Colour and Race Author(s): John Beddoe Source: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 35 (Jul. - Dec., 1905), pp. 219-250 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2843064 . Accessed: 14/06/2014 03:00

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This content downloaded from 185.44.78.156 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 03:00:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ( 219 )

COLOUR AND RACE. The Hquxley Memorial Lectursefor- 1900.

BY JOHN BEDDOE, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.

[DELIVERED OCTOBER 31ST, 1905. WITH PLATES XVI, XVII.]

THE Huxley lecture is usually said to be commemorativeof the great man whose name it bears. I am not sure that I quite like the adjective. The characterand achievementsof Huxley, the impressionhe made on his countryand his time, are not likely to fade fromour memories. The lecture is rather,I think,a token of our gratitudeto him than a necessaryreminder of his services. Few departmentsof anthropologyseem to have interestedhim morethan that of colourin connectionwith race. The termsXanthochroi and Melanochroi,with the thingsdenoted thereby, remain to testifyto that interest. The late Sir Henry IRawlinson,a widely-travelledman and a good observer, once remarked-to me that " colour was no part oftype." As one who had given some years of his leisure to the subject, I felt somewhat discouraged by this dictumof a reveredsenior. " No ! " said he, " and I will give you a case in point. iHerodotussays the Egyptians planted a colonyin Colchis, whose descendants survived there in his day-dark and curly-haired. Well, the Minigreliansat the present day have curly hair,' but it is quite frequentlyyellow or fair; the type remains, but the colourhas altered." So said Sir Helnry,and there are still some of his opinion. There is an ingenioustheory which attributesthe deep and brilliant "Highland red" hair, found in the so-called Kelts or Gael of the British Isles, to the effectof a northernclimate in depigmentingDeniker's Littoral race, by some designated Atlantean. Anyhow,it is a prevalentidea that colourin man,beilng merely superficial, is of very small account compared with his osteology. But this is really an exaggeration. If colouris mutable,so too is bone-form,less quickly or visibly, maybe,but mutable for all that. In Egypt, in Ruissia, in Bohemia, , Mecklenburg,it is difficultto believe that wideningof the skull has or would not have taken place, even if the influenceof admixture of blood had been excluded; and when Egyptologiststell us that the Egyptianskull, barrinlg this little increase in breadth,is verylike what it was six or eightthousand years ago, we may reply, "WWhy should it have altered? The circumstances,the nledia,have not altered

I Deniker,Races of Man (transl.),p. 355. It occursamong the Guriels,too, but I am not aware thatit does amongthe Lazes, ofwhom I have seen a greatdeal. VOL. XXXV. Q

This content downloaded from 185.44.78.156 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 03:00:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 220 JOHNBEDDOE.-Colour and Race. much; and the successivehordes of immigrantsor invaders,from their paucity of numbers,from theirunsuitability to the climate,or fromthe mutualbalancing of theirphysical characters, were not verylikely to affectit much." The great changesthat appear to have taken place in and Bavaria, and about Hallstadt, are quite explicable, as I at least, who was a mute Ammonitebefore Ammon and De Lapouge, am disposed to believe, without callinog in the operation of anything like spontaneous variation in form. Still the cases of the Mecklenburgers,of the Bohemians, of the people of the Rouergue, cited by De Lapouge, and of the Muscovites, which convinced no less an authority than Bogdanoff,do certainly make one a little doubtful. On the other hand, consider the case of the Budini, plausiblyidentified with the Vod or Votiaks,still foundin or lnear their ancient locality. They were noted as redhairedin the classic age, and now, after 2,000 years,they have amongthem a larger proportionof redhaired persons than any othertribe or nation. The principal drawbacks to colour as a mark of race are the following, relatingespecially to hair: 1. The change which occurs in individuals with advancing age. In this countrythe index of nigresceniceof school childrendarkens, usually, about twenty degreesbefore they arrive at earlymiddle age; and even afterthat the hair continues to darkenslowly until it begins to turn grey. Red hair does not darken in the same way,as a rule,but in those cases whichVirchow would have looked on as defectivebrunets, it may even changeinto somethingnot far removedfrom black. The -colouralso changeswith age, thoughvery slowlyafter infancy. At firstit darkens,but later on pales again. Such instability,besides increasing difficulties of observation,is suggestiveof small value in the attribute. 2. Again, the apparent fugitivenessof the colour of hair afterdeath lessens its value as historicalevidence. Brown pigmentseems to be less permanent thanred. 3. The operation of various formsof selection,-social, conjugal, morbid, is of considerableimportance in impairing the evidence of permanency. I believe De Candolle and I were earliest in the field on this subject; but Ammon, De Lapouge, Closson and Ripley and Shrubsall, have developed the idea very extensively,and with promiseof yet greaterresults. Virchow'sand Von Mayr's extensive statistics,and my own observations,showed darker colourin hair,and still more in eyes,in than in rural districts,even afterallowing somewhat for the greater attraction of towns for alien (in usually darker) immigrants. Livi has shown that the same rule holds good in to a large extent,though there alien immigrantswould be morelikely to be comparatively blond. And Shrubsall has already given us some solid grouindsfor basing the differenceon morbid selection,weeding out more possible parents from among the youngerblonds, whereas the diseases which more affectthe brunets,such as cancer,usually operatemore in later life.

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4. The difficultiesarising out of the personal equation of the observerare verygreat: I will returnto thempresently. These drawbacks seem then,nay, they are, considerable,but either they, or analogousdisadvantages, apply to the head-formalso. Durand de Gros,and after him Ammonand De Lapouge and Muffangand Livi, have shownhow the citizen develops, by some process of selection, a longer and narrowerhead than the countryman; and though the process is not so conspicuous in English towns, Dr. McDonell's figuresfor London, and mine forBristol, make it probablethat it is reallyoperative here. Such changes implya converseprocess at workin country districts,- and other fountains of emigration; anid thus may be explained the developmentof brachycephalyin, for example, some Frisialnislands and Alpine valleys. Difficultiesput in the way of the observerby modes or fashionsof dyeing the hair find theiranalogues in the various processeswhereby the head is wilfullyor unintentionallydeformed. Even in Germany-there is no doubt that brachycephalyis exaggeratedin many cases by the pressureof a hard cradle. Again, ProfessorOloriz has well shownhow the persoiial equation affectsthe measurementof the skull as well as of the livinghead: we need not thereforebe quite discouraged,when we discoverthe many impedimentsthat stand in the way of him who would observethe colour of the hair and eyes. Some of these concern light and distance. Topinard directs his pupils to work " en pleine lumiere,"and in using his standardsamples forcomparison, this must be kept in mind. One cannotalways choose; and one oughtto be able to make proper allowance for differentlights, as a rifle-marksmandoes fordistanice and wind; but I preferthe shady side of a streeton a sunnyday. As for the best distance, M. Bertillonworking for identification and police purposes,and dividing his eyes into 7 and his hair into 10 classes, directs the observerto place himselfat 30 centimetresor about 1 foot fromthe object. This is far too near forordinary purposes. The aim should be to workat distancesat which the iris-coloursfall naturally into three or at most four divisions,light, neutral and dark,the firstembracing class 1 and part of 2 as depictedin Bertillon's Albulm,the third including roughlyhis classes 5, 6, and 7, most of 4 and a little of 3, while the neutral includes his remainingexamples. Having always had good sight,I have found from2 or 3 to 5 or 6 feet the most suitable distances. The hair-shadesare of course capable of appreciationfurther away; but as red or yellow, for example, can be well discriminatedat a greater distance than the differeiutshades of brown,one should select and adhere to a certain maximum limit,foregoing anything beyond that. The eyes should be inspectedili front,not laterally,or you will put too many into the neutral class, as some British observersdo. - When I firstbegan to make systematicobservations on human colouring, more than 50 years ago, being,as I supposed,the firstin the field,I had to frame a classification. My firstsystem somewhat resembledthat afterwardsdevised by Virchow,which did not cover the entirefield, but lefta small marginfor unuistual Q 2

This content downloaded from 185.44.78.156 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 03:00:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 222 JOHN BEDDOE.-Colour and Race. combinations. This I soon discardedon that account,and frameda schedule with three divisions for the eyes,and fourcross-divisions for the hair,red, fair, brown, medium(or lightchestnut), and dark,in whichI at firstincluded black. Black is uncommonin the east of Great Britain,outside a fewtowns where there has been much foreignimmigration. But I soon found it necessaryto add columnisfor black, thus making15 places in the schedule,or 30 forthe two sexes. With this addition it correspondsto the divisions in commolnspeech, and, I mightalmost say, in nature; and I think it a pity that it has not been universallyfollowed. The onJy-possible improvement,I think,was that of Topinard,who, with a view to nmakingcomparisons with Virchow, divided the light eyes into and other- than-blue; but the advantage is slight,and complicationsare a little increased, especially for field-work. Roberts and Rawson, for the Anthropometric Committee,framed schedules which are incomparablewith Virchow'sor mine or any others,from the absence of niches for black, and fromother peculiarities. Vanderkindere'sscheme for Belgium, though better,is in a similar unfortunate position. Topinardand Arbo do not separateblack fromdark brown, which almost all others do. Meyer and Kopernicki in Galicia, otherwiseagreeing witlhme, amalgamatered and fairhair, which is a verytrivial blemish. Retzius and Fiirst, dealing with the almost purely blond Swedes,divide fair hair into yellow and cendre,which last I suppose includes besides flaxenmost of my neutral: but in summariesthey generally drop this subdivision. They arraiige their eyes as Topinard and I do, into light, neutral and dark; but in the hair they follow Virchow,admitting no medium category. Livi in Italy having very few real blonds, classes my neutrals with them. Browne in Ireland, Haddon, Dunbar in Jersey,Aranzadi in Spain, De Man in Holland, Soren-Hansen anidWestergaard in Denmark,and all, I think,of the numerousRussian observers,have employedmy plan withoutmodification. Schimmer and Kollmann,of course,followed Virchow's. I well rememberthat Mr. Crawford,when President of the old Ethnological Society,said that the mixture of blonds and brunetsin one people or tribewas peculiar to Europe. He had seenmaniy lands and peoples,and spokeas the resultof much observation;but I did not and do not agreewith him. That Brahminsoccur with blue eyes ancl red or brown hair counts for nothing: the Brahmins are of coursepartly of Indo-Europeaiidescent, and so probablyare the pure Rajputs and the Rattis of Gujerat. But the xanthous type does occasionallypresent itself in Bengal amorngthe lowercastes, as I was assuredby a competentanthropologist, the late Dr. JamesWise, who at myrequest undertook to investigatethe subject. Again, Mr. Anantha Krishna Iyer, now in charge of the EthniographicSurvey of the Cochin state,tells miiethat not only among the local Brahinins,but among the Nairs,a high divisiollof the Sudras,occur childrenwith hair of a dull red orauburln colour,which does not becomeblack at maturity.1 Red hair occurs sporadically

1 He also mentionsthe occurreniceof eyes which are not dark brown, and of some resembling,as he puts it, cats' eyes,with a dark ininerand a greyouter ring,s'uch as I should probablycall hazel grey.

This content downloaded from 185.44.78.156 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 03:00:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions JOHN BEDDOE.-6folour and Race. 223 amongthe Buryats and other Mongoliantribes, though here one caninotexclude the possibilityof the ancientincorporation of some xalnthoustribe, such as the Woosun or the Tingling. Among the Shans in the mountainsof Upper Burma fair hair and blue eyes are said to occur, and brown hair among the Lolos in Sze-chuen. I have never seen or heard of a fair Chinaman; and miyfriend Dr. Colborne,lona a medical missionaryin those parts, never saw a Chinaman or a Japanese adult whose hair was not black or of the darkest brown; but he tells me that Chinese children often have it of a dark reddish yellow, and Japanese childrenof some shade of brown. Lefebvre,investigating for Collignon, found one or two-red-haired personls on the west coast of Japan,opposite Corea, but none on the easterniside. Brown hair occurs in Manchuria and Corea. Nor have I heard of a fair Amerindian of pure blood, except perhaps in the Mandan tribe; but I do niot doubt that they could be met with if they were looked for. In the negro tribes I believe trulyxanthous or erythrouspersons occur, and are classed as albinos. And both the pygmies of Central Africa themselves,and tribesin theirneighbourhood such as the Monbuttu,who may be supposed to partake of their blood,are reportedoften to have hair which is of a dull brownrather than black. With respect to red hair, I am disposedto adhere to our masterVirchow's view,viz., that it occurredamong fair people fromexcess or abundanceof xanthous colourilngmatter, but among brunetsfrom absence of brown pigment. In favour of this hypothesisis the fact that reddishpigment is abundantin much of the hair that we call black, as amongthe Jews,among the negro races in general,some at least of the Polynesians,and, I am informed,the Hiimialayanitribes. In the Macdonell rangesof CentralAustralia all the natives have been saicl to have hair of.a dark auburn rather than black; and tlheWankerutu to lhave skins lighterthan tribes500 miles furthersouth, further from the sun. I have myselfseen deep red hairwith a freckledfawn-coloured skin ancdhazel eyes in a Moresbyislalnder; and I am indebted,through Dr. Haddon, to the great courtesyof Dr. Seligmann for abilityto say, on his weightyauthority, that the same sortof thingis to be seelnamolng the Papuans of New Guinea,both east and west. The particulars Dr. Seligmann has given me enable me to say pretty confidentlynot only that erythrismis not very uncommon in those equatorial latitudes,but that it sometimesoccurs apart fromthe ratherprevalent leucoderma, and without ocular defect; and that there are indistinctindications of its being hereditary. The establishmentof a xalnthousor erythrousrace, thereabout, would not be impossible. Mr. Browninginforms me that the Eheu complexion,as it is called in New Zealand, is said to occur therein the lower rather than in the upper caste,which would probablymean that it belonged to the darker,aboriginal or Melanesian, rather than to the Malay or Polynesian stock. It is well depicted in Angas's drawings,and evidentlyexactly resembles Dr. Seligmann'sand my own erythrictype. It is a common belief,though, so far as I know,not statisticallyproved, that

