens (Nouakchott) Low rates and no deposits for • Metro Bus at Front Door, "The products are wonderful, competitively priced and Minutes to Rail come to us in excellent condition." (Conakry) Foreign Service Personnel • American Supply is dedicated to the Foreign Service. small pets accepted • No need to buy in case lots - ever! Remington Associates, Inc. The Towers Hotel Suites • Special discount for consumables purchases. 420 North Van Dorn St., Alexandria VA • Try our great Special Order service! 601 24th Street NW, #106 (800) 368 3339 (703) 370 1000 WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG! Washington, D.C. 20037 FAX (703) 751-1467 American Supply (202) 466-7367 *Taxes and other optionals such as car u m refueling services are not included P.O. Box 1207 Fax (202) 659-8520 Bryans Road, MD 20616 (301) 283-0151 FAX: (301) 375-8006 MCG FINANCIAL V Call VOLVO PLANNING Factory-Set Discounts for any To Diplomats Posted Former State Department Stateside and Abroad Employee Stationed Overseas !\ book Understands Unique Financial • Immediate shipment U.S., U.K., European, or Situation of Foreign Service worldwide • Credit cards or Overseas Specs check • Ask about our Overseas and Domestic Services Include: overnight gift delivery nationwide • Free monthly Deliveries Retirement Planning new title forecast • Mail Tax Preparation and Strategies orders welcome • Open 24 Analysis: Insurance and hours every day • Free JERRY GRIFFIN Investments holiday gift catalog DIPLOMATIC SALES SPECIALIST Lump Sum Retirement Options lr800~255~2665 12 YEARS EXPERIENCE In CT or Worldwide MARY CORNELIA GINN (203)966-5470 4550 Montgomery Avenue FAX 1-203-966-4329 , 1231 W. Broad Street Suite 820N Falls Church, VA 22046 Bethesda, Maryland 20814 Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area (301) 656-3791 (703) 237-5020 Fax: (301)652-2183 59 Elm Street New Canaan, Fax: (703) 237-5028 CT 06840 Securities offered through Nathan & Lewis Securities, Inc. Member NASD & SIPC dbDon Beyer Volvo

JUNE 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 65 ♦♦♦ IN ARLINGTON SHAW, F*L* A*G *S BRANSFORD & O'ROURKE U.S. STATE • FOREIGN ATTORNEY AT LAW formerly NEIL & SHAW POLES & ACCESSORIES BALLSTON GOVERNMENTAL EMPLOYMENT 1-800-4-CHOICE LAW INCLUDING U.S. FOREIGN SERVICE •Centrally located*Walk to subway GRIEVANCE BOARD ACTIONS * SECURITY CLEARANCE ISSUES * EEO * TAXATION AND CUSTOM MADE FLAGS • Restaurant/Lounge • Tours Depart Lobby TAX PLANNING * ESTATE AND BANNERS FOR • Gift Shop Day/Night PLANNING, WILLS AND TRUSTS • Cable TV, Remote • Non-Smoking Rooms GOVERNMENT * GOVERNMENT RELATIONS Control Available INSTITUTIONS • Pay-Per-View Movies • Children under 18 stay ORGANIZATIONS • Refrigerator add $2 FREE. G. JERRY SHAW per day • Good neighborhood SCHOOLS WILLIAM L. BRANSFORD • Ballston Common Mall THOMAS J. O'ROURKE Nearby FOREIGN SERVICE SPECIAL RATE 202-363-1610 Over 45 years representing federal State Department Employees. Authors of "The Federal Manager's Handbook: A Guide to Rehabilitating or $63 $53 $43 1-800-899-1610 'Mar 17 to June 25 'June 26 to Sep 14 *Nov 20 to Mar 14 1993 Removing the Problem Employee," a guide to help Sept 15 to Nov 19 FAX #202-363-1866 supervisors deal with difficult subordinates. and“The Way of Wills," an estate planning guide for Rates good everyday for stays of 7 days or federal employees. longer. These rates always available, show ad to receive 815 Connecticut Ave., N.W., rate, 2 - 4 people. Suite 800 Rates quoted above already include government discount. 4708 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 Washington, D.C. 20016 (202) 463-8400 1211 N. Glebe Rd., Arlington, VA 22201 FAX: (202) 833-8082 (703) 247-3399 or FAX (703) 524-8739 Export There Is Only One Place Electronics, To Stay In Washington Inc. YOUR PLACE • Transformers • Washers/Dryers

