A Biological Approach for Energy Management in Smart Grids and Hybrid Energy Storage Systems

The Norwegian School In Renewable Energy A Biological Approach for Energy Management in Smart Grids and Hybrid Energy Storage Systems

Paul Nicolae BORZA Transilvania University Oslo - Summer School Brasov Romania 2014 Agenda A Biological Approach for Energy Management in Smart Grids and Hybrid Energy Storage Systems

Bio-Systems ideal systems illustrated by homeostasis Bio-Systems and allostasis phenomena, examples and paradigms Definition, Structure, Functionalities; Smart-grids Examples

Hybrid Structure of the hybrid storage systems; storage Functionality; Examples

Parame- Intensity, Capacity, Time-constants, Cellularity, terization Heterogeneity, Life spam and aging process

Functions Feedback & Feed forward loops; “fight or fly” Superization; Dynamic reconfiguration…

Conclusions How look the future?

2 Homeostasis

“Stability through constancy” Claude Bernard - 1865

All the vital mechanisms…have only one object: to preserve constant the conditions of…internal environment

+ Set Point Effector Sum (∑) - (Process)

Controlled Feedback loop Variable Walter Bradford Cannon 1935

Sensor

3 Where are manifested the homeostasis phenomena?

IN LIVING SYSTEMS

Structural phenomena such as: • Thermal Equilibrium • Chemical equilibrium of organism and their components (cells, tissues, etc.) • Aqueous concentration and pH • Dimension of cells tissues and whole body

4 Homeostasis examples: Thermal homeostasis

From http://bio119homeostasis.blogspot.co.at/2011/03/energy-and- homeostasis.html at 10 of July 2014 5 Thermal sensors characteristics

Difference is Sensors characteristics presents opposite emphasize slopes (positive & negative)

Distributed Sensors are distributed on skin and also are sensors integrated on all internal organs Performance reach by Thermal Homeostasis

• The complementarity and structural redundancy of the thermal regulation system brought an exceptional quality of temperature regulation • The different time constants of sensors and also actuators brought a new level of quality of temperature regulation

Quality of Is strong related to derivative characters of Regulator system’ response at step temperature variation Processing function of Variety Thermal regulation system (thermal homeostasis)

HOMEOSTASIS : A FRAMEWORK FOR HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY CONTROL PROCESSES ASSURING THE RELATIVELY ,CONSTANT OF INTERNAL BODY BEHAVIOR BY MAINTAINING CONSTANT THE BODY TEMPERATURE Functional feature

R=response S=Stimulus T=Threshold b = exponent factor

8 Thermal Homeostasis paradigms

One central Signals processed on Anterior (exteroceptive) and controller Posterior (interoceptive) Hypothalamus are separated

Distributed The temperature sensors are placed on skin and also sensors on all internal organs

Function of variety of signals exists different control Variety loops corresponding to exteroceptors & interoceptors

Specificity of Specific sensors for cold & warm, interior & exterior elements Specific actuators for thermo-lysis & thermo-genesis

Specific time Actuators have different time constants: short & long constants period

Difference is Sensors characteristics presents emphasize opposite slopes (positive&negative)

9 Allostasis “Stability through change” Sterling, P.; Eyer, J.- 1988 Is a process achieving stability through physiological or behavioral change

The parameters vary and variation anticipates the demands

Prior Knowledge Prediction

+ Set Point Effector Sum (∑) - (Process)

Controlled Feed-forward loop Variable

Sensor 10 Allostasis

Overall Organisms are designed to be efficient efficiency

Exchange Efficiency requires reciprocal trade-off

Prediction Efficiency requires to be able to predict future needs

Dynamic Prediction requires each sensor to adapt to the range expected range of input

Prediction requires each actuator to adapt to the Adaptive expected range of output

Processing Predictive regulation depends on behavior whilst dependent neural mechanisms also adapt After: Sterling P. (2004) Blood Pressure Control

From: J Schulkin,“Principles of Allostasis; optimal design, predictive regulation pathophysiology and rational therapeutics , Cambridge Press 2004 - Abreviations: • CRH Corticotrophic Release Hormone • ACTH Adrenal Corticotrophic Hormone • ANP Atrio Natiuretic Peptide Allostasis “features”:

Constance is NOT a fundamental condition for life but Hierarchical to survival YES! Central processing, presets conserved control at local level by homeostasis processes

