Spangler Ku 0099D 11237 DA

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Spangler Ku 0099D 11237 DA Abstract This study sought to gain a deeper understanding of the types of benefits, programs, and organizational practices employers currently are providing to prevent distress among employees or to help employees become more resilient to adverse conditions. Forty-six employer representatives discussed the perceived strengths of their organizations’ approaches during interviews and discussion groups. Grounded theory methodology was employed to sample and analyze these data. Based on patterns that emerged from the narratives of these participants, a model is proposed to explain three effective approaches used by employers in addressing stress in the workplace: 1) preventing stress/building resilience, 2) providing information, resources, and benefits to employees, and 3) intervening actively with troubled employees. Trust, both in relationships and in organizational structures, emerged as a core concept explaining effectiveness of these approaches. This model may be used to frame future strategies used by employers to support healthy engaged employees and to guide investigations into social and emotional aspects related to work. iii Acknowledgments Finishing a dissertation feels similar to climbing a mountain – looking back on where you have been makes you feel a little weary, but the view from the top is quite exhilarating and immensely satisfying. You also see there are other peaks left to master. I offer warm gratitude to many people who helped me during my climb. To all of the professors over the years who created opportunities for thinking deeply and pondering life’s important questions. To Lisa Mische Lawson for helping to chart my course of study over the years in the Therapeutic Science curriculum and advice during the dissertation process. To my chairperson, Jeff Radel, for hours of reading, editing long sentences, and seeing me through to the end. To Joy Koesten and Jacque Carpenter for their energy and enthusiasm during discussions about coding, analysis, and model building. To my other committee members, Mike Fox and Dory Sabata, for guiding and challenging me and for reminding me that I cannot fit all of my learning into this one document. To the collaborators who helped recruit participants, offered insights, and provided emotional encouragement and input through various stages of the study. These include Sally Baehni (Mid-America Coalition on HealthCare), Marcia Caruthers (Disability Management Employer Coalition), Mary Claire Kraft and Clare Miller (both from the Partnership for Workplace Mental Health, American Psychiatric Foundation), and Teresa Gerard (Blue Cross Blue Shield of Kansas City). To the study participants for their insights, trust, and candor. Gratefully, I thank my family and friends for supporting me, ignoring my occasional vacant stares into the distance in the middle of conversations, and for asking once again, “Just what exactly IS Therapeutic Science?” Thank you for your love and patience through this long journey. iv Table of Contents INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................... 1 METHODS ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Setting and Sample...................................................................................................................................4 Discussions and Interviews ......................................................................................................................5 Data Analysis ...........................................................................................................................................6 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Preventing Distress and Building Resilience .........................................................................................15 Symbols and Guideposts............................................................................................................................15 Workplace culture and practices................................................................................................................16 Strong communication...............................................................................................................................18 Providing Information, Benefits, and Resources ...................................................................................20 Assessment and intervention. ....................................................................................................................20 Concerned participants. .............................................................................................................................21 Building resilience, energy, and engagement............................................................................................23 Actively Intervening with Troubled Employees ....................................................................................24 Disease management programs. ................................................................................................................24 Absence and disability prevention and management.................................................................................24 DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................... 