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Grile Capitolul I 1 Capitolul I: Apari ția și dezvoltarea ciberneticii Grile Capitolul I 1. Care dintre urm ătorii savan ţi a fost un precursor al ciberneticii? a. Norbert Wiener b. Ştefan Odobleja c. Ross Ashby d. Stuart Kaufmann 2. Care sunt cercetatorii care au extins pentru prima dat ă mecanismele feedback de reglare la fiin ţe si la ma şini: a. Norbert Wiener, Arturo Rosenblueth, Julian Bigelow b. Andre Marie Ampère, Claude Bernard, Henry Poincaré c. Norbert Wiener, Bertrand Russell, Whitehead d. Gregory Bateson, Denis Weaver, Claude Bernard 3. Legea emergen ţei (formulată de Hartmann şi denumit ă de el novum ) este urm ătoarea: a. Elementele categoriale se modific ă în cursul recuren ţei c ătre nivelele superioare; b. Categoriile inferioare se reg ăresc la nivelele superioare ca subcomponente ale categoriilor superioare, dar niciodat ă invers; c. Nivelele diferite nu se dezvolt ă continuu, ci în salturi. d. Categoria superioar ă, compus ă dintr-o diversitate de elemente inferioare, con ţine un novum specific care nu este inclus în nivelele inferioare; 4. Walter Bradford Cannon, în cartea sa „ The Wisdom of the Body”, introduce în ştiin ţă conceptul de: a. Autopoiesis b. Bucl ă feedback c. Homeostaz ă d. Func ţionare departe de echilibru 5. Legea variet ăţ ii necesare a fost formulat ă de: a. Norbert Wiener b. Ross Ashby c. Ilya Prigogine d. Nicolai Hartman 6. Unul dintre principiile ciberneticii este: a. Principiul conexiunii inverse; b. Principiul homeostazei; c. Principiul maximului; d. Principiul minimului. 7. Apari ţia şi dezvoltarea ciberneticii poate fi împ ărţit ă în perioadele: a. Precursori, Pionieri, Întemeietori, Inovatori, Cibernetica de ordin III şi ştiin ţele complexit ăţ ii b. Pionieri, Precursori,Întemeietori, Inovatori, Cibernetica de ordin III şi ştiin ţele complexit ăţ ii c. Precursori, Întemeietori, Pionieri, Inovatori, Cibernetica de ordin III şi ştiin ţele complexit ăţ ii d. Precursori, Pionieri, Întemeietori, Inovatori 8. Printre întemeietorii ciberneticii se reg ăsesc: a. Ros s Ashby, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Keneth Boulding b. Gregory Bateson, Claude Shanon, Denis Weaver c. Claude Bernard, Nicolai Hartman, Henry Poincare d. Norbert Wiener, Whitehead, Ros s Ashby 9. Rolul informa ţiei în sistemele cibernetice şi modul în care aceasta determin ă eficien ţa proceselor de reglare şi control sunt dezvoltate de c ătre William Ross Ashby în lucrarea sa fundamental ă: a. ,,An Introduction to Cybernetics” b. ,,A Mathematical Theory of Communication” c. ,,A New Kind of Science” d. ,,Living Systems” 1 2 Capitolul I: Apari ția și dezvoltarea ciberneticii 10. Una dintre legalit ăţ ile fundamentale ale sistemelor cibernetice este “Legea veriet ăţ ii necesare”, conform căreia: a. pentru a ob ţine o varietate dat ă la ie şirea unui sistem este necesar s ă se asigure la intrarea sistemului respectiv o varietate cel mult la fel de mare b. pentru a ob ţine o varietate dat ă la intrarea unui sistem este necesar s ă se asigure la intrarea sistemului respectiv o varietate cel pu ţin la fel de mare c. pentru a ob ţine o varietate dat ă la ie şirea unui sistem este necesar s ă se asigure la intrarea sistemului respectiv o varietate cel pu ţin la