The pattern coolections try to anticipate the demands Patterns that was “apriori” discovered, classified and stored as priority potential “most probable” stages

Multiple, mutually, reinforcing signal acting on Synergical multiple, mutually reinforced effectors, override the actions various feedbacks that oppose change (“Trend dependance”)

A high redundancy on each level of control system is Redundancy present. This is reflected by “distributed” & “specific” sensors & actuators spread on body. Energy and his characteristics

Energy:Capacity to provide an action (from the Greek ἐνέργεια - energeia, "activity, operation", from ἐνεργός - energos, "active, working“ [1])

Electrical energy must be consumed when it is Volatility produced in all other situation appear losses

Finite character of energetic resources and power Limited generation

Multidimen- Forms of energy: electrical, mechanical, chemical, sionality thermal, radiant, etc.

Integrality Is a reflection of universal movement Energy sources:

Conversion of fossil energy in electricity – chemical Fosil forms way - or co-generation (CHP) from: Coal Petrol Natural gas Atomic

Renewable Capture of Sun energy –radiant way - by renewable: forms  Direct solar radiation conversion by PV cells  Thermal cells  Wind mills and wind farms power  Water by hydro-electric power  Wave energy  Biomass based power plants Classical energetic technologies vesus “green” energetic technologies

High density The fossil fuels present a high energy density

Pollution Fossil fuels generate “greenhouse” gases

Maturity Technologies are mature

The “green” technologies are dependent on sun Intermitency radiation and also local factors: latitude, climate

In rapid Part of technologies are in research phase or “earlier” evolution stages of implementation Price for different forms of generation

Source: Royal Academy of Engineering data (UK)

3.2p

2.2p 2.6p 2.3p

http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/publications/list/reports/Cost_Generation_Commentary.pdf see on April2012

• Pulverised fuel (PF) steam plant; • Circulating fluidized-bed combustion (CFBC) plant; • Open-cycle gas turbine (OCGT) plant; • Integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) plant • Combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant; Energetic processes, ontologies:

 Energetic capacities & Power flows (finite)  Information flow (essential to optimize the efficiency)  Effects of energy (“usage value”)  Environmental concerns (“eco-footprints”)  Economical effects (“smart systems”)  Societal effects (rules, regulations, contracts for providing, consumption and quality of energy supplied)  Opportunity of generation, consumption & conversion (generation characteristics, load characteristics, load “demands” - matching phenomena -)

Electrical energy parameters (1):

Alternate Current

 Mono phase  Three phase  Poly Phase

Direct Current

Electric parameters  Voltage  Current  Power  Frequency  Phase Qualitative parameters  Noise spectrum  Availability of power supplies  Reliability of providing process Electrical energy parameters (2): Type of power flow variation in time: 1. Alternative current: • Mono phase • Three phases • Multi phases 2. Direct Current Electrical parameters: • Voltage • Current • Power • Frequency • Phase Qualitative parameters: • Noise spectrum • Availability & Reliability of providing energy Matching processes in power flow transfer(3): System used for matching processes implementations: 1. Electric transformers 2. Voltage rectifiers 3. Inverters 4. Noise cancelors (quality of power flow variation) 5. Systems for management of energy (time oriented) 6. Active filters (power quality assurance)

Electronic power commutation devices implement the majority of matching processes:

Type of commutation: • Forced (power of commutation different of zero) • Natural (resonant, or zero crossing cummutation) Steps toward to maximize efficiency in generation, transport, conversion and consumption of electrical energy The problem is a COMPROMISE Wisdom in choosing of targets/objectives in order to finding the optimal stage • Uniform definition of the multidimensional problem • Adoption of the optimal granularity for the system elements • Choosing of the appropriate model and developing of virtual models to easier the control process that assure the mastering of the system complexity • Choosing of the right informational system attached at the energetic system able to process, communicate and real time control of the system. The common languages, the appropriate protocols used for communication represent premises to reach an optimal control Type of services related to the generation of electrical energy (1)

Base load

Production of electric energy quasi constant in time Peak shaving

Procedure to increase the production of energy and to shift the maximum of load profile in order to smooth the load curve Type of services related to the generation of electrical energy (2)

