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Autotune Bc.Pdf MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Filozofická fakulta Ústav hudební vědy Teorie interaktivních médií BAKALÁŘSKÁ DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Fenomén auto-tune jako projev automatizace a dehumanizace hudby Václav Římánek Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Aleš Opekar, CSc. 2016 ČESTNÉ PROHLÁŠENÍ Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto bakalářskou práci vypracoval samostatně. Ve své práci jsem použil zdroje a literaturu, které jsou náležitě a řádně citovány v poznámkách pod čarou a jsou všechny uvedeny v bibliografii této práce. V Brně, 11.5. 2016 .................................................. Václav Římánek 2 PODĚKOVÁNÍ Na tomto místě bych chtěl poděkovat PhDr. Aleši Opekarovi, CSc. za vedení, konzultace a přínosné poznámky pro danou práci. Dále bych chtěl poděkovat všem, kteří mě při psaní této práce podporovali. 3 Obsah Úvod.....................................................................................................................................................5 1. Co je to auto-tune?............................................................................................................................6 1.1. Obecná definice........................................................................................................................6 1.2. Jak auto-tune funguje................................................................................................................6 2. Historie.............................................................................................................................................8 2.1. Předchůdci auto-tune................................................................................................................8 2.1.1. Vokodér.............................................................................................................................8 2.1.2. Talk box...........................................................................................................................10 2.2. Historie auto-tune....................................................................................................................11 2.2.1. Andy Hildebrand: vynálezce auto-tune...........................................................................11 2.2.2. Historie auto-tune v populární hudbě..............................................................................13 3. Auto-tune jako fenomén (nejen) populární hudby..........................................................................15 3.1. Auto-tune v pop music............................................................................................................15 3.2. Auto-tune v hip-hopu..............................................................................................................18 3.2.1. Jak a proč se auto-tune prosadil v hip-hopu....................................................................18 3.2.2. T-Pain..............................................................................................................................21 3.2.3. Vliv auto-tune na T-Painův projev..................................................................................22 3.2.4. Auto-tune v hip-hopu terčem kritiky...............................................................................23 3.3. Auto-tune na internetu............................................................................................................25 4. Auto-tune jako možný projev automatizace a dehumanizace........................................................27 4.1. Lidské je chybovat, ne být perfektní.......................................................................................27 4.2. Auto-tune a autenticita............................................................................................................28 4.3. Auto-tune jako „kostým“ identity...........................................................................................30 4.3.1. Kanye West – 808s & Heartbreak...................................................................................31 Resumé...............................................................................................................................................34 Summary.............................................................................................................................................35 Seznam literatury a pramenů..............................................................................................................36 4 Úvod Bakalářská práce s názvem Fenomén auto-tune jako projev automatizace a dehumanizace hudby se zaobírá vokálním efektem auto-tune běžně používaným v hudebním průmyslu. Tento nástroj slouží primárně ke korekci intonačních chyb a doladění lidského zpěvu. Používá se ale