fel de mare; d. pentru a ob ţine o varietate dat ă la intrarea unui sistem este necesar s ă se asigure la ie șirea sistemului respectiv o varietate cel pu ţin la fel de mare. 11. Teoria stratific ării se bazeaz ă pe una dintre axiomele: a. Recuren ţă , modificare, emergen ţă , distan ţă între nivele; b. Recuren ţă , verosimilitate maxim ă, emergen ţă , preferin ţe relevate; c. Recuren ţă , nonsa ţietate, emergen ţă , distan ţă între nivele; d. Recuren ţă , autoorganizarea straturilor, emergen ţă , distan ţă între nivele. 12. Ma şinile de înv ăţ at, care au constituit un imbold în dezvoltarea de mai târziu a inteligen ţei artificiale şi roboticii au fost dezvoltate de c ătre: a. Stafford Beer b. Herman Haken c. Gordon Pask d. Francesco Varela 13. Metoda cutiei negre const ă în: a. Nu se cunoa şte structura sistemului; b. Stabilirea echilibrului pentru sistemele departe de echilibru; c. Func ţionarea unui sistem poate fi eviden ţiat ă prin analiza intr ărilor şi ie şirilor în şi din sistem, f ără a considera structura intern ă a sistemului ; d. Optimizarea interac ţiunilor între agen ţii sistemului. 14. Herbert A. Simon introduce în ştiin ţă paradigma general ă a: a. Complexit ăţ ii b. Sistemelor vii c. Sinergeticii d. Autopoiesisului 15. Herman Haken a propus şi dezvoltat ,, sinergetica ” ca fiind: a. modul în care diferite sisteme sau părţi ale acestora co-evolueaz ă şi coopereaz ă pentru a crea o ordine nou ă în aceste sisteme sau în procesele în care ele intervin b. conceptul de ,,proces cauzal amplificator ”, care se refer ă la rolul buclelor feedback pozitive în sistemele aflate în competi ţie cu alte sisteme din mediul înconjur ător c. definirea într-un limbaj sistemic a auto-comportamentului, auto-elementului, auto-procesului, auto- organiz ării d. model ce con ţinea elemente interactive care evoluau c ătre configura ţii complexe pe baza unor reguli de transformare deosebit de simple 16. Cei care au determinat în mod decisiv apari ţia ciberneticii de ordinul doi au fost: a. Umberto Maturana, Francesco Varela, Heinz von Foerster b. von Glasersfeld, Ilya Prigogine, Stafford Beer c. Claude Shannon, Heinz von Foerster, Herman Haken d. Gordon Pask, Umberto Maturana, S. Umpleby 17. Celebra carte ,,Origins of Order: Self Organization and Selection” îi apar ţine lui: a. Norbert Wiener b. Stuard Kauffman c. Charles Darwin 2 3 Capitolul I: Apari ția și dezvoltarea ciberneticii d. Francisco Varela 18. Savantul care a denumit mul ţimea de discipline ce s-au desprins din cibernetic ă ca fiind Ştiin ţele Complexit ăţ ii a fost: a. E. Milerton-Kelly b. James G. Miller c. Stuart Kauffman d. Herbert A. Simon 19. Cibernetica de ordinul trei este considerat ă: a. Cibernetica ciberneticii b. Cibernetica interac ţiunii dintre sistemul observat şi observator c. Cibernetica inginereasc ă d. Cibernetica sistemelor conceptuale. 