Standby power

Minimum power necessary to maintain in function a system Spining reserve

The spinning reserve is the extra generating capacity that is available by increasing the power output of generators that are already connected to the power system Reactive power supply

Generation in order to compensate the load factor into the grid Type of services related to the generation of electrical energy (3)

Ancillary Services:

Services necessary to support the transmission of electric power from seller to purchaser given the obligations of control areas and transmitting utilities within those control areas to maintain reliable operations of the interconnected transmission system, and consists in the following services: 1) Scheduling, System Control and Dispatch 2) Reactive Supply and Voltage Control from Generation Sources 3) Regulation and Frequency Response 4) Energy Imbalance 5) Operating Reserve – Spinning Reserve Service 6) Operating Reserve – Supplemental Reserve Service (Supplemental see Federal Energy Regulation Commission order888 and 1995)

Type of services related to the generation of electrical energy (4)

Power Quality:

Is the result of an incompatibility between the power delivered into the grid and the loads that consume this power; This notion reflect how much differ the form of voltage relative at sinusoidal form Type of disturbances that affect the power quality : • Voltage sags (dips) are brief reductions in voltage, typically lasting from a cycle to a second or so, or tens of milliseconds to hundreds of milliseconds. • Voltage swells are brief increases in voltage in the same range of time • Transient overvoltage are variation of voltage in the range from 10 to 80% of nominal voltage • Harmonics induced in special by rectifiers and inverters as result of circuit commutation by electronic power devices (involve important values for 3rd, 5th , 7th harmonics • Frequency variation of voltage supplied could be the result of over load of the network or poor network, high frequency noise produced by arch of motor brushes or radio transmitters, extremely fast transient overvoltage result of arches appeared into the network, unbalance three phase systems

Power netwoork evolution

19th Century –INSULATED:

Generation based on local power plants majority functioning with coal – steam – . Island networks (close inter correlation between generation &load) clustered 20th Century – INTEGRATED & AGGREGATED- producer centered: Classical power networks: bulk generation, wide power networks, captive consumers; assurance of network stability by excess of energy production especially based on fossil resources: coal, gas, petrol; generation follow the loads Power netwoork evolution today & tomorrow Nodaway:

Decentralization of generation and increasing of intermittent generation based on renewable sources; management of fluctuations on both sides: producer & consumer; producing of energy based on classical & renewable fuels TOWARD LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION & AGGREGATION, INTRODUCTION OF VIRTUALIZATION CONCEPTS , consumer entered.

Tomorrow: Complete INTEGRATION between generation and consumption by ICT; self healing systems able to manage by feedback and also feed-before procedures the fluctuations on both sides; minimizing of power flow excursion with benefic effects of energy efficiency; clean / green technological processes in energy production & usage prosumers’ centered Classical power netwoork

Generation Transmission Distribution  Sub- transmission  Substations  Feeders  Services  Customers

 Independent technologies for every layer of the system  Information exchange realized using sessions –discontinuously – between the different layers  Assure a relatively independently functionalities that preserve the coherencies of data and functions used in functionalities implementations  Encourage the specificity of developed solutions  Increase competitiveness in industry  Facilitate Trade and Commerce of specific solutions

Smart Grid european vision Smart Grid vision (1) Implementation of fusion between Energy & Information

 Smart grids will implement the desiderate of fusion between energy and information at all levels of power network systems by: deeply integration of all control components of the power networks using ICT.  The two-way communication system will improve the reactivity (fast and complex) of the power system at the demands from consumer side and all other actors (providers, traders, regulators entities) involved in the frame of power systems  The SG will implement an intelligent monitoring and control functionality of all power networks components, the communication between all these components, and the processing of all signals afferent to power grid.

Smart Grid vision (2)

High degree of self intelligence

 Will better solve the incidents and malfunctioning events that could appear on power networks inclusive by developing “self healing” facilities  Will offer a high level of reliability, resilience and security of power network system  Will integrate new intermittent power generators and distributed generators such as: renewable power sources thus, the consumers will be transformed in “prosumers” respectively they will become in the same time energy providers and consumers

Smart Grid vision (3)

Environmental & societal frendly

 Will offer the support for operating the energy storage facilities that will be integrated into the power grid not only at energy provider level (generators) but also deep into the grid at the level of end-users (consumers)  Will significantly reduce the environmental impact of the whole electricity supply system  SG represents in the same time the complex system able to accommodate the requirements from economical, social and technological sides in order to assure a high efficient power network operation, facilitating trading of the energy Trinomial model of Smart Grids