• Dishwashers SHORT OR LONG TERM LUXURY SONY APARTMENTS. TOWNHOUSES. • Refrigerators PENTHOUSES • Air Conditioners PHILIPS All Suites Tastefully Furnished & Fully PANASONIC Equipped Kitchens * Telephone * Cable • Freezers Television * Security Intercom System AIWA Complete Health Spa * Concierge * Parking • Ranges Laundry and Valet * Maid Svc (optional) * TOSHIBA Convenience Store • TVs/VCRs GRUNDIG • Small appliances AKAI SPECIALIZING IN RELOCATIONS • Audio Equipment SHARP SERVING CORPORATIONS * PENTAGON SANSUI THE STATE DEPARTMENT * INSURANCE INDUSTRY * EXTENDED TRAVEL CONVENIENT METRO LOCATIONS AT ROSSLYN CAPITOL HILL GEORGETOWN FOGGY BOTTOM DUPONT CIRCLE

110/220 Volt Stereo60/50 hz ■ Video - T. V. - Appliances 1719 Connecticut Ave., N.W. (Near Dupont Ctr.) * Visa and Master Card Honored Washington, D.C. 20009 TLC Development Corporation Phone (202) 232-2244 FAX (202) 265-2435 1700 N Moore St. Suite 714 Arl., Va. 22209

REAL ESTATE * SALES * RENTALS [(703)527-44411 MANAGEMENT AT RIVER PLACE PROPERTY MGMT. Arlington, VA; Efficiencies one-two bedrooms, two J.P. PROPERTIES: Com¬ blocks from metro, FSI. plete professional dedication Bike or Metro to Pentagon. to the management of resi¬ Superior furnishings, immedi¬ dential property in Northern ate phone and CATV, micro- Virginia. Brokers with For¬ wave, linens and many eign Service overseas living tion. We’re small but very ef¬ penthouses in River Place. amenities. Site has spa, rates experience and 13 years in fective. FS and military refer¬ They are completely fur¬ within your per diem. Call residential real estate. We ences. Lowest rates. Best nished including CATV, all service, TERSH NORTON, Box utilities, telephone, linens, or fax SOJOURNER HOUSING work for you. JOANN PIEKNEY 42429, Washington, D.C. etc. Short-term leases of 2+ at (301) 762-7692 for bro¬ OR JAMES GOLDEN, 301 Maple chure or reservations. Avenue West, Vienna, VA 20015, (202) 363-2990. months available. Write FOR¬ CAPITOL HILL town- 22180. Tel. (703) 938-0909, EIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATES, P.O. REAL ESTATE house, sunny semi-detached Fax: (703) 281-9782. Box 12855, Arlington, VA 22209-8855. Call or Fax 1- in superior condition on PEAKE PROPERTIES WASHINGTON, D.C. AR 703-636-7606. Children wel¬ wonderful block near LTD: Specializing in leasing LINGTON, VA. Personalized come. Please send us dates. Eastern Market Metro, three and management of your relocation, short, or long EXECUTIVE CLUB AR¬ BR, two and one half BA, Northern Virginia home. Car¬ term. We specialize in walk- LINGTON AND OLD TOWN FP in LR, large kitchen, sepa¬ ing, personal attention. to-Metro sales and furnished ALEXANDRIA. Immaculate rate DR, 2 decks, storage in Nearly 20 years of experi¬ rentals. Arlington Villas, 1- and beautifully furnished basement & attic. Save from ence in serving the FS 1/2 blocks from Metro, luxu¬ apartments with full hotel owner $276K, $20K below community’s property man¬ rious studio, one, two, three services. One, two-bed¬ appraisal. 