This content downloaded from 185.44.78.156 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 03:00:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 224 JOHN BEDDOE.-Colour and Race. red hair is apt to occur in familieswhose parentsare of veryopposite comliplexions. If so, it must be, one would say, froman instabilityof pigmentalfunction, a kind of disturbancearising from the incompatibilityof the parents. On a large scale some would apply the hypothesisto the Highlanders and the Irish,both mixtures of blond and brunetelements. There are of coursefacts, or reportedfacts, which would lead one to suspect that red was the original hair-colourof man in. Europe, at least while living in primitiveor naturalconditions with much exposure,and that the developmentof brownpigmnent came later,with subjection to heat and malaria,and otherinfluences conlnectedwith what we call civilisation. The cases of China and Egypt suggest themselvesas capable of throwinga side-lightoln the subject,but if Terrien de la Couperie rightlyderives the Chinese from Elam, the latter set of agencies are unnecessaryin theircase. To return. I place red firstin my series of hair-colours,both because,on Virchow'stheory, it is the contraryof black, and because on that plan the colours shade naturallyinto each other,which they do not in any othercase. There is not,I think,mnuch difference of opinion as to the relativevalue, ethnologically,of hair-colourand iris-colour. The hue of the hair seems to be always taken to be the inore important and significantcharacteristic, partly perhapsbecause it is moreconspicuous and bulks more largelyin our sight. A betterreason is the comparativelysmall amount of pigmentin the eye,compared with that in the hair. When I first proposed and used my now well-known Index of Nigrescence(N2 + D - F - R) whichapplies to the colour of the hair only,I did so because I thoughtthe eye-colourof less importance,anld because I could not make up my milndas to the best plan of standardisingit. Topinard, long after,proposed an index for the iris on the same principle,viz., the subtractionof the light fromithe dark, omittingthe neutral. He combines the two indices to constitutea single index of pigmentation. And this is probably the best plan yet devised. Virchow's plan of contrastingthe pure, i.e., the blue-eyed blond, with the pure brunet, and comparatively neglectinigthe intermediatecombinations, has of course its own merits,and' has been largely used; but its defects in practical application are also considerable. In fact, though not in intentioin,it makes the eyes the more important,with the curious result, depending partly on the impossibly sharp line attemptedto be drawn betweenblue eyes and grey,that Switzerlandcomes out with 11 per cent. of pure blonds,swarthy Dalmatia with 15, and the Bukovina with 18, while Obwalden, reallya ratherfair district,appears with only 2 per cent.! In these maps, and in the productionof this lecture, I have given to the pigmentationof the hair twice the value of that of the iris. That is- to say, I have doubledin everycase the index of nigrescence,and I have added thereto,or subtractedtherefrom, according as it is + or -, Topinard'sindex of the eye, viz., the excess or deficiencyof the dark as compared with the light eyes,this being countedsingly, not doubly,and the neutral eyes left out of the count. I have

This content downloaded from 185.44.78.156 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 03:00:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions JOHN BEDDOE.-Colour and Race. 225 reckoniedVirchow's greyeyes as neutral,though theyno doubt include my light- greysas well as my neutrals. His brownand my dark eyes correspondextremely, nay,wonderfully well. Thus:

Percentageof Brownor Dark Eyes.

Berlin. Brunswick. Koln. Trier. Leipzig. Dresden. Aachen. Aver.

Virchow , 30'2 202 33.3 38 28 1 29,4 35,2 306

Beddoe ... 26-8 21-5 34-6 36 31-3 308 32-6 305'

Now we have not at present,though we are hopingto have in course of time, the figuresfor our school-children,figures by the way which,if theyare to be of muchvalue, must be derived from the observationsof only well-instructed-and practised persons. The differencesof personal equation in ordinaryobservers are portentous. My problem was how to correlatethe indices of pigmentationin (1) Germanand othercontinental school-children, and (2) Britishadults. This I alone at presentam in a positionto do, havingpersonally ascertained the requisite figuresin about 4,700 adults in northern,western and central Germany,in about 5,000 in Switzerland and ,and about 6,000 in the Low Countries. I find thatVirchow's figures and my own,when treatedon the plan already described,i.e., when in everycase twice the index of nigrescenceis added to once the index of the eyes (Virchow'sgrey being taken provisionallyas equivalentto Topinard'sand my neutral),come out with a differenceof about 50 on anlaverage, my adults being by so mnuchdarker than his school-children.2 Assumingthen that the actual differencebetween adults and childrenof the same mean age is likely to be about the same in Germanyand ,3I have reduced by fiftymy own figuresfor all the squads of British adults, after subjectingthem to the processalready described,in orderto give greaterweight to the hair than to the eyes. The British(Plate XVII) and Scandinavian (Fig. 1) maps,being based on these reducedfigures, ought to be on somethinglike the same standardas to colourswith the map of CentralEurope (Plate XVI) based on the statisticsof children. And you will findin themthe same gamut of colorationas in that map, withthe exceptionin Britain of the ; we do not seem to have any districtin Britain which can compare in blondness with some very extensive tractsin North Germanyand Sweden.

I Mvyaverage for 33 Englishtowns was 29,9. 2 See on thispoint, the paper of Dr. Guillaumeof Neuchatel. 3I say aboutthe same,for I have reason to knowthey would not be identical. A sholt table,which is appended,shows that the darkeningprocess goes on rathermore quickly among the GermanisedWends of Eastern Prussia' than among the purer Germansfarther west, Pomeraniaand Posen each sinking3 places,and Prussia 2, in orderof blondness,among the 11 provinces,while Hanover,Westphalia, Saxony and Rhinelandall rise 2 places.

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In the map oL CentralEurope (Plate XVI), then,I have used a gamutof nine colours,ranging frompink, allotted to the almost universallyfair Saxons and Frisians and Danes of Schleswig-Holstein,Hanover and Oldenburg,and to the natives of part of Pomerania,through red and oraingein Prussia, Pomerania, Brandenburg,Mecklenburg and Westphalia,to the yellow of the Rhineland,Hessia, Thuringia,Saxony and Silesia, the greenof and Wurtembergand part of Flanders,the blue of Flanders,Baden, and ,the and brownof Alsace, the Ardennes,Bavaria, Bohemia,Galicia, Bukovina, and German , to end in the black which occupies the entire Italian Tyrol, most of Dalmatia and Istria, and large portions of Bohemia and Carpathian Galicia.' It is impossibleto ignore the gradation of colour, the gradually increasing depth of tint fromnorth to south exemplifiedin this map and shownwith equal distinctnessin Livi's map of Italy. There is a similar gradationiin the map of the BritishIsles anid in Topinard's map of , but in these latter the tints deepen fromnorth-east to south-west. This must surelybe due in part to the influenceof media,of sunlightand other like influences,acting probablythrough naturalselection; social or conj Lgalselection seems unlikelyhere.2 But if geographicalposition be the warp,heredity, race, inheritedtype is the woof; and its threads are extremelytough and lastilng. It is evidenced by the numerousand markeddepartures from the rule of increase of pigmentationas we go southwardand south-westward. Of these the miiostimportant and interestingis the case of the Czechs in Bohemia and Moravia. Here we have a regionwith masses and blotchesof dark hue, yet surroundednorth, south, west and east by lighter-colouredtracts. The factsto be consideredare- 1. That this is no new-thing: Ibn Fozlan, an Arabian traveller,noted, nearly 1,000 years ago, the black hair of the Bohemians. This peculiaritywould hardly have struck a southron'seye, had it not been in contrast to the hair of their neighbours. And in a mediaevalGerman publication, wherein four nations are portrayedas female figures,while Germaniais blond and Italia dark,Sclavinia is representedas distinctly,swarthier than Gallia. The Czechs being as it were the vanguard of Slav invasion, would very naturally be present to the mind of the artist, as the nearest arid most familiarrepresentatives of a Slavonic race. 2. The modernMazovians and otherPoles are comparativelyfair, anid so,

1 The authoritiesare Virchowand his coadjutorsin Germany,of whomG. von Mayr was prominentin Bavaria, Schimmerin Austria, Kollmann in Switzerland,Vanderkindere in Belgium. 2 More evidencefrom Russia is desirable; what we have does not affordmuch supportto the statementabove. But the movements,displacements and mixturesof the Slavish and Finnishtribes are perhapstoo recentto have had theirfull effect in developingtype.

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it is likely,were the old Obotritesof Mecklenburgand the other Wendish tribes long since swamped by German colonists,though theywere not so fair as to hindera slight degree of darkeningin these same crossbredeastern Germans,as comparedwith the true Germanic,Saxon or Frisian stockswest of the and the Trave (the true of Deniker); and this darkeningis foundon my map somewhatmore distinctlythan oln Virchow's,las it affects the hair morethan the eyes.

Religious wars and persecutionshave m-adeconsiderable ethnic changes in Bohemia and Moravia; but the Czechs on the whole have held their ground, especiallyin the central plains; and the prevailingcomplexion may have altered less than the skull-form,which appears to have wiclened. Germiianimimigration has changedthe language in the mountainiousborders of Bohemia, ancl in several towns ancl cantons of Moravia. The colours point to pacific infiltration,rather thanicolonisation en masseof dispeopled land; forthey are almosteverywhere a shade darkerthan that of the probablesource of migration, except on the frontierof the Upper ,whence the incomerswould be Germanin speech ratherthan in race. The case of Deutsch-Brod is curious. It was originally,no doubt,a German settlement,but duringthe religiouswars the Czechs are said to have wiped out the Gerinans and their language. The extermination,however, cannot have been comnplete,for Deutsch-Brod is to-day the most blond of all the Czech-speaking cantons. On the other hand, we find on our map Iglau and Znaiiimblue amid black and brown surroundings,and Brunn purple with brown surroundings,all contraryto the rule that townsdevelop pigment. A traveller,who wentthat way during the Thirty Years' War, says, that on arrivingat Brunn he found the inihabitants,who had beenlProtestants, hangino on gibbetsaround the town. This atrocitymay have had somethingto do withthe presentphenomena. The dark complexion of the Czechs may have an importantbearing on Slavonic originsand history. Procopius'sdescription of the complexion of the Vends is well known.2 Modernstocks, reckoned as Slavonic,differ much in that respect. The Slovaks of North Hungary,for example, who have a remarkablydistinct type, quite differentfrom that of the Czechs,are generallyfair, with light eyes and often flaxenhair and ratherlulmpish features; the Mazovian Poles, too,are a ratherfair race; while the IRutheniansof Eastern Gallicia,of whomwe have physicalstatistics on adults fromMayer and Kopern-icki,and on children fromnSchimmer, are. com- parativelydark. The results of Schimmer'sinquiry appear in the map; those of Mayer anid-Kopernicki, which are practicallyon my plan, yield a somewhatlower

1 Virchow'ssubsidiary map ofhair-colour shows it to a considerableextent, being much on the same lines as myindex of nigrescelnce. 2 He says the Vendswere neither altogether xaanthous, nor much inclinedto darkness,but all somewhatreddish.

This content downloaded from 185.44.78.156 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 03:00:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 228 JOHN BEDDOE.-Colour and Race. index of nigrescence,but show as distinctlyas Schimmer'sthat the Rutheniansare muchdarker than the Poles,and thatblack hair is muchmore frequent amolng tllem. Now this statementapplies with especial force,though not exclusively,to the valleys along the northernspurs of the Carpathians,inhabited by Ruthenialitribes called Boiks and Huzuls; and the question arises whether the Czechs were a westernextension or colony of these hill-men,though now,and perhaps even fromthe first,cut offfrom them by theintervening and fairertribes of thePoles and Slovaks. There are other reasonsfor regardingthe Carpathians as the centre of dispersionof the Slavonic stocks. This may be the most convenientplace in which to referto Livi's theory about the mountaineersof Italy, and theirrelative fairnessas compared with the people of the plains and the foothills. The map has not been extended to embraceany part of Italy, unless we may so call the Italian Tyrol,or those small portions of the Austrian Dominions where the Italian language disputes the masteryof Germi'anor Slavonic speech; forthe whole of Italy, withthe exception of two small cantonsin the valley of Aosta, would come out black on myscale, the reputedblonds of the Seven and the ThirteenCommunes, and of otherGermanic or Slavonic villages south of the Alps, being swamped in the sea of dark-haired Italians who surroundthem. Livi, however,has discovereda curiousparadox respectingthe mountaineers, i.e.,the dwellers above a line of 400 metres elevation,or about 1,300 feet. The proportionof blonds,it seems,if we take the whole of Italy into consideration,is much the same above or below this line, viz., about six per cent. Yet in every one of the 16 provilncesof Italy, except the Abruzzi and perhaps Umbria,the blondls are more numerous above the 400 metre line than below it. The explanationof the paradox is simple; it dependson the facts that a large portion of the south of Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia, is covered with mountains, whereasthe mostpopulous parts of the north are level or nearlyso, and that in accordancewith the usual rule,the southhas a much smaller proportionof blonds than the north. But to explain this increase of blondsin the mountainsis-not so easy. It cannot be done on groundsof historicalethnology, as Livi justly says. The rule,of course,is that conquerorsseize on the fat plains, and leave the hungry mountainsto the vanuquished;of this we have plentyof examples in Frarice,in Belgium,and even in England. Hence the differencein colouringbetween the Saxolnsof Wiltshireand the Britonsof East Somerset. But withthe exceptionof the Saracens,and the Aragonese,all the conquerorsof Italy, fronmthe Visigoths downwards,have been comparativelyblond. Livi is disposedto attributethe phenomenonto the povertyand insufficient nourishmentof the peasants, who almost wholly constitute the mountaineer population. He regardspigmentation as in a degreean index of force. No doubt we are familiarwith cases of what may be called blondness by defect; and it is not easy to give a whollysatisfactory answer to those who regard blondness as a minordegree of albinism,and point to the peculiaritiesof the nervous systemin