Local consumer’s network RES management Consumers Smart appliances Building Energy Manager Smart metering

AMI (Advance Metering Infrastructure)

Electric Energy Providers Electric Energy Traders

Commercial network: Operational network TSO Transmission System Operator Power plant automation DSO Distribution System Operator Generation & Load Balancing Automated billing system Station Sub-Station automations Dynamic tariff applicable for Feeder automation and monitoring prosumers Market place interaction Smart Grids (example):

AMR Automatic Market CIS, GIS, Billing system Meter Operation ERP… Reading Enterprise Integration Customer Power network management Services Providers Feeders Residential monitoring & Gateway Power Plant Substation Control Automation Automation Smart Meters Home Automation s GENERATION TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION Producing /Storing

ADINE ABB project 2010 EU vision about evolution of Smart Grids concept (1)

This will be done via an integrated and innovative approach to technical, commercial and regulatory dimensions European Smart Grids Technology Platform Vision and Strategy for Europe’s Electricity Networks of the Future see on http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/energy 2012

EU vision about evolution of Smart Grids concept (2)  User-centric approach: increased interest in electricity market opportunities value added services, flexible demand for energy, lower prices, micro generation opportunities;  Electricity networks renewal and innovation: pursuing efficient asset management, increasing the degree of automation for better quality of service;  Using system wide remote control;  Applying efficient investments to solve infrastructure ageing;  Security of supply: limited primary resources of traditional energy sources, flexible storage; need for higher reliability and quality; increase network and generation capacity;  Liberalised markets: responding to the requirements and opportunities of liberalisation by developing and enabling both new products and new services;  High demand flexibility and controlled price volatility,  Flexible and predictable tariffs;  Liquid markets for trading of energy and grid services; EU vision about evolution of Smart Grids concept (3)

 Interoperability of European electricity networks: supporting the implementation of the internal market;  Efficient management of cross border and transit network congestion;  Improving the long-distance transport and integration of renewable energy sources;  Strengthening European security of supply through enhanced transfer capabilities;  Central generation renewal of the existing power-plants,  Development of efficiency improvements, increased flexibility towards the system services;  Integration with RES and Distributed (decentralized) Generation DG;  Developing of Distributed generation and production based on renewable energy sources (RES):  Local energy management, and as consequence losses and emissions reduction, integration within power networks; EU vision about evolution of Smart Grids concept (4)

 Demand response and demand side management(DSM): developing strategies for local demand modulation and load control by electronic metering and automatic meter management systems; Environmental issues:  “reaching Kyoto Protocol targets” and evaluate their impact on the electricity transits in Europe; Reduce losses;  increasing social responsibility and sustainability;  optimizing visual impact and land-use; Politics and regulatory aspects:  continuing development and harmonisation of policies and regulatory frameworks in the European Union (EU) context;

Smart Grids Functionalities recovery act smart grid programs DoE

 Fault Current Limit devices able to automatically limit high current that occur during faults  Wide Area Monitoring, Visualization & Control  Dynamic Capability Rating  Power Flow Control having as objective to reduce the power flow travel along power networks  Adaptive Protections  Automatic Feeder and Line switching  Automatic Islanding and Reconnection  Automatic Voltage and VAR Control  Diagnosis and notification of Equipment Conditions  Enhance Fault protection  Real-time Load measurement & management  Real time load transfer as result of feeder reconfiguration  Customer electricity use optimization

Smart Grids Assesment (CISCO)

 Observable

 Controlable

 Automated

 Integrated Smart Grids implementation concept (CISCO) Smart Grids Challenges (1)

 Development of a secure, reliable and resilient communication system –creating redundant infrastructures  Improvement of M2M connectivity down to the last elements integrated into the power grid  Strict control of propagation delays on operational network in order to maintain the “real-time” capabilities for whole system  Development of appropriate strategies in order to pass-off or avoid the “silent” –unresponsive nodes that should be over passed  Coordination and alignment of requirements from plurality of stakeholders (EU case)  Development of standard and regulations that impose the usage of strict security solutions in order to avoid possible intrusion into SG systems  See standards:IEC 61850 standard Communication networks and systems for power utility automation; IEC 61499 standard for general purpose Function Block architecture for industrial process measurement and control systems, endowing the architecture with bio-inspired control patterns Smart Grids Challenges (2)