i jako prostředek k dosažení specifického hlasového efektu, který je lehce podobný klasickému vokodéru. Obě tyto funkce vzbudily začátkem 21. století mnoho reakcí a kontroverzí jak napříč jednotlivými hudebními žánry, tak mezi odbornou i laickou veřejností. Z tohoto důvodu lze dané téma označit jako mimořádně aktuální. Dosavadní stav bádání v českém prostředí je navíc minimální, ve snaze komplexněji zahrnout danou problematiku pak neexistuje prakticky vůbec. Samotná práce bude strukturována do čtyř základních kapitol a několika navazujících podkapitol. První kapitola má za cíl stručně nastínit technologickou a funkční povahu auto-tune. Druhá kapitola by měla zmapovat nejdůležitější historii efektu, od předchůdců, kterými byli vokodér a talk box, přes kořeny a vývoj auto-tune, až po jeho minulost v populární hudbě. V této kapitole bude práce čerpat především z knihy How to Wreck a Nice Beach: The Vocoder From World War II to Hip-Hop od Davea Tompkinse. Třetí kapitola si dává za cíl prozkoumat působení auto-tune v kontextu populární hudby, přičemž důraz bude kladen na pop music a hip-hop. Pokusí se zjistit, proč se vokální efekt prosadil zejména v těchto žánrech s ohledem na jejich povahu i historii. Také by měla objasnit, jak auto-tune tyto žánry proměnil. K tomu by měla pomoci práce Matthew McGowana Auto-Tune's Effect on Musicians, Genres, and Culture, která je patrně nejobsáhlejším relevantním zdrojem věnující se přímo auto-tune. Častými prameny budou též rozhovory s lidmi z oboru. V závěrečné čtvrté kapitole se práce zamýšlí nad možnými interpretacemi jevů automatizace a dehumanizace souvisejícími s efektem a otevřít s tím spojené otázky. Nesnaží se přitom o rezolutní stanovisko, nýbrž o komparaci různých pohledů. Cílem práce je podat ucelený pohled na fenomén auto-tune a zodpovědět otázku, jaký má tento efekt vliv na hudbu, její recepci a na osobnost interpreta. 5 1. Co je to auto-tune? V první kapitole této práce si povíme něco o tom, co je to vlastně auto-tune, a také stručně popíšeme, jak pracuje a funguje. 1.1. Obecná definice Pojmenování auto-tune vzniklo spojením dvou anglických slov – automatically a tuning. Jedná se o zvukový procesor vyvinutý společností Antares Audio Technologies v roce 1997. Použitím fázového vokodéru odstraňuje intonační chyby a dolaďuje melodie převážně lidského zpěvu (a to jak při nahrávání ve studiu tak při živých vystoupeních), ale i performance hudebních nástrojů. Přestože byl původně vytvořen jen ke korekci mírně „falešných“ tónů, které po jeho retuši zní zcela bezchybně, může být použit také k záměrnému zkreslení lidského hlasu značně sníženým nebo zvýšeným nastavením efektu. Dnes je auto-tune nejen standardním vybavením profesionálních studií, ale dá se zakoupit i na internetu jako plug-in do jakéhokoliv programu pro tvorbu hudby.1 1.2. Jak auto-tune funguje K popisu fungování softwaru zde ocitujeme odborníka Jindřicha Kravaříka ze specializovaného webu audiozone.cz, který jeho vlastnosti popsal srozumitelně, bez složité technické terminologie, ale přitom nikterak vágně: „Systém analyzuje zvukový signál a hledá základní frekvenci monofonického - tedy jednohlasého - signálu samostatné melodie. Následně se ji snaží doladit na nejbližší tón odpovídající zvolenému ladění. Původní plug-in obsahoval pouze tento automatický mód, postupem času k němu přibyl i grafický ruční mód. V automatickém režimu jsou velmi důležité časové konstanty a míra tolerance k chybám ladění. Při optimálním nastavení bude doladění neznatelné. V zásadě jde o kompromis mezi příliš rychlou reakcí, která by na proces upozornila a příliš pomalou reakcí, která by intonační problém vyřešila až poté, co by byl slyšitelný i pro neškoleného posluchače.“2 Doplňme, že auto-tune skutečně vyžaduje jen jednohlasý (mono) signál. Skupina zvuků, jako např. dva hlasy zpívající stejnou melodii, nebude správně fungovat, protože ačkoliv zní téměř stejně, jsou vlny produkované vícero zdroji příliš komplexní a náhodné, což znamená, že je auto- 1 Auto-Tune [online]. [cit. 2016-04-17]. Dostupné z: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-Tune 2 KRAVAŘÍK, Jindřich. Antares Auto-Tune 8 [online]. [cit. 2016-04-17]. Dostupné z: http://www.audiozone.cz/recenze/antares-auto-tune-8-t22394.html 6 tune nedokáže vyřešit.3 Ohledně chtěného nadužití efektu, jenž způsobuje pro auto-tune tolik typickou změnu lidského hlasu, Kravařík píše: „Druhým důležitým bodem je tzv. Auto-Tune efekt. Ten vznikne použitím extrémních parametrů korekce. V praxi to znamená, že plug-in koriguje i ty nejmenší odchylky nejrychleji jak dokáže. Výsledkem je naprosto rovná základní frekvence tónu, která se navíc mezi jednotlivými tónovými výškami pohybuje v podstatě skokově. To u mnoha lidí evokuje pocit, že zpěvák působí jako ''robot''.“4 Toto jsou pro ilustraci některé ze základních ovládacích prvků vyskytující se v programu: Tracking
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