This content downloaded from 185.44.78.156 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 03:00:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions JOHN BEDDOE.-Colour and Race. 229 somielight-coloured animals as an index of inferiority.Wasting and protracted illness too,diminishes the brightnessand intensityof colour of the hair,though it is the oily matter,rather than the actual pigment,that is lessened. This line of argumentor ratherof suggestion,may, however, easily be pushed too far. The inferiority,in respect of freedomfrom disease or infirmity,which Dr. Baxter, on the strengthof his American-warstatistics, attributed to the blond, was successfullyexplained away by M. de Candolle. I may return presently to this part of the subject, which is being ably followed up by Dr. Shrubsall. If it be heat more than sunlightwhich is perniciousto blonds in hot countries,it is quite conceivablethat an elevation of over 1,300 feet in the latitude of Italy, might imply a sufficientlycolder climate(say by four or five degreesFahrenheit) to give a sensibleadvantage to the blonds. To returnto Austria. There is in my inap,and in Schiinmer'salso, a long irregularband of blue runningalong between the northernbank of the Danube and the southernfrolntier of Moravia. If we suppose Austria to have been simply colonisedfrom Bavaria, we should naturallyexpect it to be less, or at least, not moreblond thanithe countrywhence the colonistswere derived. Such is not the case, and, to add to the marvel,we findthat the blond element is rather stronger in Lower or Eastern, than in Upper or Western Austria. Moreover, the Austriansare not so broad-headedas the Bavarians. Little,I think,is known about the colonisation of Austria, and one feels justified in offeringa conjecture. When the Marcomans left Bohemia for Bavaria, may not some portion of them,or perhapsrather of theirallies the Quadi, have lagged behinldnorth of the Danube (as did the Gepida-in Hungary,and the Tetraxite Goths in the Crimea), and so formeda nucleus for the later constitutedMarch. Others perhaps may have crossed the great river and been the first Germanic colonists of the Styrian Hills, whose people have, to my eyes,a distinctlyGermanic aspect,anid who are very generally blond, and often long-headed. The actual valley of the Danube, a sort of highway of natiolnsand of armies,was in later times so frequentlyswept with the besom of destructioni,that one cannot wonder if much of the hypothetical German population was removed by denudation, and replaced by mixed breeds, the result of perpetual chance medley. We know,for example, that the town of Modling was depopulated in the Turkish wars, and that the present inhabitantsare found to differin cephalic index fromall theirneighbours.1 But the most obviousand importantfact broughtout by inspectionof the map is the introductionof the blond elementfrom the north,and that almost surelyby way of the Kimbricor Schleswigisthmus, whence it radiatedsouthward and west- ward,and later on, probably,eastward and south-eastward. Thus we findthe pink colour occupyinigall the Frisian coasts and islands and Hannover and Oldenburg

1 Zuckerkandl.

This content downloaded from 185.44.78.156 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 03:00:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 230 JOHN BEDDOE.-Colour ani -Race. and Brunswick,down to theHarz mountains.' Then followirregular rings of red and orangeoverspreading-Westphalia and Hessia almostto the Rhine,lands whichwere never really conquered and settled by the Romans, but where therewas only a scanty semi-Germanor Keltic population to be assimilated. The same colours affectthe whole Prussian coast lands, except a large tractin the eastern third of Pomerania,which is coloured pink,like the opposite coast of Scania in Sweden. I might reasonablybe asked to show cause for this exception. Well, firstly, some of the old G-ermanicor Gothicpopulation may have remainedbehind at the VYlkswanderung. Dr. Buschan of Stettin himselfinclines to this view. 2ndly, the later Germanic colonization was probably very thorough,as the Slavonic tolngueseems to have speedily faded out except in limited tracts. 3rdly,the countrywas long under Swedish rule, and the infiltrationof Swedes mzaylhave been of some iinportance,though that is ratherunlikely. I have alreadysaid that thereare alnddoubtless were great differencesof this kind amonlgthe various Slav- speaking tribes; andl these old Pomeraniianpeople may have been as fairas the Letts or Lithuanians,and fairerthan the Mazovian Poles, the admixtureof whom does somewhat darken the shades on the Polish and Silesian frontiers. The still Slav-speaking Cassubians, too, just to the east of the tract in question, are moderatelyblond (red on my map), But it may be of greaterinterest to trace the westwardand southwardtrack of the immigrationof the Nordic race of Deniker. Of colorationin Holland we uinfortunatelyknow very little accurately. Except my own,and those of the veterallDe Man of Middelburgin Walcheren,there are 11o systemnaticobservations on the subject with whichI am acquainted; and these two series are confinedto the coasts.2 But Friesland and North Holland are ex- treinelyblond, as much so as any part of North Germany,while Zealand, strange to say, nourishesa mostlybrachycephalic people highlypigmented, and insular in morethan one respect; forthe blond or xanthoustide, though by now somewhat enfeebled,crosses the Rhine,the Waal, and the Maas, and overspreadsconlspicuously almostthe whole of Limburg,Brabant, and Flanders. Here we come upon perhaps the most interestingof colour-frontiersin Europe,which is at the same timiea frontierof race and of language. I have expressed regret that Vanderkindere struckout a colourscheme of his own forBelgium; it has its merits,but its results cannot with any confidencebe comparedwith eitherVirchow's, or Topinard's,or mine. I have endeavouredto do so in the map, but with dubious success. But whateverplan mightbe adopted to display Vanderkindere'sstatistics, it could not fail to exhibit moreor less distinctly,the featuresof this wonderfulfrontier. If we draw a liniedue west across Belgium fromAix-la-Chapelle, leaving Tongern, Tirlemont,Bruqsels, Oudenarde,and Kortryk on the right or north,and Liege, I In Schleswig (Hadersleben and Tondern,and in less degree Ilusum and the two ,i.e., amongthe Danes and Frisiaiis),blue eyes are verymuch in evidence,but I am not sure thatwe can generalizeon the fact. The people of Denmarkare not homogeneous. The Saxons and Frisiansdiffer in featuremore than in complexion. 2 They weremade upon adults,but I have reducedthem by 50 degreesto bringthem into line withthe children.

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Wavre, Grammonton the south,it will be seen that everyprovince north of this line is coloured green or blue, while everyone to the south is purple or brown. Ypern has, northof the line, two French-speakingcantons; if theywere withdrawn from it, they would come out purple. And if we divided the provinces into cantons,the line of colorationwould continue fairlystraight and sharp,and few spots of colour would anywhereappear on the wrong side of the line. On the north of it the folkspeak Flemish,on the south Walloon, and Houz6 has shown that on the norththey are dolichocephalicand tall, on the south brachycephalic and lowerin stature. Here it is the hill folkwho are darker,not as in Italy; but the hills have to do with the p)henolmenononly in an indirect way,for Hainault, the most westerlyWalloon province,though flat,is the darkest and shortest. It is clearlyan affairof race; the hills and woods of the Ardennes,and in a less degree of the Eifel, simply turned aside the currentsof conquest and migration,and directedthem westward and southward. Holland was possessedby the blolndfrom timeimmemorial, but Flanders and Brabantprobably only from the periodof Frank and Saxon inmmigration.Wheni and whenlcecamie the littleisland ofbrachycephalic and comparativelydark populationwhich occupies most of Zealand is as yet a mystery. Dr. De Man, who knows most about it, says that it was not indigenious, anidwas precededin Walcherenby a long-headedtype. Nowherein Thuringiais the blond Germanrace verypure, but it is moreso in the westthan in theeast, wherethere are Slavonic settlementsthat slightlydarken the colour; that such is the case is provennot only by historicaland place-name evidence,but by a broadeningof the head and a loweringof the stature,even where the land is exceptionallyfertile. Similarlythe continual darkeningas we push southwardstlhrougih the hills and across the Main, the Danube, and the Rhine,can be quite accounted for without calling in the help of altered climate. Mean temperatureindeed increasesvery little as we travel,but sunlightcertainly does, and mlayhave a slight inifluence.But race-migrationsare a sufficientexplanation of the phenomena. When the Allemans broke throughthe Hei(lenmauerand spread themselves over Swabia, theywere still a long-headedand probablya veryblond race; but they doubtlessbrought alien serfsin theirtrain, and certainlythe furtherthey extended their conquests the more serfs they acquired,until these latter may have even constitutedthe, bulk of the population,with them as with the Bavarians. Their way lay at firstthrouglh the modernWurtemberg, which is green and yellowon the map; while Baden,subsequently occupied, comes out blue,and Switzerlandand Elsass, later acquisitions,are darkerstill. In Bavaria and the German Tyrol,the invaders must have been weaker in numnbersproportionally, though still strong enoughto impose theirlanguage, hence the darkercolouring there. The frontiers had to be guardedby the militarycaste; henceperhaps the suggestionsof something Lombardic,almost English,in the aspect of the people of Ticino,and of something very Germanin some remoteTyrolese valleys. The invasionof Switzerlandwould naturallytake place throuighthe gap wherethe combinedAar, Reuss, and Limmat

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make theirway to the Rhine. Accordinglymy map showsthe Aargau as blue,with a goodproportion of blonds, which dwindles away as we followthe probablyradiating tracksof the invaders. The peculiarlightness of Unterwaldenreminds one of the traditionsabout the Scandinavianorigin of its people,but is reallydue in the main

| a^s Sc~a.lTe CKA&avev%

. Joo -1X50

9Tless c Ve

wles3 I Aj H

(stuo. I6 44.-ltur_es 10~~~~~~~1

Ma-Lav'ne - 17 R~ <;~~~~~'i~ -/9| -is;, SZvkL,DI a 82I. I

FIG. 1. to some palpable errorsof the observers,which caused Virchowand Koilmann to put this mostinteresting little canton at the bottomof the list as regardsthe blond type,and cause me to put it at the top. It is actuallyrather blond, for Switzerland.

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Geneva's position is also remarkable,and much could be said about it, but space fails forits discussion. The small map of Scandinavia (Fig. 1) lhas,beenconstructed from the figuresof Gustav Retzius and Fulrst,for Swedeni,of Arbo forNorway, and of S6rell-Hansen anidWestergaard for Denmark. These last, as I have already said, are exactlyonl nmyplan, and thereforevery comparable with those forthe BritishIsles. The want of a niche for black hair in Norway (where,however, it scarcelyoccurs) and the absence of one formedium brown (chatain clair) in Sweden,very slightly impair the comparison by giving the index of nigrescencea little twist to the light side; but this is of no materialconsequence; the orderof the differentcountries is unaffectedby it. My scheme of coloration makes me class the greater part of this regionwith the veryfair north-west of Gernmany.But if there were anothershade of colour whichI could prefixto pink on the scale, somethingmore pink than pink itself,to indicateextreme fairness, it would have to be used for at least the central and western parts of Sweden and some districtsof Norway. The darkeningof the north-easternparts of Sweden, of Lapland, Westbothnia, Angerrnanlandand Helsingland,must be due partlyat least to the admixture of Lappish and Finnishblood; forthough the TavastianFinns, crossed a littleperhaps with Swedish strains,are generallyfair, there is certainlyan underlying,strain of the brunetamolng them. But it is not for-nothing that the Lapps lie northof the Swedes and the Tavastians,and the dark Samoyedesnorth of the parti-colouredor reddish Ostiaks, Voguls and Votiaks. There must surely always have been somethingin the climaticconditions of centraland southernScandinavia propitious to the blond type,and comparativelyunfavourable to the brown,which held its own and flourishedto both northand south-conditionswhich, by natural selectioni, perpetuated,if they did not evolve,the blond,which nowadays at least seems to persistin southernEurope only by constantreinforcement froni the north. There is no reasonthat I am aware of to thinkthat the brunettype gains in Scandinavia, thoughthe growthof townsin Norwaymay bringabout that effect. One cannot read the old Sagas without knowing that there was considerable variety of complexionin Ireland and Norwayin the oldenidays, probably quite as much as thereis now. We may now turnto the map of the British Isles (Plate XVII), in which,as in that of Scandinavia, an allowance of 50 degrees is made for the difference betweenadults and schoolchildren. The inquiriesof Virchow,Von Mayr,Schimmer, Kollmann, and Vanderkindere as to children,and of Livi, Retzius and Fiirst as to conscripts,covered the entire groundof theirrespective countries; mine of course could not do so; but ever.y spot on the map indicatesa locality where I have inspected the inhabitants,or rather the adults encounteredthere. The only exceptionisare, seven in West Connaughtand its islands,two in Donegal,onie in Kerry,one in Clare,and one in co Wexford,all workedby Dr. C. Browne,to whosegreat kindness I owe the abilityto use the data of five localities,the schedulesof which are yet unpublished; and

This content downloaded from 185.44.78.156 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 03:00:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 234 JOHNBEDDOE.-Colour and Race. eightin Great Britain,viz., Sutherlandby Dr. Christison,Youlgrave in Derbyshire by Barnard Davis, Flamboroughby General Pitt-Rivers,Barley, S. Cambs. by Haddon and Grunbaum-all these are exactly on my lines-the district of Buchan by Gray,Cullen and its fishersby Smith and Gardiner,and Luirbost in the Lewis by Macleay. The square spots indicate towrsfolk,the circular country-folk,so far as they could be distinguished. The connexionbetween colour and climateor latitude is not so well marked in Britain as in Germany,though there is a distinctdarkening as we proceed from north-eastto souith-west,i.e., from the colderto the warmer parts of the islands, and fromthe regionof drynessand of extremesto that of moistureand mildness. But we really have little or nioneed here to invoke the influence of climate, seeingthat almostall the phenomenacan be accounted for by historical facts or probabilities-in a general way, by the successive intrusionsof tribes or races believed to have been mostlyof light complexion,arriving from the northand east, the priorinhabitants having been, to judge from theirsupposed descendantsand fromindications in the old Irish literature,more usually dark. It is not practicableon this occasion to go into many details; but I would like to point out some cases in which the aspect of the map confirmsor explains doubtfulpoints in history,and some perhapsin which,after all, we must be leftin doubt. Questions of heredityand environment,the latter workingustually, we believe, by natural selection,and embracing among other elemenitselevation, climate in general, occupation,urbanisation, all come out on a survey of the maps. Thus we may notethe comparativelydark hues of the districtof Strathnaver in Sutherland. The Mackays or their ancestors,whom Mr. McRitchie would doubtlessclaim as Pictish,held a difficultcountry without good harbours; hence probablythe comparativeabsence of the lightercolours which appear whereverthe Norsemenintromitted, over the greater part of the NorthernHighland country. We have but scantyparticulars respecting the peopling of the Eastern Lowlands, from the Forth and Tay to the Findhorn,with English-speakingpeople. We knlowsomething about the captains of the colonisation,but little about the rank and file. They were of mixed nationality; and the English tongue, though it finallyprevailed, may perhaps not have been that of the majority. I think the Flemings may possiblyeven have been the strongestelement, and it may be noticedthat the colourscome out on mymap ratherlike thoseof Flanders and thle Lower Rhine. In certaindistricts, the persistenceof the indigenaeis revealed by the comparative lightness of the eye, compared with the hair, a characteristic, one of several,in whichthe so-called Celts and Slavs generallyagree. Observe the varietyof colourin and about . The Anglo-Scandianfisherfolk and the Lothian farmersare representedby the orange spots,the almost equally blond denizens of the small suirroundingtowns appear yellow,the citizens in general green,and the dark-hairedsemi-Celts of the Canongateslums are blue.