 Developing device-oriented security platform and their integration into products  Developing and agreeing common regulation between all the EU countries  Developing and adapting the network for integration of dynamic, mobile and variable storage elements brought by massive introduction of electrical vehicles

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

 Bi-directional communication based on standard protocols  Enabling usage of dynamic tariffs or instant price of Electricity consumed or generated  Visualization in real – time of current status of the power network  Endowing with control functions the Energy Counter in order to be able not only to switch on-off the devices but also to offer strategies for replacing components Smart Grids SIGRE model

Tamilmaran V, D P Kothari “Smart Grid: An Overview “, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2011, 2, 305-311 http://www.SciRP.org/journal/sgre) visualized 2012 Similarities between life systems and hybrid storage systems

STRUCTURAL, FUNCTIONAL AND MATERIAL SIMILARITIES BETWEEN LIVING & TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

• The material aspects are related to the nature of elements and assure that commonly are named hybrid systems

46 Hybrid storage systems – Dimensions • Several parameters or features (linear independent) that could be used for system optimization: Capacities: • Time constants: Energetic storage • Short capacity • Medium Maximum Power • Long System Organization: • Nature of cells: Cellular • Uniform Mono-block • Hybrid Distributed in space

Energy & Power System organization Time constants

47 Energy & Power Bio-systems cellular metabolism “Krebs cycle”

• Glycolysis: • Could take place in anaerobic (fast) or aerobic conditions (slow).

• Stored reserves: ATP ->is stored in cell (suppose an anaerobic oxidation) ADP ->is stored in cell (suppose an aerobic oxidation) Glycogen ->is stored in liver & muscles (suppose transportation processes using organism’s blood circulation)

• Glucose ->Glycogen (absorptive state) • Glycogen ->Glucose (post absorptive state) Eric P. Widmaier, Hershel Raff, Kevin T. Strang “Human Physiology The Mechanism of Body Function “ 9th Ed

48 Time constants of the energetic reserves Energetic reserves of the living • Three energetic cells vectors:

• ATP stored in principal into the • ATP acid adenosine -triphosphate (short term energy, locally stored) cell –generate a 7.3Kcal / link molecule oxidation)

• ATP + H2O → ADP + Phosphate –Δ7.3Kcal/mol

• ADP acid adenosine -diphosphate • ADP also stored into the cell and (intermediate term energy, locally could be used as energetic stored) reservoir • ATP + H2O → AMP + PPi - Δ10.9Kcal/mol

• Glycogen carried by blood in all • Glycogen long term energy reserve, central stored into the body the liver

49 Could be considered a cell as an ideal storage system?

Structural features A bio-cells group represents a distributed energy system The group of cells represents a redundant energetic and also informational source (compensation phenomena can be identified in organism)

Functional features A bio-cell has the ability to auto insulate in report with the whole system, without global damages

A bio-cell assures a “flat time response” for energy & power delivered on demands (very short, short and long term)

Able to auto-reconfigure depending of status of process supplied

Able to auto isolation the damaged / or malfunctioning cells

50 Energetic resources in living systems Involve distributed storage of reserves in different cells Includes two categories of reserves: for short & medium term needs

Allow fast reaction of the cells at different excitations Permit a “flat response” in time The local energetic reserves are finite

In organism are revealing “transportation” processes characteristics for medium and long term needs

51 A possible hybrid storage system Starting from structure to arrive at functionality What we gain using a such system?

• A appropriate sizing of every ? At which level ? element in order to assures the right balanced ratio between Structural aspect long & short term energetic resources

• An adequate dimensioning of hybrid system in order to satisfy the needs of bidirectional power flow transfer –requested by the specific application –

• A “flat response” in time of the hybrid cell (combined)

52 The redundancy assures the system’s reliability Functional feature

LIVING SYSTEMS TECHNICAL SYSTEMS • The assembly of cells having similar • Need to be closely interconnected functionality for a living tissue each to other. The preemptive wiring solutions are in many cases the optimal from energetic efficiency point of view. • Integration of cells means to obtain new features as result of the internal • It is mandatory to include on every cell interactions between the cells. Thus, the a minimal set of functions. assembly (organ) will present Implementation in this case suppose qualitative/quantitative different usage of microcontroller or ASIC feature compared with the sum of circuits. That illustrate the fusion component cells Energy&Information