25 Model Summary and Theoretical Basis .................................................................................................25 Implications............................................................................................................................................33 Negotiated professional roles and boundaries. ..........................................................................................34 Leadership and manager roles. ..................................................................................................................38 v Insights and Future Research .................................................................................................................41 Conclusion..............................................................................................................................................42 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 43 Appendix A: Telephone Recruitment Script..........................................................................................53 Appendix B: Participant Information Form ...........................................................................................54 Appendix C: Informed Consent Form....................................................................................................55 Appendix D – Supplementary Participant Narratives............................................................................59 Appendix E: Comprehensive Literature Review I .................................................................................69 Appendix F: Comprehensive Literature Review II..............................................................................120 Appendix G: Comprehensive Literature Review III............................................................................193 List of Tables Table 1: Steps Taken to Ensure Quality and Trustworthiness ...............................................................10 Table 2: Participant Characteristics .......................................................................................................12 Table 3: Characteristics of Participants’ Organizations.........................................................................13 Table 4: Multiple Factors in Biopsychosocial Model ............................................................................29 List of Figures Figure 1: Organizational Approaches to Workplace Stress ...................................................................27 Figure 2: Biopsychosocial Systems Model for Building Workplace Resilience and Engagement .......28 vi Introduction and Literature Review Workers and workplaces have faced considerable challenges in the last several years, including a major economic downturn, natural and human-made disasters, and war. These demands are commonly and collectively called stress. The purpose of the current study was to gain deeper understanding of the types of benefits, programs, and organizational practices employers are currently providing either to prevent stress or to help employees cope with or become more resilient to adverse conditions. Stress has been studied for decades, but terminology for the concept is not consistent. Cannon (1932), a physiologist, examined the way the body mobilizes physiologically for action or escape in response to a threat. He termed this the fight-or-flight response. Selye (1956), an endocrinologist, extended research on the body’s generalized adaptive response to threats and demands. He was the first to acknowledge a distinction between a dissatisfying response to harmful stimuli, which he termed distress, and a euphoric effect of positive adaptation to demands, a state that he called eustress. Over time, the distinction between these two types of responses was lost in both the popular media and the scientific literature. The term stress has become a phrase used interchangeably
Recommended publications
  • 1 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT This Copy of the Thesis Has Been
    University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk 04 University of Plymouth Research Theses 01 Research Theses Main Collection 2012 Life Expansion: Toward an Artistic, Design-Based Theory of the Transhuman / Posthuman Vita-More, Natasha http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1182 University of Plymouth All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. COPYRIGHT STATEMENT This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognize that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author’s prior consent. 1 Life Expansion: Toward an Artistic, Design-Based Theory of the Transhuman / Posthuman by NATASHA VITA-MORE A thesis submitted to the University of Plymouth in partial fulfillment for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Art & Media Faculty of Arts April 2012 2 Natasha Vita-More Life Expansion: Toward an Artistic, Design-Based Theory of the Transhuman / Posthuman The thesis’ study of life expansion proposes a framework for artistic, design-based approaches concerned with prolonging human life and sustaining personal identity. To delineate the topic: life expansion means increasing the length of time a person is alive and diversifying the matter in which a person exists.
    [Show full text]
  • Stress, Cortison Und Homöostase
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by RERO DOC Digital Library N.T.M. 18 (2010) 169–195 0036-6978/10/020169-27 DOI 10.1007/s00048-010-0017-2 Published online: 10 August 2010 RTICLES PRINGER ASEL Ó 2010 S B AG /A . RTIKEL A Stress, Cortison und Homöostase Künstliche Nebennierenrindenhormone und physiologisches Gleichgewicht, 1936–1960 Lea Haller Stress, Cortisone and Homeostasis. Adrenal Cortex Hormones and Physiological Equilibrium, 1936–1960 This article investigates the emergence of the concept of stress in the 1930s and outlines its changing disciplinary and conceptual frames up until 1960. Originally stress was a physio- logical concept applied to the hormonal regulation of the body under stressful conditions. Correlated closely with chemical research into corticosteroids for more than a decade, the stress concept finally became a topic in cognitive psychology. One reason for this shift of the concept to another discipline was the fact that the hormones previously linked to the stress concept were successfully transferred from laboratory to medical practice and adopted by disciplines such as rheumatology and dermatology. Thus the stress concept was dissociated from its hormonal context and became a handy formula that allowed postindustrial soci- ety to conceive of stress as a matter of individual concern. From a physiological phenomenon stress turned into an object of psychological discourse and individual coping strategies. Keywords: Stress, general adaptation syndrome, hormones of the adrenal cortex, corti- sone therapy, coping Schlüsselwörter: Stress, Allgemeines Adaptationssyndrom, Nebennierenrindenhormone, Cortisontherapie, Stressbewältigung ,,No concept in the modern psychological, sociological, or psychiatric literature is more extensively studied than stress.’’ Stevan E.