20. John von Neuman a creat un dispozitiv de tip cibernetic denumit: a. automat celular; b. automat finit nedeterminist; c. pârghie d. plan înclinat 21. Homeostaz ă semnific ă: a. Proprietatea sistemelor de a se descompune în subsisteme; b. Proprietatea sistemului de a conserva structura intern ă şi echilibrul, în urma apari ţiei factorilor perturbatori; c. Proprietatea sistemelor de a evolua structural; d. Proprietatea sistemelor de a se adapta: 22. În cadrul ciberneticii de ordin II, sistemul este considerat: a. Unul pasiv b. Unul dinamic c. Capabil de interac șiune cu observatorul d. Capabil de a furniza feedback pentru atingerea scopurilor umane 23. Primul dispozitiv tehnic modern de tip cibernetic a fost realizat de: a. Claude Bernard b. James Watt c. Andre Marie Ampere d. Henry Poincaré 24. Principiul izomorfismului semnific ă: a. Analogia între dou ă sisteme din punct de vedere func ţional; b. Gradul de asem ănare structural ă şi func ţional ă a dou ă sisteme, ceea ce faciliteaz ă transferul propriet ăţ ilor sistemului mai cunoscut, c ătre un sistem mai pu ţin cunoscut; c. Analogia între dou ă sisteme din punct de vedere structural; d. Elementele care compun sistemele nu interac ţioneaz ă 25. Dup ă semnul de transmitere a semnalelor prin conexiunea invers ă, identific ăm: a.Conexiune invers ă direct ă şi mediat ă; b. Conexiune invers ă intern ă şi extern ă; c. Conexiune invers ă simpl ă şi multipl ă; d. Conexiune invers ă pozitiv ă şi negativ ă. 26. Care dintre urm ătoarele lucr ări apar ţine echipei Norbert Wiener, Arturo Rosenblueth şi Julian Bigelow? a. ”Construction of the Real World” b. „Psihologia Consonantist ă” c. ,,Behaviour, purpose, and teleology” d. ,,A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanents in Nerous Activity 27. Care dintre urm ătoarele concepte este sinonim pentru termenul “ teleologic ”? 3 4 Capitolul I: Apari ția și dezvoltarea ciberneticii a. Homeostaz ă b. Emergen ţă c. Evolu ţie d. Feedback 28. Noua concep ţie asupra ciberneticii consider ă ca fiind obiectul de studiu al acesteia: a. Mecanismul feedback b. Procesele de reglare si autoreglare c. Sistemele economice d. Sistemele adaptive complexe 29. „A-Life” specific ă: a. „ Artificial life” şi examineaz ă sistemele în interac ţiune cu via ţa, utilizând ca metode simularea, modelarea pe calculator, robotica, biochimia; b.” Anti-life” şi analizeaz ă sistemele materiale, f ără via ţă ; c. „ Anterior-life” şi studiaz ă sistemele care au trecut de la forma vie, la forma materiei moarte; d. „ Artificial-life” şi studiaz ă metodele de creare a vie ţii artificiale. 30. Teoria algoritmilor genetici a fost fondat ă de: a. H. von Foerster b. John Holland c. Stuart Kauffman d. Chris Langton 31. Când nu întâlnim „complexitatea dinamic ă” conform autorului Peter Senge: a. când aceea şi ac ţiune are efecte diferite pe termen scurt şi pe termen lung. b. Când o ac ţiune are consecin ţe diferite în p ărţi diferite ale sistemului c. când aceea şi ac ţiune are efecte similare pe termen scurt şi pe termen lung d. când interven ţii obi şnuite în sistem produc consecin ţe neobi şnuite 32. No ţiunea de „fitness landscape” a fost introdus ă de: a. Ross Ashby b. Stuard Kauffman c. Ilya Prigogine d. Charles Darwin 33. Jay Forrester a dezvoltat metoda: a. Dinamicii de sistem b. Criticalit ăţ ii autoorganizate c. Geometriei fractale d. Re ţelelor neuronale 34. Cine este autorul modelului sofware ECHO, care ilustreaz ă modul în care emerge o organiza ţie complex ă: a. Joel Moses b. Murray Gell-Mann c. W. Brian Arthur d. John H. Holland 35. Fondatorul „Algoritmilor Genetici” este considerat a fi: a. Charles Darwin b. John Holland c.
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