1118 C St., SE DC agement needs, MURIEL bedroom. Fully furnished. rooms, some with dens, all 20003. Tel: (202) 547-1870. PEAKE, Broker. 1350 Beverly Washer/dryer, microwave, WASHINGTON D.C. Rd., Suite 220B, McLean, VA with equipped kitchens. cable, linens. AMERICAN RE¬ BOUND? Is now the time to 22101. (703) 448-0212, fax Complimentary shuttle to ALTY GROUP, 915 N Stafford buy or lease? With low inter¬ (703) 448-9652. Metro, Rosslyn, and Penta¬ St., Arlington, VA 22203. est rates and prices where FAHEY & ASSOCIATES: gon. Health Club and out¬ (703) 524-0482 or (703) 276- door pool. Many extras. they were in the late 80’s Professional, residential, 1200. Children welcomed. Rates within your per diem. you should consider your property management ser¬ Pets on approval. Shorter or longer terms avail¬ options. Consult a thorough vice for Northern Virginia BACK FOR TRAINING? able. EXECUTIVE CLUBS, 610 and knowledgeable profes¬ properties. Expertise and per¬ LEAVE? D.C. TOUR? We are Bashford Lane, Alexandria, sional. Ask for my free sonal attention to detail are the Washington Metro Area VA 22304 (703) 739-2582, Home Buyers Guide, writ¬ the hallmarks of our estab¬ short-term rental specialists. (800) 535-2582. ten especially for Foreign lished firm. References pro¬ Excellent locations. Wide AUSTIN, TEXAS: Service personnel. Contact vided. JIM FAHEY, 9520B Lee price range. In Virginia walk Lakeway homes and home- MARILYN CANTRELL, GRI, Highway, Fairfax, VA 22031 to FSI. In D.C. and Mary¬ sites outside of Austin on 65- Associate Broker at Mary (703) 691-2006, fax (703) land walk to Metro. Large se¬ mile-long Lake Travis. Three Price-Howell Properties, 691-2009- lection of furnished and 18-hole golf courses, World 6402 Arlington Boulevard, WASHINGTON MANAGE¬ equipped efficiencies, one- of Tennis Center, 400 slip Falls Church, VA 22042. MENT SERVICES: Residen¬ bedrooms, two-bedrooms Marina, 4000 ft. air strip. (703) 533-3333, Fax (703) tial property management is and some furnished houses. Contact ROY & ASSOCIATES for 538-6092. our only business. Call, Many welcome pets. For bro¬ information, 2300 Lohmans WHATCOM COUNTY, write, or Fax MARY BETH chures & info: EXECUTIVE Crossing, Suite 122, Austin, Washington: The perfect re¬ OTTO, 2015 Q St. NW, Wash¬ HOUSING CONSULTANTS, INC., TX, 78734 (512) 263-2181. tirement locale, located half¬ ington, D.C. 20009- Tel. Short Term Rental, 7315 Wis¬ FARA APARTMENT way between Seattle and (202) 462-7212, Fax (202) consin Ave., Suite 1020 East, RENTALS: Fully furnished ef¬ Vancouver, BC in a dazzling 332-0798. Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) ficiency and one-bedroom scenic setting with islands to MANOR SERVICES: For¬ 951-4111. Reserve early! apartments. Two blocks the west and mountains to mer federal law enforce¬ Avoid disappointment! from State Department. the east. Whether your pur¬ ment agent letting his WILL YOU NEED A Within per diem rates. Call suits are physical or intellec¬ 10-year residential manage¬ FULLY FURNISHED apart¬ (202) 463-3910. Fax (202) tual, Whatcom County can ment company expand ment five minutes’ walk 467-4871. Write FARA HOUS¬ provide them: golf, tennis upon retirement. Best tenant from FSI and Rosslyn sub¬ ING, Rm 2928, Dept, of State, boating, fishing biking, ski¬ screening. Frequent property way? We have first class effi¬ Washington, DC 20520. ing, theater, university inspection. Mortgages paid. ciencies, one-bedrooms, and ELEGANT APARTMENTS courses etc. Contact Kathy Repairs. Close personal atten¬ some two-bedrooms and