    [Show full text]
  • Cinemeducation Movies Have Long Been Utilized to Highlight Varied
    Cinemeducation Movies have long been utilized to highlight varied areas in the field of psychiatry, including the role of the psychiatrist, issues in medical ethics, and the stigma toward people with mental illness. Furthermore, courses designed to teach psychopathology to trainees have traditionally used examples from art and literature to emphasize major teaching points. The integration of creative methods to teach psychiatry residents is essential as course directors are met with the challenge of captivating trainees with increasing demands on time and resources. Teachers must continue to strive to create learning environments that give residents opportunities to apply, analyze, synthesize, and evaluate information (1). To reach this goal, the use of film for teaching may have advantages over traditional didactics. Films are efficient, as they present a controlled patient scenario that can be used repeatedly from year to year. Psychiatry residency curricula that have incorporated viewing contemporary films were found to be useful and enjoyable pertaining to the field of psychiatry in general (2) as well as specific issues within psychiatry, such as acculturation (3). The construction of a formal movie club has also been shown to be a novel way to teach psychiatry residents various aspects of psychiatry (4). Introducing REDRUMTM Building on Kalra et al. (4), we created REDRUMTM (Reviewing [Mental] Disorders with a Reverent Understanding of the Macabre), a Psychopathology curriculum for PGY-1 and -2 residents at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. REDRUMTM teaches topics in mental illnesses by use of the horror genre. We chose this genre in part because of its immense popularity; the tropes that are portrayed resonate with people at an unconscious level.
    [Show full text]
  • Commemorating a Classic, and Its Creator Walter Bradford Cannon
    Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1998; 42(4) : 437-439 Editorial Commemorating a Classic, and its Creator Walter Bradford Cannon Some papers are born great, some become great, and some have greatness thrust upon them. We have decided to thrust greatness on a paper published 100 years ago in Volume 1 of the American Journal of Physiology (1). Not that the paper is not good, but of far greater interest to us is its author. But first, the paper: it described for the first time the use of X-rays for the study of gastric motility. The study was done on cats who had been given food mixed with the radio-opaque material, 'bismuth subnitrate. By following the changes in shape of the shadows on a f1uorescent screen, Cannon deduced a wealth of information. He described the shape of the stomach, the frequency and nature of contractions, possible function of contractions and the rate and pattern of gastric emptying. By observing that food cornered in the fundus remains undisturbed for quite some time, he concluded that digestion by salivary amylase may continue in the fundus. He confirmed it by measuring the pH of different 'layers' of food in the fundus. The pH was alkaline in the food extracted from a dept of two and half centimetres one and a half hour after ingestion. He also described the differences in handling of foods of different consistencies by the stomach. Further, by observing absence of peristalsis in cats that went into rage during recording (generally, male cats !), he concluded that anger inhibits gastric emptying.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol 1 Ross A. Mcfarland Papers
    Ross A. McFarland Collection in Aerospace Medicine and Human Factors Engineering 1 Catalog of the Library Mary Ann Hoffman Fordham Health Sciences Library Wright State University School of Medicine Dayton, Ohio 1987 Fordham Library Publication No. 2 ©1987 Ross A. McFarland 1901-1976 CONTENTS Preface vi Introduction vii Acknowledgements ix Catalog 1 Vidéocassettes ИЗ Journals 114 Technical Reports Series 117 Name Index 119 Subject Index 146 PREFACE The Ross A. McFarland Collection in Aerospace Medicine and Human Factors Engineering at the Fordham Health Sciences Library, Wright State University School of Medicine, provides an unparalleled scientific resource and data base for physicians, life scientists, engineers and others working at the leading edge of human progress, especially those in the areas of aviation, space and advanced ground transportation. The Collection is regularly consulted by those currently pioneering these fields and is an invaluable source of information constituting the base upon which future progress is being constructed. I met Dr. McFarland in 1958 and came to know him -well. I observed first-hand his pioneering concepts in human factors, enhanced immeasurably by his articulate communications. Starting in the 1930's, he almost singlehandedly launched the human factors effort in aviation, directly collecting data on airline pilot fatigue and other major operational flight safety aspects. Folio-wing Dr. McFarland's untimely death in 1976, an event -widely recognized as taking from us the father of aerospace human factors, his wife, Mrs. Emily McFarland, decided to deed his library and scientific papers to Wright State University School of Medicine, Fordham Health Sciences Library. This gift consisted of more than 6,000 print items and approximately 400 linear feet of scientific manuscripts, unpublished reports, research data and correspondence, covering 50 years of professional work and research by Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • TSR 6 2009:Layout 1.Qxd
    SCIENCE AND RELIGION Series coordinated by Basarab Nicolescu and Magda Stavinschi This volume is issued with the generous support of the John Templeton Foundation within the framework of the Program “Science and Orthodoxy. Research and Education” TRANSDISCIPLINARITY IN SCIENCE AND RELIGION 66//22000099 BUCUREªTI, 2009 EDITORIAL BOARD Director: Basarab Nicolescu Editor in chief: Magdalena Stavinschi Members: Ioan Chirilã Philip Clayton Radu Constantinescu Milan Dimitrijevic´ Christopher C. Knight Thierry Magnin Eric Weislogel ISSN 1843 – 3200 Published by Curtea Veche Publishing House Bucharest, Romania CONTENTS / SOMMAIRE Research Works / Recherches JACQUES ARNOULD C’était demain ou L’humanité, d’une frontière à l’autre ……………………………… 9 CHRISTOPHER C. KNIGHT The Future of the Dialogue between Orthodox Christianity and the Sciences ……………………………………………………………………………………… 29 KRESIMIR CEROVAC The Dialogue between Religion/Theology and Science as an Imperative of the Times …………………………………………………………………………… 33 Revd. DORU COSTACHE Approaching the Christian Worldview with St. Basil the Great ………………… 45 OTNIEL L. VEREª, IOAN G. POP Transdisciplinarity and Christian Thought ……………………………………………… 57 MIHAELA GRIGOREAN André Scrima, visionnaire du transreligieux …………………………………………… 69 GABRIEL MEMELIS, ADRIAN IOSIF, DAN RÃILEANU A Transdisciplinary Perspective on the Concept of Reality ……………………… 83 ROBERTO POLI Two Theories of Levels of Reality ………………………………………………………… 135 Studies / Études CORIN BRAGA La philosophie empirique contre l’imagination ……………………………………… 153
    [Show full text]
  • Еkaterina Zavershneva René Van Der Veer Editors a Selection
    Perspectives in Cultural-Historical Research 2 Еkaterina Zavershneva René van der Veer Editors Vygotsky’s Notebooks A Selection Perspectives in Cultural-Historical Research Volume 2 Series editors Marilyn Fleer, Peninsula Campus, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia Fernando González Rey, Department of Psychology, University of Brasilia, Brasília -DF, Brazil Elena Kravtsova, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russia Nikolai Veresov, Faculty of Education, Monash University, Frankston, Australia There is growing interest in the work of LS Vygotsky internationally, but also in finding new ways and perspectives for advancing cultural-historical theory for solving contemporary problems. Although Vygotsky has become one of the most influential scholars in education and psychology today, there is still a need for serious studies of his work because so much remains unexamined. The books in this series draw on the collected works of Vygotsky as a primary source of authority. They go beyond secondary sources and discuss Vygotsky’s original ideas in the context of a system of concepts or through the elaboration and theorisation of research findings so that contemporary problems can be addressed in new ways. This series collectively brings together under one umbrella a more equal representation of works from scholars across both the Northern and Southern continents. In the context of a large volume of contributions to cultural-historical theorisation and the empirical work from North America, there is an urgent need for
    [Show full text]
  • October 1982
    The American Physiological Society was founded in 1887 for the purpose of promoting the increase of physiological knowledge and its utiliza- tion. The APS Constitution and Bylaws appears in the FASEB Membership Directory. Officers: President, Walter C. Randall, Loyola Univer- sity, Maywood, IL; President-Elect, Alfred P. Fishman, University of Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Past President, Francis J. Haddy, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD ; Council, Walter C. Randall, Alfred P. Fishman, Francis J. Had- dy, Leon E. Farhi, Franklyn G. Knox, Jack L. Kostyo, John B. West; Executive Secretary-Treasurer, Orr E. Reynolds, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814. A Publication of the American Physiological Society Volume 25, Number 5 October, 1982 Historical Articles The Meteoric Rise and Fall of William Townsend Porter, One of Carl J. Wiggers’“OldGuard.“A. C. Barger . , . , . ,407 Histories of Departments of Physiology Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. F. J. Haddy . .414 Medical College of Ohio. A. V. McGrady . , . ,414 Temple University. M. F. Tansy . .416 Public Affairs Animal Welfare Bill Hidden Costs Could be $100,000 for Each Institution. W. Samuels . .419 Announcements .......................................................................... 420 Society News Correction to Author Index ...................................................................... .406 APS Centennial Collection of Physiological Instruments and Equipment. M. C. Shelesnyak ............... .421 APS Sections
    [Show full text]
  • Pain and Stress Processes: the Role of the Transactional Model of Stress and Mindfulness in Acute Pain
    Pain and Stress Processes: The Role of the Transactional Model of Stress and Mindfulness in Acute Pain by Samsuk Kim A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Psychology) in the University of Michigan-Dearborn 2017 Master’s Thesis Committee: Associate Professor David K. Chatkoff, Chair Associate Professor Caleb Siefert © Samsuk Kim 2017 i Acknowledgements I have an enormous gratitude and special thanks to my primary thesis adviser, Dr. David Chatkoff, for all the help and guidance. His knowledge and expertise in stress, cardiovascular function, and chronic pain throughout this process has been incredible. His time and devotion as well as his encouragement and support in a warm and kind demeanor have also been invaluable. In addition, I would like to give a special thanks to my secondary advisor, Dr. Caleb Siefert for his collaboration, wonderful input, wealth of knowledge, and kind support. It has been truly my privilege working with two of the most amazing advisers. I would also like to thank my wonderful family and friends for their caring, support, and encouragement throughout the past two years. Lastly, I would like to send my special love and thanks to my beloved father for helping me understand the meaning of my life. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ ii List of Tables .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Youth and Scientific Innovation : the Role of Young Scientists in The
    HD28 .M414 no- Ji&o WORKING PAPER ALFRED P. SLOAN SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT Youth and Scientific Innovation: The Role of Young Scientists in the Development of a New Field Michael A. Rappa Koenraad Debackere Massachusetts Institute of Ri/ksuniversiteit Gent Technology August 1992 Revised September 1992 Sloan WP # 3480-92 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 50 MEMORIAL DRIVE CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Youth and Scientific Innovation: The role of Young Scientists in the Development of a New field Michael A. Rappa Koenraacl Debackere Massachusetts Institute of Rijksuniversiteit Gent Technology August 1992 Revised September 1992 Sloan WP # 3480-92 © 1992 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Forthcoming in Minerva, Vol. 31, No. 1, Spring 1993. Alfred P. Sloan School of Management Massachusetts Institute of Technology 50 Memorial Drive, E52-538 Cambridge, MA 02139-4307 M.I T. LIBRARIES MOV 2 1992 REcevto i Youth and Scientific Innovation: The Role of Young Scientists in the Development of a New Field MICHAEL RAPPA and KOENRAAD DEBACKERE When the octogenarian Johnny Kelley running in his sixty-first Boston Marathon crossed the finish line, those who witnessed the feat looked on with a mixture of astonishment and admiration. There is a general belief that, within the population as a whole, athletic ability deteriorates with age. Few would consider Kelley— not to mention the other contestants in the masters' division —as evidence to the contrary, even though most people less than half his age could not run even the first leg of the twenty-six mile race. The remarkable Kelley notwithstanding, that athletic contests favour youth is a widely held assumption that is hardly, if ever, seriously questioned.
    [Show full text]
  • The Natural Sciences and the Social Sciences Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science
    THE NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES BOSTON STUDIES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Editor ROBERT S. COHEN, Boston University Editorial Advisory Board THOMAS F. GLICK, Boston University ADOLF GRUNBAUM, University of Pittsburgh SAHOTRA SARKAR, Dibner Institute M.I. T SYLVAN S. SCHWEBER, Brandeis University JOHN J. STACHEL, Boston University MARX W. W ARTOFSKY, Baruch College of the City University of New York VOLUME 150 THE NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Some Critical and Historical Perspectives Edited by I. BERNARD COHEN Victor S. Thomas Professor Emeritus of the History of Science, Harvard University, U.S.A. SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Natural sCIences and the socIal sCIences so~e critical and historIcal perspectIves! edited by I. Bernard Cohen. p. cm. -- (Boston studIes In the philoSOphy of science: v. 150) Inc ludes Index. ISBN 978-90-481-4258-3 ISBN 978-94-017-3391-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-3391-5 1. SClence--Phi losophy--HiStOry. 2. SocIal sciences--Phi losophy- -HIstory. I. Cohen. I. Bernard. II. Series. CI74.8.N38 1993 001--dc20 93-3226 ISBN 978-90-481-4258-3 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved @ 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1994 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD - "An Innovation in the History of Science" by vii BERNARD BARBER PREFACE Xl A NOTE on "Social Science" and "Natural Science" xxv PART I: INTRODUCTION 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms for the Recognition of Basic Emotions: Data Mining of Psychophysiological Sensor Information
    Ulm University Medical Center Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Director: Prof. Dr. Harald Gündel Section Medical Psychology Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms for the Recognition of Basic Emotions: Data Mining of Psychophysiological Sensor Information Dissertation submitted to obtain the doctoral degree of Human Biology of the Medical Faculty of Ulm University By Lin Zhang born in Tianjin, P.R. China 2019 Acting Dean: Prof. Dr. Thomas Wirth 1st reviewer: Prof. Dr. Harald C. Traue 2nd reviewer: PD Dr. Friedhelm Schwenker Day of Graduation: May 17, 2019 For all my friends and my family CONTENT ABBREVIATIONS VI LIST OF TABLES VIII LIST OF FIGURES IX CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Emotion 1 1.1.1. Major types of emotion elicitations in experimental designs 3 1.1.2. Emotion-specific physiological responses 5 1.2 Affective Computing 8 1.3 Machine Learning and pattern recognition 8 1.3.1 Classification methods 10 1.3.2 The performance of a classifier 15 1.3.3 Feature selection methods 18 1.4 The state of research on emotion classification based on psychophysiological signals 19 1.5 Aims of this dissertation 21 CHAPTER 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 22 2.1 Participants 22 2.2 Measured psychophysiological parameters 23 2.2.1 The Electrodermal activity 24 2.2.2 Electrocardiogram 25 2.2.3 Electromyography 26 2.3 The experimental procedure 28 2.3.1 Film clips for emotion elicitation 28 2.3.2 Setup and the preparation for the experiment 29 2.3.3 The procedure of emotion experiment 31 2.4 The analysis of subjective ratings 31 2.5 The
    [Show full text]