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The remarkablefairness of the populationof the Borders is of interestfrom severalpoints of view. It is not so clearlymarked about the centreof the border line, as it is near eitherextremity, i.e., near to either Berwick or Carlisle. In the eastern Marches we have the nearly pure Anglian, in the western, the comparativelypure Norseman; in the centre,the Brythonicor, more correctly, the pre-Saxonpopulation has to some extentheld its ground. If we have a mountaineerpopulation anywhere in this low-levelland of Great Britain, it is surely at Wanlockhead and Leadhills,well over 1,000 feet above sea-level; and it is clearlyblond. Other elevated districts,Braemar, Moffatdale, and above all, Upper Teesdale and the Peak, all come out veryfair. The Braemar folk mayTbe descended fromTacitus's "rutilous" Caledonians; and I myself believe the people of the Peak to be very Anglian, in spite of the Keltic place-namesthereabout. Still thereis somethingsuspicious in the fact that all these high-levelpeople (they are not exactlyhillmen) come out so fair-can it be some formof selection at work in a cool and moist climate,such a habitat as seems to be highlycongenial to the blond? The lightness of the Cumberland and Westmorlandfolk miayperhaps be entirelyracial; it affectsboth hill and dale. Notable points furthersouth are the darker shades found in the centre and south-eastMidlands, tracts wherewe know nothingof any Anglian colonisation, except what the language and place-namestell us, and whichare remotefromn the harbours and great rivers by which such colonisationmust have taken place. Stratford-on-Avonand Heyfordin Northantsare good examples; the numbersat Rugby are too small fordependence. On the otherhand, the valley of the Trent, whichwe kinowto have had, in early days,a large fighting,i.e., Anglian population, exhibitsquite lightcoloration. Stourport,a town of recentorigin, owes its yellow colour,which does inotreappear west of the Severn,to a colonyfrom Staffordshire -Yarmouth was full of Londonerswhen I was there. Braintree in Essex owes its dark colour,I believe,to an old Huguenot colonyof silk-weavers. In the south, Horsham and Ashford,by their darker colours,support the opinionthat the Britonsof Kent and Sussex, duringthe English conquest,founid a refugein the forestof the Weald, while thelighter colours of Hampshire,Berkshire, East Wilts and the Cotswolds, testifythe strengthof the invading population which is supposed to have landed about Portsmouth and Southampton Water. In South Devon, we know that the Cornishtongue survived into the middle ages; accordingly,the folk are dark in colour like the Welsh and Cornish,as Huxley himselfnoticed. But thereare islands of Saxonryin Devon, especiallynear harbours,in some cases, I doubt not,of veryearly settlement,side by side with old British holdings,so that the two races must have lived peaceably within sight of each other. I do not believe the wars of those old days were always so sanguinaryas we are led to suppose. The " barbarous" Saxons were not so cruel as the civilized Romalns,who gave VOL. XXXV. R

This content downloaded from 185.44.78.156 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 03:00:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 236 JOHN BEDDOE.-Colour and Race. them that evil reputation. The Saxons foughtfor plough-land, the Romans for dominion,booty, and slaves, the Germansof the dark ages forslaves; we fightfor trade and commerce; thereis no such greatdifferenice. Dark eyes and dark hair are as prevalent in Wales as PRadicalismor Nonconformity.There seem to me to be at least two dark stocks,one inorelike the Irish, tall, grey-eyedand dark-haired,the other shorterwith dark almond- shaped eyes,and brown-haired. Someonieworking on the lines of D. Mackintosh might disentanglethese alnd some other strains. It will be noted that'only the part-Flemishpopulations of S. Pembrokeshireanid S. Glamorganiare fairenough for the blue colour. Of the black spots Llandaffmay be due to accidentor selection, Dinas Mawddwy is remote among the miiountains;the' colour at Carmarthen Eisteddfodwould be partlydue to selection by temperame'nt,it being moreof a musical gatheringthan anythingelse. It is curiousthat thoughred hair is more frequentin Wales than in England,the Welsh-called the Normaniswho conquered and annexed Brecon " red-hairedpeople." The distributionof colour in Ireland is equally interestingwith that in the sisterisland; but thereis little space forits discussion. On the whole the natives of the east of Ireland,the descendantsof the later invaders,the upper classes,the people with English or Scottish surniames,tend to fairness-the natives of the west,the indigenae,the labourers and peasants,the people with Keltic surnames, are darker,at least in hair colour. The band of spots of lighterhue runininigacross fromeastern Clare through Limerick and Tipperary to Waterfordanid Wexford,is worthyof study. The strongNorse coloniesof Limerick,'Waterford and Wexfordhave somethingto do with it; but theydoubtless did not constitutethe earliestblond settlement, as they were not the latest. The' whole tract is rich, fertile and tempting to a conqueror. In Dr. Browne's amphibious or littoral populations,as in mine,red or liglht hair generallyoccurs in large proportions,though General Pitt-Rivers' Flamborough fishermen,in whom black is very common, are a contraryinstance.2 Such communitiesoften have the reputationof being foreigncolonies, but the surnames seldomsupport this belief. Some generalcharacters apply to mnostof Dr. Browne's islanders,especially the lengthof face,a characteristicof which the old Gael used to be proud,and the extremerarity of brown eyes, which can be equalled only in Sweden; but in each island taken separately there is a greater general resemblance,as thoughthe- peculiarities of prepotentindividuals may have had

' It is said, no doubt with much of the usual Irish hyperbole,that after the sack of Limerickthere was not a housein Munster whereinthere was not a foreign(captive) woman grindingat the handmill. 2 Note particularly,among Dr. Browne'slists, the people of Inishmaen(Aran) Garumna, Clare Island, and Malin Head, and among mine,those of the Claddagh,of Geileen and of Inishmurray-alsoin England,the fishersand boatmenof Plymouth,Dover, Yarmouth and Whitby,and in Scotland,of severalfishing stations on the east coast.

This content downloaded from 185.44.78.156 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 03:00:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions JOHN BEDDOE.-Colour and Race. 237 miorechance of being perpetuated, from absence of crossing, than wouldhave been thecase elsewhere.Does exposureto a marineatmosphere favour the production of orangecolouring miatter ? Or has therebeen a selectionof the bold, the adventurous,the sharp-sighted, which has beenadvantageous to theblue-eyed ? I havesaid nothingabout the theory of temperaments, nor about the supposed connectionbetween them and complexionalcolours. That therewas a basis of truthbeneath the ancient doctrine no carefulobserver can doubt. Thusin lunatic asylumsone sees thevictim of mania uisually with sanguine traits, the melancholic and theinsane epileptic most often with straightdark hair. Personsof highly nervoustemperament, thought-readers, seers, prophets, are mostlyeither very l)lackor extremelyfair. Note too the preponderanceamong criminals of dark hair,and yetmore clearly of thebrown eye (the criminaleye as somehave called it) most marked,according to my own statistics,in crimesof violence. We mi-ustregret that, from ill-judged governmental parsimony, Dr. Garsonis no longer in a positionto studythis subjectto advantage;but fromhim and fromDr. ShrubsallI hopefor furtherlight upon it,or perhapsfrom Mr. Havelock Ellis's investigationsinto the relationsbetween complexioin and distinctionin various walks of life. We must,of course,allow a greatdeal forpossible differences in nomenclature.For example,I do not doubt that Flavus,in the mouthof a Roman,included my mediumbrown, the Frenchlight-chestnut, as Livi's blonid categoryor De Aranzadi'sRubio seeminglydoes at present;still it is difficultto supposethat the classic authors would have assigned reddish hair to the sanguine, lightto the lymphatic,unless the coloursthey describedunder those names had been tolerablyfrequent amolng the Mediterranieanfolk, which is not now the case,notwithstanding the great amlountof northernblood which has beenpoured in the southernpeninsulas of Europesince their day, The greatextent but slow rateof thechange may be studiedin Woltmann'srecent book.' Is a similarchange going on amongourselves? The long durationof my observationshas notenabled me to be quitecertain on thepoint; but I believeit, as manyothers. And I regretthe diminutionof the old blondlympho-sanguine stock,which has hithertoserved England well in manyways, but is apparently doomedto giveway to a darkerand moremobile type, largely the offspringof the proletariat,and miioreadapted to the atmosphereof greatcities. The higher typesof Scotchmenin particular,confessedly the dominantbreeds of ourislands, are beingrapidly expended in theservice of the empire, or are meltingaway in the fatal atmosphereof greatcities. Will the comingrace be able to retainwhMt thesemen have diedto win?

' Die Germaneqwund die Renaissaineein Italien.

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TABLE OF ORDER OF BLONDNESS OF THE PROVINCES OF PRUSSIA.

By Proportionof By subtracting By blLLeeyes By blondhair Do. in children PureBlond. blondfrom brown childrenof 12 in all combina- over 14. (Virchow.) typeof Virchow. yearsand over. tions.

1 Sles wig ... Sleswig ... Sleswig ... Sleswig ... Hannover. 2 Pommerni ... Pommerni ... Hannover .. Hannover ... Sleswig. 3 Hannover ... Hannover ... Westphal.... Pommern ... Westph. 4 Prussia ... Prussia ... Pommern ... Westphal ... Saxony. 5 Westphalia Westphalia ... Saxony ... Prussia... Pommern. 6 Saxony (prov.) Brandenburg... Prussia . . . Saxony ... Prussia. 7 Posen ...... Posen ...... Brandenb. Brandenb.. Brandenb. 8 Brandenburg ... Saxony ... Rhineland ... Hesse-N. ... Rhineland. 9 Hesse-Nassau Hesse-N. ... Posen ... Rhineland H... esse-N.

10 Rhineland ... Rhineland ... Hesse N. Posen ... Posen.

11 Silesia ... Silesia ... Silesia - ... Silesia ... Silesia.

The eastern provinces fall,and the western and more purely Germanones rise in orderof blondness as the children increase in age. Comparingcolumlns I and V, the six westernprovinces rise froma mean rank of 5'6 to one of 4 5; the eastern,Slav or Slavonised German provincesfall from64 to 7 8.

TABLE OF PIGMENTATION. CENTRAL EUROPE. Hair Eyes Formula ---+*+ 2 (Dark + 2 Black - Red - Fair) (Dark - Light) Gumbinnen(contd.)- KEnigsberg(contd.)- East Prussia. Pilkallen ...-146 Pr. Eylau ... 135 Gumbinneni (-122) Niederung ...-149 Heibigenbeil ... 136 Johannesburg... -89 K6nigsberg (-127) Heilsberg ... 139 Lyck ...... -94 KonigsbergCity- 93 Friedland ... 141 Gunibinnen .. .-105 Allenstein .. .-110 Labiau...... 141 Sensburg ... -109 Rastenburg ... 114 Fischhausen ... 142 Tilsit ...... - 109 K6nigsbergland 120 Holland ... 148 Ldtzen, ... -114 Osterode 121 Insterburg ... -128 Wehlau 121 WestPrussia. Angerburg .. .-129 Memel...... 122 Danzig ... (-123) Goldap ... 129 Neidenburg ... 124 Danzig .., -91 Oletzko .. .-130 Ortelsburg ... 125 Elbing...... 105 Darkehmnel .. .-133 Gerdauen ... 129 Berent...... 113 Ragnit...... -133 Rossel ...... 130 Stargard ... 118 Stallup6nen .. .-136 Braunsberg ... 133 Marienburg ... 121 Heydekrug ...-140 Mohrungen ... 135 Danzigland ... 130