JUNE 1992 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 67 Shropshire of Fairhaven Re¬ nancial Mgmt. Division. available, SALMAGUNDI BOOKS Quality paintings, religious, alty for information at 592 (703) 242-8559. P.O. Box Ltd. 66 Main Street, Cold ethnographic and ceramic Trout Lake Dr., Bellingham, 1144 Vienna, VA. 22183 Spring, NY 10516. objects sought. Please send VA 98226. Tel: (206) 676- ATTORNEYS specializing SOUTH VIETNAM photograph: JOHN FORBES, 4683. in tax planning and return COINS & Currency book 8902 First Avenue, Silver preparation for the Foreign $29 95 post paid. SEAT, Spring, MD. 20910. TAX RETURNS Service community available P.O.B 626, Dunn Loring, VA AUTOMOBILE STOR¬ for consultation on the tax 22027. AGE: The Auto-Vault: Con¬ COMPLETE TAX AND implications of investment trolled Indoor Storage ACCOUNTING SERVICES- decisions, business-related ATTORNEYS/WILLS Specialize in Foreign Service Heated, Sprinklered, high/ deductions, separate mainte¬ Security .Long Term/Short and overseas contractor situ¬ FORMER FOREIGN SER nance allowances, real es¬ Term. Private or TSR. Direct ations, VIRGINIA M. TEST, CPA VICE OFFICER NOW PRAC¬ tate purchases and rentals, off 1-95. Overseas Prepara¬ 6250 Mountain Vista, #L-3A, TICING LAW in home leave deductions, au¬ tion and International Insur¬ Henderson, NV 89014, (702) D.C./Maryland, general prac¬ dits, etc. Contact Susan Sand¬ ance Available. (410) 458-9315. tice, estate planning, real es¬ ers or Paul Clifford, 327-4000, Fax (410) 327- FREE TAX CONSULTA¬ tate, domestic. Gregory V. CLIFFORD, FARIIA & SANDERS, 7909. Brochure Available. TION for overseas person¬ Powell, FUREY, DOOLAN & 1606 New Hampshire Ave., AIR ANIMAL, “the pet nel. We process returns as ABELL, 8401 Connecticut NW, Washington, D.C. 20009 movers” an IATA air freight received, without delay. Ave., PH-1, Chevy Chase, (202) 667-5111, Fax: (202) forwarder USA origin pet Preparation and representa¬ MD 20815. (301) 652-6880. 265-1474. shipping services 4120 W. tion by enrolled agents, avg. WILLS/ESTATE PLAN ATTORNEY, FORMER Cypress-Tampa, FL 33607. fee $195 includes return and NING by attorney who is a FOREIGN SERVICE OFFI¬ Voice 813/879-3210, Fax TAX Trax, unique mini-finan¬ former Foreign Service offi¬ CER: Extensive experience (813) 874-6722. USA/Canada cial planning review with cer. Have your will re¬ with tax problems peculiar 1-800-635-3448. Contact Dr. recommendations. Full plan¬ viewed and updated, or a to the Foreign Service. Avail¬ W. Woolf-Veterinarian. ning available. Milton E. new one prepared. No able for consultation, tax SCHOLARSHIPS AVAIL¬ Carb, E.A., and Barry B. De charge for initial consulta¬ planning, and preparation of ABLE. Write EARS #111, Marr, E.A.CFP, FINANCIAL FORE¬ tion. M.BRUCE HIRSHORN, returns. M.BRUCE HIRSH- 5429 Mapledale Plaza, Dale CASTS, metro location 933 N. BORING, PARROTT & FOUST, P.C., ORN, BORING PARROTT & City, VA 22193.Toll Free: 800- Kenmore St. #217 Arlington, Suite D, 307 Maple Avenue, FOUST, P.c., Suite D, 307 VA 22201 (703) 841-1040. USA -1221 EXT 3034. Maple Avenue, West, Vi¬ West, Vienna, VA 22180. Tel. AFSA TAX COUNSEL; enna, VA 22180. Tel. (703) (703) 281-2161, Fax (703) RESORTS/TRAVEL Problems of tax and fi¬ 281-2161, Fax: (703) 281- 281-9464. nance: Never a charge to 9464. SPECIALIZING IN SERV¬ KIAWAH ISLAND, SC- AFSA members