• Behavior or/and Self Dynamic • A high reliability is reached as result of reconfiguration is an important feature highly structurally and functionally of such systems redundancy

53 Hierarchy & Complementarity Role of order relation ships between system elements

HIERARCHY IS ESSENTIAL FOR OPTIMAL IMPLEMENTATIONS COMPLEMENTARITY ASSURES AN INCREASING OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Structural features • Order relationships are fundamental in order to achieve the optimization of information flows. • In the same sense goal is essential to realize a proper classification • Locally are implements a static or /and dynamic grouping of the cells in colonies depending on their role and applications specific

Functional feature • Complementarity (structural & functional) of electric hybrid storage system contributes at optimal and reliable implementation of bidirectional power flow transfer with beneficial consequences for increasing of global energy efficiency

54 Homeostasis Phenomena Structural features Strong homeostasis is the strict constancy of the chemical composition of pools

• “Structural homeostasis is the constancy of the shape of the individual during growth”* • Motivation of research on the theory is to answer the question: how can we deal with the local coherence of levels of metabolic organization, while avoiding the massive complexity of models with many variables and parameters.* • Supply – Demands game (strictly dependent of channel capacity) - all the applications involve a relatively constancy of needs –see the mechatronic systems /a limited power determined in principal by thermal constraints • Locality characteristics – the reserves & short time resources are placed in different zones: short time resources near of acting system –minimization of power excursion; long term resources need to take in consideration “transportation phenomena” • Working into excess prevent the failures – manifestation of redundancy phenomena with two forms: structural redundancy or

dimensional redundancy & Functional redundancy* S.A.L.M. Kooijman, “Summary of concepts of Dynamic Energy Budget theory for metabolic organization”, Cambridge University Press, third edition 55 2010 Homeostasis Phenomena

THERMAL HOMEOSTASIS Functional feature

Means a relatively stability of inner behavior in comparison with the significant variation of environmental parameters based on feedback, feed before and context dependent control law that are hierarchical distributed

The functionality of whole system is sustained by his components and their inner, self, static or dynamic organization As result of this characteristic the highly dynamics of the system response is realized

Hybridization as reflection of highly specialization of system’s components generate reliability, resilience and availability for whole system

Redundancy versus feed back loop intricate are two conditions for preserving stability, resiliency and availability.

56 Lessons learned from bio-systems From thermal homeostasis to optimal control

FROM LIVING SYSTEM BY TECHNICAL SYSTEM

• Specificity of sensors (warm/cold) • Endowing the hybrid storage cell having complementary static with specific sensors that is suitable characteristics to work independently • Different informational • It is suitable to build up un communication channels in architecture with redundant accordance with the variety of the elements signals transferred • It is better to implement for every cell his specific controller able to it • Specific actuators for thermolysis optimal integrate in cell’s colony versus thermogenesis • Frequency signal coding assure a • Specific processing units view as higher noise immunity and create process computers (hypothalamus the premises for an accurate anterior versus posterior) control of the electric hybrid • Logarithmic coding of signals storage system transferred with a high noises immunity

57 Electric Power Cell (EPC) A possible example

FUNCTIONING PHASES OF A EPC 1. Insulation of cell that must be “revitalized”

2. Pumping of charge from battery into the super- capacitor at a limit initial established

3. Disconnecting of super-capacitor from battery 4. Connecting the CEC, respectively the super-capacitor at the colony network 5. Connecting the battery at fuel cell in order to charge again the battery at maximum level in order to be able to assure the next charging of super-capacitor

6. Control the supplying process at the fuel cell level by controlling the methanol P.N. Borza EP1796199 A1, 2005 access into the cell, and preserving by control the variation of temperature in initial settled range.

58 Could be now implemented such systems?

SEVERAL REMARKS ABOUT POSSIBILITIES TO IMPLEMENT THE FUTURE EV

• Stacked super-capacitors (SSC) are ready to use! Why SSC? High voltage systems without SSC suppose important difficulties in implementation and integration • Stacked super-capacitors are ready to be used • Fuels cell at low temperature exist now DMFC represents an example • We are able to integrate all of them in one hybrid component?