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Danzig (contd.)- Posen (contd.)- Karthaus ... 131 Adelnau ... 90 B- andenburg. Neustadt ... 132 Posenland ... 98 Frankfort-on-Oder Elbingland ... 157 Birnbaum ... 98 (-114) Marienwerder (-113) Bomst ...... 100 Kalau... -95 ...... Thorn ... -80 Schroda 102 Krossen ... 100 Kulm ...... 92 Buk ...... 107 Frankfort 101 Strasburg ... 93 Meseritz ... 117 Sorau ... 107 Graudenz ... 99 Obornik ... 122 Zullichau 109 Schwetz ... 99 113 L6bau ...... 104 Pomnerantia. I Konigsberg Marienwdr ... 113 Stralsund... (-127) Friedebuirg 114 Konitz...... 118 StralsundCity -101 Kottbuis 114 Stuhm...... 122 Franzburg ... 118 Lebus 115 Flatau...... 128 Riigen...... 121 Lubben 116 Rosenburg ... 132 Greifswald ... 128 Luckau ... 117 Deutsch Krone 136 Grimmen ... 130 Landsberg 117 Schlochau ... 143 Stettin ... (-121) Soldin ...... 117 Stettin...... -70 W. Sternberg... 119 Posen Province(-91). Greiffenhagen... 91 Spremberg ... 123 (-93) Pyritz...... 103 Bromberg E. Sternberg ... 127 Mogilno ... -57 Saatzig ... 117 Arnswalde ... 132 Gnesen ... 77 Uckermtinde 119 Guben...... 132 Inowraslaw ... 82 Kammin 120 ...... -78 Bronberg ... 86 Randow ... 123 Potsdam ... (-121) Kolmnar ... 104 Anklam 126 ... -96 Wirsitz .. 107 Greifenberg ... 130 Potsdam Czarnikow ... 110 Naugard ... 134 Teltow...... 112 Wengrowitz ... 119 Usedom ... 136 Brandenburg... 113 Schubin ... 123 Demmin ... 139 Templin ... 115 Regenwalde ... 144 Zauche-Belzig... 115 Posen. K6slin ... (-156) Oberbarnim ... 116 Posen ,... (-88) Stolp ...... -135 Ruppin ... 116 Posen .. -55 Lauenburg ... 141 Angermiiide ... 117 ... Buitow...... 148 Pleschen 70 E. Havelland ... 117 Fraustadt ... 71 Kolberg 154 Niederbarnim... 117 Krotoschin ... 73 Bublitz ... 155 Pranzlau ... 121 Wreschen ., 80 Dramburg 158 Suterbog ... 130 Samter ... 80 Rummelsburg. 159 W. Havelland... 136 Schildberg ... 81 Koslin... *.. 159 Kroben ... 87 Schlawe ... 161 Beeskow ... 140 Schrimm ... 89 Neustettin 172 E. Priegnitz ... 143 Kosten ... 89 Schivelbein ... 180 W. Priegnitz ... 145

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Breslau (contd.)- Schleswig(contd.)- Silesia. Muinsterberg... 90 Apenrade ... 158 Liegnitz ... (-81) Ohlau ...... 91 Sonderburg ... 161 Liegnitz City ... -38 Oels ...... 92 Plon ... 163 Landshut ... 65 Steinau ... 98 Flensborg ... 164 Hoyersverda ... 67 Wohlau ... 102 Tondern ... 172 Leignitzland ... 68 Nimpch ... 112 2 Dithmarshen 173 Hirschberg ... 73 Namslau ... 121 Husum ... 173 Gorlitz ... 73 Oppeln ... (-60) Hadersleben ... 176 Grunberg ... 75 Rybnik -30 6 Frisian Isles 1831 Jauer ...... 75 Pless ...... 32 (Virchow)I Lbwenberg ... 76 Kattowitz ... 41 GoldbergH. ... 79 Tostgleiwitz ... 52 Pruss. Saxony. Freistadt ... 80 Strehlitz ... 53 Magdeburg (-134) Sagau ...... 83 Beuthen ... 58 -Wernigerode ... 96 Schonau ... 86 Ratibor ... 58 Magdeburg ... 110 Luiben...... 89 Zabrze... 60 JerichowI. 118 Rotbenburg ... 89 Kreutzberg ... 64 Aschersleben... 123 Bunzlau ... 90 Oppeln ... 64 Kalbe ... 126 Sprottau ... 94 Lublinitz ... 65 Osterburg 129 Glogau...... 94 Kosel ...... 69 Halberstadt ... 131 Bolkenhain ... 94 Leobschultz ... 71 Stendal ... 137 Lauben ... 97 Neisse ...... 72 JerichowII... 138 Breslau ... (-79) Falkenberg ... 72 Wohlmirstadt... 143 Breslau City ... -49 Tarnowitz ... 74 Oschersleben... 148 Neurode ... 68 Neustadt ... 74 Salzwedel ... 148 Glatz ...... 71 Rosenberg ... 85 Neuhaldensleben 149 Striegau ... 71 Grottkow ... 94 Wanzleben .. 150 Wartemberg ... 72 Schleswig (-156) Gardelegen ... 156 Trebnitz ... 73 Altona...... -133 Merseburg (-105) Gehrau ... 77 Rendsburg ... 143 -Zeitz ...... 83 Schweidnitz ... 77 Schleswig ... 147 Weissenfels 83 Breslauland ... 78 Oldenburg ... 151 Naumburg 89 Militsch ... 79 Pinneburg ... 151 Sangershausen 92 Habelschwert... 79 Stormarn ... 151 Wittemberg 95 Brieg ...... 79 Eiderstedt ... 151 Querfurt 97 Waldenburg ... 80 Kiel ...... 152 Liebenwerda ... 105 Neumarkt ... 81 Lauenburg ... 152 Eckartsberga... 105 Strehlen ... 84 Eckernf6rde ... 153 Delitsch ... 105 Reichenbach ... 85 Steinburg ... 153 Merseburg 109 Frankenistein... 87 Segeberg ... 158 Torgau...... 110

I Everythingover 170 is whollyor partlyDanish or Frisian.

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Merseburg(contd.)- Osnabrtick (-134) Arnsberg (-126) Bitterfeld ... 110 Meppen ...-122 Brilon ...... -108 Saalkreis ... 115 Lingen...... 130 Iserlohn ... 111 2 Mansfelds ... 117 Melle ...... 137 Lippstadt ... 119 Schweinitz ... 121 Osnabrtick ... 139 Olpe ... 121 Halle ... 125 Bersenbrtick... 144 Altena...... 121 ... 122 Erfurt (-91) Aurich ... (-160) Hagen... Meschede ... 122 -Weissensee ... 57 Leer ...... -153 Arnsberg ... 123 ErfurtCity ... 61 Aurich...... 164 Bochum ... 127 Ziegenrtick ... 69 Emden...... 166 IDortrnund ... 129 Shleusingen 72 Hildesheim (-123) Soest ...... 133 Muihlhausen ... 84 Liebenburg .. .-113 Siegen ...... 133 Nordhausen ... 95 Marienburg ... 114 Wittgenstein... 134 Langensalza ... 101 Osterode ... 119 Hainm...... 142 Heiligenstadt 109 Einbeck ... 120 Hessenassan (-96) Erfurtland ... 113 Gdttingen ... 121 Wiesbaden (-90) Werbis ... 119 Zellerfeld ... 122 Frankfurt-o-M. -62 Hannover (-139) Hildeshein ... 149 Rheingau ... 62 .. .-120 Wennigsen Westphalia (-129) Wiesbadenland 78 Hannover City 123 Muinster (-128) Untertaunus ... 81 Hameln ... 127 Kdsfeld ... -97 Unterlahn 84 Hannoverland... 148 Ludwioshausen 98 Obertaunus ... 94 Hoya ... 150 Recklinghausen 198 UTnterwesterwald95 Nienburg ... 150 Borken ... 121 Wiesbaden City 97 Diepholz ... 158 MtinsterCity ... 127 Oberlahn ... 106 ... (-169) Steinfurt ... 131 Biedenkopf ... 114 Verden ...-149 Beckum ... 141 Oberwesterwald 116 Marshkreis ... 157 Ahaus ...... 143 Dillkreis ... 121 Geestkrei.s ... 163 Warendorf ... 145 Cassel (-101) Rothenburg ... 171 Tecklenburg ... 148 Hanau ... -64 ... 172 Miinsterland ... 158 Schmalkalden... 7O Osterholz ... 176 Minden ... (-134) Cassel City ... 83 Lehe ...... 182 Paderborn ... -99 Schltichtern ... 83 Otterndorf ... 186 Biiren...... 107 Hiinfeld ... 87 Ltineburg (-159) Warburg ... 107 Ziegenhain ... -92 Celle ...... -150 Hoxter ... 113 Hersfeld ... 94 Luineburg ... 152 Minden ... 142 Melsungen .. 97 Dannenburg ... 154 Liibbecke ... 143 Hofgeisn-ar ... 99 Gifhorn ... 155 Halle ...... 147 Homberg ... 101 Uelzen...... 157 Wiedenbruck... 150 Gersfeld ... 101 Fallingbostel ... 168 Herford 153 Gelnhausen 106 Harburg ... 172 Bielefeld ... 158 Rothenburg, 106

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Cassel (contd.)- Left bank (contd.)- Hohenzollerri Fritzlar ... 108 Rheinbach ... 75 Sigmaringen ... -31 Cassel Land ... 110 Bergheim 77 Rest of H. ... 45 Eschwege ... 111 Koblenz (rightbank). MiecklenbitrgSch. (-130) Fulda ...... 116 Neuwied -94 Ludwigslust ...-112 Witzenhaus ... 117 Wetzlar ... 101 Wismar ... 114 Kirchhain ... 118 Altenkirchei ... 119 Hagenaw ... 120 Wolfhagen ... 120 Left bank. Waren...... 122 Marburg ... 124 Koblenz ... -54 Schwerin ... 126 Frankenberg ... 125 Kochemn ... 55 Gtistrow ... 127 Rinteln ... 147 Mayen...... 60 Parchim ... 128 Rhineland (-75) Kreuznach ... 63 Malchin ... 133 Duisseldorf(right bank). Ahrweiler ... 66 Rostock ... 134 DuisseldorfCity -74 St. Goar ... 71 Doberan ... 140 Dttsseldorfland 85 Meisenheim ... 86 Gravesmuihlen 145 Barmen ... 92 Zell ...... 89 Ribnitz ... 146 Muilheim ... 99 Adenau ... 89 N. Strelitz (-128) Mettman ... 100 Aachen ... (-58) Neustrelitz .. .-118 Elberfeld ... 102 Aachen City ... -28 Neubrandenburg 125 Essen City ... 106 Aachenland ... 43 Schonberg ... 163 Essenland ... 113 Eupen ...... 45 LubecikCity ... -129 Rees ...... 115 Jiilich...... 46 L. Principality -155 Solingen ... 120 Geilenkirchen... 53 Bremen ...... -146 Lennep ... 131 Schleiden ... 69 Brunswick (-151) Leftbank. Montjoie ... 70 Braunschweig...-156 Neuss -...... 58 Malmedy ... 72 Wolfenbuittel 147 Kemper ... 82 Hersberg ... 73 Gandersheim} 148 Cleve ...... 83 Diiren ...... 75 Holzminden Grevenbrai ... 85 Erkelenz ... 92 Helmstedt ... 150 Geldern ... 95 Trier ... (+45) Blankenburg ... 157 Gladbach ... 99 Trier City ... -11 Mors ...... 104 Saarburg ... 12 Lippe. K6ln (rightbank). Merzig...... 30 Detmold ... 101 Siegkreis ... -98 Trierland ... 33 Schaumburg ... -125 Gummersbach 101 Saarlouis ... 43 Waldeck ...... -129 Wipperfuirth 104 Bitburg ... 44 Anhalt ... (-118) Waldbrol ... 112 St. Wendel ... 47 Ballenstadt ... -111 Miilheim ... 123 Saarbrutcken... 49 Dessau, IKothen, Left bank. Berncastel ... 52 Zerbst ... 122 K61n City ... -55 Ottweiler ... 53 Bernburg ... 139 Bonn ...... 66 Wittlich ... 60 Oldenbugrg (-172) Euskirchen ... 74 Daun ...... 61 Vechta ... -136 Kolnland ... 75 Pruin ...... 75 Friesoythe ... 140

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Oldenbua-g(contd.)- Saxony (contd.)- Bavaria (contd.)- Loningen ... 157 Freiberg ... 86 Speyer...... + 3 Berne ...... 160 Annaberg ... 86 Laindau 1... Elsfleth ... 163 Zwickau ... 84 Bergzabern ... -3 Darnme ... 166 Dresden ... 82 Zweibrfickei. -4 Brake Ovelgonne 171 Bautzen ... 82 Kaiserslautern 10 Westerstede ... 171 Pirna ...... 80 Pirmasens ... 14 Jever ... .*. 176 Plauena...... 78 Frankenthal ... 16 Delmenhorst ... 176 (hemnitz ... 76 Kirchheim ... 16 Varel ...... 177 Rochlitz ... 69 Neustadt 16 Oldenburg ... 178 Germersheim... 17 Kloppeliburg... 188 Schwarzburg. Kusel ...... 22 Stolthamn ... 194 S. Sondershausen Homburg ... 23 Wildeshausen... 197 (Upper) ... -41 (-40) Birkenfeld ... -51 Ditto. (Lower) 65 Kitzingen ... -10 S. Rudolstadt Aschaffenburg... 18 Cobuqg-Gotha. (Upper) ... -110 Wurzburg ... 20 Gotha ...... -51 Ditto. (Lower) 134 Gerolzhofen ... 27 Coburo, .. 94 Ochsenfurt ... 31 Saxe-Weimar-Eise- Hesse. Kailstadt ... 38 niach ... (-82) Oberhessen (-84) Melrichstadt ... 39 Weimnar -76 7 Budingen ... -66 Konigshofen ... 41 Neustadt ... 80 Giessen 75 Alzenlau ... 44 Eisenach ... 87 Friedberg ... 81 Lohr ... 45 Dermbach ... 96 Alsfeld ... 82 Hassfurt ... 48 Saxe-ieinengen (- 68 5) Lauterbach ... 93 Kissingen ... 49 ... -61 Schotten ... 110 Ebern ...... 52 Hildburghausen 66 Starkenburg (-53) Obernburg ... 53 Saalfeld ... 73 Benzheim ... -39 Miltenberg ... 55 Meiningen ... 74 Dieburg ... 41 Hammelburg... 55 S. Altenbu?rg -46 Gr. Gerau ... 48 Schweinfurt ... 55 Offenbach ... 55 Marktheidenfeld 57 Reuss. Erbach ... 55 Bruckenau ... 69 Elder (Greiz,etc.)-40 Darmstadt ... 66 Neustadlt ... 72 Younger (Gera, Heppenheim ... 68 (- 9) etc.)...... 72 Rheinhessen (-53) Eichstadt +25 Saxony ... (-85) Worms ... -49 Hersbruck + 9 Zittau ...... -97 Oppenheim ... 53 Niirnberg + 2 Dobeln ... 96 Mainz ...... 54 Fiirth -0-2 Meissen ... 9a, Alzey ...... 58 Beilngries -1 Glauchau ... 93 Bingen ... 61 ... 7 Grimma ... 90 Bavaria ...... (-7) Schwabach ... 9 Leipzig ... 88 Pfalz ... (-11) ... 10

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Middle Franconia Swabia (contd.)- UpperBavaria (contd.) (contd.) Mindelheim ... 9 Freising ... 20 Offenheirn ... 12 Gunzburg 11 Ebersburg ... 14 Weissenburg ... 15 Fussen...... 16 Dachau 1 2 Dinkelsb-ihl ... 17 Illertissen ... 29 Landsberg ... 8 Neustadt 21 Neu Ulm ... 31 Pfaffenhofen ... 5 Gunzenhausen 24 Zozmarshausen 37 T6lz ... + 4 Erlangen ... 25 Oberdorf ... 45 Friedburg ... - 1 26 Oberpfalz... (+ 7) Schrobenhausen 3 Scheinfeld ... 27 Roding + 37 Werdeiifels ... 6 Rothenburg-a-T. 33 St. am Hof ... 29 Wasserburg ... 8 (-33) ... 26 Munchen City ... + 25 BambergI. -5 Neumarkt ... 21 LowmerBcavaria (+ 35) BambergII. 16 Burglengenfeld 19 Landau ... + 84 Kranacl ... 22 Hamau . I. 19 Wegscheid ... 65 Forchheirn ... 24 Sulzbach ... 18 Straubing ... 50 Steinach ... 26 Amberg ... 15 Deggendorf ... 48 Hof ...... 28 Chami... . 9 Egg,enfelden ... 43 Lichtenfels ... 29 ... + 7 Pfaffkirchen ... 43 Hochstadt ... 31 Eschenbach ... - 4 K6tzting ... 40 ... 33 Vohenstrauss... 4 Landshut ... 40 Berneck ... 36 Velburg ... 4 Vilsbiburg ... 36 Pegnitz ... 37 Waldmunchen 5 Passati ... 36 Staffelstein ... 37 Nabburg ... 7 Griesbach ... 30 Muinchberg ... 40 Neustad ... 15 Bogen ...... 28 Rehau ...... 43 Neunburg ... 20 Grafenau ... 28 Kulmbach ... 46 Kemnath ... 42 Viechtach ... 27 Ebermanstadt... 51 UpperBavaria (+ 20) Regen ...... 24 Teuschnitz ... 54 Aichach ... + 64 Wolfstein ... 24 Wunsiedel ... 62 Erding ... 58 Vilshofen ... 23 Swabict ... (+ 4) Berchtesgaden 47 Mellersdorf ... 22 Wertingen ... + 24 Miesbach ... 42 Rottenburg ... 21 Dillingen ... 23 Brtick...... 35 Kolheim ... 9 Augsburg ... 19 Traunstein ... 33 Dingolfing ... 7 Memmingen ... 16 MtinchenLt ... 32 Alsace . . . (+ 32) Donauworth ... 13 Rosenheimn ... 31 Rappoldsweiler + 75 Kaufbeuren ... 11 Weilheiin ... 26 Schletstadt ... + 53 N5rdlingen ... 11 Munchen Rt 5 Gebweiler .. + 45 Sonthofen ... 4 Scliongau ... 25 Erstein ... + 45 Krumbach ... 3 Laufen...... 24 Mulhausen ... 43 Kempten ... + 1 Muhldorf ... 24 Thann ...... 42 Neuburg 0-06 Altotting ... 22 Strasburg ... 30 Linidau...... - 6 Ingolstadt ... 21 Kolmar ... 29

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Alsace (contd.)- Wurttemberg(contd.)- Wuirttemberg(contd.)- Molsheim ... 25 Oehringen ... 75 Ravensburg ... 27 Hagenau ... 16 Neckar (-45) Ehingen ... 29 Altkirch ... 15 Neckarsulm -27 G6ppingen ... 29 Weissenburg ... 14 Stuttgartcity 28 Leutkirch ... 31 Strasburgland 12 ... 30 Munsingen ... 34 Zabern...... + 7 Esslingen 30 Biberach ... 36 Lorraine... (+ 26) Canstatt ... 32 Laupheim ... 36 Saarburg ... 45 Ludwigsburg... 39 Wangen ... 37 Saargemtind ... 45 Stuttgartland... 41 Blaubeeren ... 45 Metzland ... 30 Leonberg 44 Waldsee ... 45 ... 27 Bachnang ... 50 Ulm ...... 48 Diedenhofen ... 26 Vaihingen 52 Geisling,en ... 81 Bolchen ... 21 Brackenheim... 53 Forbach ... - 3 Boblingen ... 54 AUSTRIA. Metz city ... -21 Besigheim ... 55 Boh7emia. Baden ... (-29) Weinsberg ... 61 Czech districts (+ 61) Karlsruhe ... -17 Maulbronn ... 62 Munchengratz + 93 Mannheim} -17 Waiblingeln ... 63 Koniggratzcity 92 Freiburg Morbach ... 75 Chotabor ... 86 Waldshut ... 23 Schwarzwald (-43) Neubydzof ... 75 Baden ...... 24 Spaichingen - 15 Muthlhaulsen... 73 Lorrach ... 24 Rottenburg ... 19 Horowitz ... 71 Offenburg ... 26 Nurtingen 24 Turnau ... 71 Konstanz ... 28 Reutlingen ... 30 Pisek ...... 70 Villingen ... 31 Herrenberg ... -36 Kolin ...... 67 Heidelberg ... 37 Rottweil ... 38 Strakonitz ... 66 Mosbach ... 38 Oberndorf ... 41 Schlan ... 65 Wfirttemberg (-42) Tuttlingen ... 42 Podiebrad ... 64 Jaxt ... (-46) Horb ...... 43 Caslau ...... 64 Hall ... 18 Nagold ... 44 Jungbunzlau ... 64 Scharndorf ... 26 Balingen ... 49 Melnik 64 Neresheim ... 27 Urach ...... 49 Blatna ... 62 Elwangen ... 30 Tubingen ... 49 Prestic...... 61 Crailsheim ... 31 Calw ...... 54 Hohenmauth ... 60 Aalen ...... 39 Neuenburg ... 65 Bohm-Brod ... 59 Walzheim ... 41 Freudenstadt... 67 Semil ...... 58 Guildorf ... 49 Sulz ...... 70 Wittingau ... 57 Gmuind ... 49 Donau ... (-35) Ledec ...... 55 Heiderheim ... 53 Kirchheii ... 15 Jicin ...... 53 Gerabronn ... 55 Tettnang ... 18 KoniggratzEnvis 49, Mergentheim... 58 Riedlingen ... 22 Tabor . ... . 49 Kunselsau ... 69 Saulgau ... 23 Seleal ...... 49

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Czech districts(contd.)- Germandistricts (con.)- Mixed (contd.)- -Moldautein ... 48 Bohm-Leipa ... 23 Ung. Brod ... 68? Reichenau ... 47 Falkenau ... 24 Brunnland ... 50 Neustadta. d. M. 47 Reichenberg ... 24 Kromnau ... 42 44 Pilgram ... Plan ...... 27 Wischau ... 38 Starkenbach ... 44 Dauba ...... 28 Hlohenstadt ... 37 Kattenberg ... 38 Brtix ...... 29 Goding ... 36 Beneschau ... 34 Tachau ... 31 Dachitz ... 36 Deutsch Brod + 30 Graslitz ... 33 Wersskirchen... 34 Mixed districts (+ 37) TrauteiiaL ... 35 Karolinenthal... + 81 Eger ...... 36 Prerau ... 28 Pribram ... 65 Podersam ... 41 Littai ...... 23 Smichor ... 59 Karlsbad ... 42 Znaim land ... + 22 PRaudnitz ... 57 Asch ...... 42 Neutitshin ... - 4 Pilsen ...... 57 Hohenelbe ... 43 Olmutzland ... 13 Chrudini ... 57 Kaaden ... 44 MahrishTrubau 14 Prag ...... 55 Schluchenau ... 45 Schonberg ... 15 Policka ... 55 Saaz ...... 47 Sternberg ... - 27 ...... 52 Gablonz ... Taus 47 Germani ... (+ 01) Kralowitz ... 51 Tetschen ... 57 Bruinn...... + 16 Klattau ... 51 Joachimsthal... 58 Ungar Hradish Pardubitz ... 50 Rumburg ... 64 City...... + 1 Laun ...... 47 Friedland ... 65 Brod + 0 4? Schuttenhofen 30 Luditz ...... 65 Ungar Koniginhof ... 30 Gabel ...... 67 N ikolsburg ... - 1 Budweis ... 27 Tepl ...... 69 Kremsiercity... - P5 Leitomischl ... 25 Moractvict... (+ 37) Iglau ,, ... -4 Polna ...... 14 Czech ... (+ 65) Znaim ... -6 Brennau ... + 13 Gaya ...... + 82 Olmrnitz ,, ... -6 Senftenburg - 5 Ungar Brod ... 84 R6merstadt ...-22 Neuhaus ... 5 Wall Meseritsh 73 Austrian Silesia ( 26) Landskron ... 6 Boskowitz ... 69 Troppau city ... + 19 ... 30 Leitmeritz Gross Meseritsh 66 Bielitz-land ... + 7 Mies ... 43 Hollichau ... 60 Friedeck ... +05 Germanidistricts (-33) Mistek...... 52 Teschen ... -1 Krumau + 18 Neustadl ... 51 Freistadt ... 10 Bischofteinitz... + 13 Kremsierland... 51 Freiwalden ... 18 Reichenberg Tubitsh ... 47 town + 11 Prossnitz ... + 29 Troppau-land.. 29 Kaplitz ... + 3 Mixed ... (+ 29) Bielitz town ... 29 Komatau ... -11 Ungar Hradisch- Jagerndorf ... 32 Aussig ... 17 land + 74 Hotzenplatz ... 45 Teplitz...... 20 Iglauland ... 72 Freudenthul ... - 46

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GALICIA (+ 44 7). liean ofBoiks, etc. (con.)- Carinthia... (+ 29) Polish. H Kolomea ... 88 Vilach ... + 61 Wedowicz ... + 44 B Stry ... 88 W Volkermarkt 57 Neu Sandek ... 44 H Kolusz ... 81 Klagenfurtlatnd 48 Mysleinice ... 41 B Drohobycz ... 76 Spital ... 44 Bochnia ... 34 St. Veit ... 34 Bukowina. Krakau land ... 31 Hermagor ... 13 Jaslo ...... 29 H Wiznitz ... + 60 Klagenfurtcity 8 Krakau city ... 29 Czernowitzland 58 Wolfsberg... 2 Rzeszow ... 24 Sereth ... 52 LowerAustria (+ 10) Tarnay...... 13 Suezawa ... 51 Lilienfeld ... + 38 Mielec . ... 4 Czernowitzcity 47 Sechshaus ... 25 Ropezyce ... + 1 Radautz ... 45 Brticka. d. L.... 21 Pilsno ...... -1 R Kotzmann... 44 Gr.Enzersdorf 21 Mean of Poles... + 24 Kimpolung 33 Wien ...... 17 Do. of Boiks alnd Storozynetz 30 St. Polten ... 17 Huzuls ... + 81 Styria ... (+ 6) Hernals ... 16 Do. of other W Luttenberg + 69 WienerNeustadt 15 RuLssniaks... + 44 W Marburgcity 46 Scheibbs ... 14 W Pettau ... 39 Krems ... 11 Russniak. W IRadkersburg 20 Wr Neustctlanid 11 Zalesczyski ... + 78 W Marburgland 19 Baden ...... 9 Czortkow ... 73 Grobming... 12 Kornenburg ... 6 Zolkiew ... 72 Graz land ... 11 Zwettl ... 3 Przemysl ... 68 Rann ... 9 Amstetten ... + 2 Hussiatyn ... 67 Leoben ... 7 Horn ...... -04 Mosciska ... 65 Leibnitz ; 2 Waidhofencity - 3 Stanislaw ... 61 Waitz ... 2 Mistelbach ... 4 Zloczow ... 58 Lietzen ... + 1 Neunkirchen ... 10 Brzezany ... 56 W Windishgraz -2 Waidhofenland 10 Rohatyn ... 52 Murau ... 6 Oberhollabrunn- 16 Tarnopol ... 48 W Cilli land ... 6 Carniola(Krain) (+ 60) Jaroslav ... 44 D. Landsberg 8 Laibach city ... + 81 Lembergland ... 43 Bruck a. d. M. 10 Loitsch ... 79 Sambor ... 42 W Cilli,city 11 5 Gurkfeld ... 77 Lembergcity ... 37 Feldbach 12 Stein ...... 74 Sanok...... 34 Hartberg 18 Littai ...... 66 Sokol ...... 33 Judenburg - 32 Radmansdorf... 64 Grodek ... 31 Those marked W are Czernembl ... 54 Wendish wholly or Laybach land ... 53 Mean of Boiks & Ht6zuls. in part. Rudolfswerth... 52 H Snyatin ... + 96 GermanStyria + 2 7 Gottschee ... 44 H Nadwarna ... 95 Wendish Do. + 13-4 Adelsberg ... 35