for tele¬ ING FOREIGN SERVICE OF¬ Thirty minutes from historic phone guidance. R.N. Bob MAILORDER FICERS AND THEIR Charleston, 10 miles of con¬ Dussell (ex-A.I.D.) at tax FAMILIES - Our firm can as¬ tinuous beach, golf, tennis, work both within and with¬ AVON for free catalog sist you in drafting wills and boating, children's pro¬ out l.R.S. since 1937. Now mailed to you, write: STEPHA¬ powers of attorney, adminis¬ grams. Select one- to five- solely in practice to assist NIE Y. HUGHES, 713 tering estates, establishing bedroom accommodations. Foreign Service employees Grandview Drive, Alexan¬ conservatorships and guard¬ PAM HARRINGTON EXCLU and their families. Also lec¬ dria, VA 22305. ianships and providing ad¬ SIVES, P.O. Box 1437, Charles¬ tures on TAX LAW at FSI vice on real estate matters. ton, SC 29401. every month since 1970 at BOOKS Prompt response to your in¬ BETHANY BEACH, DEL¬ Rosslyn, VA. Phone (703) quiries. CLIFFORD, FARHA & AWARE, RESORT- CONDO BOOKS, BOOKS, 841-0158 and Fax (703) 522- SANDERS 1606 New Hamp¬ Lovely two-bedroom, two- BOOKS! We have thousands 5726. Office is 100 feet from shire Ave., N.W. Washing¬ bath ground floor condo: in stock, do special-orders Virginia Square Metro sta¬ ton, D.C. 20009 Fax: (202) sleeps four-six. Family re¬ daily, search for out-of-print tion at 3601 Fairfax Drive, 265-1474 Tel: (202) 667-5111. sort, guarded half-mile books. “Free book reviews.” Arlington, Virginia 22201. beach, lakes, nine pools, 21 Visa, Discover or Mastercard. ROLAND S. HEARD, MISCELLANEOUS tennis courts, kids’ camp. THE VERMONT BOOK SHOP, 38 CPA has worked overseas Central air, full kitchen, Main Street,-Middlebury, VT WANTED: HOST FAMI¬ and is familiar with Foreign washer/dryer, cable, deck. 05753. LIES. Welcome French stu¬ Service and contract em¬ Weekly rates $500 to $825, YOUR PERSONAL dents in your home this ployee situations, computer¬ 15% discount for monthly BOOKSTORE AWAY FROM summer, July/August. Call ized tax services, financial rental. Call the Fergussons: HOME: Order any U.S. (703) 241-8155. planning, member AICPA, (703) 849-8444 or Fax: (703) book in print. Store credit PHILIPPINE ANTIQUES. Tax Division and Personal Fi¬ 442-9469.

68 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • |UNE 1992 Heinz Kluetmeier/Sports Illustrated Another GreatVictory Congratulations toallthecountrieswhoseathletes Serving theWashington, D.C.Area VICTORY International Relocation andStorageSpecialists competed intheXVIOlympicWinterGames Telex: 1440019 VVCALEX Telefax: [703] 461-6400 Telephone: [703]751-5200 Chrysler LeBaron Convertible The Foreign Service Advantage

You want service. You demand quality. vehicles. Delivery can be arranged for the But you need affordability. As a member of United States or most overseas locations. the Diplomatic Corps, you are eligible for To get these special privileges, just special privileges through Chrysler's Diplo¬ mail in the convenient response card on matic Purchase Program. That means Pagel land we'll send you a catalog plus professional service and preferred savings complete information on the Diplomatic on a full line of 1992 Chrysler Motor products. Purchase Program. Or call (313) 978-6526 Choose from Chrysler, Plymouth, Dodge and or telefax (313) 978-6969. And find out Eagle cars, or Jeep and Dodge Truck what we mean by Advantage: Chrysler.

^ CHRYSLER W CORPORATION INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS