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Redalyc.Walter Bradford Cannon: Pionero Y Mártir De La Radiología Revista Argentina de Radiología ISSN: 0048-7619 [email protected] Sociedad Argentina de Radiología Argentina Buzzi, Alfredo E. Walter Bradford Cannon: pionero y mártir de la Radiología Revista Argentina de Radiología, vol. 77, núm. 1, enero-marzo, 2013, pp. 63-70 Sociedad Argentina de Radiología Buenos Aires, Argentina Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=382538504009 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto RAR 1-2013 3/1/13 2:06 PM Page 63 Historia Walter Bradford Cannon: pionero y mártir de la Radiología Alfredo E. Buzzi Walter Bradford Cannon (Fig. 1), hijo de Colbert yentes fue Charles B. Davenport, con quien completó H. Cannon y Sarah Wilma Denio, nació el 19 de octu- su primera investigación sobre un fenómeno biológi- bre de 1871 en Praire du Chien, Wisconsin, EE.UU (1-4). co: la orientación de los microorganismos hacia una Cursó sus estudios primarios en Milwaukee y St. fuente de luz (2). Paul, y en 1888 ingresó a la escuela secundaria de St. Según insinúa Cannon en sus propios escritos, la Paul, donde durante un año fue redactor del periódi- elección de su carrera pudo haberse visto influida por co El mundo de la escuela secundaria (2). el hecho de haber nacido cerca de donde, cincuenta Provenía de una familia presbiteriana y en sus años antes, William Beaumont (1785-1853) llevó a memorias recuerda el profundo desconcierto y la inne- cabo sus estudios sobre el proceso digestivo a través gable atracción que le generaban durante su juventud de la "ventana" fistulosa que presentaba su paciente, los debates sobre el origen de la materia viva entre el el cazador canadiense Alexis St. Martin, en el Fuerte biólogo Thomas H. Huxley (1825-1895) y el político Crawford. Además, su padre también deseaba que William E. Gladstone (1809-1898), que echaban por fuera doctor, pero de todos modos no fue hasta haber tierra las estrictas ideas calvinistas inculcadas desde su hecho más de la mitad de los cursos del colegio y de niñez. Así, se despertó en él un gran interés por los haber estudiado química y biología en forma conside- fundamentos de la doctrina cristiana, hasta que por fin rable que su resolución cristalizó definitivamente (1,2,4) . confesó que ya no compartía las creencias de los miem- Por aquel entonces, se sentía seducido por la idea de bros de su congregación. Ciertamente, esta revelación dedicarse a la Neurología y a la Psiquiatría. Al respec- causó dolorosas fricciones con su padre (2,5). to, en sus memorias comenta: “Es probable que, a no La lectura de las controversias de Huxley desperta- ser porque como estudiante de primer año de medici- ron en el joven Cannon el interés por sus ensayos y na me dediqué a investigaciones sobre la fisiología del también por las obras de John Tyndall (1820-1893), tubo digestivo, mediante el uso de los recién nacidos Lewes, Clifford y otros (2,5). En su autobiografía él rayos X, hubiera sido neurólogo” (2). mismo confiesa que estas lecturas pesaron fuertemente En octubre de 1896 asistió con sus compañeros de en su decisión de obtener instrucción universitaria (2). estudios a una demostración con rayos X de Walter Los comentarios de un egresado de Harvard y los Dodd (1869-1916), otro pionero y mártir de la buenos consejos de una querida maestra de literatura Radiología (6), durante una sesión conmemorativa en de la escuela de St. Paul lo influenciaron en su partida el Massachusetts General Hospital (7). Mientras, por hacia el Este, por lo que, en 1892, tras conseguir una esa misma época, el Profesor Henry Pickering beca, se matriculó en el Colegio de Harvard Bowditch (1840-1911), del cual Cannon fue el último y (Massachusetts). Si bien los cursos adicionales que quizás el más importante colaborador, estaba a cargo hacía y los trabajos que realizaba para afrontar sus de la Cátedra de Fisiología de Harvard (Fig. 2). gastos le insumían mucho tiempo, la escasez de tiem- Formado en Europa con Claude Bernard, Louis- po resultó muy valiosa, ya que por esa época desarro- Antoine Ranvier, Jean-Martin Charcot y, especialmen- lló una disciplina de trabajo que lo obligaba a concen- te, con Carl Ludwig, Bowditch fue el primer profesor trarse en lo esencial de la tarea y a terminar de forma de Fisiología pleno de los EE.UU. y el creador en 1871 rápida y puntual. Tal es así que durante sus cuatro del primer laboratorio de Fisiología en Harvard (1,3,4). años de colegio completó 22 cursos y se graduó summa Así es que, en diciembre de 1896, Cannon y Albert cum laude en 1896 (1,2). Esta conducta, según recordaba Moser, ambos estudiantes de medicina, se acercaron al Cannon, tuvo un inestimable valor también durante Profesor Bowditch ofreciéndose para efectuar un pro- sus años de Jefe de Departamento y de Director de yecto de investigación. Bowditch les sugirió que inda- actividades de investigación (2). garan la posibilidad de aplicar los rayos X, recién des- Como estudiante en el Colegio de Harvard, cubiertos, al estudio de los procesos digestivos en los Cannon se sentía particularmente atraído por las cien- animales y que determinasen si la teoría de la deglu- cias biológicas. Allí, uno de sus profesores más influ- ción de Kronecker-Meltzers era correcta (esto es, que Capítulo de Historia y Humanidades (SAR) Recibido: enero 2013; aceptado: enero 2013 Presidente de la Sociedad Argentina de Radiología Received: january 2013; accepted: january 2013 Correspondencia: Dr. Alfredo Buzzi - ©SAR [email protected] doi: 10.7811/rarv77n1a09 RAR - Volumen 77 - Número 1 - 2013 Página 63 RAR 1-2013 3/1/13 2:06 PM Page 64 Walter Bradford Cannon Fig. 1: Walter Bradford Cannon (1871-1945). Fig. 2: Henry Pickering Bowditch (1840-1911). los líquidos y los semisólidos no son conducidos a tra- te, la motricidad natural de los órganos digestivos (1). vés del esófago por la peristalsis, sino que son vigoro- El 29 de diciembre de 1896, un año y un día des- samente volcados al estómago por la contracción rápi- pués de publicada la "Primera comunicación" de da de los músculos de la boca antes de que los múscu- Roentgen, Cannon y Moser presentaron en la los de la faringe o del esófago tengan tiempo de con- American Physiologic Society una demostración fluo- traerse) (1,7-9). roscópica de la deglución de cápsulas de subnitrato de Cannon puso manos a la obra e ideó un aparato bismuto en un ganso (7-9). Ésta fue la primera exposi- para colocar al animal de estudio sobre una mesa blin- ción pública de los movimientos del tracto digestivo dada con plomo, encima de una abertura a través de vistos a través de la nueva tecnología (13). la cual enfocaba un tubo de rayos X (7). En sus experi- Para enero de 1897, Cannon y Moser, usando bis- mentos iniciales, llevados a cabo el 9 de diciembre de muto mezclado con comidas de distinta consistencia, 1896 en presencia de los Dres. Dwight (profesor de comenzaron una serie de experimentos en los que Anatomía), Bowditch y Amory Codman, pudo obser- variaban el estado físico de una masa dura a una mez- var el tránsito de un botón por el esófago de un perro cla blanda casi fluida (7) y, en abril de ese mismo año, (Fig. 3) (14). Cinco días después, junto con Moser, repi- decidieron desviar el estudio de los gansos al meca- tió la observación en un gallo y el 16 de diciembre usó nismo de deglución de los gatos. El día 3 de ese mes por primera vez, en una rana, subnitrato de bismuto consiguieron que las ondas peristálticas fuesen clara- en una cápsula de gelatina. Cuando las cápsulas inge- mente visibles en un gato alimentado con pan remoja- ridas eran disueltas, el bismuto se liberaba y un área do en agua tibia y mezclado con bismuto. Ésta fue la redondeada y oscura aparecía en la pantalla fluoros- primera descripción de las ondas peristálticas, pasan- cópica, representando al estómago (10,14). Luego, utiliza- do a través del estómago, vistas por medio de los ron un ganso, haciendo una caja con la que lograban rayos X en un animal no anestesiado (7,11). que el largo cuello y, por lo tanto, el esófago quedaran Con su aparato de construcción casera y sus inge- en extensión. (No obstante, Cannon pronto descubri- niosas “comidas opacas”, podía observar la motrici- ría que el gato era el animal que mejor se adaptaba a dad del tracto digestivo sin perturbar al animal. Al sus estudios) (3,7,10). respecto, Cannon escribiría: “Usando los rayos X, es Como sustancia opaca utilizaba principalmente posible observar ininterrumpidamente, mientras el subnitrato de bismuto debido a su capacidad de dis- animal permanezca tranquilo, la velocidad del tránsi- persarse rápidamente, aunque también recurrió al to de los alimentos por el esófago, la rapidez de la oxicloruro de bismuto y al sulfato de bario (7,10) . peristalsis y el ritmo gástrico, los movimientos de seg- Mezclando estas sales de metales pesados con los ali- mentación rítmicos del intestino delgado, la peristal- mentos de los animales, podía observar durante sis propia del intestino grueso, la rapidez del paso del horas, en forma de sombras en la pantalla fluorescen- contenido gástrico al duodeno, el tiempo que requiere Página 64 RAR - Volumen 77 - Número 1 - 2013 RAR 1-2013 3/1/13 2:06 PM Page 65 Alfredo Buzzi Fig.
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