59 Heterogeneity Assures the stability & reliability of the hybrid storage systems

• See adrenalines versus noradrenalin's complementary chemical factors having their own reaction time constants – represents the key factor in transmission of information at synapses level - temporality of life laws VERSUS • Dynamicity of power conversion at storage / actuator level – see supercaps (SC) & DC acting drives • Heterogeneity of energy sources means in the same time increased reliability and availability of system by lowering of fault probability =>increasing of structural complexity generate more stability and reliability! 60 Example: Neural synapses HETEROGENEITY AID AT STABILITY AND ALSO NOISE IMMUNITY OF SIGNAL TRANSMISSION ALONG NEURAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

• Spatio-temporal integration of the signals • Finite quanta of neural-mediator and a threshold potential assures the increasing of noise immunity for excitation propagation along neural communication channel

Eric P. Widmaier, Hershel Raff, Kevin T. Strang “Human Physiology The Mechanism of Body Function “ 9th Ed

61 Example of integration for electric storage system in a car STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION OF STORAGE SYSTEM ON A CAR Structural features

• Weight reduction 15% • Reduction of power flow excursion between batteries & acting motors • Better balancing of the weight between axis of the car

http://www.sciencecareersiteblog.com/2011/11/hybrid-electric-cars-could-soon-store.html&docid = bMvIDbzS9x7uCM&imgurl=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uPgWi-cMkw0/Te5dfdbvfQI/AAAAAAAAB1g

62 What means to apply several paradigms results of bionic vision? POWER DISTRIBUTION ON A CAR TRANSITORY & STATIONARY POWER FLOWS

• Structured design with hierarchical elements • Optimization by minimizing the power flows excursions between batteries & rapid release storage elements and the acting motors • Better balancing of the weight between axis of the car Structural features • Modular design (cellular)

63 Bio-systems are hyper complex cybernetic systems

• Includes many feedback loops • Includes feed before loops (anticipative llops) • The loops are intricate • The loops are hierarchic organized • The loops are specialized function of signals variety and signals nature • The loops are redundant • The loops are static or dynamic mutual dependent

64 Aspects that will request an important research effort in the future

• Definition of the optimal Granularity of Combined Energy Source (CES) and of CEC, adequate at application specifics must be analyzed. In transportation systems the programs that will run on CEC controller will be different comparing with the case of Distribution Energy Management System (DEMS) or active filter systems. • Development of a designing flow for dimensioning of the hybrid storage systems elements function of application requirements • Study of role and optimized redundancy structures adapted for hybrid electric storage systems (e.g. CEC elements ) and its integration into colonies • Developing of adequate strategies for insulate the individual CEC and replacing algorithms will represent “must” for the future researches. • Developing of optimal strategies for controlling of hybrid storage systems in order to improve the system (global) energy efficiency

65 Aspects that will request an important research effort in the future –continuation - • Development of an adequate hierarchical & distributed system able to control under real time constraints the individual storage cells and also the hybrid electric storage devices translating in practice the desiderate of fusion between Energy&Information • The controllers of CEC colony must formed a cluster for computation and control of Combined Energy Source (CES) • Seems to be natural to search the future solutions in the domain of informational networks • It is natural to think the implementation of controlling system like an IP solution the controlling system for the CEC included into the colony • It is preferable to use wireless communication channels for the transfer of information between CEC • The intelligent agents seems to be an appropriate solution for the control of whole CES

66 Challenging aspects that need to pay a significant attention in research

• Technological aspects related to hardware implementation of CEC elements • Developing of a specific parallel architecture for the controlling system of CES • Theoretical substantiation of CEC • Developing of a specific parallel processing control of CES • Applications and deployment of research results

67 Conclusions?!

EVERY PROBLEM NEED HIS SPECIFIC (OWN) SOLUTIONS

• From conceptual thinking to detailed, technical design and implementation • Interdisciplinary is a must in our time ! • Inspiration: look at your self! • Innovation: please have the courage to say and to act! • Propagation: please spoke the same language (in techniques the standard –if exists, if not invent its!) • Don’t worry if peoples say is stupid! This is an argument to verify again your assertion – the world is intrinsically complementary! • Main functionality consist in dialog and debating • Essential ethics, honesty • Dreaming but permanent staying with your foots on earth! • Believe but verify !......

68 Bibliography

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