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Carniola,etc. (contd.)- German(conttd.)- Triest,Gorz, etc. Krainburg ... 24 Brixen ... 21 Tolmein ... + 105 (+ 14) Bruneck ... 13 Triestcity ... 98 Gmunden ... + 43 Kufstein ... + 10 Gradiska ... 97 Voklabruk ... 38 Reutte ... 2 G6rz,lanid ... 92 Steyrcity ... 31 Lienz ...... -8 Sessana ... 78 mied ...... 29 Italiain ... (+ 97) Gdrzcity ... 56 Perg ...... 24 ... Roveredocity ... + 173 Triestland 47 land ... 13 Steyr Riva ...... 137 Istria ... (+ 92) Kirchdorf ... 12 Rovigno ... + 143 Prirniero ... 118 Linz city ... 12 Volusca ... 114 Trientcity ... 110 Wels ...... 9 (Japod'Istria ... 97 Tione ...... 109 Braunau ... 9 Pola ...... 97 Borgo ...... 98 Rohrbach ... 5 Parcuzo ... 82 Roveredoland ... 95 Linz land ... +? Lussinpiccolo... 74 Cles ...... 94 Scharding ... -5 Mitterburg ... 39 Trientland ... 87 Freistadt ... -9 Dalmatia... (+ 108) Cavalese ... 76 Bencovac ... + 156 Tyrol. Ainpezzo ... 30 ! ? Imoski...... 147 German ... (+ 35) : Ragusa ... 131 Bozen land + 82 Bludenz ... + 37 Sign ...... 127 Innspruckland 62 Bregenz ... 35 Cattaro ... 11O Bozen city ... 59 Feldkirch ... 14 Lessina ... 114 Schwaz ... 56 Salzburg ... (+ 44) IKnin ...... 106 Innspruck ... 45 Tamsweg ... + 59 Spalato ... 102 Meran ...... 37 Salzburg city ... 58 Sebenico ... 81 Imst ...... 33 Zell ...... 56 Zara ...... 78 Landeck ... 29 St. Johann ... 51 Curzola ... 62 Kitzbuhel ... 29 Salzburgland ... 26 Macaresca ... 54

Switzerland. (+ 202) or (+ 6 7). (+ 202) or (+ 6 7). Graubundei ... + 69 + 57 Obwalden ... 21 - 8 Ticino ... 65 + 58 Zurich 19 + 9 Glarus...... 53 + 37 Neuchatel 19 + 6 Zug ...... 38 + 24 Uri ... 17 + 5 Vaud ... 37 + 26 Bern-Jura ... 16 + 0 4 Sangallen ... 33 + 17 Solothurn ... 13 = 0 Appenzellout 28 + 12 Schwyz... 12 + 1 Freiburg 25 + 11 Appenzell in 12 - 12 Thurgau ... 25 + 14 Bern-Tiefland 9 - 8 Luzern ... 23 + 4 Schaafhausen ... 6 - 8 Wallis ... 22 + 10 Basel City ... 3 - 8

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(+ 202) or (+ 67). (+ 202) or (+ 9*7). Berli-Oberland... 2 - 10 Aargau...... - 6 - 18-6 Basel Land ... + 1 - 10 Nidwalden ... - 97 -114 Geneva...... - 2 - 14-8

Here the second columnlirepresents the figuresfor the respectivecantons as theywould stand if the blue eyes were always reckoned at one-half of the whole number of light eyes observed,which is about the proportiongiven in all the districtsdirectly north of Switzerland. To the east, in Vorarlbergand Tyrol,and to the south in Piedmont,Lomnbardy and Venetia, the greyeyes generally,and sometimesvery largely, outnumber the blue; but not to so great an extent as in the Swiss statistics. Kollmanin seems to think.the paucity of blue eyes in Switzerlanddue to Slavonic blood; for which I should read Rhcetian; but it is evidentlyin part a questionof nomenclature;probably the truth lies somewhere betweenthe two coluimns. Belgiumn. Turnhout -61 Turnhout- 94 Marche + 6 Dendermond 60 Verviers 6 Town + 16 Hasselt 53 Achel - 71 Naniur 11 Mechlin 46 Dinant 15 Antwerp 42 City - 27 Arlon ... 16 Furnes 35 Nivelles 17 Bruiges 37 Li6ge ... 21 City + 9 Lowen... 27 City - 12 Huy ... 27 Tongern 25 Neuifchateau27 Kortryk 24 Charleroi 27 Gent ... 23 City + 17 Mons ... 28 Audenarde 18 Tournai + 39 Bruxelles 16 City - 20 { Messines 1 Y and Wervicq +

As Vanderkindere,like Virchow,Schiinmer and Kollmann,miiade no category for neutral (light chestnut) hair, I get my index of nigrescencewithout the omissionof this. And as he mnadeno categoryfor Virchow's grey or formiy neutral eyes,I estimatedthat the half of his light (clair) eyes were blue, and the other half grey or neutral. I did not double Vanderkindere'sblack hair, because, whereasthere is really verylittle black hair in Flanders and Brabant outside the towns,but plentyin the Walloon country,I satisfiedmyself by comparisonwith my own figuresthat the Flemish observerscalled all very dark brown black. I thereforeabstained from doubling the " black." In this way I have, I think, brought the Belgian figures into something like harmony with the others. Probablythose forthe Walloon countryare not quite dark enough.

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Holland. No. No. Walcheren (166) + 23 or - 19 Zealand + 0 4 or - 27 Schouwen (59) + 14-3 - 47 Tholen (51) - 3 6 - 89 N. Beveland (14) - 95 Continental (101) - 1-2 - 20 S. Beveland (26) + 15.I - 22 All the observationsin Holland, the above by De Man anidthe followingby myself,were takenion adults,and are reduced by 50 degrees to bringthem into accord with the German and Belgian ones. Dr. De Man, like the Belgian observers,seems to give a wide extension to the word "black." In the last columnabove, " black" is treated as dark brown-the fact may lie between the two. In otherrespects De Man followedmy methods. I have confidencein his results. No. No. Groningen (100) - 183 The Hague (250) - 97 Friesland (127) - 165 Leyden (137) - 23 Rotterdami (250) - 113 Scheveningenfishers (17) - 161 Amsterdam (250) - 73

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This content downloaded from 185.44.78.156 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 03:00:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions References to the Numbers on the Map.

SCOTILjAND. ENGLAND (continued). ENGLAND (cexsinue4. 30 BrdlingtonQuay. too. -12 169 RingwoodMarket. too. - i8 Skipton. 233. 170 Christchurch. 75. - 10v7 i 285. -48-1 31. -4-5 Lcrwick,Scalloway. 32 KeighlcyFarmers. 50. -38 171 Southampton. 400. - 23 2 Kirkwall. 400. -30 7 172 Farebam. 175. - 183 x68. -43-1 33 Kegbhy Town. 3SO. -38 3 StromnessHoy, &c. 34 Haworth. -i6-8 173 Chichester,Farenr. 67. - 31 4 Wick. 300. -*174 iSS. 3S Bradford. 1400. -77 174 Chichester. 93. - 8-5 5 StrathNaver, Christison._ 5. + 24.5 36 Leeds. 440. -8 S 175 Pensance. 2s5. + 1tI-2 6 Stornoway. 125. -20 37 York. 225. -4-1 176 Newlyn,&c. 144- + 62aS 7} Luirbost(McLeay). 283 T50 38 BeverleyMarket. i66. -*163 *77 Redruth. 4oo. + 11o-7 12'4 179 Falmouth. 350. + 8i-6 -26 39 Hull. 200. + 9 Ullapool. So. 40 Preston. 1oo. + 26 Truro,Country. 223. + 97 10 + 14-4 179 Portrce. 70. 150. I8o Truro,City. 50o. + 6i 145. -257 41 Halifax.?(Excursionists). +6 5 I I Strath, &c. 42 Famley & Gildersom, 150. 4 18t Padstow. ii8. + 46-2 12 Kintail, Lochalsh. i 20 + i4S8 -a7 - 43 Liverpool. 100. + 37 182 St. Austell, Flower Show. 850. 13 Glenelg. 19. 11 Maucbester. 475. + 20 + 14 Dingwall & Garve. 50. -14 4 7S'5 4S BarnsleyFair. 500. + o-6 183 Bodmin. 6o. + 58^4 15 Beauly,&c. 170. -23 Farmers. 150. -28 -184 56. + 35%6 i6 Gleuoiston. 70. -56 46 Gainsborough Fowey.- 47 GainsborouglTown. 150. + 38-6 :8S St. German's,&c; 87- + 6S 17 Fort Augustus. 63. + 3 186 Torpoint. 120. + 59 250. + 24-8 48 MarketRasen. 1oo. + 3 iS InvemessTown. 49 IIigh Peak. 40. -30 187 PlymouthFishers, 95. -43 19 Nairn. So. -42-S ' 9-6 50 Youlgrave. 6i. -6.5 i88 Plymouth. 830o + 405 20 Brodie(Flower Show). 125. + i89 Tavstock, &c. 1oo. + 73 21 Moray, low codntry. 210. - 305 St Newark. 300. - S 9go LAuncestonMarket. z6o. + 36'3 22 Cullen. 104. - 38-4 -70 53 Lincoln. Soo. -8 8 I91 Okehampton.So + 46-3 23 Cullen Fishers. 149. 54 Biddulph& Moorlands. 50. + 36 192 HolsworthyFair. 1oo. + 62 24 Keitb & Huntly. 200. + 14-5 6 2860. + 23-5 54A Hlanley. z94. + 53-8 193 Bideford. 175. + 29 25 BuchanAdults(Gray). Leek. i20 194 Exeter. + 52-6 1450. SS + 24-7 9So. 26 Buchan Children (Gray). 56 Derby. 100. -45 195 Bovey. 30. + !53-4 -47 + 24 57 Nottiogham, Farmers. ton. -22 ?96 AshburtonHolne. 55. + 96-4 27 Badenoch. 5S0 NottinghamTown. 700. + 6-2 197 Totnes, &c. 36a + 52 8 28 Braemar. 170. - 394 58 Barrowby, &c. 300. -II S 198 Brixham. 200. + 52 29 & Stathdee (lower parts). 59 Strathdon 60 Grantham. 300. - 4-6 I99 Dartmouth.200 + 74 360. -39,6 6z Boston, Country. 13o. - 78-5 30 Aberdeen. 700. -13-3 -69 62 Boston Town. 340. -17'5 31 Banavie. 67. 63 Shrewsbury. 282. + 45 32 Fort William. 4o6. + 24-4 64 Shrewsbury,Rumal. 62. + 74 33 Glennevis. 33. + 6-6 WAIJBS. -8 65 Stafford. 7o. + 33 34 Athol. 240. 65A Stoke. 200. + 19 200. -7 5 35 Laurencekirk. 65S Stoke, Country Folk. 143. + 27-5 t Holyhead. 41. + 97,6 36 Stonehaven. 87 + 27 9 66 Burton. 360. + 8 2 Carnarvon. 278 + 97'7 -1-5 S 37 Ard;our. 70. 67 Leicester,Rural. 30. + 14 3 Bangor. 621. + 9107 38 Oonich. 1oo. + 55 Ballachulish). 68 Leicster. 54o. + 24 4 Beddgelert. 68. + 107-4 39 Glencoe (and South 69 Rutland. 70. - 5 Llanwrst. ioo. 68 6 lS + I64. + 28 200 -20a7 6 36. 83-2 220. + 37 2 70 Stamford, Country. Bettws. + 40 Ballachulish. 71 Stamford. 200. + 2116 7 Ruthin(Eisteddf(). 15o. + 76i6 2oo. + 22 41 Breaclbane. 72 Wolverhampton. 300. - 1-2 8 Dolgelly. + 97'4 50. + 26 40. 42 Dunkeld. 73 Tamworth Market. 200 -23 9 Dinas Mawddwy. So. + z28 43 Brechin. 300. -7 74 to Newtown 44 Montrose. 60. + 36-6 Peterborough. 113. + IS 11 Montgomery 5. + 56 45 Arbroath. 167. -32 76 Ely. zo8. - 5-6 12 Pool -3 4 Arbirlot. zoo. 77 Norwich. 290. - 4-8 13 Aberystwith. x46. - 76-6 47 Seal, Luing. 68. - i68 78 Yarmouth(Regatta). 450 + 4o-6 14 Tre%aron,&c. 35. + 8S 6 48 Lorn. go. + 65S4 79 Yarmouth,Fishers & Seamen. 100. 'S Rhasdr-gwy. 62. + 74 4o9 Inveranay. 1oo. -7 -20. s6 Radnor,&c. 80. + 63-7 50 Dalmally, &c. 1oo. + 18 go Ludlow. 100. + 35 7 Kington,&c. 70o + 78-4 51 Glen Orchy. 60. + 3-6 Si Cleobury. 0oo. + 37 i8 Pembroke and Castlemartin. go. S2 Loch Katrine. 3o. -44 82 Kiddermiaster. 373. + 9 8 100. 12 + 50 53 St Fillans,&c. + 83 Stourport. 100. -18 19 Caermarthen (Eisteddfod). 700. 54 Comrie (Sports). 100. + 13 84 Birmingham.667. + 13-2 + t24-6 S5 Perth. 665. + 1'3 85 Rngby. 53. + 75'4 20 Welsh Congregadon (at ). -254 56 Broughty. 98. 86 Northampton. 300. + 282 100. + 109 57 EasthavenFishers. 26. -84 87 Cambridge. 200. + 28 21 Brecon. 100. + 77 S8 Colonsay. 28 -37 88 BurySt. Edmunds. 226. o. Coun- 22 Crickhowel. 80. 3 + 67 2 9 Strachur. 21. + 95 try. 124. -39-6 23 Abergavenny,Market. 20o. Arroquhar. 112. + 31t2 89 Ipswich, Market. 150. - io-8 + 45S5 6i Caliader & Doune. iSo. + I5'4 go Ipswich,Town. 250. + 13'6 24 Abergavenny. woo. + 74 62 Stirling. 6oo. -26 E. &et I6o. + 66 iSo. +82 g9 N. Hereford. S. + 98 2S Merthyr,Pant, 63 Auchtearder& Dnning. 92 Bewdley. So + 39-2 26 Cost. 97. + 463 64 ForteviotShow. 300. + 8-7 93 Worcester City. 1000. + I54 27 Llandaff.33- -4 13S 6S Dunfenalite. 52 -13 - 94 ,Central. 700. +1 9 66 Dysart,&e. 300. 29 6 95 Stratford-on-Avon,Fair. 30o. +30 4 67 Buckhaveu. 67. -30 96 S. W. Noithants,hIeyford, &c. 180. -20-I 68 Fife, Eastern. 230. + 34'5 IRE13AND. 69 KirkcaldY. 300. -3315 97 Barley,&c. (Haddon). 39. + 0OI 70 Ilay. HectorMaclean. 88. + 204 98 N. W. Worcestershire.500. + 27 33 71 Glasgow. I80. + 99 Hereford. 275. + 4I-3 t Malin Head, ODoherties. (Browne.) 72A Edinburgh. 2000. + 64 99A liereford,Rural. 218. + 46-4 226. -54 3o06 72B Edinburgh,Canongate. 65:. + 1oo Forestof Dean. S2. + 84-4 2 Malinmore& GlencolmkilL(Browne.) 73 NewhavenFiers. I76. -39'8 IO0 Monmouth. 70. + 75 7 196. + i86 74 Leith, Musselbro', Dalkeith. 288. 102 NewnOrt. a22. -4 80 3 Inishkea. (Browned + 1,4 1 6So

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3LAND (cexsfime4. 'ood Market. gm. - church. 75. - 10v7 mpton. 4. - 23 km. 175. - 183, Mter,Farmer. 167. - 31 later. 93. - - Ice. 2S5. + t1 12 n, &C. 144- + 62-S th. 4oo. + 110o7 uth. 350. + 8Si6 Country. 223. + 97 58 City. 500. + 6i w. ia8. + 46-2 Lastell, Flower Show. 8So. '5.5 in. 6o. + 58-4 , S6. + 356 cruan's,&c; 87- + 6S imt.120. + 59 uthFishers, 95. 43 uth. 830. -+ 40w5 ock,&c. 1oo. + 73 estonMarket. z6o. + 36'3 apton.So *+ 46-3 orthyFair. zoo. + 62 rd. 175. -+ 29-6 rton950.Holne. + 52-655. + 96'4 57 30. + 53'4 Lm.s, &c. 200.36x. + +S2Ir-- S28t touth. 200 + 74

WAIJBS. ead. 41. + 97-6 rVon. 278. + 97-7 r. 121. +- 91-7 elert. 68.' + 107 4 rst. 100. + 68 1. 36. + 83-2 i (Eisteddfod). i50. + 766| Ily. 40. + 97*4 Mawddwy. S. + 128 own ) 6 ,omery 50. + 56 itwith. 146. - 76-6 ron,&c. 35. + 8S 6 r-gwY.62. + 74 r, &c. 80. + 63 7 m, &C. 70. + 78-4 oke and Castlenartin. 90. ;o arthen (Eisteddfod). 700. Congregaton (at Bristol). + lOg IL. 100. + 77 towel. go.m + 6712 avenny, Market. 20o. F5.5 avenny. 1oo. + 74 55 yr,Pant, &a6 i6o. + 66 97. 46-3

[RBL@AND. ll!@ L S O'Dohertes. (Browne. tead,(33rowne) +134 6So )8 ore&GlencolunkilL (Browone.)

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This content downloaded from 185.44.78.156 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 03:00:32 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 66 Dysart,he. 300. - 290 95 Stratford-on-Ao n,Fair. 30o. +30-4 67 Buckhaveu. 67. -30 &c. iso. -20'I 96 S. W. Northants,lIeyford, 68 Fife, Easten. 230. + 34'5 IREI1L1sAND. 69 Kirkaldy. 300. -3335 Barley,&c. (Haddon). 39. + O-I 20o4 97 70 IIay. Hctor Maclean. 88. + Worcestershire.500. + 27 98 N. W. 33 71 Glasgow. I80. + 99 Hereford. 275. + 413 x Malin Head, O'Doherties. (Browe.) 72AEdinburgh. 2000. + 6-4 99A liereford,Rural. 218. + 46 4 226. -54 72B Edinbugh, Canongate. 65:. + 3o-6 too Forestof Dean. 52. + 84-4 2 Malinmore& GlencolmkilL(Browne.) 73 NewhavenFiers. 176. -39-8 196. + i86 28. io0 Monmouth. 70. + 75-7 74 Leith, Muselbro', Dalkeith. 1o2 Newport. 133. + 80 3 Inishkea. (Browne) + '4 1 650 -2o,6 66. + 4 Mullet. (Browne.) + 43-8 in the 360. 103 Gloucester,Market. 40g8 75 Midlothian,Farmers and rural. 104 GloucesterCity. 500. + 38 5 Portnacloy.(Browne.) + 37 8 three -62 105 Tewkesbury. 1oo. + I8 6 Innismurry. 19. 52-7 76 Dunbar. 150. -45-8 to6 Moreton-in-the-Marsh.I08. -26-6 7 Milkhaven,&c. 52. + 68 77 EyemouthMales. I00. -44 -1-9 8 ManorHamilton. 105. + 79-5 -66-4 I07 . 720 78 EyemouthFisher 125. 1o8 Oxfordshire. 96. -24 9 Pettigo. 53- + 83 79 EyemouthFemales. too. o Aylesbury. ioo. -i8 1o Fermanagh. 166. + 28-8 500 -37 1og so Berwick. 11o Dunstable. 240. + 33-3 It Enniskillen. 267. + 7-5 SI Ayr. 500. -4-8 iii Braintree, Country. 40. - 3-1 12 Cavan, Hill countryf70. + I9 50 82 Leadhills& Wanlockbead. -664 112 Town. 83. + 637 13 9ligo. 295. + 68 -28 Braintree, 83 Moffat. 50. 112A Brentwood. 70. + 68 8 14 Colooney& Ballysadare. 72. -7 84 Moffatdale. 40. -92 Ballycroy. (Browne.) 338. + SS -70 113 Colchester,Farmers. 210. -6-2 ij 8S Vale of Yarrow. 60. 114 Colchester,Town. 113. + 352 I6 Moytura. IO3 + I28-2 -25 86 Peeble. So. 115 Durley. ioo. + 20 17 Boyle. 125. + 7S2 ; CariCk-on- 87 Galashiels 6oK + 197 i Stroud. ioo. -13 Shannon. 85. + 74-1 - 1 88 The Merse. 230. 48'2 117 Cirencester Market, Cricklade. 400. ig Strokestown. 79. + 774 Bcrwick,Farmers, &c. too. -52. 89 + 5-7 19 Longford. 67. + 58'2 go Kelso. 5o. -30 118 Reading, Country Districts. 6o. 20 Clare Island. (Browne.) 2 g9 Melrose. 142. - 20'4 21 Inishturk. (Browsne.) 2521 +2 -48 -30 92 Selkirk. 300. II9 Reading. 200. -4 22 Inishbofin,Inishshatk. (Browne.) 250. 93 Iedb So. -11-3 120 London, Lower Classes. 6,ooo. + 31 t. -36-9 wevi 272. + 39-2 23 Clifden. III. + 138-7 -22-2 95 Hawick. S80. 121 London,Upper Classes 820. + 7-2. 24 Ea Connemara. voo. + 82 95A Hawick Farmers. I00. -23 Slums. 250. + 57 4 25 Cong, Joycecoy. 7S. + 7-2 -33-6 96 Langholm. 20o. 122 Greenhithe. 100. -24 26 Carna & Mwecnish. (Browse.) S?o 97 Eskdale & Lower Annandale. zS6. 123 Bristol,Upper Classes. 600. + 15 - 5 -6o,6 124 Bristol. 6,400. + 31 27 TarConnaught. 95. + 93 98 Dumfries. 200. -4 125 BristolSlums. 827. + 45 28 Oughterard. 93. + 68 Castle Douglas. 50. -50 (slhould 99 126 Bath. 236. +25S9 29 Galway. 300. + 62 be colouredorange) 127 Bath, Upper Class. 6o. -23 4 3' Claddagh. 170. + 11-2 200. -13-5 100 Sanquhar,&c. 128 Malmesbury. 170. + 20-2 31 Ballymahon,&c. 6. + 84 -1 I *6 sot Maybole, &c. 250. 229 Chippenham. 75o. - 10 32 Athlone. 125. + 728 102 Strarer. S50. + 5; 130 Laycock. 175. - I8-3 33 Ieinster (Generally) 130A Corsham. i10. + 12 34 Drogheda. 169. + 30o6 131 Calne. 70. + 16 35 Garumna, &c. (Browse.) 614. - 255 132 Swindon,Farmers. 160. -48 *36 Aranmore. 9o. + 354 -65 *ENGILAND. 133 Swindon,New Town. 182. + 20'2 37 Inishmsan. (Haddon). 37. *34 Swindon Fair. 360. + 1V4 38 Ballyvachan. (Browse.) 114 + 13-3 135 Bradford-on.Avon.600. + 34 39 Kildare. 68. + I6 Wooler,&c. 87. -81-5 136 Trowbridge,650. + 18 4 4o Dublin. I,3oo + 29-5 s Glendale, 41 Dublin (Upper Cla). 450. - 6-2 2 Carlisle Farmers& rural. 50O. -6v 137 Trowbridge,Farmers. 83. + I Farmer. 76. - S 42 Thurles. 31. + 68 3 Carlisle Town. 342. - 17'4 138 Devizes, - -60o8 139 Devizes. 197- + 91 43 Athy& Carlow. 35. 9 4 Hexham Farmers. 12S5. Kilkenny. 2o. + IS Town. 140. -2-6 140 Pewey Feast. 228. + I3-1 44 5 Heicbam 45 Kilkenny. 220 + IS 6 Newcastle. 264. -9 5 141 Marlborough,Town. 125. + S 6 -13-t2 142 Marlboroughb Rural. 100. - 25 46 Cashel. 142. - 144 7 Durham. 250. Charleville. 32. -41 8 Cockermouth. 184. -46'2 143 HungerfordFair. 120. - I3-3 47 . -29*7 i44 Farnborough. 25. - 48 48 Dunqi a 9 Keswick. 134. BlasketuinIsland(ron.17. d(Brown.) 170? + 87'38 to Threlkeld, Lsogwathby,&c. i 57. 145 HorshamMarket. 212. + 29 49 q, 146 Battle. 33. + 9-1 5s Ventry. ioo. + 120 -22-4 147 AshfordMarket. 220. + i6 St Dingle. I133-. + 81-8 iI Penuh. 130 C + 114-7 72. -94'2 148 Canterbury. 175. - 1V2 52 1S0 12 High Teesdale. Kilkorglin,Militown. 234. + 1047 Catic. 138. -22 5 149 Dover. 325. - 5-4 53 13 Banard - 6 54 Killarney. 75. + 306 14 Lorlon, &c 63. -64.4 i5o DoverBoatmen. 60. 53 - 151 Cheddarand Axbridge. 55. + S 3 55 Mallow. 93. + I1993 IS Borrowdale. 50 17 4 CAhir. 92. . s6 Kendal, Country. 150. -35S3 I52 Glastoubury. 5o. + 585 ,6 -4S5 s50. -22 I53 Wall. 135. + 46 7 57 Cappoquin. 55. + 8t 4 17 Kendal,Town. Waterford. 1oO. -24 (shouldbe aS Ingleton & Kirby Lonsdale. 130. 1S4 N.E. Someret. 200. + 41 s8 155 Warminster. 109. - 10I Colouredyellow) -453 59 New Ross. 228. -ti-6 19 Whitby. 212. -89 IS6 Heytesbury,Tilshead. 72 - 83 157 Mere, TisburyHindon. S7. + S'7 60 Wexford. 471. -9 2 20 Wbitby, Fishers. 33. -56'2 So + 6 225. +3,37 Wilton. 92.. - 12 2 61 Forth& Bargy. 2t Isle of Man. IS8 6z Forth. (Browne.) 319. + 19'3 Craigneisb. 40. +32 5 159 Salisbury, Market. 340. + 2S5 22 63 Valentia. 36. + 1057 23 Lancaster Town & Country. 400. I60 WeybillFair. 291. 6 4 u6i West Somerset. 90. 43 3 64 Cahirciveen. 25 + II3-8 -29-6 Cork (Upper CaSsse), 2So. + 8'4 24 Upper Ribblesdale, Malham, &c. t6a Wellington. S80. + 42 7 65 163 Taunton. 300. + 5t 66 Cork. 1800. + t6-1 I85. -3-4 + 56 -17-3 164 Ilminster. 35. + 74-3 67 Cloyne. 300. 25 Rkipon. 120. 68 Kilteskin,Holy Well. 191. + 37 26 Thirsk Market. 260. -13 165 Yeovil. 140. + 42 50. + 12 s66 Gillingham,&c. 52. + 6o 69 Youfhal. 120. -29-4 27 Malton. 70 da, &C. 73. + 147 2S 73. + 99 167 Dorchester. 1oo. + 30 Flamborough(Pitt.Riven). 71 Geieen Fishers. 33. -8-8 *9 Bridlington. 100. _4S 168 Wareham. 50. + 38

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III. + 1387 t4j nnemara. oo. + 821i 1 53 roycecoy..71. + 7'23 k Mwecnias (Browne.) S?oo Inaug'ht. 95. + 93 rard. 93. + 68 e + 62 gh.300. 17o. + 130 4_. ahon,&c. 64. + 84 4 e. 125. + .r (Generally)728U dAL. i69. +-3o,6 Ma,&c. (Browne.) 614. -255oSIS Drc. 90. + 35'4 4 ma. (Haddon). 37. -65I u:han. (Browse.) 114. + 13 3 CS q 68. + 1,300. +_6 29*5 ?S U (Uppeir Classe). 450.- i6s2 SS~j 1 .31. 52 V -9 fy. - 9 ny. 220 +-68+ I S 142. - 14'4 ,lille. ow3.2. -41 in - LoIsland 20. (Bro +8* 3 ioo. + 133. + 8t6) moac_ne.Ca4. 150. + 1114-7+ uln,Militown. 234. + 1047 CeY 7S. +IS135+ 93. + 92. -41'S, l"i". 55. + 81-4 owd. too. - 24 (shouldbe mred yellow) 0o5s. 228. -xi -6 5 rd. 471. - 9'2 k Bargy. So. + 6 (BrowDe.) 1+207319. + 19'3 La. 36. + 105'7- Weefl258 + 113-8 Clases),250. + 8*4 i8oo. + i. 300. + 30.66 Lin,HOly Well. 1-9'3 191. + 37 mLL 120. - 294 a, &C- 73. + 14-7 a Fishers. 33- -83

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